Health psychology - exam quizlet - UNIT 1
What is healths definition according to WHO?
"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.»
What are the concerns of behavioral medicine?
-the development and integration of behavioral and biomedical science knowledge and techniques relevant to physical health and illness and -the application of this knowledge and these techniques to prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation.
What are some of the functions of health psychology?
-the promotion and maintenance of health - the prevention and treatment of illness - the identification of etiologic and diagnostic correlates of health, illness and related dysfunction - -the improvement of the health care system and health policy formation.
Critique of the biomedical model (Engels critique more specifically)
1. Biochemical alterations does not always = disease. As apperance of illness must also come through at social, molecular and individual levels. Psychological alterations may also manifest as a state of illness or correlate with biochemical problems. 2. Biological implications does not consider the importance of the meaning of symptoms from the patient, neither does it give the clinican the attitudes or skills to get this information sufficiently. 3. Psychosocial variables has been shown to be more important in the predictability of the course of an illness. 4. Adopting a sick role is not necessarily due to only biological causes. 5. Success of most biological interventions is influenced by the psychosocial factors too. 6. Patient-clinican relationship affects health outcome. 7. Patients are influenced by how they are studied and evaluated by the clinicans.
What are the two main advantages that the BPS model has over the biomedical model?
1. Incorporates more than just the biological conditions as it includes also the psychological and social conditions. 2. Views health as a positive condition. Therefore it has the abilties of the old model, but also the abilitiy to solve the problems they could not identify with its new additions.
The biomedical model views the body and sickness as:
Body as a machine, sickness as a result of malfunction of the disease. The doctor has the task to repair the machine.
How does health psychology consider health?
Branch of psychology that considers how individual behaviors, cognitive factors and lifestyles affect a person's physical health.
How does psychological and social factors affect health?
By indirectly "going under the skin", to affect biological processes. And this identification of how, is one of the main aims to figure out by health psychologists.
George Engel was within the BPS model, what was he critical towards?
Critical of the bio-reductionist norm in medical training and practice which led to medical researchers scientifically limited and clinicians insensitive to the unique psychological features of their patients and their particular social contexts
Physiological, biological, genetical and mental entities are basic phenomena. Can be observed, examined, measured and mediated, thus objective in this sense. Aim is to classify, detect, control, treat and ultimately cure:
Disease
What do we label the professional perspective --> "how health care professionals define, detect, predict, and handle disease entities"
Disease
Why has the BPS become popular?
Due to: -of its claimed inclusiveness about aetiology (the original causes of illness) -and pathogenesis (the mechanisms of how people become ill) and because it avoids the accusation of reductionism, especially biological reductionism
What are the strengths of the BPS model?
Guiding application of medical knowledge to the needs of each patient. Improved patient satisfaction, Better adherence to prescriptions, More maintained behavior change, Better physical and psychological health Less of a tendency to initiate malpractice litigations. Development and application of techniques to reduce health risk behavior. Reduce multiple visits and admission into hospitals. Individuals are active participants in the recovery process, rather than mere passive victims Increased efficiency of care by reducing unnecessary prescription of drugs (e.g., diabetes). Development of psychological techniques in the strengthening of immune reaction to illness. Development of appropriate prevention and intervention strategies for pain and other psychosocial problems. Improvement of communication between health staff and the patients. Development and introduction of programs of life quality improvement for chronic patients, physically disabled individuals and the elderly patients. Significant influence on contemporary understanding of mental health difficulties. Development and application of psychosocial support for the terminally ill patients and their families.
What are the goals of behavioral medicine?
Has similar goals to those in other areas of health care but attempts to use psychology and the behavioral sciences in conjunction with medicine to achieve these goals.
What was George Engel NOT critical towards?
He was not critical of the existence and societal role of the medical profession in principle; He was not a general critic of modern medicine.
How does the biomedical model view health?
Health as the absence of disease and disease solely as a biological process resulting of exposure to a specific pathogen, a disease-causing organism.
Subjective, emotions, anxiety, fear, experience and verbal reports of introspection. Aim is comfort, care and relief of suffering:
Illness
What do we label the personal perspective --> "how it feels to be ill"?
Illness
How did psychosomatic medicine exert a positive affect on the acceptance of psychology within the medical field?
It connected knowledge about emotional and physical conditions.
How did psychosomatic medicine exert a negative affect on the acceptance of psychology within the medical field?
It could have belitteled the psychological components of the illness.
Is the BPS a theory?
No! Its a model, it is a practical framework to account for and work with particular cases of disease and illness.
Is behavioral medicine a branch of psychology?
No! it overlaps with HP, but it does not consider the psychological aspects such as HP. HP is a division of psychology and is discipline specific, whilst behavioral medicine is multidisciplinary.
Is the following true: "Health psychology is part of a much larger universe that encompasses a vast array of medical and public health sciences and services."
No, HP should be switched out with Behavioral medicine.
Katherine does not have any illness, disease or sickness. She smokes 3 cigarettes everyday, eats junk food most of the time and has a very stressful job. Katherine believes she is healthy because she is not obese and is not sick from anything, would you agree?
No, because her lifestyle is unhealthy and is increasing her risks of getting sick.
Are patients considered passive recipients of medical knowledge in the biopsychosocial model?
No, but they are considered passive recipients of medical knowledge in biomedical model.
Is it true that health psychology is an aggregate of the educational, scientific, emotional and professional contributors from psychology in order to (aims...)
No, health psychology is an aggregate of the educational, scientific and professional contributors from psychology. The emotional aspect is not a part of this.
Is it false that most serious diseases is a results from peoples behaviors today?
No, it is not false. It is true.
Is it true that the biomedical model saw disease as a result of a combination of factors such as genetics, physiology, social support, economics, personality, stress, compliance, poverty, ethnicity, culture etc?
No, it was the BPS model who saw disease as such.
Disease, illness and sickness, are they dependent on each other?
No, they are not exclusive or exhaustive. they are all related and partely interdependent, but connections among them is not necessary. They frequently cojoin, but they don´t need to.
Did we have more control over our health in the past than we do today?
No, we actually have more control today, however many of us dont excersise this control.
From psychological, social and biological factors, which of these contribute directly to health outcome?
Only biological factors contribute directly to physical health and disease.
Regarding the antecedents of health psychology, which subfield laid the foundation for the transition to the biopsychosocial model of health and disease?
Psychosomatic medicine.
Expectations, conventions, policies and social norms as basic phenomena. Discovered through participation, social interaction, social studies, thus it is intersubjective. It is established and governed by formal structures (laws&institutions), and framed by covert/overt norms (stigmatizing homosexuality, discrimination of obisety etc):
Sickness
What do we label the social perspective --> "how a person's social role is defined or changed by social norms and institutions"
Sickness
What does it mean that the behavioral medicine is a interdisciplinary field?
That it is based on several different fields of health care such as --> physiology, neurology, biology etc.
Which of the two main health models has the traditional view of western medicine?
The biomedical model.
How does the biomedical model restore health?
They are focused on the disease, by removing the pathogen the health should be restored.
What did the biopsychosocial model argue against?
against the reductionist biomedical model of disease and for concomitant consideration of behavioral, psychological and social dimensions in understanding a person's medical condition.
What are the two general models of health?
biomedical and bio-psychosocial models.
What was psychologists in the 70s researching and treating that lead to the founding of 2 fields; behavioral medicine and health psychology, ?
chronic disease and health promotion
What did Engel want to highlight?
that disease and illness was embedded in a complex matrix of bodily, interpersonal and social influences of our lives.
Which model drove the development of drugs and medical technology oriented toward removing the pathogens and curing disease & allowed medicine to conquer or control many of the diseases that once ravaged humanity in the 20th century?
the biomedical model
Which of the models advocates for a more comprehensive approach to medicine?
the biopsychosocial model
In the BSP model, what role has the patient?
the patient is not a passive recipient like in the biomedical model, in BPS the patient takes a proactive role, being engaged and empowered, which is changing the doctor-patient relationship.
What is the paradigm case in health care?
when a person feels ill , the medical profession is able to detect and treat disease, and society attributes to him the status of being sick
When did the biomedical model start to become insufficient?
when chronic illnesses began to replace infectious diseases as leading causes of death
In what field was the biopsychosocial model first proposed in?
within psychiatry, but it quickly expanded to other fields of medicine.
Can health psychologists diagnose and treat certain chronic diseases?
yes, and they try to modify the behavioral factors involved in physiological and psychological rehabilitation.
What is the biomedical model based on?
•Cartesian dualism: the mind is an abstract entity, related to thoughts and feelings, unable to influence the body. •Biological reductionism: any health problem can be explained by a malfunction of physiological processes due to internal or involuntary biochemical imbalances or the action of external pathogens (bacteria and viruses).
Which model considers the biological, psychological and social influences?
BPS
What are some of the critcisims of the BPS model?
Time-consuming: requires more information to be gathered during assessment (e.g., individual's socioeconomic status, culture, religion, psychological factors). Expensive apply: "politically costly" to follow through the model fully and routinely (as it implicates sources of deprivation and threat beyond the identified patient) Insufficient training opportunities or financial resources to support the existence of multidisciplinary teams. Holistic nature of the BPS model makes is unaffordable for healthcare systems in resource-poor settings. Complex relations between causes and effects of biological, psychological and social factors to influence the state of health and or occurrence of diseases. Lack of theoretical basis of biopsychosocial model and scientific evidence to support the model. The BPS model because has no reflective capacity about its own limitations (it is a model and not a theory). Failure to provide straightforward guidelines for clinical treatment or rules for prioritization in clinical practice. Questionable ability to deliver its apparent promise of holism: it is challenging to constantly re-validate it in practice, case by case, especially when clinicians or researchers cannot access all potentially relevant data, past and present, all the time. Being too biological and not being humanistic enough... Engel and other clinicians are humanistically inspired and motivated to interact cautiously and respectfully with patients (one by one): it is difficult to ensure that all clinicians are inspired and motivated in the same way. Medical students receive limited amount of content in psychosocial subjects (compared to biomedical- oriented courses). Bio-reductionism is very strong in those medically trained, even when they attempt to respect psychological and social factors. Medical research claiming to use the BPS model tends to privilege biological factors Or even not being biological enough... Some authors believe that biological, psychological and social levels of analysis are either epiphenomenal or can be fully reduced to the physical ("downward causation") Its inclusiveness results in an unscientific and pluralistic approach: everything accounts for health and health professionals must understand of everything, what goes against the present trend of professionals' progressive specialization of knowledge and expertise.
Can some psychological and emotional factors contribute to physical health problems?
Yes
According to health and its definition, is it considered a positive state?
Yes!
According to the biopsychosocial view is health defined as more than just the absence of disease?
Yes!
Does behavior play a central role in the loss or recovery of ones health?
Yes!
Is it true that health is multidimensional and considerate of all aspects of living such as biological, social and psychological?
Yes!
Other than being concerned with promotion of health, risk factors and prevention, is health psychology also an important part in improving the health care system and the public view of health?
Yes!
is the biopsychosocial model focused on variable and contingent contributions to pathology of objective (disease&impairment) and subjective aspects (illness and disability)?
Yes!
Is unhealthy behavior a public health problem?
Yes! it contributes to the escalating costs of health care.
