HESI A&P study questions

Which organ is responsible for most of the nutrient absorption in the body?

Small intestine

What form of tissue provides support and structure for the organs?

Connective

Which type of tissue is most widely distributed throughout the body?

Connective tissue

The tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi is called ____________.

Trachea

The elbow is what type of joint?

Hinge

Which of the following is not a bone of the lower extremities?

Ulna

What type of cell division occurs in the gonads?

Meiosis

Which of the following is the primary organ of the female reproductive system responsible for releasing mature eggs?

Ovaries

Reabsorption of water and electrolytes occur in various parts of the renal tubules. In which segment is sodium mostly reabsorbed?

Proximal Convoluted Tubules

Urine travels from the kidney to the urinary bladder through which structure?

Ureter

Which of the following acts as a store for fats and aids in bone function?

Yellow bone marrow

The components found in blood that carry out blood clotting are:

thrombocytes

The functions of the circulatory system include all of the following except:

to deliver carbon dioxide to body tissues.

The right atrium receives blood from the __________.

vena cava

Which vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum?

Sacral vertebrae

Which plane divides the body into left and right sides?

Sagittal

If you were to cut the body through the median plane, what type of sectioning would occur?

Sagittal section

Which glands release an oily secretion through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin and prevents drying?

Sebaceous glands

Which of the following options correctly lists the layers of the epidermis from the most superficial to the deepest layer?

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum germinativum

Stratum basale and stratum spinosum are included in which layer of the epidermis?

Stratum germinativum

Mitosis occurs in which layer of the skin?

Stratum germinativum (which includes the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum).

Which of the following salivary glands primarily contributes to the production and secretion of saliva?

Submandibular glands

Which part of the brain is involved in processing auditory information?

Temporal lobe

Which of the following hormones is primarily produced and secreted by the male reproductive system?

Testosterone

Which of the following describes the distal region of the humerus?

The epiphysis that articulates with the radius and ulna

The carpals articulate with the distal ends of which two bones?

Radius and ulna

Which of the following could result from a damaged olfactory nerve?

Reduced sense of smell

Which of the following male reproductive organs is also a part of the urinary system?

Urethra

Which of the following muscles is located towards the outer side of the leg?

Vastus lateralis

Which blood vessel delivers blood directly into the right atrium?

Vena cava

White blood cells contain many _________ because they need to dispose of harmful intruders such as bacteria and viruses. Which of the following options correctly completes the statement above?

lysosomes

Which of the following is the name of the imaginary vertical plane that equally divides the body into left and right?

Sagittal

Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false?

The hypothalamus is commonly known as the "master gland."

Which of the following is located in the thoracic cavity?

The mediastinum

The _________________ carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart, while the ________________ carry oxygen-depleted blood back towards the heart.

arteries; veins

The hormone __________ assists estrogen in stimulating the formation of the endometrium.

progesterone

An irregular epiphysis at each end is present in which of the following?

A typical long bone

What, in addition to adenosine triphosphate, must be present for a muscle to contract?

Calcium

Which important minerals are stored within the skeletal system?

Calcium and phosphorous

The pulse point located on the neck is palpated over which artery?

Carotid

Which organelle is responsible for regulating the transport of substances in and out of the cell?

Cell membrane

Which of the following glands secrete earwax?

Ceruminous

Which of the following muscles draw the limb away from the midline?

Abductors

Which of the following muscles pulls a body part away from the midline of the body?

Abductors

The anterior lobe of pituitary glands is called which of the following?

Adenohypophysis

Which of the following gets absorbed directly into the blood?

Amino acids

What connects skin to superficial muscles?

Hypodermis

A tissue sample studied under a microscope exhibits the following characteristics: an extracellular matrix providing rigidity to the tissue, and the presence of lacunae. Which type of tissue is this?

Bone

Which type of connection do ligaments create?

Bone to bone

Wrist bones are called which of the following?

Carpals

Which of the following best describes the primary function of hemoglobin?

Carries oxygen to tissues and organs

A patient who is on a plant-based diet complains that their skin is appearing to take on a yellowish color. Which of the following foods would you expect the patient to have eaten a large amount of?

Carrots

Which of the following is a molecule carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction for all organisms?

DNA

Which of the following terms describes the process of forming new red blood cells?

Erythropoiesis

Which of the following organelles is responsible for digesting damaged cellular structures, as well as macromolecules and bacteria ingested by the cell?

Lysosomes

What type of animal tissue is composed of neurons and neuroglia?

Nervous

Which of the following structures is part of the upper respiratory system?

Pharynx

Which of the following is the correct sequence of transport of filtrate from the nephrons to the renal pelvis?

Proximal Convoluted Tubule - Loop of Henle - Distal Convoluted Tubule - Collecting Duct - Minor Calyx - Major Calyx - Renal Pelvis

Which of the following is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration that can lead to muscular fatigue, muscle cramps, muscle pain, or a burning sensation in the muscles?

Lactic acid

Using the provided image, choose the anatomical structure designated by letter B.

Left atrium

Which of the four chambers of the heart has the thickest muscular wall?

Left ventricle

Which of the following lists the correct pathway of blood through the circulatory system?

Left ventricle, aorta, systemic circuit, vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium

Which of the following best describes the function of the mitral valve?

Lets blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

A sprain occurs when which of the following structures is stretched or torn?

Ligament

Which of the following organelles would you expect to find an abundance of in leukocytes?

Lysosomes

Which of the following types of cancer would present warning signs that are identified using the ABCDE method?

Melanoma

Which of the following causes bone matrix resorption in response to a decrease of calcium levels in the blood?

Osteoclasts

The internal reproductive organs are located in which of the following anatomical regions?

Pelvic

Which gland releases melatonin?

Pineal glands

Which of the following makes up the largest component of whole blood?

Plasma

If the femoral artery was cut, which of the following blood vessels would not receive blood as a result?

Popliteal artery

Skeletal muscle work in pairs. The muscle that executes the given movement is called which of the following?

Prime mover

A patient complains of decreased sensation in the distal part of their arm and an inability to adduct and abduct their fingers. Based on these symptoms, which nerve is most likely compromised?

Ulnar

Which of the following best describes the anatomical position?

Standing upright, facing the observer, upper extremities at the body's sides, feet flat and directed forward, and the palms facing anteriorly

What is the outermost layer of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum

Cerumen is secreted by apocrine glands located in which of the following structures?

The external auditory canal

What is the function of the sebaceous glands?

To secrete oil that lubricates the skin and prevents drying.

The _______________ artery is located in the upper arm, and is a continuation of the ________________ artery.

brachial; axillary

Which of the following anatomical terms is correctly matched with its meaning?

cranial/skull

A patient with a lower than normal amount of thrombocytes could be at risk of ____________.

extensive bleeding

The heart consists of four chambers, which include _________________.

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle

Which structure lies between the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

Diaphragm

Which organelle is responsible for storing DNA?

Nucleus

Where is the tibialis anterior located?

The front of the lower extremities

Which of the following structures functions in directing sound waves into the ear?

Auricle

The shoulder is an example of which type of synovial joint?

Ball and socket

Where is the popliteal artery located?

Behind the knee

In which part of the body would you find aqueous humor?

Between the lens and cornea in the eye

Listening to music stimulates which of the following organs?

Cochlea

Which of the types of tissue is responsible for providing the matrix that supports and connects other tissues of the body?

Connective tissue

What is secreted by the adrenal glands?

Cortisol and aldosterone

The malleus, incus, and stapes are bones found in the _________.

Ear

Which exocrine gland produces sweat on the epidermal surface?

Eccrine

Which structure in the epidermis is responsible for cooling the body to maintain temperature homeostasis?

Eccrine glands

Which system coordinates and regulates processes within the body through the use of hormones?

Endocrine system

Which of the following organ systems is correctly paired with its function?

Endocrine/ regulation of homeostasis through hormone signaling

Which of the following types of tissues functions in the covering, lining, and protection of surfaces and body cavities?

Epithelial tissue

Eccrine glands secrete a watery substance onto the surface of the skin to maintain temperature homeostasis through which process?

Evaporation

In which of the following reproductive structures does the fertilization of an ovum occur?

Fallopian tube

Which of the following occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?

Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, digestion slows down

In what area of the body would you expect to find especially thick stratum corneum?

Heel of the foot

The diaphragm is _________ to the lungs.

Inferior

How does serotonin affect the body?

It helps to regulate mood, anxiety, sleep, memory, and appetite.

Which of the following describes cellular respiration?

It is an oxidative catabolic activity Cellular respiration is the process in which a cell takes in oxygen and uses it to break down glucose to create energy in the form of ATP. In the final stage of cellular respiration (called the electron transport chain), oxygen accepts electrons and picks up protons to form water. So, because elements lose electrons to oxygen and it is a reaction in which energy is created, cellular respiration is both an oxidative and catabolic activity.

Which of the following about the hyoid bone is correct?

It is the only bone that does not articulate with any other bone.

The pharynx is a conduit for air and food. It is divided into three segments which contain lymphoid structures that play significant roles in protection and defense. Which segment of the pharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsils?

Nasopharynx

Where does digestion begin in the alimentary canal?

Oral cavity

The respiratory system is composed of organs that facilitate gas exchange between the blood and the external environment. Which of the following describes the group of organs that function during gas exchange?

Organ System

Which blood vessel returns blood from the lungs back to the heart?

Pulmonary vein

What is one of the functions of the hypothalamus?

Regulating body temperature

Which of the following is not a function of cortisol?

Release growth hormones

Which part of the eye allows us to see color?

Retina

Which of the following cell organelles is correctly paired with its function?

Ribosome/ Protein synthesis

Which bones form via intramembranous ossification?

The flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and clavicles The process of bone formation is called osteogenesis or ossification. There are two types of ossification: Intramembranous ossification: In this process, bone is formed in sheet-like layers that resemble a membrane. This is how the flat bones of the skull, mandible (jaw), and clavicles (collarbone) are formed. Endochondral ossification: In this process, cartilage forms first and then is replaced by bone. This process forms most bones in the body. The ulna, radius (forearm bones), and carpals (wrist) are formed via endochondral ossification. The manubrium and xyphoid process are structures of the sternum and are also formed via endochondral ossification. The malleus, incus, and stapes are bones in the middle of the ear and are also formed through endochondral ossification.

What is erythropoiesis and where does it occur?

The formation of red blood cells; Red bone marrow

What is the function of endocrine glands?

They secrete hormones directly into the blood.

T-lymphocytes are developed by which of the following glands?

Thymus

Which muscle is located towards the front of the lower leg?

Tibialis anterior

Which of the following is defined as "a group of similar cells and their intercellular matrix that carry out a specific function together?"

Tissues

Which of the following is a primary function of the male and/or female reproductive systems?

To produce gametes

What is the purpose of gastric mucous?

To protect the stomach lining from acid and digestive enzymes.

Which of the following features of veins results in the venous system operating at lower pressures than the arterial side?

Veins have thinner, more compliant vessel walls than arteries.

A patient reveals to you that they were recently involved in a car accident that they believe resulted in a deviated septum. Which of the following bones may have been injured in the accident, resulting in the deviated septum?

Vomer

What does the presence of antidiuretic hormone stimulate?

Water reabsorption from the urinary filtrate

A patient complaining of pain in their sternum reveals that they were recently in a mild car accident. Which of the following structures may have been injured in the accident?

Xiphoid process