Heavy Metal Final

Octave

Pitch Adjust combines original signal with octave-lowered second signal ▪Halving the frequency is an octave down ▪Going octave-up requires diodes

Djent Bands

Veil of Maya Periphery Animals as Leaders

Stage Shows

¡Lighting ¡Fog Machines ¡Pyrotechnics ¡Projection of liquids

Kenya Metal

¡Very little rock music until the late 1990s §Prior to that, most exposure was from Western movie soundtracks like Terminator 2 §Metal was not necessarily part of the scene yet ¡Once the Internet became prevalent in the 2000s, metal began to find its niche §The Metal to Midnight radio program in 2009 §New and old music, plus debates to enlighten ¡The relatively-gentle introduction of metal to Kenya helped build acceptance and non-discrimination ¡First original heavy band (though more hardcore punk than metal) was Class Suicide §The connection with a Kenyan band playing like other hard rock that they heard was key §Getting people to the shows was the challenge, but the spirit was there §The goal was "getting from crap to decent" as musicians ¡In true metal fashion, some people still think that the music and the people who perform it are evil §Halloween masks once caused a city-wide scare in Mombasa §Eddie Banchs was even asked to leave a store due to imagery on a sweatshirt he wore ¡The Kenyan rock/metal scene is predominantly black-African, unlike most other countries' scenes ¡Almost exclusively centered in Nairobi §More cosmopolitan "Kenyan" rather than tribal identity, despite 42 different ethnic groups in Kenya §Helps encourage some into adopting Kenyan culture into the music §Others feel it will be Kenyan no matter what it sounds like ¡Balancing language/culture in a way that doesn't exclude either Africans or non-Africans is the key §It should represent the musicians, without being a gimmick §"We can't localize rock too much; then we stop being rock..." ¡Generation Y of Kenyan metal wants to encourage not only the Kenyan rock scene, but that in neighboring countries too §Not much scene in Rwanda, Tanzania, Burundi, Ethiopia, Somalia, or Dem. Rep. of Congo §Uganda has a small scene ¡They need the local Kenyan press to help them, but it is slow in coming §Little promotion §Touring takes money, which is reasonably scarce ¡They made Eddie Banchs one of them, including a local name of Njoroge

Ribbon

▪Corrugated metal ribbon is suspended in a magnetic field ▪Acoustic vibrations disturb the ribbon & generate a signal

Richard Ramirez

"Night Stalker" in 1984/5 §Associated with AC/DC's "Night Prowler" because he liked the song §Actually trained by a Green Beret cousin who shared war conquests §Was sentenced to 13 death sentences for his murders and sex offenses §Beset with lifelong health problems, that led to his death while on Death Row

Envelope Filter

Apply the signal's envelope to a frequency specturm sweep based on intensity of play §Harder strumming favors higher pitch, and vice versa §A filter cuts off certain frequencies in the signal from being heard

Tony Iommi

At age 17, Iommi worked at a sheet metal factory Last day of work, he covered for a friend Mechanical press came down on his right (fretting) hand Lost the tips of his middle & ring fingers After considering quitting guitar, he engineered a solution to the problem Fitted "caps" made of leather to his injured fingers Protected the damaged flesh Allowed him to maintain the feel of the strings Found a company to make thinner gauge (9-42 sets) strings (hurt less) Down-tuned his guitar to make bending easier

Dean Swinford

Author of Death Metal Epic §Professor of English §Fayetteville State University §Fayetteville, NC

Paranoid

1970 Recorded during the same year as Black Sabbath §Continued the establishment of the new musical direction to be called "heavy metal", with songs like "Paranoid", "Iron Man", and "War Pigs" §Lyrical themes included anti-Vietnam, anti-drugs, skinheads (or hallucinations), depression, and the apocalypse

Master of Reality

1971 §Foundational to the Doom Metal subgenre §Downtuned guitar by 3 half-steps due to Tony Iommi's finger injuries from years before §Songs about marijuana, anti-war/pacivism, Christianity, evil people, and more

Killers

1981 ¡First album for Adrian Smith, last album for Paul Di'Anno §Di'Anno's stage performances were regularly hindered by alcohol and cocaine usage ¡Also the first of nine albums produced and engineered by Martin Birch ¡Most songs were written in the years before any album releases, and have fugitive and revenge themes §"Wrathchild" about an angry boy searching for his estranged father §"Murders in the Rue Morgue" influenced by the Edgar Allan Poe short story about an unjustly-accused fugitive §"Killers" about a possibly-schizophrenic killer ¡Generally reviewed positively and sold well, and really established the band all across Europe

Vol.4

72 §A lot more musical experimentation than before (ex. "Changes") §A lot more drugs (marijuana, cocaine, heroin, hashish) were present during the writing and recording of the album §Songs about cocaine addiction, divorce, introspection, loss of innocence, and relationships

Kill 'em all

83 ¡Raw early record (originally to be titled Metal Up Your Ass) with precise musicianship ¡Ulrich and Hetfield were 19 years old when released, Hammett was 20, & Burton was 21 §They were already nicknamed "Alcoholica" ¡Groundbreaking because of its combo of NWOBHM riffs and hardcore punk tempo ¡At least three songs credit Dave Mustaine as a songwriter

Public Enemy's It takes a nation of millions to hold us back

Chuck D & Flavor Flav - vocalists Considered the most influential hip-hop album ever released Name-checked Anthrax on multiple songs Sampled Slayer, their labelmates at Def Jam Records, on other songs "Bring the Noise" "Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos" "She Watch Channel Zero"

NWA's Straight Outta Compton

Eazy-E, Dr. Dre, Ice Cube, MC Ren - vocalists Aggression rather than circumspection Started the era of Gangsta Rap "Straight Outta Compton" "F**k tha Police" "Gangsta Gangsta" "Parental Discretion Iz Advised"

Demanufacture

Fear Factory •Released June 13, 1995 •Recorded at Bearsville Studios, Bearsville, NY, USA •Roadrunner Records •Produced by Colin Richardson & Fear Factory • •Concept album about a man's struggles with a government controlled by machines •Inspired by the movie The Terminator •Toured on Ozzfest 1996 and 1997 •Drummer Raymond Herrera states that he used triggers and click tracks for his drum sound, but not a drum machine

Metallica vs. Napster 2000

In March 2000, Metallica sued Napster In April 2000, Dr. Dre similarly sued Napster after written requests to remove his music from the service were refused Both litigants delivered to Napster the usernames of people they believed were pirating their songs Napster settled both lawsuits in March 2001 Napster was also sued by the RIAA and lost By this time, Napster was forced to change its business model and charge users for access It also sold off its assets in 2002

Gnutella

Justin Frankel & Tom Pepper @ Nullsoft 2000 First decentralized file sharing network Still active, but with tons of malware and spam risks

Deathcore

Most extreme/popular genre of metal Technically a combination of Metalcore with Death Metal For quite some time, this was the most innovative genre of metal to come out since nu-metal Musical Traits Excessive breakdowns Blast beats Instead of metal/hardcore riffs, the main source of these riffs is death metal Vocal Style Use of constantly changing high, mid, and low screams. No clean singing

Cowboys From Hell

Pantera •Released July 24, 1990 •Recorded at Pantego Sound Studio, Pantego, TX, USA •Atco Records •Produced by Terry Date • •One of the defining albums of early '90s metal, as well as one of the best guitar albums ever •Represented a change in style for the band from a Glam/Power style •Established Dimebag Darrell as one of the most innovative guitarists ever

Iron Maiden Classic Era

Piece of MInd Live after Death Somewhere in Time Powerslave Seventh son of a seventh son

Pitch shift, Harmonizer

Pitch Adjust multi-voice harmonies, pitch bends ▪Pitch shift raises or lowers the pitch by a specified interval ▪Harmonies combine pitch-shifted signals with the original signal ▪Auto-tune is a pitch correction that can be done note-by-note instead of globally

Ricky Kasso

Satanic Murder in 1984 §LSD dealer who killed a client in the woods §Claimed the murder was a "human sacrifice" §Was wearing an AC/DC shirt when arrested, and was also a fan of metal bands Caused formation of P.M.R.C

DOJ Report

September 2001 ¡Negligence was not on the part of the artists, but on the part of the distribution companies ¡Re-opened dormant wrongful-death case against Slayer §Didn't target creation of music by Slayer §Framed marketing of Slayer CDs as illegal sale of dangerous substances

Chaos A.D.

Sepultura Released September 2, 1993 •Recorded at Rockfield Studios and Chepstow Castle, Wales, UK •Roadrunner Records •Produced by Andy Wallace • •Protests and political massacres were major lyrical themes of this album •Most songs are tuned down to D Standard tuning, with one in Drop C# •Album starts with the heartbeat of Max Cavalera's then-unborn son Zyon, followed by Afro-Brazilian drumming

Napster

Shawn Fanning @ Northeastern U Centralized service for sharing files, specifically MP3s Lasted from June 1999 through July 2001

Loudness Wars

Sound engineering on albums to create louder music leading to clipping and distortion. Black Sabbath, Miranda Lambert, Led Zeppelin, Paul McCartney, etc

Engineering Design Process

Stage 1 - Define the Problem; Form Teams Stage 2 - Identify Criteria and Goals Stage 3 - Research and Gather Data Stage 4 - Generate Creative Ideas Stage 5 - Analyze Solutions Stage 6 - Develop Models or Prototypes Stage 7 - Select the Best Solution Stage 8 - Specify the Design Stage 9 - Implementation Stage 10 - Post-Implementation Review

Suicide Solution

Wine is fine But whiskey's quicker Suicide is slow with liquor Take a bottle drown your sorrows Then it floods away tomorrow!! Evil thoughts and evil doings Cold, alone you hang in ruins Thought you'd escape the reaper You can't escape the master keeper Now you live inside a bottle The reaper's travelling at full throttle It's catching you but you don't see The reaper is you and the reaper is me Breaking laws, knocking doors But there's no one at home Made your bed, rest your head But you lie there and moan Where to hide, suicide is the only way out Don't you know what it's really about

Better by you, better than me

You could find a way to ease my passion You listen to the blood flow in my veins You hear the teaching of the wind Tell her why I'm alive within I can't find the words My mind is dead It's better by you, better than me Guess you'll have to tell her how I tried To speak up thoughts I've held so inside Tell her now I got to go Out in the streets and down the shore Tell her the world's not much living for It's better by you, better than me You can tell what I want it to be You can say what I only can see It's better by you better than me Guess I'll have to change my way of living Don't wanna really know the way I feel Guess I'll learn to fight and kill Tell her not to wait until They'll find my blood upon her windowsill It's better by you better than me

Katabasis

a descent of some type, in this case a descent to the underworld, often with mythic and symbolic significance

Epic

a lengthy narrative involving heroic acts in a time beyond living memory (in this case, early 1990s)

Volume

adjusts output signals with dynamic control, usually a rocking foot pedal/expression pedal

Inverted Katabasis

an ascent out of the underworld, symbolically speaking

Equalizers

boost or suppress certain frequencies ▪Simple: Bass & treble knobs ▪Complex: 10-band EQ

Limiter

caps the volume to a maximum

Noise Gate

eliminate sounds below a volume threshold

Death Metal

extreme music featuring heavy distortion, low-tuned instruments, growling, etc.

Class 1

individual discrimination

Types of bonding

ionic, covalent, metallic

Class 2

lawsuits/criminal charges locally

Class 3

legislative action globally

Wah

sweeps the signal's frequency spectrum §Dynamically controlled by the foot via a rocking pedal §The effect itself originated with bell mutes on trumpets and trombones

Tremolo

variation of volume with time §Different than "tremolo picking", which is rapid reiteration

What are you doing here?

¡"A Black Woman's Life and Liberation in Heavy Metal" ¡Global doesn't just mean geographic ¡Being a minority figure within any culture can have significant challenges and benefits ¡Author Laina Dawes speaks of her and other black womens' experiences (good and bad) in multiple cultural settings, in and out of metal

Alien Weaponry

¡"Kai Tangata" ¡Short documentary ¡They seek to help keep the native New Zealand Maori language and culture alive §Similar to what the Myaamia project does for the Miami tribe's language and culture §The CSE department has been significantly involved in this work

UK Demographics

¡87% white ¡3% black ¡2.3% Indian ¡1.9% Pakistani ¡ ¡Approx. 50/50 male/female

Change in the 1990s

¡AIDS and safe sex awareness was growing §Irresponsible lifestyles promoted by Glam (e.g. Poison) and '80s pop (e.g. Madonna) were no longer desirable ¡Glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) of U.S.S.R. politics/economy ¡Revolutions of 1989 §Germany - Berlin Wall falls §Poland, Czechoslovakia, other Eastern Bloc §U.S.S.R. dissolved into Russia + 14 republics ¡Tiananmen Square protests in China ¡Early instances of personally-recorded videos of crimes, specifically the Rodney King beating by police in 1991

AlNiCo Magnets

¡About 40% Iron, with mixtures of AlNiCo §Iron is Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) §Aluminum is Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) §Nickel is FCC §Cobalt is Hexagonal ¡Magnetic moments occur due to uneven orbital filling ¡When oriented, the moments create a magnetic field

Extreme Metal

¡According to Keith Kahn-Harris, transgression of social, artistic, aesthetic, or cultural boundaries §Vocal style (guttural, screams, growls, operatic) §Instrumentation (down-tuned guitars, double-bass drums) §Lyrics (evil, gory, horror, dread, doom, drugs) §Appearance (masks, Viking garb, corpsepaint, weaponry) §Atmosphere of the music and stage show ¡These boundaries have changed over time and in reaction to social norms of their era

Randy Blythe

¡Arrested & jailed in Prague forfive weeks ¡Allegedly to have thrown a fanfrom the stage, leading to thefan's death §Video shows a fan got through security multiple times §Venue security shown to roughly treat that fan §No evidence it was the fan who died ¡Blythe was found "not criminally liable" for the fan's death ¡He was denied recovery of legal fees, though ¡Watch "As The Palaces Burn" documentary for more

Iron Maiden Influences

¡According to band founder Steve Harris §Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Led Zeppelin, Urian Heep, Pink Floyd, Genesis, Jethro Tull, Thin Lizzy, UFO, Queen, and Wishbone Ash ¡Their heaviness was inspired by "Black Sabbath and Deep Purple with a bit of Zeppelin thrown in" ¡Harris' bass playing style is more of a rhythm guitar ¡Guitarist's influences §Dave Murray - Jimi Hendrix's legato technique §Adrian Smith - blues rock like Johnny Winter & Pat Travers §Janick Gers - improvisational players like Ritchie Blackmore ¡Harris' favorite football/soccer club is West Ham United §He also regularly plays soccer matches with his team, "Maidonians" ¡Dickinson is inspired by Arthur Brown, Ian Gillan (Deep Purple), Ian Anderson (Jethro Tull), and Peter Hammill (Van der Graff Generator)

Microphone

¡Acoustic-to-electric transducer (Converts sound into an electric signal)

Judas Priest Sued

¡After drinking and listening to Stained Class, two teens took a shotgun to a playground ¡One shot himself and died at the scene, the other was shot and died later ¡This time, the prosecutor (same one as Ozzy case) suggested subliminal messages on album ¡VERDICT: Not guilty §No factual basis existed for the claims §As it turns out, the two teens were regularly abused by their alcoholic families

Seventh Son of a Seventh Son

¡Album title, title song, and artwork refer to the Orson Scott Card novel Seventh Son, about a rare and magical child born as a Maker ¡This is the band's first planned concept album §"Moonchild" is the Unmaker warning the parents that resistance is futile since he will attempt to kill any child §"Infinite Dreams" is about the mental torture to the father, who is also a seventh son, whether to have a child §"Can I Play With Madness" is about the father trying to find answers through a prophet, but dislikes what he's told about the future §"The Evil That Men Do" is the conception of the child as the seventh son of a seventh son §"Seventh Son of a Seventh Son" is the birth of the special child, and Good and Evil fight for him §"The Prophecy" is the boy mastering his powers and trying to save his village, but nobody listens to him since he's only a child §"The Clairvoyant" is when the boy is a man and a seer, but he dies trying to discern reality from his visions §"Only the Good Die Young" concludes the story with commentary about the meaning of life and death, and the Good/Evil battle ¡Generally reviewed positively and sold well, with a particular citation of this being their most Progressive album to date

Piece of Mind

¡Album title/artwork refer to Eddie being lobotomized in an asylum §Also their first album to not be named after a song on the album ¡Again, a diverse mix of stories behind the songs §"To Tame a Land" is inspired by sci-fi novel Dune §"Sun and Steel" is based on samurai Miyamoto Musashi §"Still Life" is based on short story "The Inhabitant of the Lake" §"The Trooper" is inspired by Tennyson's The Charge of the Light Brigade §"Where Eagles Dare" and "Quest for Fire" are based on films §"Revelations" is very spiritual/philosophical about the dualities of life (for example, good/evil, yin/yang) §"Flight of Icarus" is inspired by the Greek myth of Daedalus ¡In addition, the band recorded a backward message as a joke to tweak all the people who accused them of being Satanists §"What ho said the t'ing with the three 'bonce', do not meddle with things you don't understand...", followed by a belch §Spoken by Nicko McBrain in the voice of an Idi Amin impression ¡Sometimes considered the band's best album

Somewhere in Time

¡Album title/artwork refer to a futuristic development of Eddie in somewhat of a Blade Runner-esque dystopian urban setting ¡A lot of time- and space-themed songs, though not intentionally planned that way §"Wasted Years" is about homesickness, alienation, and the negative aspects of the World Slavery Tour §"Stranger in a Strange Land" is about an Arctic explorer frozen to death and discovered a hundred years later, based on a true story §"Deja-Vu" is about the feeling of experiencing something previously §"Caught Somewhere in Time" is about an offer to sell your soul for immortality §"Heaven Can Wait" is about near-death experiences ¡"Alexander the Great" is clearly about military genius Alexander of Macedon (356-323 BC) ¡This is the band's first album to feature synthesizers, and the first to not be released the year after the prior album ¡Sold and charted very well worldwide

Demographics of Fandom

¡All of those resources critique the notionoriginally observed by Deena Weinstein ¡Historical/old school "rules of thumb" §Male (aggression, bonding, patriarchal society) §Young (rebellion, angst, pre-responsibility) §White (European origins, Midwestern US audience) Blue-collar (working class origins, denim/leather))

Iron Maiden

¡All things considered, a STRONG contender for the third-most important metal band ever ¡Garnered worldwide popularity with nearly no radio airplay over the past 40+ years ¡Managed to sell over 100 million albums under those conditions ¡Compromised nothing on their way to being a purely metal band that defines the genre

Music Modernization Act

¡An effort to modernize copyright-related issues for music and audio recordings due to new technologies like streaming §Set up a non-profit governing agency to establish blanket royalty rates and pay those royalties to songwriters §Increase copyright coverage of sound recordings made prior to 2/15/1972 §Allow for distribution of partial royalties to producers, mixers, or sound engineers ¡Since it was only signed a year ago (10/11/18), it's unknown how significant of an effect it will have

Tony Iommi and down-tuning

¡An injury nearly ended his Black Sabbath career before it got going ¡At age 17, Iommi worked at a sheet metal factory §Last day of work, he covered for a friend §Mechanical press came down on his right (fretting) hand §Lost the tips of his middle & ring fingers ¡After considering quitting guitar, he engineered a solution to the problem §Fitted "caps" made of leather to his injured fingers ▪Protected the damaged flesh ▪Allowed him to maintain the feel of the strings §Found a company to make thinner gauge (9-42 sets) strings (hurt less) §Down-tuned his guitar to make bending easier

Queerness in Heavy Metal Music

¡Anthropologist Amber Clifford-Napoleone attempts to "queer heavy metal" §Musicians §Fans §Spaces ¡Hypermasculinity and hyperfemininity works in multiple ways with varied audiences ¡Metal speaks to the forbidden and taboo topics ¡Power, anger, control, and blatant sexuality do not belong only to the heterosexual world ¡This is very much a discussion of "globalization in metal"

Canibal Corpse and Liberman

¡Authentication of shock value §Why do politicians take this at face value? ¡First death metal album to debut on Billboard ¡ ¡Lieberman tabbed as Al Gore's running mate in 2000 presidential election §Later left the Democratic party to run as Independent

Metal before Sabbath

¡Beatles - "Helter Skelter" ¡Steppenwolf - "Born To Be Wild" ¡The Kinks - "You Really Got Me" ¡Blue Cheer - "Summertime Blues" ¡Cream - "White Room" ¡Led Zeppelin - "Communication Breakdown" ¡Iron Butterfly - "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" ¡Jimi Hendrix - "Purple Haze"

Black Sabbath Style

¡Blues-based, but often down-tuned guitar, and thus sounded heavier (see prior video) ¡Slowed the tempo to increase the impact of the bass and overall heaviness ¡Doomy and occult-laden lyrics, with a sense of evil and horror ¡Guitar solos and riffs are extremely powerful ¡Vocals were expressive, being anguished, ominous, or joyous as the songs needed

Ozzy Sued

¡Boy from California committed suicide and was found with Ozzy's Speak of the Devil playing in room ¡"Suicide Solution" song was cited as the reason §Speak of the Devil did not contain "Suicide Solution" ¡Suggested that the song had hidden messages §The word "suicide" during guitar solo was actually "get the gun and shoot it", according to the prosecutor ¡VERDICT: Not guilty ¡"Reasonable persons understand musical lyric and poetic conventions as the figurative expressions which they are."

Ride the Lightning

¡Burton introduced the other members to music theory for this album ¡The result was a more mature and complex set of songs §Acoustic guitars, instrumental sections, harmonies §Also the last album to feature Mustaine's songwriting ¡Its success led to being signed by Elektra Records, and ultimately selling over 6M copies

Reload

¡Continues the sound and style explorations seen on Load §The two albums were originally conceived as a double-album §Band and management both thought it too much content for fans to digest at one time §They also likely made more money with two releases than with only one ¡Brought in some interesting collaborations and instruments §Marianne Faithfull on "The Memory Remains" §Violin and hurdy-gurdy on "Low Man's Lyric" ¡Critical reception was mixed §A "stepping stone in Metallica's legacy" §"...captures one of rock's greatest bands at its peak" §"...dull, unfinished, unrealized" songwriting ¡More photos of the band exploring their own art and personality

Synthesizers

¡Date back to approx. 1900 §The Hammond Organ above is from 1934 ¡Employ modifications of sounds to create new and interesting sounds §Additive synthesis (combining sine waves) §Subtractive synthesis (removing frequencies) ¡Examples §"Child In Time" by Deep Purple §"Strange Days" by The Doors §"The Final Countdown" by Europe §"Secular Haze" by Ghost

Djent

¡Djent is a form of metal that has only surfaced in the last 5 or 6 years ¡The term "djent" is in fact an onomatopoeia for the guitar tone pioneered by Meshuggah, and is a staple of the genre's sound §The guitarist was apparently drunk and trying to describe a guitar tone that he was trying to achieve, and someone else heard "djent" §Effectively, the genre is an attempt to sound like Meshuggah or SikTh §Meshuggah-isms present in djent ▪Heavy use of polyrhythms and groove ▪Heavily downtuned guitars ▪General Proggieness (yes it's a word) MESHUGGAH

Some Kind of Monster

¡Documentary about the recording process for St. Anger, by Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky §The same directors as for the Paradise Lost documentary series about the West Memphis Three, in 1994 and beyond ¡Metallica laid bare to look in the mirror and assess §Newsted/Hetfield scenarios §Hiring a "performance-enhancing coach" to help them understand each other as friends, bandmates, and human beings §Dave Mustaine confronting Ulrich about his ousting many years prior §The power struggle between Hetfield and Ulrich ¡Addresses the exit of Newsted in more depth, and the hiring of Trujillo §Newsted's band Echobrain seems to have merit §Trujillo gave them the old feel of Cliff Burton, and helped them tighten up their own playing ¡An extremely interesting look at a behind-the-scenes dynamic of huge band that has to stop faking it

Madagascar Metal

¡Eddie Banchs' translator learned to speak English from listening to heavy metal ¡The early 1980s were transitional for the government, which affected the rise of rock and metal bands §Socialist regime began to soften their strict anti-Western stance §This allowed rock bands to form and escape from the underground ¡Rock music in Madagascar dates back to 1981 and the band Balafomanga, more of 1950s-era rock & roll like Chuck Berry than a metal band §Other rock/metal pioneers were Tseletra, Kadradraka 2000, Maingoka, Pumpkins, Test, Iraimbilanja, and Black Jack §This was very early compared to most of the other African countries "Rock is our culture" (started in Africa, adapted by blacks in USA, came back) ¡Why hard rock and metal? §"You can see the disappointment in everyday life. With this sound, we let people feel energy." §Nearly all Malagasy bands play original music ¡The fact that it was original music helped get it on national radio in the country §As a result, it has been above-ground for 30+ years §People grew up with it; "It's in our blood" ¡Because bands had no money, they often wrote and rehearsed using their voices as instruments ¡They are very cautious about publicly discussing politics, even though a number of bands have politicized lyrics or at least socially critical ones ¡Eddie was confronted at a store due to the imagery on his hoodie §They thought he was spreading Satanism §Again, the devoutly religious saw it as "The Devil's music"

Graphic Equilizers

¡Globally will emphasize or de-emphasize certain frequencies of sound ¡In a fair amount of metal in the developmental years, "scooping the mids" was commonplace

Nu Metal

¡Grew up with the late-'80s/early-'90s era of the rap/metal fusion, a la Anthrax and RATM ¡Very much an amalgam of metal, hip hop, alternative, funk, and industrial with pop music format ¡Guitar riffs are there, but solos were dropped ¡DJ sampling & scratching was prominent ¡Guitars & basses added strings as well as continued to down-tune Seven-string guitars, five- and six-string basses ¡On average, more females were band members (e.g. Kittie was all-female) ¡Lyrics were often angry, nihilistic, and emo ¡Fashion was very different §Frequently was effectively a hip hop look §Some bands wore masks, jumpsuits, and/or costumes §Denim, leather, and spandex was nowhere to be seen ¡Derogatorily called "mallcore" since Hot Topic marketing a lot of bands' tour merchandise

Lulu

¡Not as much a Metallica release as it is a Lou Reed spoken word album over music Metallica provided §It was the last record of Reed's before his death in 2013 ¡Critically, it was panned pretty hard §"a frustratingly noble failure" §"if the Red Hot Chili Peppers acoustically covered the 12 worst Primus songs for Starbucks, it would still be (slightly) better than this." ¡David Bowie apparently thought otherwise, claiming it was potentially Reed's very best work

Zimbabwe

¡Eddie's original destination was to be Angola, but he couldn't get a visa approved ¡Huge dichotomy between rich and poor §Beautiful skyscrapers and neighborhoods that belie the abject poverty found in most of the country ¡Major problems facing the country include genocide, mass murders, extreme food shortages, historically-massive financial issues, and more ¡Despite all of this, it is Eddie's favorite African country, and Zimbabweans are the most endearing and caring people he's ever encountered ¡Except for governmentally-favored roadways, no proper road maintenance existed ¡Electricity ran for only a few hours a day ¡Once known as Southern Rhodesia, it was a British colony until April 1980 §During the '70s, there were conflicts among the rebel factions as well as with their colonizers, with racial identity used as a weapon §The ceasefire and declaration of independence ended that ¡The early-to-mid '80s was an era of prosperity §Zimbabwe had the best quality of life in Africa §Best education, a large middle class, low unemployment §Known as Africa's breadbasket due to food production ¡Once Robert Mugabe took control of the government in 1987, EVERYTHING changed §Opposition by war veterans destabilized his regime in the late 1990s §Mugabe turned a blind eye to their illegal and immoral land seizures, which dramatically affected Zimbabwean life and the economy ¡It reached its peak in 2007 (when Eddie was there) §Extreme gasoline and food shortages §"You had to know somebody" to get anything §Inflation of 89,700,000,000,000,000,000,000% by Nov. 2008, the second worst in human history §Money constantly being reprinted with more zeroes §A black market of barter was created, bypassing commercial zones ¡Unemployment is still 90% in Zimbabwe, but thankfully they have new leadership §Though it may not be making a difference yet

Kenya

¡Equatorial country with multiple climates §Warm & humid tropical climate at the coast §Cooler near capital city Nairobi §Mountains include snow-covered Mount Kenya ¡Tea and coffee are major agricultural crops ¡Lake Victoria, the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world, is at the Kenya border Many wildlife call Kenya home ¡Presidential representative democratic republic §Judiciary is independent of the executive and legislature ¡Corruption exists, but efforts are being made to curb it ¡The most advanced economy in eastern and central Africa §Still ranks low in human development index §17% of Kenyans live on less than US$1.25 per day §75% of the workforce is employed in agricultural sector ¡Human rights: homosexual acts are illegal, child labor is common, 38.5% of the adult population is illiterate ¡Multi-cultural, such that no specific one defines Kenya ¡Very well known for their distance runners ¡Nairobi is very well known for traffic jams §I experienced something similar in Bangkok...4 hours to cross the city! ¡Tribal history caused issues in 2007-08 §Presidential election, where tribes supported different candidates §Incumbent president claimed victory before votes were fully counted §Many fights and beatings in the streets, including neighbors versus neighbors ¡Unusual given that it happened in Nairobi, where Kenyan identity had largely seemed to replace the tribal identities ¡The country is still dealing with the fallout from these events, 10 years later ¡Music helped many cope with these atrocities

Double Bass Drumming

¡Essential to Extreme Metal §Two bass drums, each with a pedal §One bass drum with a multiple pedal ¡Imparts to music: §Tempo §Intensity §Aggression

Bruce Dickinson

¡Fencing §Was ranked 7th in Great Britain and competed internationally §Founded a fencing equipment company called "Duellist" ¡Aviation §Became a licensed pilot in the 1990s §Was a captain for UK charter airline Astraeus until they went under in 2011 §Launched Cardiff Aviation Ltd., an aircraft maintenance business, in 2012 §Flew a Fokker Dr.I triplane replica with the Great War Display Team, which re-enacts WW1 air battles across the UK §Piloted "Ed Force One" for Iron Maiden tours since 2008-09 (more info forthcoming) ¡Radio & TV §Hosted Bruce Dickinson's Friday Rock Show on BBC Radio 6 from 2002-10 §Hosted Masters of Rock on BBC Radio 2 from 2003-07 §Hosted a 5-part aviation history series called Flying Heavy Metal on the Discovery Channel in 2005 §Presented a documentary entitled Inside Spontaneous Human Combustion in 2006 ¡Writing §Wrote two books for Sidgwick & Jackson publishers in 1990 and 1992 ▪The Adventures of Lord Iffy Boatrace ▪The Missionary Position §Wrote the script for a film called Chemical Wedding, for which he also composed the soundtrack §Wrote his memoirs called What Does This Button Do? in 2017 ¡Brewing and beer §Collaborated with Robinsons Brewery to create multiple craft beers for which he co-formulated the recipes ▪Trooper, a 4.7% ABV traditional English ale ▪Trooper 666, a 6.66% ABV extra strong bitter ale ▪Light Brigade, a 4.1% ABV golden ale that raises money for Help for Heroes ▪Red N' Black, a 6.8% ABV porter ▪Hallowed, a 6.0% ABV Belgian-style beer ▪Sun and Steel, a 4.8% ABV double-fermented saké-infused lager §Trooper is Robinsons' most successful export, selling 2.5 million pints in 5 years ¡University §Earned second-class honors in history at Queen Mary College, London In 2011, was presented with an honorary music doctorate from Queen Mary College, London

The Number of the Beast

¡First album with Bruce Dickinson, last one with Clive Burr ¡Lots of interesting song stories §"Run to the Hills" - colonization outlooks of indigenous people and Europeans §"The Number of the Beast" was inspired by the movie Damien: Omen II, and features Biblical verses §"Hallowed Be Thy Name" is the tale of a prisoner about to be hanged §"Children of the Damned" is based on films adapted from the novel The Midwich Cuckoos by John Wyndham §"The Prisoner" was inspired by the British TV show of that name §"22 Acadia Avenue" is the second "Charlotte" song ¡While a commercial success, it was very controversial in the US due to the misperception of the album cover ¡Social conservatives held public burnings of the band's catalogue and regularly demonstrated and boycotted at concert venues §Some religious groups smashed the albums with hammers, so as to avoid inhaling "evil" fumes from the vinyl records themselves §Others handed out leaflets at shows and appeared with a 25-foot cross ¡Rolling Stone ranks it 4th on their list of "100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time" in 2017 (which doesn't improve my opinion of the magazine)

5.98 EP

¡Five songs to break in new bassist Jason Newsted (ex-Flotsam and Jetsam) §Also, Hetfield broke his arm skateboarding, so new songwriting was delayed ¡A covers album of Metallica's influences §"Helpless" (Original: Diamond Head) §"The Small Hours" (Original: Holocaust) §"The Wait" (Original: Killing Joke) §"Crash Course In Brain Surgery" (Original: Budgie) §"Last Caress/Green Hell" (Original: Misfits)

Impact of Black Sabbath

¡Generally accepted as the first metal band, despite metal songs existing prior ¡Influenced basically EVERY metal-ish band that has come along since ¡Iommi is inspirational for overcoming finger problems and lymphoma (more on this later) ¡Iommi also helped pioneer lighter-gauge guitar strings in electric guitar

Individual Discrimination

¡Guilty of... §...having long hair §...wearing black and/or concert t-shirts §...wearing denim and leather and other accoutrements ¡I've experienced it many times, to a varying extent §Kept a close eye on me at department stores §Had people randomly use abusive language toward me due to my wardrobe choices §Had police question me about a home vandalization when I was 15, solely because I was wearing a concert shirt & jean jacket ¡As bad as it used to be? You tell me... ¡"Expert" rabble-rousers §Dr. Dale Griffis, ex-policeman ("Dr." from an unaccredited distance-learning college) §John Cardinal O'Connor (former NYC archbishop) ¡De-programming centers §Back in Control Training Center, and other adolescent detention centers §Many of these were shut down by Dept. of Justice for rights violations of the "captives" ¡Bad movies from the 1980s §"Summer Camp Nightmare" starring Chuck Connors §The guy wearing the Iron Maiden shirt is one of the bad guys, of course

Extreme Metal Instruments

¡Guitars §Down-tuned and/or 7-string and/or 8-string ¡Sound modification & synthesizers §Fuzz, reverb, phase shifting, other effects §Keyboards, sampling, drum machines, scratching ¡Drums §Double-bass is prominent/required, blast beats ¡Vocals §Often growl/scream rather than sing

Hardcore Rap

¡Heavy metal music themes were changing moving out of the '80s §Injustice/inequality themes were consistent with what audiences wanted §Fantasy & partying simply didn't provide the messages that American society needed, and certainly not fans in non-traditional metal hotbeds §Heavy metal was looking beyond the underground for influence ¡Similar shifts were happening in rap §Pop-rappers MC Hammer & Vanilla Ice were not thought-provoking enough for many fans §Public Enemy & N.W.A. led the charge to educate their fans on the realities of society that weren't addressed on the radio §Numerous hardcore rap songs sampled heavy metal ¡Hardcore Rap artists were a major influence to popular metal forms

Throat

¡How air is passed over the vocal cords determines the vocal sound §Adjusting the muscles in the vocal cords can change pitch and overall sound §Adjusting breathing can change pitch and overall sound ¡Training and adjusting airflow over vocal cords can allow different vocals styles, including growling and screaming

Heaven and Hell Tour

¡In 2006, a compilation of the Dio-era albums led to a world tour for Dio/Iommi/Butler/Appice ¡Called themselves Heaven & Hell to distinguish the content from Ozzy-era Black Sabbath §Opening acts were Megadeth and Machine Head §It was a GREAT concert ¡Released a new album of originals called The Devil You Know in 2009, and planned for more ("Bible Black" was one release from the album) ¡Tragically, Dio was diagnosed with stomach cancer in November 2009, and died six months later at age 67 §Was awarded the "Best Metal Singer" award during the Revolver Golden Gods awards just a month before his death §His widow Wendy Dio started the Ronnie James Dio Stand Up and Shout Cancer Fund ¡Appice went on to join Kill Devil Hill, while Iommi and Butler wanted to reactivate Black Sabbath

Gibson Investigations

¡In 2009 and 2011, US Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS) raided Gibson factories §2009: found illegally imported ebony wood from Madagascar §2011: found wood imports from India that were improperly labeled on US Customs declaration §Based on emails from 2008/9 of "gray market" for these products via a German supplier ¡Gibson settled in 2012, admitting to violating the Lacey Act & agreeing to pay $350,000 in fines plus forfeiture of the wood that was seized ¡They were eventually able to reclaim some of the wood, and produced a new guitar from it to draw attention to the raids

Material Science

¡In brief, "what stuff is made of" §Metallurgy, ceramics, polymers, composites, etc. ¡Four key concerns §Structure §Processing §Properties §Performance ¡Each concern affects the others ¡Dictates mechanical design, manufacturability, chemical resistance, electrical conductivity, aesthetics, etc.

Global Breakthroughs

¡Iron Maiden Behind the Iron Curtain (1984) §Details first metal band to play in Poland §Part of their World Slavery Tour ¡Moscow Music Peace Festival (1989) §Bon Jovi, Ozzy Osbourne, Mötley Crüe, Scorpions §Cinderella, Skid Row, Gorky Park (Russian band) ¡Dio toured Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Estonia ¡ ¡Remember that this was during the Cold War

Original Metallica

¡James Hetfield - vocals, rhythm guitar ¡Lars Ulrich - drums ¡Dave Mustaine - lead guitar ¡Ron McGovney - bass ¡ ¡This lineup never actually released music together ¡McGovney quit early on, but helped the band to gig around L.A., record early demos, and network

Classic Era Metallica

¡James Hetfield - vocals, rhythm guitar ¡Lars Ulrich - drums ¡Kirk Hammett - lead guitar ¡Cliff Burton - bass ¡ ¡Maintained this lineup for their first three albums (1981-1986) ¡Would likely have continued for much longer had tragedy not struck the band in Sweden

Popular Era Metallica

¡James Hetfield - vocals, rhythm guitar ¡Lars Ulrich - drums ¡Kirk Hammett - lead guitar ¡Jason Newsted - bass ¡ ¡This lineup saw Metallica breakthrough into the global mainstream (1987-2001) ¡Ultimately became the biggest American rock band ever

Current Metallica

¡James Hetfield - vocals, rhythm guitar ¡Lars Ulrich - drums ¡Kirk Hammett - lead guitar ¡Robert Trujillo* - bass ¡ ¡Tons of touring, and three albums released in 18 years ¡Also provided backing music for Lou Reed's Lulu album

Metal Massacre I

¡Lars Ulrich advertised for band members to join him as a drummer §Cited multiple NWOBHM bands in the ad §James Hetfield was one of the respondents ¡Meanwhile, Brian Slagel was a metal fan who decided to start a metal-focused record label §Called the label Metal Blade Records §Sought to release a compilation album to be entitled Metal Massacre, to promote bands from L.A. and later from elsewhere ¡Ulrich and Slagel became friends, and Ulrich asked if his new band could be on the compilation, to which Slagel said yes §He really had no band yet §He wasn't a very good drummer yet ¡Ulrich, Hetfield, and Lloyd Grant (above) recorded "Hit the Lights" andgot it to Slagel the night before the compilation was being pressed ¡Called their band "Metallica" §It's misspelled on the first pressing of Metal Massacre I, though §Other bands on it were Ratt, Malice, Steeler, and Bitch

Vibrato

§Regular, pulsating change of pitch Often heard in vocals and stringed instruments like guitar, violin

Iron Maiden Album

¡Like many debut albums, there were production challenges and personnel issues §Dennis Stratton was musically out of sync with the other band members §Producers tried to make it more punk, which Harris and others despised everything about ¡"Running Free" is semi-autobiographical for Paul Di'Anno, about being a rebellious teenager ¡"Sanctuary" is about a fugitive seeking asylum §Original artwork for the single showed Eddie with a knife crouched over British PM Margaret Thatcher §It was dark humor, as she was called "The Iron Maiden" and Eddie didn't like her taking that name ¡"Charlotte the Harlot" is about a fictional prostitute, and about whom four songs have been written ¡Reviewed positively and sold well, and is still very well regarded ¡Rolling Stone ranks it 13th on their list of "100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time" in 2017 §I generally don't think Rolling Stone knows what constitutes good music

Heavy Metal Drumming

¡Lots of toms used §Basic kit has 13", 16" and 20" §Paul Bostaph (Slayer, ex-Testament) - 10", 12", 14", 16", 18" §Mike Portnoy - 15 different toms, 2 snares, 3 bass ¡Lots of cymbals used §Basic kit has high-hat, 14" and 18" §Bostaph - 14" & 15" high-hats, 3 x 19", 3 x 20" §Portnoy - 3 x high-hats, 23 cymbals, 1 gong

Cymbals

¡Made of alloys §Bronze (copper-tin) §Brass (copper-zinc) §Nickel Silver (copper-nickel) ¡Each alloy has different sound characteristics ¡Regardless of alloy, cymbals emit different sounds at different locations

Pickups

¡Magnetic pole pieces §Ex. AlNiCo Iron, Fe2O3 ceramics ¡Conducting wire wrapped around it §Ex. Copper wire ¡Creates magnetic field ¡ ¡Magnetic-affecting strings disturb that field to produce a signal

Guitar Material science

¡Mahogany §Structure - fine grains with high porosity, but relatively uniformly distributed §Properties - warmer tone, heavy wood, good sustain §Processing - porosity causes some manuf. issues since it must be filled prior to painting/staining §Performance - deep, hefty sound; good for blues-based music; a robust wood that isn't easily damaged § §Used extensively by Gibson for their Les Paul and SG guitar bodies & necks

Mauritius and Reunion

¡Mauritius is the easternmost African country, about 1,500 miles from the mainland ¡Reunion Island is slightly west, and is a French department ¡French is the official language on both islands §Mauritians speak a Creole tongue that is local to that island §Reunion Islanders speak their own local Creole that is different ¡Was known for the now-extinct dodo bird ¡Each has a local music style based on slave origins §Sega in Mauritius Maloya in Reunion Island

Risers and Stands

¡Mechanical devices designed to hold things §A 150-pound lead singer §A 200-pound drummer and the entire drum kit §A < 1-pound microphone ¡Safety & visibility are important ¡Must allow for stunts and tricks

Botswana Metal

¡Metal Orizon was one of the first metal groups §The concert Eddie attended described the drummer as using time signatures that were directly influenced by Setswana culture §Band founder Spencer died in 2001, and has a statue in Gaborone ¡Eddie stayed for 10 days at the home of the first rock band in Botswana, called Nosey Road, founded by Ivo Sbrana §Skinflint was started by Ivo's son Juice, and his cousin §Skinflint is touring support for Soulfly in early 2019 (not the Dayton show, though) ¡While the Batswana could hear radio stations from South Africa, it helped that famous Gaborone DJ Brooks played rock/metal as well ¡Tape trading was critical to exposing people to more metal music §This reflected much of the spread of metal in Europe and the US §Touring was harder due to logistics and lack of population density ¡The passion for the music, and the freedom and confidence it supplied, is really a special thing to behold §Most famously, the fans wear leather cowboy-like outfits §Multiple media outlets have covered them, first by Frank Marshall's Visions of Renegades photo series §Marshall feared that the genuine passion of the fans would be mocked ¡The experiences of Wrust, one of the most popular bands, shows that music is only part of the story of getting a record deal §The visit from Eddie and Frank Marshall inspired Stux of Wrust to rekindle the band §They ended up being the first Botswana band to perform in Europe, in 2013

Mauritius and music

¡Metal music grew slowly here §Tourism brought in disco and dance pop §A small number of metal fans helped keep metal alive by providing cassettes to public radio DJs ¡In 1990, Feedback sold out the largest theater for two straight nights ¡Smash Records was the only place to buy metal music §Owner encouraged tape trading §Smash was the common thread where nearly all metal musicians found this music and the resulting friendships ¡A lot of musicians feel that they will never find any professional success if they stay in Mauritius (but most play for fun instead)

Copyright Cases

¡Metallica's multiple lawsuits ¡2013 - Twisted Sister sued a food truck for copyright infringement...and won §I saw this food truck in August in Norfolk, VA ¡2012 - Century Media sued 7,000 BitTorrent users for illegal downloads of Iced Earth & Lacuna Coil §Iced Earth opposed the lawsuit ¡2005 - Slipknot sued Burger King for copyright infringement - case thrown out §Fake band called Coq Roq, wearing masks, costumes, etc.

Zimbabwe Metal

¡Most of the metal scene consists of blacks, not whites ¡The local language is called Shona, and Dividing the Element performs in Shona ¡Due to record pressing from the '50s-'70s, there was a direct connection to the Western music industry and metal music on vinyl ¡Lyrical themes in metal are indirect §Being political can get you killed or arrested §"Let's Unite" themes seem to be OK, though

Head Materials and Design

¡Mylar (polyethylene terephthalate) §The most commonly used material §Durable, resonant ¡Kevlar (polyaramid) §Most often used for snares in marching bands §VERY durable, sharp crack

Head Materials and design

¡Mylar (polyethylene terephthalate) §The most commonly used material §Durable, resonant ¡Kevlar (polyaramid) §Most often used for snares in marching bands §VERY durable, sharp crack

Reunion Island

¡Nearly all the inhabitants live on the perimeter of the island, between mountains and the Indian Ocean ¡Most identify more with Africa than with Europe, despite its French governance ¡Maloya music is relatively similar to Sega, but the dancing is not as important to it §30 years ago, Maloya could not be played, despite being the music of the locals' roots and life challenges §It was so controversial it was actually banned due to its anti-establishment

South Africa

¡Now (2016 is when the book was released) §High crime rate §High unemployment (50%) §Low wages §Government corruption is rampant ¡What was it like with apartheid (1948-1991)? §A police state that operated with deadly brutality §Forced politics and forced religion §Legalized racial segregation, resettlement, restrictions ¡It is now considered an upper-middle-income economy §2nd largest in Africa §34th largest in the world ¡Yet still, 25% of the population is unemployed and living on less than US$1.25 per day ¡These are challenges that exist everywhere that governmental systems are significantly changed §Afghanistan §Libya South Sudan

Botswana

¡One of the fastest-growing economies of the world, after formerly being one of the poorest ¡Has the highest Human Development Index of Sub-Saharan Africa §Edward Banchs calls it the "Switzerland of Africa" ¡Very stable politically and economically ¡One of the safest countries in the world ¡Unfortunately has one of the highest rates of HIV/AIDS in the world §320,000 people out of ~ 2 million in Botswana have AIDS §16% of the population, though death rates continue to drop ¡70% of the land surface of Botswana is the Kalahari Desert §Subtropical climate, averaging 18-29°C (64-84°F) §Annual high can get up to 45°C (113°F) §I suppose it's kind of like San Diego, without the Pacific Coast ¡Major environmental problems with drought and desertification §They're interrelated, due to limited surface water availability §71% of the land is used for grazing for the farming industry ¡Human rights issues in Botswana §The country has the world's richest diamond field, and relocated indigenous people from that land §Homosexual acts are illegal, similar to many African countries

Black Sabbath

¡One of the two most important bands in heavy metal history ¡The first to encompass all that is "heavy metal" in all of their songs and style §Though not the first to claim to be "heavy metal"...that was Judas Priest

Metallica

¡One of the two most important bands in heavy metal history ¡They kicked down the door to open up extreme metal music to the world

Madagascar

¡Other than the flora and fauna, it is nothing like the animated film of the same name §90% of flora & fauna there are endemic to the island §There are officially 103 species/subspecies of lemurs ¡It is an unbelievably poor country §90% of its 22 million people earn less than $2/day §69% lives below the poverty line of $1/day Official languages are Malagasy and French ¡More than 18 ethnic subgroups make up the Malagasy ¡It is currently a semi-presidential constitutional republic (has a president, prime minister, and upper and lower houses of parliament) ¡The U.N. places Madagascar in the group of least developed countries ¡Most of the population adheres to traditional beliefs and/or Christianity ¡There is much political unrest in Madagascar §In 2008, over 100 citizens were killed by the military in a coup d'etat §The country's political climate and citizens have been shunned by the international community §Eddie Banchs discusses his bus ride to Fianarantsoa, taking 4.5 hours to depart and avoiding massive potholes, as representative of the political management ¡The poverty is utterly terrible §Toddlers rummaging through litter in a dumpster for food or clothes §People washing the clothes they're wearing in puddles in the streets §Defecation everywhere, without shame

Global Legislative Action

¡PMRC and Parental Advisory labels ¡Bush/Quayle criticized bands from the presidential campaign trail in 1992 ¡Senator Joseph Lieberman (CT) attacked Cannibal Corpse in 1997 §"Cultural decay" along with Fox TV & Calvin Klein §Described outrageous songs and album covers as being "extremely awful, disgusting stuff"

Heavy Metal Persecution

¡PMRC and Twisted Sister/W.A.S.P./Van Halen ¡Churches labeling it as "Devil's Music" §Metal has run rampant with that one... ¡Much of American metal wasn't even anti-God §Dave Mustaine became a church-goer §Stryper and other bands were pro-Christianity §There was/is very little understanding of the rebellion and angst-release aspects of heavy metal

Drum Mutes

¡Pads that deaden the sound of the drum §Good for practice in a residence hall, for example §Sized to the drum or cymbal §Made of pure rubber, most likely polyurethane foam ¡Might be able to use as your "drum set", if you also use triggers and/or a click track

Slayer and Elyse Pahler

¡Pahler raped and murdered by 3 teen acquaintances §Original claim implied satanic rituals related to their band ¡Parents sued Slayer twice due to Postmortem and Dead Skin Mask (about serial killer Ed Gein) songs ¡VERDICTS: Cases thrown out §Initial case: "There's not a legal position that could be taken that would make Slayer responsible for the girl's death. Where do you draw the line? You might as well start looking through the library at every book on the shelf." §Second case of "knowingly distributing harmful material to minors": "I do not consider Slayer's music obscene, indecent or harmful to minors."

Drum Materials

¡Plied woods (primarily hardwoods) §Increase strength/decrease directionality §Allows possibility of composite material properties ¡Metals (steel, brass, etc.) §More prominent natural resonance §Typically only used for snare drums ¡Metal snare = brighter, more crack, louderWood snare = deeper, throatier, warmer sound § ¡In heavy metal music, you need your drums to be heard over the other instruments, thus often they're made of metal

Drum Materials

¡Plied woods (primarily hardwoods) §Increase strength/decrease directionality §Allows possibility of composite material properties ¡Metals (steel, brass, etc.) §More prominent natural resonance §Typically only used for snare drums ¡Metal snare = brighter, more crack, louderWood snare = deeper, throatier, warmer sound § ¡In heavy metal music, you need your drums to be heard over the other instruments, thus often they're made of metal §Though not always...Vinnie Paul (100% maple), Nicko McBrain (beech)

Heavy Metal Islam

¡Reflective of "Global Metal" documentary ¡Drives home point of the danger of owning any Western music, let alone heavy metal ¡A few of those interviewed in UAE are featured in "HM Islam" ¡Article about Orphaned Land in The Jerusalem Post ¡Basically a counter-article about anti-Islamic bands ¡ ¡Countries include §Israel/Palestine - U.S. gov't has vested interests §Lebanon - I'm ¼ Lebanese, thus am invested (and also this) §Iran - not exactly comfy-cozy with the U.S. §Morocco - you probably know the least about them §Egypt - recent political events may have changed it Pakistan - 6th largest country, 2nd largest Muslim pop.

Dayton/Oregon District mass shooter

§Was in a pornogrind metal band §This became part of how he was identified, and metal once more received a fair share of blame §He was NOT part of the Dayton metal community, which is a strong and collegial fan base

Social Progress in Metal

¡Rob Halford left Judas Priest in the early 1990s ¡Replacement was Tim "Ripper" Owens §Vocalist in a Priest tribute band, discovered by a fan §Approximate story became "Rock Star" movie ¡Halford in 1998 publicly revealed that he is gay §The first openly gay high-profile metal performer §The band's fans generally took it in stride, though much of metal has shown "slow progressions of acceptance" §Halford is still "The Metal God" and always will be ¡Did you know that the World Health Organization listed homosexuality as a DISEASE until 1990? §Also just declassified transgender people as mentally ill in 2018 §Homosexuality was quite taboo, if not illegal, prior to this time

Drum Design

¡Round drums produce symmetric response ¡Square/triangular drums produce asymmetric responses §These will be discordant and not sonically pleasing §Sound reproduction and tuning would be challenged ¡It's also easier to manufacture round drum shells

Metalcore

¡Similar to PHC, but takes a heavier influence from metal ¡This makes up a lot of mainstream metal bands ¡Musical Traits §Dual singing styles §Mid and high screams, less growls §Intricate, very "metal" sounding riffs ▪Guitar solos ¡Themes Similar themes to PHC, very personal, often romantic

Materials

¡Simplest materials are made of one (1) element §Iron, copper, silicon, carbon §Pure, relatively easy to define properties §Very few usable materials are pure single-elements ¡Bonding type generally categorizes them §Ionic bonding à ceramics (SiO2) §Covalent bonding à polymers (--C2H2--) §Metallic bonding à metals (Fe, Cu wire) ¡Today we discuss metals & polymers, mostly

Black Metal Crimes

¡Some Norwegian black metallers sought to cast out Christianity as violently as it was introduced by Olaf I & II ¡Return Norway to natural condition of spiritual harmony ¡To do so, some of these teenagers attacked religious landmarks across Norway and committed acts of violence §24 Church burnings §2 murders, including Varg Vikernes killing Mayhem's Euronymous

Impact of Metallica

¡Somehow bridged the worlds of pre-extreme Heavy Metal and mainstream rock ¡Navigated the waters for music distribution in the new millennium, for better or worse ¡Acted as ambassadors on behalf of heavy metal, in many ways making it "ok" to be a metalhead in an ever-changing world

No Prayer for the dying

¡Sought a more straightforward record for No Prayer For the Dying §This is reflected in the older stylization of Eddie on the album cover ¡More of a reflection of their earlier albums, rather than synth- or prog-driven ¡Recording in a barn modified into a studio ¡Guitarist Adrian Smith left the band prior to the recording, to be replaced by Janick Gers ¡Gave the band their only #1 single in the UK, but it was generally a poorly-regarded album §"Bring Your Daughter...to the Slaughter" was originally written for "A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child" Was also banned on BBC

Africa Census Data

¡South Africa §51% female §80% black, 9% colored, 8% white, 3% Asian §FYI: only 9% of South Africans identify themselves by race as a first identifier ¡Botswana §~ 50% female §96% black, 3% white, 1% other ¡Kenya §50% female 99% black, 1% white/other ¡Madagascar §50% female §76% black, 24% others ¡Mauritius & Reunion Island §~ 51% female §Ethnicity never addressed on national census ¡Zimbabwe §~50% female 99.4% black, 0.2% white

South African Metal

¡Started as outspokenly anti-apartheid ¡Benefitted from former police officer going to schools to speak out against heavy metal §It was meant to show how rock was a pathway to Hell, in a very PMRC-like way §Gave many fans knowledge of the metal music scene locally and around the world §Metal allowed a voice of expression that religion didn't provide (the church sought conformity) ¡Isolationism was an asset to bands §Not dissimilar from the Norwegians in the 1990s §The goal of the early bands was to be anti-conformist, since government and religion were one and the same in South Africa ¡Metal is still largely white in South Africa ¡To grow, it needs to tap into the black South African audience ¡Bands like Juggernaught have attempted this, recording a song with a renowned Kwaito artist ¡Conformity among the young South Africans still seems to be the biggest challenge §"Metal is freedom!" - Kgame of Under the Chernobyl Cloud ¡The realities of the socio-economic situation of South Africa is one limiting factor ¡Hope exists that the country, and the metal scene, can successfully move forward in a harmonious way

Ozzfest

¡Started in 1996 as the 1st US-based metal festival ¡Held every year until 2009, then again in 2010 ¡Returned last fall with Ozzfest Meets Knotfest ¡Continues in 2018 with a New Year's Eve show ¡ ¡Reinvigorated the concert-going scene ¡Helped introduce new bands to old fans, and vice versa ¡Helped the Nu and Industrial Metal bands gain a commercial foothold

Impact of Iron Maiden

¡Stayed true to metal and themselves by never cowing to record labels, popular trends, or media conglomerates ¡Exposed listeners to history, literature, philosophy, mythology, innovation, and more §I still have high school friends who comment about how I would play Iron Maiden songs in various literature and history classes ¡Influenced metal bands including Metallica, Slayer, Anthrax, Avenged Sevenfold, Trivium, Slipknot, In Flames, Opeth, X Japan, Dream Theater, and tons more ¡Introduced branding to the metal world through their consistent use of fonts and their mascot Eddie

Strings

¡Steel core ¡Nickel-plated or stainless steel winding ¡MUST BE A SOFT MAGNET to generate a signal in the pickup

Maiden lineup for third release

¡Steve Harris - bass ¡Bruce Dickinson - vocals ¡Dave Murray - guitar ¡Adrian Smith - guitar ¡Clive Burr - drums

maiden lineup fourth release

¡Steve Harris - bass ¡Bruce Dickinson - vocals ¡Dave Murray - guitar ¡Adrian Smith - guitar ¡Nicko McBrain - drums

Original Iron Maiden

¡Steve Harris - bass ¡Paul Day - vocals ¡Dave Sullivan - guitar ¡Terry Rance - guitar ¡Ron Matthews - drums ¡ ¡This lineup never actually released music together ¡Barely made it through a handful of early shows, and other members were mixed in

Maiden lineup for second release

¡Steve Harris - bass ¡Paul Di'Anno - vocals ¡Dave Murray - guitar ¡Adrian Smith - guitar ¡Clive Burr - drums

Iron Maiden release lineup

¡Steve Harris - bass ¡Paul Di'Anno - vocals ¡Dave Murray - guitar ¡Dennis Stratton - guitar ¡Clive Burr - drums

Industrial Metal

¡Still used guitars for riffing and occasional solos ¡Samplers/drum machines fully replace real drums in many cases §Simpler to assemble samples of what you want §Allowed for "jackhammer" drums, which is nearly impossible with acoustic drumsets during songs ▪Fastest hand drumming = 1,208 hits/minute ▪Fastest foot drumming = 1,034 hits/minute ¡ ¡DRASTIC transition from traditional heavy metal reliance on purely human-created instrumental proficiency ¡Technological advances made it possible and attractive to bands to hybridize and experiment

Black Sabbath Original Members

¡Terence "Geezer" Butler - bass ¡John "Ozzy" Osbourne - vocals ¡Tony Iommi - guitar ¡Bill Ward - drums ¡ ¡Maintained this lineup for their first eight albums ¡Drugs and alcohol were major factors in their eventual disbandment

Brave New World

¡The album title and artwork refer to the Aldous Huxley novel of the same name (one of my faves) ¡Three songs were written for Virtual XI, but not used ¡"Blood Brothers" was written for Harris' late father §During later tours, it was dedicated to Ronnie James Dio, and then others affected by disasters and extremist activities ¡"The Wicker Man" was based on the 1973 film of the same name ¡"Out of the Silent Planet" was influenced by 1956 sci-fi movie Forbidden Planet ¡Generally reviewed positively and sold well, reaching #1 in Sweden

Book of Souls

¡The album title and artwork refer to the Mayan belief that souls live on after death ¡Most songs were only outlines prior to being finished in the studio, resulting in a live feel ¡A variety of lyrical themes were addressed §"The Book of Souls" as previously mentioned §"Tears of a Clown" about comedian Robin Williams' depression and suicide in 2014 §"Death or Glory" about WWI tri-planes §"Empire of the Clouds" about the R101 airship, which crashed on its maiden voyage in 1930 §"Speed of Light" is an homage to the history of gaming ¡The album is over 92 minutes long, the band's longest ¡Reviewed very positively and sold well §Reached #4 on the Billboard 200 in the US §Debuted at #1 in 24 countries, and in the top 6 of 11 more

The Final Frontier

¡The album title was ambiguous as to whether it meant it was the band's last album ¡A lot more diversity of sound and song types than almost any other of the band's albums §"Satellite 15...The Final Frontier" is about a man stranded in space contemplating his last moments §"El Dorado" is a cynical critique of the financial crisis of 2007-08, and references the mythical city of gold §"The Isle of Avalon" refers to King Arthur's safe haven and where Excalibur was forged ¡"El Dorado" won the band their first Grammy for Best Metal Performance in 2011 §Their 3rd nomination, after "Fear of the Dark (live)" in 1994 and "The Wicker Man" in 2001 ¡Reviewed very positively and sold well §Reached #4 on the Billboard 200 in the US §Debuted at #1 in 28 countries, and in the top 6 of 10 more

Dance of Death

¡The album title was inspired by the closing scene in the 1957 movie The Seventh Seal ¡Three songs dealt with military themes §"Monségur" is about the fall of a stronghold during the Cathar Crusade in 1244 §"Paschendale" is about the Battle of Passchendaele that occurred during World War I §"Face in the Sand" is based on the media coverage of the Iraq War, and is the only song to use a double bass pedal ¡"New Frontier" is the only songwriting credit that Nicko McBrain has had with the band §The song is about his concerns, as a born-again Christian, with human cloning ¡"Journeyman" is the band's only fully-acoustic song ever ¡Generally reviewed positively and sold well, reaching #1 in Sweden, Finland, and Italy

Reunion Island Metal

¡The band Warfield combined metal & hard rock with Maloya, in collaboration with renowned Maloya band Lindigo §The Montauban brothers who started Warfield are descendants of some of the earliest settlers on Reunion Island, thus Maloya is in their blood §Other bands like Nightmare For The Child and Vacuum Road cite the influence that Warfield has had on them ¡Rock music arrived on Reunion Island in the 1950s, and local bands started soon thereafter §Most bands started because playing live looked like a lot of fun §The Island boasts several music festivals each year, including a metal festival in October ¡Support of the arts by the French government makes a huge difference in both how the music scene is perceived as well how extensively it is funded §This has helped fund the band Nazca to perform in India, as well as pay for Sepultura to come to Reunion in 2010 ¡The "Satanic Panic" situations seen elsewhere are completely absent here

Groove Metal

¡The continued development of metal styles included a better integration of sonic elements that larger audiences connected to ¡Groove Metal is the result §Thrash/metal at its core, though more downtuned §More mid-tempo and rhythm-focused, a la jazz music §Rap-inflected vocals, but screamed/growled/shouted

Powerslave

¡The first album with no lineup changes ¡The album artwork led to their stage show being a massive undertaking reflecting the ancient Egyptian imagery and structures ¡"Rime of the Ancient Mariner" is drawn from the epic poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge ¡Two songs ("The Duellists" and "Flash of the Blade") are about fencing, a sport in which Dickinson is outstanding ¡"Aces High" is about the Battle of Britain in 1940, the first military engagement entirely fought with aircraft ¡"2 Minutes to Midnight" is a protest song against nuclear war and references the Doomsday Clock ¡"Back in the Village" another song about "The Prisoner" ¡"Powerslave" is about a dying Pharaoh lamenting on the limits of his power ¡To me, this is their best album; it also charted well and was critically a success

Mauritius

¡The island is only 38 miles x 29 miles (slightly larger than Jacksonville, FL, in area) ¡Most of the population had Indian ancestry, along with Tamil, Arab, European, and African ¡Religious multiculturalism is a way of life here, and it is important to respect that §Not Westernized, but pieces from around the world ¡The locals identify as Mauritian first, no matter their background ¡Relatively politically stable §When compared to African countries? Yes When compared to European countries?Not really ¡Sega music §6/8 beat, clean guitars, syncopated patterns §Difficult to mix with typical metal music ¡Lyrics focused on lives of the slaves, including social issues and injustices §Played in rural areas and during all-night dances §Heavily frowned upon, like metal and rock are today ¡Only Divoltere is able to combine metal music with Sega in any meaningful way

Heaven and Hell

§Reinvigorated the songwriting process for Iommi, since Dio sang in a different melody than Ozzy did §It took time for fans to accept this version of Black Sabbath Songs about good vs evil, actions and consequences, through the lens of fantasy lyrics (Dio did the same for Rainbow and his own solo work)

Fear of the Dark

¡The last album to feature Bruce Dickinson on vocals (for a while) ¡Better received than No Prayer... ¡ ¡A bit of a return to musical exploration §"Be Quick or Be Dead" was almost thrashy §"Wasting Love" was the band's first power ballad ¡Lyrical themes had more current topics than historical and literary ones §"Afraid to Shoot Strangers" dealt with the Gulf War that was occurring at the time §"Fear is the Key" was about relationships in the AIDS era, again prominent at the time ¡The title track remains popular in their live setlists

Sound Engineering

¡The mastering of the final product ¡What consumers hear, rather than what the artists play and record in the studio ¡Many aspects to it §Mixing of instruments §Adjusting relative volume of all the parts §Adding ambiance as needed ¡Ultimately under the guidance of the producer and band members

Bedroom Djent

¡The most innovative and interesting of the djent subcategories is the one-man-band, instrumental, almost post-metal that comes from a smaller section of the community, but garners the most respect ¡Musical Traits §Instrumental §Drum machines are used §Focus on ambience and soundscape §Compositional

Eddie the Head

¡The most recognizable band mascot in metal music, if not all music ¡While often "zombie-like", Eddie changes themes based on song, album, and tour ¡Originally stylized by Derek Riggs ¡Sometimes comes on stage with the band, or as part of the set ¡Appears in two Iron Maiden video games as the main character, as well as in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4 as an unlockable character ¡Through college, I had a dozen Iron Maiden Eddie posters hanging in my room §And a mullet through sophomore year §And my girlfriend STILL married me a few years later

Mauritius Metal

¡The only active bands while Eddie was there were Unmind, Cryptic Carnage, Circle Red, Crave, Divoltere, Crossbreed Supersoul, Heretics, Amakartus, and Shred the Glory ¡In 2012, Mauritian Parliament wanted to ban heavy metal by law, largely due to Marilyn Manson §Manson was the scapegoat for all negative stereotypes associated with metal music and culture §Two drunken teenagers in metal shirts posted pictures of themselves at a graveyard gesturing at the camera §It was perceived as "Satanic metalheads desecrate graves" ¡Much of the same "Satanic Panic" occurring here as happened in the PMRC-era United States

Hardwired...to Self Destruct

¡Their SIXTH consecutive studio album to debut at #1 on the Billboard 200 §Their first album since Kill 'Em All to not feature any songwriting from Kirk Hammett §Hammett lost his phone, and ~250 riff ideas, at the Copenhagen airport ¡Songs are about the music industry, drug addiction, Chthulu, and a tribute to Lemmy of Motörhead §Themes that are more consistent with their older releases ¡Sounded much more natural for them than Death Magnetic did, as though they were having fun recording an album again ¡Overall, the album reconnected with old fans who gave up on them previously, while still pleasing their newer fans

And Justice For all

¡Their first full album released with Newsted as bassist ¡It is infamous for its sterile production §Bass is nearly inaudible §Drums sound thin, but reverberating §Attributed to using only close microphones and no room mics ¡Themes include political and legal injustice through war, censorship, and nuclear brinksmanship ¡Lost the inaugural "Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance" Grammy award to Jethro Tull (was totally robbed)

Master of Puppets

¡Their last album released prior to the death of Cliff Burton ¡Continued to define the thrash metal subgenre, while maintaining accessibility to those outside of metal §Is preserved in the US Library of Congress due to being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" §It is the first metal album to be so honored ¡Themes include control and abuse of power, alienation, oppression, powerlessness

A matter of life and death

¡This album has lyrical themes that are primarily about war and religion §"These Colours Don't Run" §"The Longest Day" §"For the Greater Good of God" ¡"The Reincarnation of Benjamin Breeg" was released as a single, with multimedia flair §A promo image of Eddie digging out the grave of Breeg, whose tombstone had a dedication in Romanian §The identity of Breeg was held secret by the band §A website was created with the "biography" of the fictional Breeg, leading fans to research his identity ¡Reviewed very positively and sold well, reaching #1 in Sweden, Germany, Finland, Italy, & Poland ¡Also their first album to chart in the Top Ten in the Billboard 200

St. Anger

¡This is when Metallica became a punch line to many ¡The band went extra-raw and alternative §Absolutely no soloing §Originally started recording in an old US Army barracks converted to a recording studio §Drums were recorded with no snares enabled, resulting in a painfully-pinging drum tone ¡Multiple delays §Newsted left the band at the start of recording §Producer Bob Rock thus played bass §Hetfield entered rehab soon thereafter ¡Critically received some praise, due to renewed passion and raw intensity ¡The song "St. Anger" won a Grammy in 2004 ¡Fans generally hate this album, and at least one reviewer rated it 0.8/10

Death Magnetic

¡This is when Metallica became reconnected with their thrash metal roots §They kept a more collaborative writing process, with all songs co-written by all band members §They chose producer Rick Rubin, who worked with Slayer as well as having helped popularize hip hop music §Their first album to be recorded with bassist Trujillo ¡The album title is somewhat a tribute to people in the music business who have died §Death is not often discussed §Musicians are often drawn to it both literally and figuratively, while others are repelled ¡It became Metallica's 5th consecutive album to debut at #1 on the Billboard 200 chart §They are the first, and still only, band to do so ¡Overall, the album was well received, though in my opinion Hetfield sings like he's trying to sound like James Hetfield (yes, you read that correctly)

The Black Album

¡This is when Metallica became the biggest American ROCK band in history (not just thrash or even metal) §16x platinum certification §500+ weeks on Billboard's album chart, thus one of the four longest-running albums ever §Top 30 best selling album EVER ¡The band's sound changed to a slower and heavier sound as compared to their prior faster thrash sound §Allowed them to be differently expressive §Put the emphasis on writing rhythmic juggernauts of power §They had done the long passages, and with new producer Bob Rock wanted to simplify ¡Lyrics were more personally introspective than political or Lovecraftian ¡Overall, the album divided longtime fans, though they clearly gained plenty more fans

Good Singers

§Rob Halford (Judas Priest) §Ronnie James Dio (Dio) §Bruce Dickinson (Iron Maiden) §Joey Belladonna (Anthrax)

Load

¡This is when Metallica ceased being thrash, or in some opinions, being metal at all ¡The band's sound changed to hard rock, influenced by blues, country, alternative, and Southern rock styles §Simplified drumming §Even more personal and introspective lyrics §Much less soloing on guitar ¡The tuning was E-flat instead of E, due to the varied influences of the riffs ¡Artwork was from Andres Serrano ¡Band photos showed haircuts, outfits, etc. ¡Overall, longtime fans still had issues with it, and disliked the band's musical exploration

Live after death

¡This live double-album was recorded during their World Slavery Tour in 1984-85 ¡The Long Beach, CA, USA and the Hammersmith Odeon, London, UK shows were the specific ones used in this release ¡The World Slavery Tour was an 11-month, 187-concert world tour §Started on 8/9/84 in Warsaw, Poland §Ended on 7/5/85 in Irvine, CA, USA §Visited 24 countries in Europe, Asia, North American, and South America ¡They were the first rock act to take a full stage show behind the Iron Curtain (recorded a documentary about the experience) ¡They played before 300,000 in Brazil at the Rock in Rio festival ¡The opening "Churchill's Speech" is from a speech in the UK House of Commons by Winston Churchill on 6/4/40

Post Hardcore

¡This name is misleading for a lot of reasons §Basically, is a conglomerate of genres that are all based on Hardcore ¡Sometimes also referred to as "Screamo" §Generally this means very heavy emo music ¡Musical traits §Often simpler guitar riffs, makes use of synthesizers with heavy distorted guitars §Split high, clean singing and all styles of harsh vocals ▪Often times with two vocalists §Highly reminiscent of punk and hardcore with metal influence ¡Themes §Relationships, personal issues, teenage angst

Proggie Weirdness Djent

¡This particular style of Djent could be described as a meshing of the last songs and Dream Theater ¡It's much more theatrical, and is less centered on groovy riffing and more on songwriting, although there is plenty of groove and riff ¡Musical Traits §Clean singing, sometimes also screaming §Guitar tone switches to clean much more often §Highly experimental §Much more melodic

West Memphis Three

¡Three young boys stripped & mutilated ¡Police somehow focused on Jessie Misskelley, Jason Baldwin & Damien Echols, local teenagers §No physical evidence or witnesses connected them §Occult-related books from the library were cited §Satanic "expert" Dr. Dale Griffis offered testimony ¡These teens couldn't afford the same defense as Ozzy or Judas Priest or Slayer ¡All three teens were convicted §Echols received the death penalty ¡Paradise Lost documentary detailed accusations and trial §Fear & misunderstanding of heavy metal in Arkansas §Lack of leads that somehow led to these teens §Metallica allowed use of their music in the doc due to the truth that it portrayed ¡Paradise Lost 2 brought further attention to the evidentiary problems of the trials ¡Strongly suggested a possible perpetrator to be the stepfather of one of the little boys ¡Echols: "...for the general public, it's not quite as scary to believe that bloodthirsty Satanists are murdering children as it is to believe that parents are actually murdering their own children." ¡All three men were released in 2011 after serving over 18 years in prison §Ultimately a plea deal that allowed them to maintain their innocence §Driven by the Arkansas Supreme Court, reassessment of evidence, and the FBI

Cliff Burton Death

¡Touring Europe in support of Master of Puppets, Metallica headlined with support from Anthrax and Metal Church ¡The band drew cards to see who got the best bunk each night ¡While traveling from Sweden to Denmark in early fall 1986, the tour bus lost control and flipped ¡Cliff Burton, bassist, was thrown from the bus and crushed by it, killing him in the early morning of 9/27/86 §When they drew cards, he drew an ace of spades to win his choice of bunks ¡The cause of the crash was disputed §Bus driver blamed black ice as causing him to lose control §Hetfield, investigators, and photographers could not find any black ice, nor were conditions favorable for its formation §They believed he was drunk and/or fell asleep at the wheel, though he was found to be not at fault

US Census Data

¡US §61% of Americans are white-only §13% of Americans are black §18% of Americans are Hispanic ¡Ohio §79% of Ohioans are white §13% of Ohioans are black §4% of Ohioans are Hispanic ¡Also, US and Ohio are ~51% female

Varg Vikernes

¡Varg Vikernes was arrested at his home in France for suspicion of terrorist activities §Supposedly received manifesto of Anders Breivik, the mass shooter of 77 in Utøya, Norway §Also linked to purchase of four rifles §He has a history due to the Euronymous incident §He was soon released without being charged ¡Charged instead in 2014 for inciting hatred vs Jews & Muslims §Convicted, fined and sentenced to 6 months probation ¡Also developed a supposedly-racist RPG recently

Heavy Metal Africa

¡We explore metal and cultural scenes within §South Africa §Botswana §Kenya §Madagascar §Mauritius & Reunion Island §Zimbabwe ¡Major connections with the region's history and global context, plus political implications of metal music ¡We'll discuss later in class, as well as with author Edward Banchs himself

Djent Reception

¡While quite possibly not as disliked as deathcore, the genre of djent as a whole gets discredited often in metal scenes ¡However, individual bands such as Animals As Leaders and Periphery are often highly regarded ¡The genre is still being fleshed out and expanded upon, and a lot of work is being done, which suggests that this style is not just a phase, but could become a long standing part of the metal cannon of genres

Functioning Deathcore

¡Within the first subsect is djent that looks, acts, and in some ways sounds like deathcore ¡Musical traits §Almost exclusively use deathcore vocal techniques, low growls, high screams, yelled mids §Focus is on guitar riffs and breakdowns §Lots of crossover with the deathcore genre, and the scene as well ¡This is the most popular form of Djent, both in terms of sales and band numbers

Forms of Djent

¡Within the subgenre of Djent, there are three main catagories §Djentcore ▪Or Djent functioning as deathcore §Progdjent ▪Or Djent used for prog metal §One Man Djent Or... well... one man djent...

Mob Rules

§Still a lot of challenges in recording this album, due to a lot of people associated with it going through many personal problems §Dio was offered a solo contract, which when combined with the writing style differences caused additional stress §Songs included cautionary tales, contradictions, good vs evil

Headless Cross

§The first Sabbath album to be predominantly occult-related content (usually a few songs)

Wood in guitars

¡Wood comes from trees ¡Trees are made largely of cellulose ¡Cellulose is the most common organic compound ¡Organic means carbon-containing ¡Living and formerly-living things are organic •Wood grain is important •Density & shape of graining •Porosity of a piece •Depth of texture •Each wood is different •Maple: dense grains & low porosity make m'facturing easy, very bright tone •Swamp Ash: dense grains & higher porosity make mfg harder, still bright •Mahogany: fine grains & higher porosity make easy-ish mfg, warmer tone •Basswood: closed grains & medium porosity make easy mfg, mid-range tones

Boost

¡increase signal amplitude (sometimes to overdrive)

Compressor

¡reduce dynamic range of sound §Make "louds" quieter, and "quiets" louder

Lawsuits/criminal charges

§1988 - Ozzy Osbourne §1991 - Judas Priest §1995-2000 - Slayer §1996 - the West Memphis 3

Sabatoge

§A return to their heaviness of the past, and titled based on the stress and legal proceedings regarding their management §First album to NOT reach Platinum status (only Gold) §Songs dealt with stress/frustration of the music business, depression, life and birth, and even the afterlife

Seventh Star

§An intentional departure from the traditional Sabbath sound; good songs but not Sabbath

Chorus

§Approximately equivalent sounds converge §Similar pitch & timbre, sounds in-tune §Sounds like a constantly moving electronic shimmer §It uses long enough delays to create a presence

Technical Ecstacy

§By this point, they trusted nobody and were effectively self-sufficient (management, production), partially due to lawsuits and drugs §Drug use impacted their cohesion and songwriting, with songs about prostitutes, "a transvestite who becomes President...", and rock & roll §Some say they were upstaged on tour by opening band AC/DC

Born Again

§Decent songs, terribly mixed, and a stylistic mismatch between Gillan and Black Sabbath

Garage Inc.

§Double-album of cover songs §First disc covered Diamond Head, the Misfits, Thin Lizzy, Mercyful Fate, Black Sabbath, Discharge, Bob Seger §Second disc was the original $5.98 E.P. plus other previously-released covers (b-sides, one-off recordings)

Materials Engineering in Drums

§Drum shell materials selection (woods, alloys) §Drum head materials selection (polymers, composites) §Cymbal alloying considerations §Stand materials selection §Finishes on equipment, for anti-corrosivity and durability

electrical engineering in drums

§Electronic drum hardware, for detecting pressure for signal generation §Metronomes and tuners §Microphones for various drum components

Click Track

§Electronic metronome used by drummers to keep time §Can occasionally be used to add to the drum sound §Extremely useful in audio mixing as well

Drum Trigger

§Electronic transducer that detects drum vibration §Transmits it as an electrical signal to a control module §Generates a pre-recorded drum sound to send to the sound mixer or speakers §Helps ensure that every drum hit can be heard

Chemical Engineering in drums

§Finishes on drum shells & rims §Design and processing of drum heads §Other chemical considerations during design and processing

Mechanical Engineering in drums

§Gears, in drum & cymbal pedals §Levers, in drum & cymbal pedals and stands §Drum shell design, for joining parts §Cymbal design, for sound specificity

Black Sabbath Album

§Generally accepted as the first heavy metal album, and the song "Black Sabbath" is considered the first Doom Metal song §Recorded in 12 hours, basically as a live set, with little overdubbing §The combination of Iommi's use of fifth chords, the slow tritone, and the haunting lyrics defined a new musical direction §Songs dealt with fear, evil, H.P. Lovecraft stories, The Lord of the Rings, and Lucifer falling in love, along with one cover song

Growlers

§George "Corpsegrinder" Fisher §Glen Benton (Deicide) §Randy Blythe (lamb of god) Alissa White-Gluz (Arch Enemy)

The Eternal Idol

§Good songs, but did not sell well and ended up their last release on Warner Bros.

Screamers

§Ihsahn (Emperor) §Greg Puciato (Dillinger Escape Plan) §Jonathan Davis (Korn) §Mike Hranica (The Devil Wears Prada) §Jasmine Shadrack (Denigrata)

S&M

§Live performance with the San Francisco Symphony §Included two new songs scored by conductor Michael Kamen

Industrial Engineering in drums

§Mass production of drums §Mass production of cymbals §Design of manufacturing equipment §Maintenance of overall quality of final product

Phase-Shift

§Mix identical signals, one which is phase-shifted §Creates evenly-separated notches in signal

Flange

§Mix identical signals, one with regular, graduallychanging delay of a very small amount (< 20 ms) §Creates harmonically-separated notches in signal

Sabbath Bloody Sabbath

§More technical and orchestral §Some consider it the "perfect balance" between their past heaviness and their newer experimentalism §Songs about impacts of drinking, the mysteries of birth and DNA, and the experience of being in the band

Ring Modulation

§Multiply two signals, via a ring of diodes §Creates inharmonics, which result in bell-like or "robotic" tones

Tyr

§One of Sabbath's darkest albums, even if its most dramatic departure from the past sound

Effective vocalists

§Ozzy Osbourne (Black Sabbath) §James Hetfield (Metallica) §Zakk Wylde (Black Label Society) §Geddy Lee (Rush) Lzzy Hale (Halestorm)

Never Say Die!

§Ozzy nearly quit the band to work on solo material §When touring for it, they were upstaged by the youthful Van Halen, who were on their first world tour §The album was scattershot, with even the title song being tongue-in-cheek; one song about Ozzy's dad, one about demons, one about in-fighting

Alice in Chains

•Released August 21, 1990 •Recorded at London Bridge Studio, Seattle, WA, USA •Columbia Records •Produced by Dave Jerden • •Most important "bridge" album between grunge/alternative and heavy metal •First grunge album to go platinum •The band toured with everyone from Poison to Iggy Pop to The Big 4 of Thrash to Van Halen

Slipknot

•Released June 29, 1999 •Recorded at Indigo Ranch Studios, Malibu, CA, USA •Roadrunner Records •Produced by Ross Robinson & Slipknot • •Nine musicians, labeled 0 through 8 on their jumpsuits, perform for Slipknot •One of very few bands from Des Moines, IA (along with Stone Sour) •Toured on Ozzfest 1999, which both increased the popularity of the band and led to this album going platinum

Korn

•Released October 11, 1994 •Recorded at Indigo Ranch Studios, Malibu, CA, USA •Immortal/Epic Records •Produced by Ross Robinson • •Considered the first-ever Nu Metal album •Songs deal with bullying, child abuse, and drug abuse, and have helped empower fans to deal with these issues

Pickup

▪Inductor coil suspended in a magnetic field ▪Acoustic vibrations disturb the coil & generate a signal

Dynamic Range

▪Ratio of largest amplitude to the smallest amplitude ▪The range of loudness/softness of sound (loud = high, soft = low) ▪Also called the Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) ▪Often a perception of sound quality

Sine Waves

▪The idealized fundamental representation of sound ▪How the electrical signal amplitude varies with time ▪This will be most commonly used, especially when we cover sound effects ▪If there is one representation of sound to know, it's this one

Condenser

▪Two plates that change separation based on vibrations ▪This generates the electrical signal