Health Psychology Module 1: Introduction to Health Psychology
according to currency a date may have various meanings what are they?
-Date first created -Date placed on Web -Date last revised
Why do we need a biopsychosocial model what factors does it consider(there are 5)
1) A biomedical defect indicates disease potential not disease existence 2) Two people with the same biomedical problem may have different disease outcomes 3) Successful treating a biomedical problem does not necessarily mean a patient is health 4) Beliefs about health and illness matter 5) Health behaviors matter on behavior contributes to health outcome
What does health psychology focus on?
1)Promotion and maintenance of health 2)Prevention and treatment for illness 3)Etiology (source and origin of illness) 4)Analyze and attempt to improve healthcare system and formulation of health policy
What factors contribute to health?
1. Biological organs cells tissues, biochemicals 2. Psychological (Psycho) motivation beliefs, attitudes, behaviors 3. Social Society culture community, family Example talks about a heart attack and how many factors affect the outcome
Health psychologist focus on what factors concerning health?
1. Health promotion 2. Maintenance on health 3. prevention and treatment of illness 4. Etiology and correlates of health, illness and dysfunction
The 4 focus of health psychology?
1. Health promotion and maintenance (How do we get people to exercise) getting people to do this 2. Prevention and treatment(teaching people with manage stress and so on quit smoking) 3. Etiology of disease (origin of illness) and causes of illness (behavioral and social factor) to study the scientifically the causes of diseases health psychologist are interested in psychological behavioral and social origin of the diseases 4. Improvement of the health care system and formulation of health policy what impact do health care workers have on people
Health is not just an absents of a disease. Health is the balance of what factors?
1. Psychical factors 2. mental factors 3. social factors
What 3 things can psychological factors influence health?
1. how people stay healthy 2. Why people become ill 3. How people respond when they become ill
What bought about health psychology into today world?
1.) Increase in chronic and/or lifestyle-related illnesses such Acute disorders and Chronic illnesses 2.) Advances in research and technology 3.) it's ability to address health related problems and increased acceptance from the medical field
Top 3 causes of death projected in 2030?
1.) Ischemic heart disease 2.) Cerebrovascular disease 3.) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Top 3 causes of death world wide in 2014 are?
1.) Ischemic heart disease 2.) Stroke 3.) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
What are the Five Traditional Evaluation Criteria
1.Accuracy 2.Authority 3.Objectivity 4.Currency 5.Coverage
During what century was the field of psychology founded?
20th century
Define Health Psychology
A relatively new field devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get it ill
Define conversion hysteria
According to Freud, specific unconscious conflicts can produce physical disturbances that symbolize repressed psychological conflicts. Although this viewpoint is no longer central to health psychology, it gave rise to the field of psychosomatic medicine.
Study on governors (McCann, 2003)
Achievement and health According to records kept in the biographical directory of U.S governors, the younger a person was when they became governor, the younger they were when they died People who are hostile, competitive and work with a sense of urgency may be high achievers but also may be less healthy Your personality may affect your health
During the 1900's in the United States what illnesses were most prevalent?
Acute disorders (Influenza Pneumonia TB all forms Gastroenteritis
Define acute disorders
Acute disorders are short-term illnesses, often result of a viral or bacterial invader and usually amenable to cure
Define randomized clinical trials
An experimental study of the effects of a variable (such as a drug or treatment) administered to human subjects who are randomly selected from a broad population and assigned on a random basis to either an experimental or a control group. The goal is to determine the clinical efficacy and pharmacologic effects of the drug or procedure. Textbook in which a target treatment is compared against the existing standard of care or a placebo control, that is, an organically inert treatment.
What civilization was the one of the first to identify the role of bodily factors in health and illness and came up with humoral theory of illness?
Ancient Greeks
Why do we need health psychology as it's own discipline?
Because there are things that can't be addressed from a medical prospective (you look at all aspects Psychological social behavioral factors in the study of biological based illness
Today in the United States what illnesses are most prevalent?
Chronic illnesses (Heart disease cancer Chronic lower respiratory diseases)
True or false Now chronic diseases such as TB influenza and phenomena are the main causes of disability and death
False Now chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes are the main causes of disability and death
True or False: Where a family lives does not shape children education income and their potential to earn more than their parents
False Where a family lives dramatically shapes children education income and their potential to earn more than their parents
define virtual soapbox
Goals/aims of persons or groups presenting material often not clearly stated
babies are typically given what shot just after birth?
Hepatitis B vaccine
What does Accuracy concern itself with?
How reliable and free from error is the information? Are there editors and fact checkers?
Study on beliefs about aging health (levy etal., 2002)
In 1975, most participants reported the belief that as you get older you get less useful In 1998 participants who had negative views of aging had lived 15 more years, whereas participants who had positive views of aging lived 22 more years Findings That your beliefs may affect your health
Wakefield's Findings
In 1998, Andrew Wakefield and 12 of his colleagues[1] published a case series in the Lancet, which suggested that the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine may predispose to behavioral regression and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Despite the small sample size (n=12), the uncontrolled design, and the speculative nature of the conclusions, the paper received wide publicity, and MMR vaccination rates began to drop because parents were concerned about the risk of autism after vaccination
What does Currency concern itself with?
Is the content of the workup-to-date? Is the publication date clearly indicated?
What does Objectivity concern itself with?
Is the information presented with a minimum of bias? To what extent is the information trying to sway the opinion of the audience?
The biopsychosocial model focuses on
Marco and micro processes
What are problems with the biomedical model?
Reduces illness to low-level processes such as disordered cells and chemical imbalances Fails to recognize social and psychological processes as powerful influences over bodily estates-assumes a mind-body dualism Emphasizes illness over health rather than focusing on behaviors that promote health Model cannot address many puzzles that face practitioners: why, for example, if six people are exposed to a flu virus, do only three develop the flu?
The biomedical viewpoint began to change with the rise of modern psychology, particularly with?
Sigmund Freud's early work on conversion hysteria.
round 1977, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta became aware of a strange phenomenon: sudden, unexpected nocturnal deaths (Death often occurred in the first few hours of sleep) among male refugees from?
Southeast Asia, especially Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia,
Web Page Evaluation Procedure
Step 1: Identify type of page Step 2: Use appropriate checklist Step 3: Based on check list criteria, determine relative quality of page
Which model is focused primarily on organic and cellular pathology as a basis for their diagnoses and treatment recommendations?
The biomedical model
The biomedical model fails in addressing?
The biomedical model fails in relation to chronic illnesses Slow accumulation of damage over time Chronic illnesses persist for long periods of time The reason it fails in ability.to predict or explain chronic illness this model fails to speak about psychological and social factors thus explanation of this model might be simplistic
How does the biopsychosocial model of health and illness overcome the disadvantages of the biomedical model?
The biopsychosocial model maintains that biological, psychological, and social factors are all important determinants of health and illness. Both macrolevel processes (such as the existence of social support or the presence of depression) and microlevel processes (such as cellular disorders or chemicalimbalances) continually interact to influence health and illness and their course.
Which model focuses on the onset of disease is usually due to several factors working together, which may include a biological pathogen (such as a viral or bacterial infection) coupled with social and psychological factors, such as high stress, low social support, and low socioeconomic status.
The biopsychosocial model.
humoral theory of illness
The four humors or circulating fluids of the body—blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm—were out of balance. The goal of treatment was to restore balance among the humors. The Greeks also believed that the mind was important. They described personality types associated with each of the four humors, with blood being associated with a passionate temperament, black bile with sadness yellow bile with an angry disposition phlegm with a laid- back approach to life.
Define Etiology
The origins or cause of illness
What does the biomedical model focus on?
The traditional view of medicine is biomedical model Maintains that illness has biological cause
What issues does the biomedical model have?
There are issues with this model Reduces illness and diseases to low-level processes Completely discounts psychological and social factors Emphasizes illness over health
True or False no link between the MMR vaccine and autism or showing that vaccines are safe and effective might have
True
True or False: According to the CDC, vaccines in the United States are the most safe and effective immunizations in history. The CDC's website says severe reactions to vaccines "occur so rarely that the risk is difficult to calculate.
True
True or False: Because containing health care costs is so important, health psychology's main emphasis on prevention—namely, modifying people's risky health behaviors before they become ill—can reduce the dollars devoted to the management of illness.
True
True or False: Beginning in the Renaissance and continuing into the present day, great strides were made in understanding the technical bases of medicine.
True
True or False: Health care is the largest service industry in the United States, and it is still growing rapidly. Americans spend more than $3 trillion annually on health care
True
True or False: How you eat could actually alter your genes and reduce risk to your heart in a long term way
True
True or False: Rather than defining health as the absence of illness, health is recognized to be an achievement involving balance among physical, mental, and social well-being.
True
True or false positive lifestyle choices we make --most notably, eating right and exercising -- may have just as powerful an effect on our genetic makeup. Two recent studies illustrate this point. One found that eating well can "turn off" the genes that put one at higher risk for heart problems; the other showed that exercise can persuade stem cells to become bone and blood cells rather than fat cells.
True
True or false there is extremely strong evidence that every behavior identified in the health-inequality paper—smoking, obesity, and exercise—can spread infectiously through social groups.
True
True or false: American living in cities Particularly in coastal areas are living longer then the national average
True
True or false: Attending a church or synagogue, praying, or otherwise tending to spiritual needs is good for your health.
True
True or false: Being in a good mood when getting the flu shot can increase its effectiveness
True
True or false: Life expectancy is increasing around the world but life expectancy drops dramatically in countries
True
True or false: Men who are married live longer than men who are not married?
True
True or false: Our lifestyles, as doctors are keen on telling us, are important in increasing or reducing our risk of various diseases.
True
True or false: People with cancer who feel socially connected are less likely to die than those who feel isolated
True
True or false: Women live longer then men in all countries expect those in which they are denied access to health care. But women are more disabled have more illnesses and use health services more
True
True or false: invention of the microscope in the 1600s and the development of the science of autopsy, which allowed medical practitioners to see the organs that were implicated in different diseases.
True
True or false: people are very predisposed to trust information about others' personal experience. a story is even more likely to trump scientific data when the story comes from a friend and family preference for story over evidence may be caused by a general human tendency to misunderstand numbers, especially for risk.
True
True or false: the new field of epigenetics is finding that our lifestyle choices -- the foods we put in our bodies, the chemicals we are exposed to, how active we opt to be, even our social environments -- can actually alter our health at the level of the gene.
True
True or false: on the Web, distinctions between advertising and information can become extremely blurred
True infomercial
Define biopsychosocial model
Unifying theme of modern psychology that incorporates biological, psychological, and social processes
What does Authority concern itself with?
What are the author's qualifications for writing on the subject How reputable is the publisher
What does Coverage concern itself with?
What topics are included in the work? To what depth are topics explored?
Define Health
a complete state of physical mental and social well-being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Define correlational research
a research strategy that examines whether and how variables go together (covary) without manipulating (changing) any variables
Define experiment
a researcher creates two or more conditions that differ from each other in exact and predetermined ways. People are then randomly assigned to these different conditions, and their reactions are measured.
The biomedical model is successful in addressing?
acute illnesses (Tuberculosis, Pneumonia tetanus typhus small box malaria polio Many infectious diseases can be controlled or completely eliminated by prevention and treatment that is purely biomedical ex Antibiotics or vaccines
Well-being or wellness refers to what?
an optimal state of health
what is psychosomatic medicine?
an outdated branch of medicine that focused on the diagnosis and treatment of physical diseases caused by faulty psychological processes
Define wellness
an overall state of well-being or total health
Why do people people have lower life expediency?
because they get sicker faster (caused by many factors) mainly behaviors
This model emphasizes the interplay between?
biological psychological and social factors
Define metaanalysis
combines results from different studies to identify how strong the evidence is for particular research findings.
There are many psychological factors that can influence people's health (she mentions the following) what are they?
emotion thought personality attributes
During prehistoric times, disease was thought to be caused by what?
evil spirits (Exorcism used as treatment)
What are the the gold standards of health psychology research?
experiments and randomized clinical trials
Define Biomedical model
focused primarily on organic and cellular pathology as a basis for their diagnoses and treatment recommendations?
Biopsychosocial model underlines the study
health psychology
In 1978 the American Psychology Association (APA) created the what division?
health psychology (Puts together the fields of psychology and health)
Define Chronic illnesses
illnesses that are long lasting and usually irreversible
The biomedical model assumes that psychological and social processes are largely?
irrelevant to the disease process.
The Biopsychosocial Model links what to provided insight into wellness and health
links physical mechanisms states of mind and the social world
Define prospective research
looks forward in time to see how a group of people change, or how a relationship between two vari- ables changes over time.
evidence-based medicine
means that medical and psychological interventions go through rigorous testing and evaluation of their benefits, usually through randomized clinical trials, before they become the standard of care
Define longitudinal research
people are observed at multiple points in time.
Biomedical model deals with the
physical and biological factors of diseases (traditional view)
There is a bidirectional relationship between what?
psychological function and physical health Health psychology focuses on this bi-directional model effects of physical health on psychological functioning Effects of psychological factors on physical health
Dunbar's and Alexander's work helped shape the emerging field of?
psychosomatic medicine
Define mortality
refers to numbers of deaths due to particular causes
Define morbidity
refers to the number of cases of a disease that exist at some given point in time.
What groups joined forces, and in 1978, the Division of Health Psychology was formed within the APA.
social psychologists, developmental psychologists, and community/ environmental psychologists
By the middle ages, the pendulum had swung back to what type of explanation for illness?
supernatural
Define epidemiology
the study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of infectious and noninfectious disease in a population.
Health refers to what?
to the complete state of psychical mental and social well-being
Define Theory
well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations (Textbook defined below) is a set of analytic statements that explain a set of phenomena, such as why people practice poor health behaviors. The best theories are simple and useful.
Define retrospective designs
which look backward in time in an attempt to reconstruct the conditions that led to a current situation.