Health Psych: Chapter 12

quitting smoking without therapy

- 44% try to quit each year, and 64% of those try without treatment - success rate is 60%, abstinence around 7 years

smoking rates among young people

- 9th graders: 12% of boys and 15% of girls have smoked at least once - 12th graders: 8% boys and 6% girls are frequent smokers - smoking pattern is established after 18 years of age ALSO: figure 12.4 study

cigar and pipe smoking

- cigar and pipe tobacco differs from that found in cigarettes but still contains carcinogens - cigs = 23 times more likely for lung cancer than nonsmoker, cigar = 5 times that of nonsmoker - heavy cigarette smoking reduces life expectancy by 8.8 years, while heavy cigar and pipe smoking reduces life expectancy by 4.7 years - both reduce lung function and increased airflow obstruction

quitting smoking with psychological interventions

- cognitive behavioral approaches, group therapy, contracts, and behavior modification are all types of interventions that can be used - most effective programs include both a counseling component and a pharmacological component

components in cigarettes that are dangerous

- contain 4,000 compounds, 60 that are carcinogenic - carcinogens: substance capable of causing cancer - nicotine: stimulant found in cigarettes - tars: water-soluble residue of tobacco smoke condensate; carcinogen - acrolein and formaldehyde: carcinogens that cause cell damage; part of aldehydes group - nitric oxide and hydrocyanic acid: gases formed from smoking that affect oxygen metabolism

currents rates of cigarette use

- highest rates was in 1966 - in 1964, report was released about dangers of smoking - 21% of adults are currently smokers -> in 1965, 42% were smokers

smokeless tobacco

- includes snuff and chewing tobacco - adolescents who use smokeless tobacco are more likely to then start smoking cigarettes (hookah lounges for 30 minutes = 100 cigarettes) - linked to mortality from oral, pancreatic, and lung cancer/CVD

deterring smoking

- info/education alone does not deter people from smoking - more successful are programs that combine info and interaction with building skills on how to refuse to smoke, signing pledges not to smoke - mass media campaigns may be effective in the short-term

cancer and cigarettes

- leading cause of smoking-related deaths (second leading cause of death overall for everyone is this not in relation to cigarettes) - types caused by smoking: lung, lip, pharynx, esophageal, pancreatic, larynx, tracheal, urinary bladder, kidney, cervix, stomach - men's relative risk is 23.3 times that of nonsmokers

other effects of smoking cigarettes - men

- look older and less attractive - increase risk for erectile dysfunction

other effects of smoking cigarettes

- many fires caused by cigarettes (1000 die each year from this) - periodontal disease - multiple sclerosis - related to inflammation - poorer balance, neuromuscular performance - disease of various body parts: mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, cervix, kidney, bladder - injuries such as in motor vehicles crashes - more likely to commit suicide

who smokes

- more men smoke than women (23.5% vs. 17.9%); rates of each gender quiting are now about the same (in past, much higher for men since much more men had smoked) - American Indians have highest rates of smoking (24%); Asian Americans lowest rates (less than 11%) - older adults have low smoking rates (only 7%, perhaps bc the others die) - low income people have high smoking rates (30%) than those who are wealthier (14%) - those with low education level have high smoking rates --> 5.6% are ppl with graduate degree are current smokers ---> 49% with GED are current smokers

other effects of smoking cigarettes - women

- more vulnerable to lung cancer than males - one pack a day lined with double the risk of cardiovascular disease and tenfold risk of dying from chronic lower respiratory disease - increased risk for fertility problems, miscarriages, preterm delivery, birth defects, low birth-weight infants, double their chances of birthing stillborn, triple risk of baby dying within first year

Smoking

- most preventable cause of death in the world - 443,000 people die each year in US due to tobacco use -> 1213 people each day in US - 6 million per year die from smoking in the world

quitting smoking with pharmacological approach

- nicotine replacement such as gums, inhalers, patches - drugs such as varenicline and ibupropion are used to decrease withdrawal symptoms -->> effective for many but not for all teenagers

history of tobacco use

- ready-made cigarettes were mass-produced starting in 1800s - not popular in 20th century - increased during WWI and the 1920s - at it's height until 1964 Surgeon General's report - decreased from then on (starting in 1966) - -> figure 12.3

positive effects of quitting smoking

- reduces mortality by 36% - quitting by age 35 adds 7-8 years of life expectancy

cardiovascular disease and cigarettes

- second largest cause of smoking-related deaths - first leading cause of death for anyone in the U.S. (not in relation to smoking) - risk higher for men than women: but both still of significantly higher chances of fatal/nonfatal heart attack and stroke - smoking linked to speeding up plaque formation in arteries, inflamation in entire body, can increase bad cholesterol as well - risk is two times as high for smokers

quitting smoking with community campaigns

- smoke-free workplaces help decrease prevalence of smoking - random-digit dialing smokers has also been shown to reduce prevalence

mental health and cigarettes

- smokers 3x more likely to be diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder - may use smoking to help cope with disorder - 34% with phobic fears smoke - 60% of schizophrenics smoke - depression/personality disorders also have elevated rates this relationship appears during adolescents

What happens with mortality after smokers quit?

- smokers who quit reduce their all-cause mortality by 36% - quitting removes a range of risks for helath problemes produced by smoking - light smokers who abstained for 15 years lived as long as those who never smoked - long time smokers who quit have elevated lung cancer risk for 10 years after quitting - people who quit for 30 years: risk for CVD much lower, risk of lung cancer lower but still elevated compared to nonsmokers

nicotine

- stimulunt (increases cortisol arousal) - releases beta-endorphins, the brain's natural opiates - affects both the central NS and peripheral NS - can be found in the brain in 7 seconds - half-life: 30-40 minutes - increase metabolic level and decreases appetite

The respiratory system

- study table 12.2!! - lungs permanently change due to smoking -> permanent? - chronic bronchitis can develop - formation of scar tissue in the bronchi, irritation or infection of bronchial tissue, and coughing (bronchi become inflamed and mucus-filled) - emphysema - when scar tissue and mucus obstruct the respiratory passages, bronchi can collapse (bronchioles become less elastic), resulting in enlarged alveoli (restrict respiratory system) = problems breathing/can't exercise

negative effects of quitting smoking

- weight gain: women gain 6 lbs and men 11 lbs on average after quitting, but physical exercise can stop weight gain - however, weight gain is still better than continued smoking

categories of smokers

1) nonsmoker 2) light smoker 3) occasional smoker 4) heavy smoker

Why people continue to smoke

1. addiction - nicotine is addictive - once people smoke 100 cigarettes they seem to be addicted - low-nicotine cigarettes do not help; smokers just smoke more of them 2. positive and negative reinforcement - pos: pleasure from the smell of smoke, feelings of relaxation, satisfaction of manual needs - neg: avoiding withdrawal symptoms 3. optimistic bias - smokers believe they personally have lower risk of disease and death than other smokers 4. fear of weight gain - smokers do gain some weight when they stop - women with weight concerns are more likely to smoke than those without weight concerns (37.5% with weight concerns smoked, while 22% smoked without these concerns)

Health consequences of cigarette smoking

1. cancer 2. CVD 3. chronic lower respiratory disease 4. other effect/disorders

Why people start smoking

1. genetics: genetic variations increase people's vulnerability to become (and remain) smokers; the neurotransmitter dopamine may be implicated 2. social pressure: teens may be encouraged to smoke by their peers - to "fit in" with social groups or what they see in movies or media - teens are also more likely to smoke if they live with a smoker - also, movies and media influence (tv) 3. advertising: curiosity may impact teens' decisions to begin smoking; anti-smoking ads are not a very effective way to prevent smoking 4. weight control: young (caucasian, usually) women say they use smoking to lose weight; true for men and other ethnicities as well; Only African american young women were immune to this

Exam Essay Question!!! Outline 4-5 things you can do to increase the likelihood that you will quit successfully

1. modify social environment: avoid triggering situations and people 2. positive reinforcement schedule: ex. take money you would have spent on cigs and spend it on a charity; reward self for good behavior 3. modify behavior: find different coping behaviors if that is why you smoke: replace behavior, ex. relaxation techniques 4. drugs: nicotine replacements such as gum, patches, inhalers, sprays, tablets; drugs that decrease withdrawal sympotoms and make smoking less reinforcing: varenicline and bupropion 5. Relapse prevention 6. diet 7. making contracts 8. remove access to cigarrettes 19. group therapy and social support

2/3

As many as ____ of people who quit smoking relapse only after 2 days; 75% resume smoking within 6 months - research showed that self-help information helped fight relapse after one year

14

At any given year, at least ___% of smokers/former smokers will experience chronic disease, and half of smokers will die of smoking-related causes - costs the U.S. $226 billion annually

100

In smokers aged 10-22, nearly 2/3 of those who had smoked at least ____ cigs during their life-time reported "its really hard to quit; 90% fo participants who smoked more than 15 cigs a day found quitting to be very hard. So: having smoked 100 cigs collectively, 15 a day, causes addiction.

true

T/F currently there are more former smokers than current smokers

F: they actually have a higher rate

T/F self-quitters have a lower rate of relapse

passive smoking

aka environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (second hand smoke) - linked to lung cancer, breast cancer, heart disease (CVD), and respiratory problems in children - the 5 B's: avoid working at bars, bowling alleys, betting establishments, billiard halls, bingo parlors (these workers showed 24% increased chance for lung cancer) - smoking exposure increases risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

vulnerability

behavioral relapse prevention techniques are most important 1-3 months after quitting when _______ to start smoking again is high

abstinence violation effect

for some people who have been successful in quitting, one cigarette precipitates a full relapse, complete with feelings of total failure

1. without therapy 2. pharmacological approaches 3. psychological interventions 4. community campaigns

four ways to quit smoking

24%

only __% of smokers in U.S. who tried to quit had social support

22%

relapse is common and ____% of people who relapse actually smoke at a higher rate than before the relapse

1) chronic bronchitis 2) emphysema 3) lung cancer

the 3 diseases of the respiratory system associated with the inhalation of irritating, damaging particles such as smoke (ie air pollution, cigarettes)

- young smokers - women smokers - lower educated smokers

who has more difficulty quitting smoking?

chronic lower respiratory disease

Two most deadly: - chronic bronchitis: formation of scar tissue in the bronchi - emphysema: scar tissue and mucus obstruct respiratory pathways and air is trapped in the alveoli (lower pockets of lungs)

25

When addicted smokers are restricted to low nicotine cigarettes, they smoke about ___% more low-nicotine than high-nicotine cigs, and took more puffs from the low-nicotine variety

tobacco

_____ is responsible for more than 443,000 deaths yearly in the U.S.