Health Psych Exam 3

Which of the following results in the misrepresentation of health information?

A patient's conceptions of his or her illness differs from the health care provider's conception of it.

________ involves a mindful distancing from the pain experience, where patients are trained to control their emotional responses to pain.

Acceptance and commitment therapy

Which of the following statements is a characteristic of acute pain?

Acute pain is usually short in duration compared to chronic pain.

A relationship between discrimination and poor health has been found for

African American men and women.

________ refers to the physiological costs of chronic exposure to the physiological changes that result from repeated or chronic stress.

Allostatic load

________ is known as the time it takes an individual to decide that a symptom is serious.

Appraisal delay

________ is a psychological technique for the management of pain and can be thought of as an operant learning process.

Biofeedback

________ are unmyelinated nerve fibers, involved in polymodal pain, that transmit dull, aching pain.

C-fibers

________ involves the humanitarian side of medicine, and it deals with the orientation of the nursing staff.

Care

________ involves performing adjustments on the spine and joints to correct misalignments that are believed to both prevent and cure illness.

Chiropractic medicine

________ pain varies in severity, persists for six months or longer, and is relatively unresponsive to treatment.

Chronic benign

________ is believed to be caused by multiple factors, including health habits, and is long in duration, often with severe consequences.

Chronic illness

________ is a propensity to deal with stressful events in a particular way.

Coping style

________ is concerned with ensuring the smooth functioning of the system and the flow of resources, services, and personnel.

Core

________ can result from personal theories about a disorder and its treatment.

Creative nonadherence

________ is a model of job stress developed by R. Karasek and his associates that suggests that high needs, low authority, and little guidance at work enhance risk for ill health, especially coronary artery disease.

Demand-control-support model

________ is a psychological pain management technique in which a patient turns his or her attention away from pain by focusing attention on an irrelevant and attention-getting stimulus.

Distraction

________ involves efforts to regulate emotions experienced due to a stressful event.

Emotion-focused coping

________ is a functional pain disorder in which there is no clear tissue damage present.

Fibromyalgia

________ forces a person to distinguish among stressful events that need to be avoided, tolerated, or overcome.

Goal setting

________ is a meditative procedure that is especially useful in controlling discomfort related to cancer.

Guided imagery

Which of the following diseases is known to have high treatment adherence among patients?

HIV

________ treats patients using diluted preparations that cause symptoms similar to those from which the patient suffers.

Homeopathy

________ are convinced that normal bodily symptoms are indicators of illness.

Hypochondriacs

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using the Internet for health care information?

Inaccurate information on the Web can make symptoms worse.

________ is a personality attribute that is associated with chronic pain.

Introversion

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using morphine as a painkiller?

It can be addictive, and patients may build up a tolerance to it.

Which of the following is a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe's (1967) stressful life events inventory?

It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events.

Which of the following statements best describes recurrent acute pain?

It involves intermittent episodes of pain that are acute in character but chronic inasmuch as the condition repeats for more than six months.

Which of the following statements best defines complementary and alternative medicine?

It is a diverse group of therapies, products, and medical treatments such as yoga, meditation, and acupuncture, among other treatments.

Which of the following statements is true of emotion-focused coping?

It leads people to affirm important aspects of their identity.

Which of the following is a characteristic of optimism?

It promotes active and persistent coping efforts in individuals.

Which of the following statements is an advantage of patient depersonalization?

It provides emotional protection for the provider.

Which of the following best describes the administrative line in a private hospital?

It runs the business of the hospital.

Which of the following is an important feature of chronic pain?

It typically begins with an acute pain episode.

Which of the following situations would be least stressful?

Karl, a file clerk, has been working intensively for three weeks on a new job responsibility.

People vary with regard to whether they are fundamentally optimistic or pessimistic in nature. The test developed to measure this dispositional optimism is known as the

Life Orientation Test.

________ is a pain perception that results from a physical damage to the tissues of the body.

Mechanical nociception

________ meditation teaches people to strive for a state of mind marked by awareness, focus on the present moment, and acceptance and acknowledgement without becoming distracted or distressed.

Mindfulness

Who among the following is least likely to experience illness due to the stress associated with her job?

Miranda, a married mother with two young children, is a lawyer with flexible hours.

Which of the following is a difference between acute pain and chronic pain?

Most pain control techniques work well to control acute pain, but are less successful with chronic pain.

________ patients usually present an exaggerated picture of their symptoms.

Neurotic

________ complaints usually develop because of anxiety and depression.

Nonmedical

________ is an infection that results from exposure to disease in a hospital setting.

Nosocomial

________ is an alternative medical practice that draws on the body's ability to heal itself.

Osteopathy

________ social contact may actually worsen the experience of stress.

Overly intrusive

________, such as distortions in posture or gait, facial and audible expressions of distress, and avoidance of activities, arise from chronic pain.

Pain behaviors

________ means that a patient no longer feels anything in an area of the body that once hurt.

Pain control

Which of the following statements is true about chronic pain?

Patients with chronic pain disorders show significant loss of gray matter in certain regions of the brain.

________ refers to pain that triggers chemical reactions from tissue damage.

Polymodal nociception

________ is a syndrome that results after exposure to a stressor of extreme magnitude, marked by emotional numbing and other symptoms, such as hyperalertness, sleep disturbance, or impaired concentration.

Post-traumatic stress disorder

________ is the most commonly used complementary and alternative medicine therapy among U.S. adults.

Prayer

________ pain is due to an unidentifiable physical cause.

Psychogenic

________ is defined as a disorder in which the small arteries in the extremities constrict, limiting blood flow and producing a cold, numb aching.

Raynaud's disease

________ is the degree of change that occurs in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and/or immune responses as a result of stress.

Reactivity

________ is a psychological resource that not only allows individuals to confront and cope with stressors but also helps them bounce back from bad experiences and adapt flexibly to the changing demands of stressful situations.

Resilience

________ occurs when a person has no clear idea of what to do and no idea of the standards used for evaluating work.

Role ambiguity

________ is defined as a conflict that occurs when a person receives inconsistent information about work tasks or standards from different individuals.

Role conflict

________ maintains that through collaboration with family and friends or with medical practitioners, one may successfully cope with a stressful event.

Secondary control

________ can undermine defensive reactions to threats.

Self-affirmation

Which of the following statements is true of A-delta fibers?

Sensory aspects of pain are heavily determined by activity in the A-delta fibers.

Which of the following is a similarity between physical pain and social pain?

Social pain relies on the same pain-related neurocircuitry as physical pain.

________ is defined as information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligations.

Social support

What does the buffering hypothesis state about the moderation of stress by social support?

Social support offers little benefit in periods of low stress.

Which of the following statements is true of T.H. Holmes and R.H. Rahe's (1967) stressful life events inventory?

Some of the items on the inventory list are vague.

________ is a pain control technique that completely eliminates the feeling of pain.

Spinal block

________ is a sensory technique of inhibiting pain where a set of small electrodes is placed near the point at which the nerve fibers from the painful area enter the spinal cord. When the patient experiences pain, he or she activates a radio signal, which delivers a mild electrical stimulus to that area of the spine.

Spinal cord stimulation

________ make use of techniques devised by health psychologists to teach people how to identify stressors and reduce their impact.

Stress management programs

Who among the following is most likely to experience illness due to the stress associated with her job?

Susie, a single mother of a five-year-old boy, works long hours in a low-paying position.

________ is a form of social support that involves the provision of services, financial assistance, or goods.

Tangible assistance

Which of the following is the central tenet of naturopathy medical system?

The body can heal itself through diet, exercise, sunlight, and fresh air.

Identify a true statement about pain.

The degree to which pain is felt and how incapacitating it is largely depends on how it is interpreted.

Which of the following statements is true according to Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome?

The response to a threat is nonspecific with respect to a stressor.

Which of the following is true of people with high self-esteem?

They are likely to risk their health through smoking or excessive drinking.

Why are endogenous opioid peptides important to our body?

They are the natural pain suppression system of the body.

Why are minor pains critical for survival?

They provide low-level feedback about the functioning of our body systems.

Which of the following statements is true of psychological complaints?

They require multiple visits to therapists.

Neuroticism coupled with social inhibition and isolation is sometimes referred to as the ________ personality.

Type D

According to Leventhal, Diefenbach, and Leventhal, which of the following is a difference between how women and men access medical services?

Women report symptoms more often than do men because they are more sensitive to the changes in their bodies.

Which of the following best describes a pain-prone personality?

a constellation of personality traits that predispose a person to experience chronic pain

Bruce has been feeling increasingly fatigued even when he exerts himself mildly. He discusses his condition with his neighbor, Sam, who also suffers from a similar problem. Sam tells him that a large dose of vitamin B complex will eradicate the symptoms. Bruce tries Sam's remedy and experiences a gradual improvement in his condition. This type of consultation is an example of

a lay referral network.

Which of the following would be considered a stressful life event?

a significant change in job responsibilities

In ________ treatment, long, thin needles are inserted into designated areas of the body that theoretically influence the areas in which a patient is experiencing a disorder.

acupuncture

Samara is diagnosed with the flu. She does not require intensive treatment, and the illness will not have any long-term consequences. She only requires rest and a strictly controlled diet to recover from it. Which of the following models of illness describes Samara's experience?

acute illness

Professor Woster brings his participants into the laboratory, attaches electrodes and sensors to them, and has them play a computer game. One group of participants hears six loud bursts of noise at random intervals. The second group hears the same bursts of noise also at random intervals, but just before each burst, a bluebird flies across the computer screen. Professor Woster is using the ________ paradigm to study the effect of noise on physiological responses.

acute stress

The ________ paradigm takes people into the laboratory, exposes them to short-term stressful events, and then observes the impact of that stress on their physiological, neuroendocrine, and psychological responses.

acute stress

Inflammation in response to a short-term stressor can be

adaptive.

According to Selye (1956, 1976), the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the person becoming mobilized to meet the threat.

alarm

The correct sequence of phases of the general adaptation syndrome is

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

The first phase of the general adaptation syndrome is

alarm.

Acupuncture not only cures an illness, but also has a(n) ________ effect.

analgesic

Which of the following is the first stage of delay in seeking treatment for symptoms?

appraisal delay

Robert noticed that his urine was pale pink. His first thought was about what he had eaten the previous day, and then it occurred to him that it may also be due to something unrelated to his diet. Robert's case exemplifies

appraisal delay.

James is a lawyer who used to work at the World Trade Center until the 9/11 incident took place. He survived the building collapse but was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) soon after. Over the next few months, he spent time gathering information on the attack, talking to other survivors, and organizing resources for them. Which of the following coping styles is James using?

approach

Risky families are those that

are high in conflict or abuse and low in warmth and nurturance.

A-delta fibers

are small, myelinated fibers.

Sarah is taking a stress management class. Her instructor provides her with a variety of techniques to combat stress and identify the stress carriers in her environment. Sarah is instructed to try the techniques to identify the ones that work best for her so she can confront stressful situations. In this case, the instructor is using ________ training.

assertiveness

Symptoms are more likely to be detected when

attention is directed toward the body.

Paul lives alone, has very few friends, and is unhappy with his work life. He constantly complains of back pains and headaches. He is very distracted and finds it difficult to relax. Which of the following factors in recognizing symptoms does Paul exemplify?

attentional differences

Older patients are less likely than younger patients to

be resuscitated in emergency rooms.

Lydia is experiencing severe stomach pains. Last week, she noticed blood in her urine. She feels fatigued and is increasingly unable to carry on with her daily routine. She researches her symptoms on the Internet, and many of her symptoms indicate that she may be at an early stage of developing a cancerous tumor. She concludes that she requires treatment but has not visited a doctor yet. Which of the following delay behaviors is Lydia displaying?

behavioral delay

Which of the following practices is included in yoga?

breathing techniques

The Affordable Care Act attempts to

bridge the gap between medical service use by the rich and by the poor.

How does compensation provide an incentive for being in pain?

by increasing the perceived severity of pain

The three goals of a hospital's functioning

can create conflicting demands.

According to the commonsense models of illness, its ________ are the factors that an individual believes give rise to an illness.

causes

When events are perceived as harmful or threatening, they are first identified by the

cerebral cortex.

The goal of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is to

change the private experience of stress and maintain commitment.

Physicians prefer to treat an acute illness compared to a chronic illness because

chronic illnesses pose uncertainties and raise questions about prognosis.

Cancer and rheumatoid arthritis are degenerative disorders that are typically associated with

chronic progressive pain.

Terry is involved in a long-term but ultimately unsatisfying relationship with Lee. This is an example of

chronic stress.

Researchers investigating the effects of multiple roles on women conclude that

combining motherhood with employment can help improve self-esteem.

Which of the following is assessed by the Brief COPE?

commonly used coping styles for managing stressful events

The ________ model is important because it lends coherence to a person's comprehension of the illness experience.

commonsense

Illness representations or schemas are acquired through

commonsense beliefs about symptoms and illnesses that result in organized illness representations.

Recording negative self-statements or irrational thoughts that accompany a stressful experience usually occurs in the ________ phase of the Combat Stress Now (CSN) program.

completing take-home assignments

A component of an illness's schema involves perceptions of the range of symptoms, treatments associated with the disease, and its implications for quality of life. This is known as the ________ of the disease.

consequence

Chronic stress appears to

contribute to psychological distress and physical illness.

Sarah is scheduled for a hysterectomy. A health psychologist visits her in the hospital and finds that she is worried about the pain involved in the surgery. The psychologist clearly explains the procedure to Sarah and answers her questions to ease her worries. He also teaches her a relaxation technique that she can use before the surgery to control her anxiety. The psychologist explains the drug-delivery method to her so she understands when and how much of the pain-relief drug she will receive. In this case, the health psychologist is conducting a(n) ________ intervention.

control-enhancing

According to the commonsense models of illness, an individual's belief about the possibility of managing or treating an illness is termed

control/cure.

Positive emotional states are known to reduce levels of ________, which is a stress indicator.

cortisol

Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis results in the secretion of

cortisol.

Which of the following methods is one of the oldest known techniques of pain control?

counterirritation

Surgical techniques to control pain involve

creating lesions in pain fibers at various points in the body so that pain sensations can no longer be conducted.

The practice of modifying and supplementing a prescribed treatment regimen is known as

creative nonadherence.

Herpes is an example of the ________ model of illness.

cyclic

The ________ model of illness is represented by alternating periods of either no symptoms or many symptoms.

cyclic

Which of the following is a component of burnout?

cynicism

Karoshi is a Japanese term that refers to

death from overwork.

Unlike acute pain, chronic pain does not

decrease with treatment and the passage of time.

Brandon blacks out frequently, experiences severe headaches, and has chronic body pain. Brandon is uncomfortable with the idea of seeing a doctor. Since his symptoms surface only a couple of times a month, he carelessly dismisses them and does not consult a physician. Which of the following behaviors is Brandon displaying?

delay behavior

Which of the following is a barrier to the treatment of pain?

difficulty faced by patients in objectively describing pain

The ________ hypothesis maintains that social support is generally beneficial during nonstressful as well as stressful times.

direct effects

A study in the Annals of Internal Medicine suggested that physicians begin all their patient interviews with

direct questions.

Which of the following characteristics is most likely to be displayed by patients suffering from chronic pain?

discomfort because of bright lights

Jay fractured his left leg while playing football and now suffers from chronic postsurgical pain. His doctor recommended a psychological technique for pain management. Now, whenever Jay experiences pain, he listens to his favorite music while trying out new recipes. This helps him deal more effectively with the pain and also helps in reducing the intensity of pain. Which of the following techniques is Jay using to control his pain?

distraction

The placebo response is so powerful that no drug can be marketed in the United States unless it has been evaluated against a placebo. The standard method for so doing is termed a ________ experiment.

double-blind

The relationship between coping and a stressful event is a ________ process.

dynamic

Medicare is a federally administered system of health insurance available to the

elderly.

Studies have found that social support has beneficial effects on the ________ system.

endocrine

Acupuncture usually triggers the release of

endorphins.

The rapid release of oxytocin in response to some stressful events, and its effects are especially influenced by

estrogen.

According to Selye (1956, 1976), the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome occurs if the person fails to overcome the threat and depletes its physiological resources in the process of trying.

exhaustion

The last phase of the general adaptation syndrome is

exhaustion.

Studies of vulnerable populations, for example children, older adults, etc., who are exposed to a chronic stressor indicate that they

exhibit little adaptation to chronic stressors.

A college professor of psychology had his class write a paper about the most traumatic and stressful events in their lives. Although this may have caused immediate psychological distress to the students, the professor was confident that the long-term stress related to these events would eventually reduce. In this case, the professor had most likely conducted a(n) ________ intervention with his class.

expressive writing

A method of intervention based on confronting traumatic and stressful events in one's life by communicating them via text is known as

expressive writing.

According to its critics, Selye's (1956, 1976) model

fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress.

Qualities of the interaction between a practitioner and a patient can perpetuate

faulty communication.

Mindfulness meditation is known to be an effective treatment for a functional disorder known as

fibromyalgia.

The scientific understanding of pain was originally developed by Melzack in the ________ theory of pain.

gate-control

Which of the following methods should be followed by a provider to improve adherence?

give clear, written instructions on the exact treatment regimen

The adrenal cortex produces ________ in response to stress.

glucocorticoids

Organized religion provides a sense of ________ to people.

group identity

Which of the following is the least used complementary and alternative medicine therapy among U.S. adults?

guided imagery

In the context of appraisal of stressors, ________ is the assessment of a damage that has already been done, as for example being fired from a job.

harm

Hassles are minor life events that

have a cumulative effect on health and illness.

According to research on social support, which of the following is one of the best protectors against stress?

having a satisfying marriage

When patients lack basic skills needed to adhere to medical prescriptions, comprehend the meaning of their risk factors, or interpret the results of tests from physicians, it is known as

health illiteracy.

A personality style characterized by optimism, a sense of control, conscientiousness, self-esteem, and positivity is the ________ personality.

health-prone

A high waist-to-hip ratio is an indication of a

high allostatic load.

Negative and competitive social interactions are associated with

high levels of inflammation.

In most cases, if delay occurs because of health care providers, it is a result of

honest mistakes.

According to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, which of the following is commonly referred to as the neurotic triad?

hypochondriasis, hysteria, and depression

According to commonsense models of illness, the label for an illness is its

identity

Leon experiences abdominal pain during bowel movements. He also observes blood in his stools. However, he is not sure if he requires medical treatment and delays his visit to the doctor. Which of the following delay behaviors is Leon displaying?

illness delay

The coherent conceptions of diseases and afflictions that are acquired through the media, through personal experience, and from family and friends who have experience with similar disorders are known as

illness representations.

Which of the following is the most common reason for euthanasia?

inadequate relief from pain

Which of the following is a reason for chronic pain to get exacerbated?

inappropriate prior treatments

Which of the following is a provider behavior that erodes communication between a patient and a physician?

inattentiveness

The ________ model makes it evident that, for practicing good health behaviors and adhering to treatment, one needs the right information, motivation to adhere, and skills to perform a behavior.

information-motivation-behavioral skills

A patient with AIDS decides to approach his friend, who is a health therapist, for treatment. He feels that his therapist friend is able to help him in ways that his family is unable to. The therapist helps him find ways to cope with the disease and the resulting social pressure. This is an example of

informational support.

An overdose of ________ supplements is associated with increased mortality risk among older women.

iron

For a medical provider, pain

is a by-product of a disorder, and it complicates diagnosis.

Typically, chronic progressive pain

is associated with degenerative disorders, involves constant pain that increases in severity over time, and lasts longer than six months.

A symptom is likely to prompt an individual to seek treatment if

it affects a valued organ.

The use of the Internet for health care information may be beneficial because

it constitutes a lay referral network of its own.

Which of the following is a reason for the lack of learning opportunities for providers?

lack of feedback from patients

Maria is a 70-year-old woman. She has not had a formal education, but she is regarded as highly knowledgeable in illnesses, childbirth, and traditional medicine. Since she has personal wisdom in medical matters, she is known to be a

lay practitioner.

Certain ethnic communities incorporate beliefs about the causes and cures of diseases that would be regarded as supernatural or superstitious by traditional medicine. This is characteristic of

lay referral networks.

Individuals who display high negative affectivity are

likely to have a disease-prone personality.

High self-esteem is closely related to

low levels of HPA axis activity.

Patients with chronic pain disorders show significant loss of gray matter in certain regions of the brain.

low-level pain.

Compared to people low in socioeconomic status (SES), people who are high in socioeconomic status have

lower mortality rates.

A ________ diet restricts vegetarian consumption primarily to grains, cereals, and vegetables, and it requires greater attention to nutritional content.

macrobiotic

Which of the following is an effective way of improving adherence to a treatment?

making adult literacy a national priority

In Traditional Chinese Medicine, ________ is used to manipulate the flow of qi.

massage

Different kinds of stressful events create different needs, and social support is most effective when it meets those needs. This is called the

matching hypothesis.

The process of primary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's

meaning of the event.

Rachel is diagnosed with typhoid. She is admitted to the hospital for immediate treatment of the disease. Although she has been diagnosed, she is still put through various tests. She is not assigned any medication, and her condition steadily deteriorates. Rachel's case exemplifies

medical delay.

The time that elapses between a person's calling for an appointment and his or her receiving appropriate medical care is known as

medical delay.

The line of authority in a private hospital, which is based on technical skill and expertise, is the

medical line.

After Dr. Woldt's class on detecting and diagnosing meningitis, several interns inform him that they have experienced similar symptoms in recent times. The interns' belief that they have symptoms of meningitis represents a phenomenon known as

medical students' disease.

Adherence is likely to be highest when advice is perceived to be

medical.

The periductal gray is a structure in the ________ that provides pain relief when stimulated.

midbrain

The relationship between scores on the stressful life events inventory and illness is

modest.

Stress is a ________ experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that are directed either toward altering the stressful event or accommodating to its effects.

negative emotional

Patients who seek treatment for psychological disorders usually evoke

negative reactions from physicians.

When patients do not adopt the behaviors and treatments that their providers recommend, it results in

nonadherence.

Which of the following treatments is more likely to be employed during stressful moments to keep the patient quiet and to enable the practitioner to concentrate?

nonperson treatment

One of the criticisms of Selye's general adaptation syndrome concerns the fact that ________ produce the same biological responses.

not all stressors

Rita is trained in traditional nursing and has also received special training in primary care. She is affiliated with a group of private practice physicians and sees her own patients. Her responsibilities involve providing routine medical care, prescribing treatment, and attending to the chronically ill. Rita is a

nurse practitioner.

In the self-monitoring phase of the Combat Stress Now (CSN) program, students are trained to

observe their own behavior closely and to record the circumstances that they find most stressful.

Psychological control is the belief that

one can determine one's own behavior, influence one's environment, and bring about desired outcomes.

Invisible support is when

one receives help from another but is unaware of it.

Animals with high levels of ________ are calmer and more relaxed, which may contribute to their social and nurturing behavior.

oxytocin

The primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend mechanism is

oxytocin.

According to social psychological factors, the use of health care services is influenced chiefly by the actions of one's

parents.

Which of the following features is a component of pain management programs?

patient education

The health belief model predicts the treatment-seeking behavior of

people with money and access to health services.

Which of the following best defines cure as a function in a hospital?

performing treatment actions to restore patients to good health

The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's

personal resources.

The correct order of the pathways by which stress affects health is

physiology, health behaviors, psychosocial resources, and use of health services.

Of the four most important pathways by which stress affects health, the first one to occur is usually related to

physiology.

A(n) ________ is any medical procedure that produces an effect in a patient because of its therapeutic intent and not because of its chemical or physical nature.

placebo

People living in low socioeconomic circumstances who are unable to modify the stressors that affect them may be especially benefitted by ________ reappraisal.

positive

Surveys show that nearly half the people in the United States deal with their health problems through

prayer.

Experiencing the divorce of one's parents in childhood predicts

premature death in middle age.

Health psychologists view social support as an important resource in

primary prevention.

When people anticipate potential stressors and act in advance either to prevent them or to reduce their impact, it is known as

proactive coping.

Studies conducted to test individual differences in stress reactivity, such as the one conducted by S. Cohen and colleagues in 2002, suggested that ________ is an important factor that influences the stress-illness relationship.

psychobiological reactivity to stress

The detection of symptoms, their interpretation, and the use of health services are heavily influenced by ________ processes.

psychological

Providing emotional support involves

reassuring an individual that he or she is valuable and cared for.

Migraine headache is an example of ________ pain.

recurrent acute

Temporomandibular disorder and trigeminal neuralgia are examples of ________ pain.

recurrent acute

Coping efforts are considered to be successful if they

reduce psychological distress.

The occurrence of daily hassles

reduces psychological well-being over the short term.

Which of the following is a goal of an individualized pain management program?

reducing perception of disability

Children who are hospitalized often become dependent when they are on bed rest and rely on staff. This is likely to lead to

regression.

In ________, an individual shifts his or her body into a state of low arousal by progressively loosening different parts of the body.

relaxation

People with negative expectations or pessimistic outlooks are likely to

report more symptoms and perceive themselves as vulnerable to future illness.

According to T.H. Holmes and R.H. Rahe (1967), an event is potentially stressful if it

requires adaptation.

According to Selye (1956, 1976), the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the person making efforts to cope with the threat.

resistance

Typically, acute pain

results from a specific injury that produces tissue damage.

Mike has been having difficulty meeting the demands of the two executives who oversee his work area and communicate different expectations. One executive is concerned about production and constantly urges Mike to meet performance quotas. The other is concerned about quality assurance and would like Mike to slow down and focus on the quality of his work. This is an example of

role conflict.

The notion that an illness may actually be reinforced because it exempts the individual from daily responsibilities is termed

secondary gains.

When optimists' expectations are not met or when they face resistance in pursuing their goals, they are likely to experience

short-term physiological conditions.

Medical students' disease is an example of the role of ________ in the recognition of symptoms.

situational factors

When acute anxiety reduces sensitivity to pain, it is known as

stress-induced analgesia.

Accelerated heartbeat and fatigue are typical physiological changes related to

stress.

When an individual grows up in a harsh family, he or she displays

strong inflammatory response to stress in adolescence.

C-fibers

strongly influence the affective and motivational elements of pain.

Neurons in the periductal gray connect to the reticular formation in the medulla which makes connections with the neurons in the ________ of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

substantia gelatinosa

Workers who suffer from work overload ________ compared with workers who do not experience overload.

sustain more health risks

Which of the following symptoms is most likely to occur just before the onset of menstruation?

swollen breasts

Athletes who continue to play, despite being injured, experience a reduction in pain sensitivity because of increased

sympathetic arousal.

The ________ response to stress is especially characteristic of females, related to the release of the stress hormone, oxytocin, and may be necessary in the protection of offspring.

tend-and-befriend

When an organism perceives a threat, the fight-or-flight response is due to

the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.

According to commonsense models of illness, which of the following statements describes a timeline?

the length of time that an illness is expected to last

The benefits of social support are greatest when

the person from whom one is seeking support is perceived to be responsive to one's needs.

Which of the following statements best defines coping?

the thoughts and behaviors used to manage the internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful

Of the four most important pathways by which stress affects health, the last one to occur is usually related to

the use of health services.

Women use health care services more often because

their medical care is more fragmented.

Young children are more likely to require health services because

they develop a number of infectious diseases.

Health care providers frequently resort to baby talk because

they often underestimate their patients' level of understanding about an illness.

Coherent conceptions of illness are acquired from

those who have had experience with a similar disorder.

In the context of appraisal of stressors, ________ is the assessment of possible future damage, as for example a person anticipates the problems that loss of income will create for him and his family.

threat

Illness delay is the

time between the recognition that a symptom implies an illness and the decision to seek treatment.

In stress management interventions, ________ helps people set specific goals, establish priorities, and learn what to ignore.

time management

Which of the following is a successful coping outcome?

tolerating negative realities

Which of the following is a factor that aggravates burnout?

too much time spent with clients

According to the ________ plan, patients select their own doctors and hospitals and pay on a fee-for-service basis.

traditional indemnity

Medicaid is a federally administered system of health insurance available to the

underprivileged.

The biggest gap between the rich and the poor in the use of medical services is reflected in the

use of preventive health services.

Shirley has a routine medical check-up, and her doctor finds that she has unregulated cell growth in one of her kidneys, which is an indicator of malignant neoplasm (cancer). He tells her that it is a case of malignant neoplasm, and if left untreated, the infection will spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system. He asks her to undergo a few more tests and to start therapy and medication immediately. Shirley understands that she had a serious condition, but she is able to comprehend only a few of the terms used by her doctor. In this scenario, the doctor is

using jargon to explain the seriousness of the condition.

Which of the following is an important aspect of coping?

voluntary actions taken to confront stressful events

In which of the following conditions is treatment adherence likely to be the highest?

when a person lives in a cohesive family

In which of the following cases does a patient feel ignored by a physician?

when the physician prescribes bed rest and over-the-counter medications

In which of the following conditions is delay in seeking treatment likely to be appropriate?

when the symptoms are likely to diminish on their own

In which of the following conditions is a patient likely to revisit a physician after initial treatment?

when the treatment has failed

Physicians are most likely to dismiss legitimate medical problems as psychological disturbances in

women.

Dietary interventions, which include foods that shift the ________ balance, are a staple of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

yin-yang

The frequency of illness and use of health services decline substantially during

young adulthood.