HIEU 2031 Midterm

kakos

"Bad" person dishonest/doesnt have hero qualities - no time Applied in Iliad 750 BC -cowardly, unskilled, useless in battle -gods hate kakoi, acceptable to abuse them -ex: Thersites = bad speaker, no wisdom in council

agathos

"Good" - lots of time Used in Iliad 750 BC -Brave, great skill in fighting and athletics -honor the gods, keep promises and oaths, and be loyal to friends and fellow warriors, Exhibit self-control, be hospitable, respect women and elders, and show pity to beggars and suppliant strangers -agathoi get gifts b/c beloved by gods -Ex: Odysseus -produces conflict in Iliad: Achilles vs. Agamemnon -brave/strong/beautiful vs. high birth/magical time

time

"Honor, respect"; The high regard in which Greeks wished to be held by their peers. Quarrels, lawsuits, and wars could break out over matters of ____.Honor and respect 1600-1150 (Mycenaean) 1150-700 (Dark) 700-480 (Archaic) Across Greek world, Poleis -Public recognition of one's skills and achievements -Fame and glory ensure immortality

basileus

"King" (chieftain, ruler) in 1080 BC = Good King Codrus, last king in Athens -appears in Homer and Hesiod's work -Regional chiefdoms: local basileis and the paramount basileus -2 necessary skills: skill in battle and ability to persuade -must display generosity -fragile authority in low-level chieftainship -last remnant of monarchy in Athens = archon basileus -Good King Codrus = last semi-mythical king of Athens

eunomia

"Lawfullness"; An ideal of good govvernment, sometimes identified with the government of one's own state: Spartans boasted of this in their own system while Athenians considered it to be democracy.

homoioi

"Similars" of "peers"; the Spartan term for full Spartan citizens, referring to their common experience in the agoge and the Spartan army 770's BC from the constitution of Lycurgus Was a critical component of the Spartan way of life and gave them the best soldiers that allowed them to create the peloponnesian League

oligarchy

"rule by a few men"; was the standard form of government in the early city-states, ahving replaced the system of ranked chieftains. Opposition from below the narrow ruling circle caused most ________ to broaden inclusion in state affairs, while other states adopted democratic governments. Throughout the 5th and 4th centuries tension between oligarchs and democrats (thus leading to tension between rich and poor) was a constant facrot in Greek political life and sometimes resulted in bloodshed. 700 BC • All of Greece • A more complex system of organization and social control was a necessary response to the new condition of rapidly growing populations, greater exploitation of land and resources, and increasing productivity and wealth. Moved on from Aristocratic

aristocracy

('power in the hands of the best'). The term is applied by modern scholars to the regimes of early Greece in which states were ruled by the noble families which had emerged from the Dark Age with the most landed property and political power, but the word aristokratia is not found before the 5th cent. bc, perhaps coined in response to 'democracy'.

Herodotus

-484-425 BC -The Histories 440 BC -grows out of tradition of Ionian Rationalism-> uses inquiry (historia) to mold his works -wanted to understand what history has to reveal about human nature (learns power often goes to people's heads) -wants to challenge Greek notions of the world -Four categories: chronology, explanation, ethical and time/wondrous

Archilochus

-Parian prosperity and power are exemplified in the 7th cent. by the poetry of Archilochus (first to mention a Tyrant in 650) -lyrical poet-> witty about heroic ideals (pokes fun at, drinking, sexual activity, loss of comrades, hatred of enemies, uncertainties of life, pretentiousness of aristocratic ideals, cruelty, seriousness and obscenity - soldier and poet -performed at symposiums

Corinth*

-established settlements in Dark Age -Doric poleis -by 800 BC, large settlement -747 BC Bacchiad basilies -657 Black Figure -498 BC Corinthians hate tyrannies Mainland Greece, south of Gulf of Corinth -home of the Bacchiads line of basileis -formed into narrow oligarchy of prominent, rich families -498 BC, Sokleas makes speech saying to not establish tyrannies in cities because of absusive tyrant Kypselos -origin of Black Figure pottery style

Linear A

-what: an undeciphered writing system of Ancient Greece -who: Minoan Script (Discovered by Evans) -where: first found in Knossos -when: developed in 1900 BC -significance: origin of Linear B, which was used by the Mycenaeans (recorded unknown Cretan language)

Michael Ventris

-what: cracked the code to the Linear B tablets -who: British linguist and cryptoleger -where: from Britain, studied tablets from Mycenaeans -when: 1953 -significance: proved Greek was the language of the Mycenaeans and Mycenaeans adapted Cretan Linear A script for their own Greek Language

chariot

-what: horse drawn platform with wheels -who: armies and aristocrats -where: popular in Egypt -when: appeared in Greece in 1600 BC -significance: revolutionized warfare although its use in Greece is debated because of the terrain. At the least it was a symbol of high status

Pylos*

-what: largest mini state of the Mycenaean period -who: Nestor had a Palace there -where: western coast of Peloponnese Peninsula -when: palaces built after 1400 BC -significance: Nestor was a wise old hero in the Homeric epics, he represented wise counsel which the Greeks valued

tholos tomb

-what: monumental above ground stone tomb beehive shaped graves that were built into hillsides -who: reserved for Mycenaean elite -where: originated in Minoan Crete -when: used in Mycenae in 16th century -significance: the opulent graves suggest growing power and resources of the Mycenaean elite and international influence

Iliad

-what: the story of the Trojan War -who: Homer, Achilles, Hector, Agamemnon -where: Troy -when: Trojan War (12th century BC) -significance: describes Homeric timē, or what the Ancient Greeks valued

Thermopylae*

100 miles from Athens; it is where the Greek soldiers held off the Persian army for 3 days then the Persians killed every soldier guarding the pass and then marched on to Athens where they set it on fire

Mycale

According to Greek legend, on the very same day as the Battle of Playerstaea, across the Aegean, a Greek fleet under Leotychidas, king of Sparta, landed its men on the Mycale peninsula, defeated a Persian army and stormed the palisaded base where their ships had been beached. Thus the Greek triumph was complete.

tyrant

An absolute ruler. Not necessarily bad. Examples are... Illegally seized governmental power in a polis. Occurred as a phase in many city-states during the 7th and 6th centuriesand is often seen as an intermediate stage between narrow oligarchy and more democratic forms of polity.

kleros

An allotment of farmland sufficient to support a citizen-family; it was passed on in perpetuity in the male line. In oligarchic states, full citizenship was frequently tied to the possession of a certain amount of land. 775 BC population boom → land struggle Surrounding farm land of Poleis -population boom, arguments over ownership of kleros → allows mass colonization In new settlements: founder basileus distributed the kleroi among new inhabitants more or less equally, but inequities soon crept in

Areopagus

An outcrop of rock outside athens. In ancient, and classical times, it functioned as a court area to deliberate cases of homicide. These cases were held here because of a legend that Ares was put to trial here after killing the son of another God. It was reformed by Solon in (594 bc). *Council of Nobles/Elders. Supervised criminal justice and advised government, consisted of ex-archons.

Artemis Orthia

Archaic alter and temple for Artemis used by the Spartans as a coming-of-age ceremony involving cheese theft and whipping (test of Metis-cunning)

kouros (pl.=kouroi)

Archaic period (late 6th century) -male and female statutes inspired by the Egyptian style, become more lifelike by end of 6th century -set up by wealthy families as grave markers or offerings to sanctuaries all over Greece -increased public advertisement of status in the community by bearing the dedicator's name

Draco

Characterized by very strict laws, rules, and punishments according to Athenian tradition, was a lawgiver who introduced new laws in the year when Aristaechmus was archon (see archontes), probably 621/0 bc. This was the first time that Athenian laws were put in writing. According to one account (Athenaion politeia 4) he established a constitution based on the franchise of hoplites, but elsewhere he is only said to have made laws against particular crimes. The penalties were very severe Athenian man who made reforms, before Solon 650-600 BC, first recorded lawgiver, Solon only kept his laws on homicide, very harsh laws

oikist

Founder of colony sent by Metropolis 775 BC phenomenon of mass colonization Colonies (Syracuse, Pithecusae,Corcyra, Epidamnus) -Usually from noble fam, but odd/crippled -ex: Battus of Cyrene -"Crooked Kings of Greece" -responsible for colony's success: tasks 1. lead the colonists to their new home 2. lay out the colony's defenses 3. locate the sanctuaries of the gods 4. assign house plots and farmland to the settlers (kleros) -If successful: -becomes the ruler of a new polis -guardian hero after his death (buried within the city) -brings time to family

trittys (pl.=trittyes)

Group of demes, each tribe had three trittys (hill, coast, and plain), proportional representation, part of Cleisthenes' reforms, important b/c it mixed all people together and unified Attica, 508/7 -30 trittys divided in 3 (from each region) to form 10 tribes

Mycenae*

Home of Menelaus What: Major Greek City Who: Agamemnon was king Where: Close to Tiryns, dominated southern Greece When: Peaked in 1300s BC Significance: The Mycenaean Period represents 1600-1100 and Greek ancestors regard it as a nearly mythical world. Excavated by Schliemann

oikos

Household. The fundamental social and economic unit in Greek society, comprehending the family group, its house, land, animals, and property, including slaves.

Red Figure

In Greek pottery, the silhouetting of red figures against a black background with painted linear details. firgures are red background darker. allows more detial and to play with colors. Developed by the Athenians in 530BC

agora

In Homer, the term for the place of gathering, the assembly of the people in the city=state period it denoted the public space of a city or town being both the marketplace and civic center. Lingering in the ___ was the best way to inform yourself about public affairs, make business contacts, and college gossip

Alcmaeonids

Family of Athenians given curse (in 636 ect) for killing followers of Cylon.They considered themselves descendants of Nestor, from the Iliad and were all named Alcmeon or Megacles Megacles, archon of Athens, was given the curse. Allowed back under Solon, exiled by Pisistratus. Hippias, descendant of Pisistratus, outsted by Alcmaeonid Cleisthenes, reformer of Athenian law (was challenged because of the curse).

Syracuse*

Largest Greek city in Sicily. Founded by Corinthians in 8th century BC. Alcibiades convinces the Delian League to set a campaign for Syracuse (peloponnesian allies). Nicias leads the campaign and loses most of Athenian fleet. Invention of the Torsion Catapult comes from here .733 BC founded Southern Italy -founded by Bacchiad rulers of Corinth -most important colony of Corinth -succesful in expelling/enslaving non-Greek neighbors -will dominate southeastern Sicily -play major role in struggle b/t Rome and Carthage

Eupatrids

Member of nobility of Athens, only Eupatrids could be Archons, maintained most of power in Athens, important because Solon's reforms made it easier for citizens to become Archons and have say in Gov. even if they weren't of significant wealth "the people with good fathers." A small group of wealthy, well-known families from which the nine archons of Athens were chosen. Because of this, and because of the fact that previous archons made up the Council, the Eupatrid family members made most of the policy decisions in Early Athens. The reforms of Solon attempted to rid the common people of the jealousy they felt towards them. Were first found in Early Athens (around 500 BC).

Euobea*

Ionic Dialect Eretrians 490 BC Eretria = burned by Persians Island off coast of Peloponnese -Euboeans from Eretria = pioneers of colonizing in Italy (Pithecusae) -Following Ionian Revolt (499-491 BC): Ionians sack sardis, Persians drive out Eritreans -490 BC Persians begin expedition for revenge, enslave Eretrians Island just off central/northern Greece; area where Greece first emerged from the Dark Age.

helot

Term used to describe groups of conquered people in Greece who were forced by their conquerors to wrk as serfs on their former lands. The word is most commonly associated with Sparta, where they probably outnumbered citizens by a ratio of 7:1. The Spartan way of life both depended on and was formed by the state's ownership of the labor of thousands of helots in Laconia dn Messenia. Fear of helot uprisings often discouraged Spartans from far away battles and led to inc. in military focus.600 BC

metropolis

Mother city of colonizing movement 750-500 BC Ex: corinth, Euboea, Thera -Mother city: chooses site, obtains divine approval, makes plans, and chooses its oikistes (founder) -colony changes citizen body when people leave to found it colonies politically independent but close w mother city.

ephors

Overseer. An office found in Sparta and in other Dorian states. In Sparta a board of five were elected annually by the assembly; they had great power in Spartan state, including general control over the conduct of kings. 5 Magistrates whose job was to make sure that the Basileis ruled lawfully and to prosecute them if they did not • During Archaic greece possibly created by Lycurgus during 700 to 600 BC • Sparta • Important because it allowed Sparta to control and balance the power of the Basileis.

Cypselus

Overthrew the Bacchiad family in Corinth in 657 BC with popularity and became tyrant. Died and passed down power in 625 BC. Under him Corinth emerged as the leading commercial center of Greece and dominated the trade in finely painted pottery.

Olympia

Panhellenic Sanctuary of Zeus By end of 7th century (600 BC) Olympia drew athletes from the entire Greek world W Greece NW of Peloponnese -elaborate site: hotels, stadiums, altars -speciality: most military items of all sanctuaries in treasuries -armor, bravery in war = military agon -Olympic games: home of Stadion (foot race, length of stadium), most prestigious event, winner became Eponymous victor (gave name to year of Olympics) -1st games that grew into Panhellenic rotation -athletic competition = agon -contest b/t individuals and states

Delphi*

Panhellenic Sanctuary, site of Oracle (read by Pythia) of Apollo c/a 700 BC, emerged as Panhellenic center NW Greece -Mount Parnassus, -N of Gulf of Corinth -Oracles= Greeks from all over consulted for important questions, received riddles/vague answers -reinforces cultural unity of Greek world -hero = cunning if able to interpret responses (agon) -specialty = dedications and treasuries -Solon misinterprets message to become tyrant in Ath 632 BC -tested by Croesus ca. 550 BC

thes (pl.thetes)

Poor free men who did hard work for low pay 800 BC shortage of land → widespread Free men who were forced by poverty to hire out as laborers for wages. In Athens, according to the economic divisions attributed to Solon (~600BC) they formed the lowest class of citizens. They were always poor and sometimes owned no land at all; possibly worse than slavery because slaves have the protection of their masters.

Protogeometric

Pottery Periodization in Dark Ages: Submycenaean 1100 BC Protogeometric 1050-900 BC Geometric 900-750 BC 1050-900 BC Greek World -Sharp contrast with preceding pottery style (Submycenaean) -New techniques+innovations -first form of decoration w/ geometric designs -not figural, patterns → mechanized -birds/animals are subordinated to the pattern -Creating the best, most precise pottery had an agonistic quality: demonstrates how Homeric qualities disseminated to lower classes became better proportioned than before

Peloponnesian League

Sparta and their Allies • 500 BC • The Peloponnese. Expanding upward toward Arcadia and Argos. Reached Corinth • An alliance that protected one another under Sparta. Established Sparta as a military powerhouse Thus the states were tied to Sparta but not really to each other, and some important members of the League, such as Thebes, were outside the Peloponnesus. The most important member was Corinth, providing naval power. Won against Athens in Peloponnesian War -> Sparta increasingly interfered in domestic affairs in allied states, causing friction. Dissolved in 360s.

Great Rhetra

Spartan Constitution, mixed government: two kings, monarchy, aristocracy, democracy, people with rights and citizenship, then helots and perioikoi. Highly praised. lycurgus The Spartan Constitution, believed to have been formulated and established by the lawgiver, Lycurgus.

Cleomenes

Spartan king that fought successfully to free Athens from dictatorship of Hippias (originally didn't want to b/c Sparta had a guest friendship with the pisitratids) , Oracle at Delphi had continuously told Spartans to free Athens, important b/c it ultimately led to Cleisthenes taking control of the city and making his reforms, freed Athens around 510

Cyrene*

Theran colony in Libya 630 BC founded North coast of Libya -prospered from export of silphium -Doric settlement b/c Theran -Battus of Cyrene: Oikist -illegitimate birth, stutter, possibly eunich -pattern: other/crippled son of wealthy family → oikist -unfit for panhellenic games, goes to lead colonies -agon: chance to become hero -colonization = form of aristocratic competition

heliaia

Was both the supreme court of ancient Athens and the oldest court in ancient Athens, and oversaw cases involving litigations of public, criminal and private international law. The court comprised six thousand members who were chosen annually by lot, and were male citizens over the age of thirty. One of Solon's constitutional reforms (594/3).

Lefkandi*

Wealthy Mycenaean settlement; 950 BC burial shaft; bustling town prospered during Dark Ages (1150-700 BC) Euboea (ionic) -two burial shafts: grave of basileus of Lefkandi & consort -largest Dark Age building discovered so far -spectacular wealth w/ prestige items: -weapons, jewelry, and bronze vessels -850 BC, society at Lefkandi = stratified -the basileus & supporters: exotic luxuries, -mobilize community labor for large-scale projects -Mycenaean building patterns: -opulent, great labor, great wealth

Demaratus

Who?: Man who was exiled from Athens and warmly welcomed in Persian empire and granted 4 cities. He provided inside information on the Greeks and actually warned the Persians of them especially to be wary of the Lacedaemonians • Where?: Persian empire • When?:490 • Significance?: The Persians had proof that they knew what the Greeks were capable of but the king believed the Persians were unstoppable just by sheer number • Places: • Eretria • Marathon • Plataea • Mycale • Artemisium • Hellespont • Thermopylae • Salamis • Lade • Laurium

Xerxes

Who?: Son of Darius I who inherited the Persian empire and carried out his father's will to take revenge on the Greeks. His character flaw was hubris (arrogance). • Where?: Persian empire • When?: 5th century • Significance?: His arrogance led to his defeat by the Greeks in the Persian Wars and the revolt of the Egyptians when he raised taxes. He put the blame on others so when he realized he was the one at fault for his misfortunes he had already lost the war Portrayed as the villain of the Histories.

Plataea*

a city in southern Boeotia situated between Mt. Cithaeron and the Asopus river, commanding a small plain. An appeal to Sparta for support having failed, Plataea entered into an alliance with Athens. The border between Plataea and Thebes became the Asopus river. The Plataeans turned out in force to support Athens at the battle of Marathon, despite the often specious denials of the Athenian orators. A site on the battlefield has been claimed as the mass grave of the Plataeans. The greatest fame of Plataea comes from the final battle there between the Greeks and the Persians in 479 bc, when some 600 Plataeans fought alongside the other Greeks (Herodotus 9. 28); in celebration of the victory the Greeks erected the altar of Zeus Eleutherius. Defeat of Persian army by greeks in 479bc

Heinrich Schliemann

a wealthy German businessman turned archaeologist discovered city of Troy (1871) -was convinced Trojan war happened exactly as it was told in Iliad and Odyssey -discovered Mycenae

Cylon

an Athenian nobleman; winner at Olympia, perhaps in 640 bc. He married the daughter of Theagenes (I), tyrant of Megara, and with his help and a few friends seized the Acropolis at Athens, with a view to a tyranny, in an Olympic year (632?, see Olympian Games). The masses, however, did not follow him, and he was besieged. He himself escaped; his friends surrendered and, though suppliants at an altar, were killed. Hence arose the ἄγος, or curse, which attached to those said to be responsible, especially to Megacles the archon and his family, the Alcmaeonidae. *(632 BC) Athenian who attempted to take over the Acropolis and become tyrant o solve Athens social and economic problems, temporarily rules and achieves minimal change

genos (pl.=gene)

clan. a social group composed of families who claimed descent from a single male ancestor. led by its most prominent family and played a prominent part as a political group in Archaic Age. power and influence of the aristocratic gene waned in classical period but continued to confer social prestige on member families Their development is attributed to the dark ages (1100-800).

geometric

considered to dominate vase painting from around 900 to 700 BC a wider variety of motifs is evident than in protogemetric period and linear and angular patterns appear. Animal and human figures appear towards end of period reappearance of group scenes- telling stories

zeugitae

in the Solonic system, these were the "yokemen" who could afford to own a team of oxen and whose production of grain, oil and win was between 200-299 measures In Greece, Solon's third property class, those who served in the army as hoplites

Hippoclides

late 6th- early 5th century suitor for Agarista, part of the Cypselodae family of Corinth (distinguished in wealth, beauty and aristocratic appeal)

Aristagoras

led 499 B.C. revolt of Ionians against Darius and Persian Empire; with Athens and Eretria he attacked Sardis - the fleet was destroyed and Miletus was burned deputy tyrant of Miletus c. 505-496 bc in Histiaeus' absence and influential rebel with too many causes. Trying to extend Miletus' Aegean power, he promoted a joint Ionian-Phoenician expedition of 100 ships against prosperous, independent Naxos (1) in 500 (Herodotus 5. 30). Failing in the four-month siege, facing large military debts, and perhaps contemplating an independent east Aegean empire, he arrested and deposed fellow autocrats before demobilization (and thereby curried favour with ordinary Greeks along the coast), seized the Persians' Ionian fleet, abdicated Histiaeus' de iure tyrannical powers at Miletus, and promoted revolt against Persia from the Black Sea (see Euxine) to Cyprus (Herodotus 5. 37-8). Control of land and sea was quickly achieved. Seeking allies and cash, Aristagoras sailed to Europe (499/8). Spartans declined, Athenians and Eretrians (see Eretria) briefly enlisted, but, faced with Phoenician sea-power and Persian access by land, the Ionian Revolt faltered

prytaneis

means 'presidents', sing. prytanis (πρύτανις). In Athens the boulē, after it was reorganized in 508/7 bc by Cleisthenes (2), consisted of fifty men chosen by lot from each of the ten phylai, and each group of fifty served as prytaneis for one-tenth of the year (see calendar, Greek). This period was called a prytany (πρυτανεία); owing to the vagaries of Athenian methods of reckoning a year, a prytany might be anything from 35 to 39 days. It was reduced to one-twelfth of the year when the number of phylai was increased to twelve in 307/6. To decide which phylē's group was to be prytaneis next, lots were drawn shortly before the beginning of each prytany except the last by all the groups which had not been prytaneis so far that year. The prytaneis were on duty every day. They made arrangements for meetings of the boulē and ekklēsia, received envoys and letters addressed to the state, and conducted other day-to-day business. Between 470 and 460 an office, called the tholos because of its circular shape, was built for them next to the bouleutērion on the west side of the Agora.

Perses

name literally means "destroyer", bother of Hesiod whose actions are hyperbolized to allow Hesiod to give moral judgements about working hard brother of Hesiod 700 BC Askra, Boetia -stole Hesiod's share of inheritance upon father's death -becomes subject of Hesiod's didactic text Works and Days -audience w/in text

Artemisium*

naval conflict between Greeks and Persians that occurred simultaneously with the battle of Thermopylae (480 bc).Pevki bay near Artemisium on Euboea was probably the base of the Greek fleet during the three days of fighting which coincided with the battle of Thermopylae. With fewer and slower ships, the Greeks nevertheless took the initiative for two days, though careful to fight towards evening so that they could break off if necessary. But on the third day, perhaps to coincide with the final assault on Thermopylae, the Persian fleet came out at midday, and although still technically the victors, the Greeks had so many ships damaged that they were already considering withdrawal when the news of what had happened at Thermopylae reached them. Though indecisive, Artemisium, as Pindar said (Plutarch Themistocles 8. 2), was where the Greeks 'laid the shining foundation of freedom'.

polemarch

one of the nine archontes appointed annually in Athens. The name indicates that the polemarchos' original function was to command the army; presumably the office was created to take over this function from the king. Eventually military command was transferred to the stratēgoi, but the date and stages of the transfer are not clear. At Marathon in 490 bc the strategoi debated and voted on strategy but Callimachus (1) the polemarch had a casting vote The office of war leader. Common to many early city-states. As army commander for a specified term, usually a year, and subject to the policy of the aristocratic council, they were limited in power. in 500BC at Athens the polemarch was eclipsed by the board of ten strategoi, military commanders elected from the ten new phylai. After 487BC they became appointed by lot and his functions became mainly legal and ceremonial

stasis

term first for a group of men who take the same "stand" in a political dispute (faction) and then by extension the act itself of taking sides. In city states this occurred between oligarchical factions and between the rich and poor. At its worst states enabled bloodshed, thus containing it within nonviolent bounds was a principal objective of city states

phyle (pl.=phylai)

term for large ancient descent groups into which a demos was divided. Ionian communities had 4 such "tribes", Dorians had 3. tribes functioned as organizational units in city states. In his reform of Athenian gov, Cleisthenes bypassed the 4 traditional tribes and divided Attica politically and militarily into 10 phylai Cleisthenes was victorious in ousting hippias in (510 bc) and started his reforms soon after that

seisachtheia

the appearance of considerable numbers of non-Greek slaves at Athens (where the economic exploitation of the indigenous poor had been curtailed by Solon 's seisachtheia (alleviation of debt ). the zeugitai were eligible for the minor offices solon's seisachtheia ('shaking-off of burdens') is represented as a cancellation of all debts, but should probably be seen as the liberation of the hektēmoroi ('sixth-parters'), men in a state of servitude who had to give a sixth of their produce to an overlord: their obligation was abolished and they became the absolute owners of their land; men who had been enslaved for debt (many of them, perhaps, hektēmoroi who had defaulted on their obligation) were freed, and for the future enslavement for debt was banned.

Pisistratus

tyrant of Athens (see tyranny), claimed descent from the Neleids (see Neleus) of Pylos and Pisistratus, archon (see archontes) at Athens 669/8 bc. He first came to prominence through his success in the war against Megara (c.565). In a period of aristocratic faction between Lycurgus and the Pedieis (party 'of the Plain') and Megacles and Paralioi (coast party), he created a third faction, the Hyperakrioi or Diakrioi (referring to 'hill country', probably NE Attica: the factions probably reflect regional bases of support, Herodotus 1. 59). He first seized power with the bodyguard granted him by the Athenians (c.560). Ousted by the other two factions, he returned again with Megacles' allegiance and, if we can extract anything from the ruse in Herodotus (1) (1. 60), a claim to the protection of Athena. However the Alcmaeonid alliance disintegrated and he went into a 10-year exile, settling Rhaecelus in Macedonia, mustering support from Eretria,

Halicarnassus*

very prosperous Greek city state; home of Herodotus; king Mausolus built Mausoleum for his burial; reliefs of Amazonomachy at Mausoleum 6th-5th century -Birth place of Herodotus -Ruled by Queen Artemisia who sides with Persians Greek city of Caria commanding the sea-route between Cos and the Asiatic mainland. Founded c.900 bc from Troezen in the Argolid, it is said by the Halicarnassian Herodotus to have been one of the cities participating in the Dorian festival at Triopion (see Triopas); but in Classical times its culture was Ionic, and a high proportion of its citizens had Carian names. It was the capital of a minor dynasty which included Artemisia (1). It joined the Delian League and served as an Athenian naval station after the allies revolted in 412. Mausolus, dynast and satrap of the Persian province of Caria, made his capital at Halicarnassus c.370 and incorporated into it a number of non-Greek ('Lelegian') villages by synoecism; intensive field survey (Radt, see bibliog. below) has revealed the density of settlement at these Lelegian hilltop sites.

Odyssey

what: A Greek epic poem describing the journey of Odysseus after the fall of Troy. who: written by Homer when: 8th century (750ish) where: mainland Greece significance: This was a famous piece of classical Greek literature which serves as a symbol of Greek unity and culture, revealing moral lessons of heroism, pride, courage, and honor relevant to later Greeks.

Athens*

what: A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta. who: A people who became sea traders because their soil was rocky & unproductive. where: inlet on greek peninsula when: early archaic first around 3000BC significance: They valued education, art, philosophy & were progressive, commercial, culturally advanced.Important for the basis of democracy it builds. According to the tradition, Athens was founded, when the king Theseus united in a state several settlements of Attica. The last king of ancient Athens was Kodros, who sacrificed his life in order to save the homeland. Significance: A center of philosophers and academics

hetairoi (=companions)

what: Companions/comrades. when:In the Dark Age, follwer-bands of ____ formed the military and political support of the chiefs who recruited and rewrded them. Associations of _____ for political purposes continued to function in the city-states. In Macedonia were an elite band of warriors/advisors who formed retinue and personal bodyguard for kings

Tiryns*

what: Mycenaean city known for its cyclopean walls A Mycenaean hill fort who:Mycenaeans where: Mycenae close to Argos when: Palace was built after 1400 BC Significance: The building of such a formidable fortress suggests a hierarchical society in the Mycenaean era. Famous for its big walls with big stones (cyclopean) birthplace of Hercules impregnable fortress

boule

what: council that was primary gov institution w assembly who: chiefs and influential men when: Dark age where: Athens significance:major organ of aristocratic power in Archaic Age. In democratizing city states became organ of popular will. In classical Athens: consisted of 500 men chosen by lot for 1yr prepared business for assembly and could try certain court cases

megaron

what: large rectangular building that served as focal point of mycenaean palaces- functioned as "great hall" who: Mycenaean palaces when: late stone age1600-1200 where: western coast of Peloponnese peninsula (polos) significance: continued in reign of dark age chiefs-basic plan for greek temples

wanax

what:king of the Mycenaean society. Warrior king who: monarchical ruler of Mycenaean kingdom when:Used in Homeric Epics where: Mycenaean greece significance: first example of a head of society that we studied. suggests hierarchal structure

satrap

• What?: Greek term for a providence in the Persian empire • Where?:Persian Empire (ranged from Asia to North Africa to Eastern Europe) • When?: mid-6th century • Significance?: Each conquered area became a satrap that paid tribute to the king. Unlike the Greek polis there were no citizens, only slaves according to the Greeks.

Ionian Revolt

• What?: Since Croesus lost to the Persian empire his land and other areas in Ionia became under Persian control. The Ionians grew restless being treated as slaves in their satrapy and were united under Aristagoras against the Persian empire. It ended with the city of Sardis being sacked and burned • Where?: Ionia (under Persian control) • When?: 499-494 BC • Significance?: This angered the Persians so they sought revenge in what became known as the Persian War. Also demonstrated the concept of eleutheria (freedom)

medize

• What?: To make Persian (since Persia and Medes had united) • Where?: Persian empire • When?: 6th - 5th centuries • Significance?: Many Greek polis medized in fear of the Persians by giving them Earth and Water, only 31 remained in rebellion and formed the Hellenic League to fight the Persian War

ostracism

• What?: Where a man would be exiled without shame for 10 years for a "cooling off" period if 6000 Athenians wrote his name as their vote on a broken piece of pottery (ostraca) • Where?: Athens • When?: 488 when Hipparchus was the first to be ostracized • Significance?: Put in place to prevent any one Athenian from gaining too much power

trireme

• What?: light, fast, and maneuverable warships 120 ft by 15 ft • Where?: Athens • When?: 5th century • Significance?: Athens built a fleet of 200 triremes under the suggestion of Themistocles to attack Aegina but their attack failed so the ships were used in the Persian war and were what the Greeks relied on to win the war for them

Darius I

• Who?: Centralized government, moved capital to Persepolis, facilitated commercial travel (built canal linking Nile and Red Sea), minted silver and gold coins. Also started rivalry with Greece after Ionian rebellion • Where?: Persian Empire • When?: ruled 521-486 BC • Significance?: Instigated Persian War

Leonidas

• Who?: Spartan King who led the Battle of Thermopylae with 300 of the best spartan warriors • Where?: Thermopylae • When?: 480 • Significance?: Though the Greeks lost the battle it delayed the Persians allowing the Athenians to evacuate their city and went down as a historic event and proved the ferocity of the Lacedaemonians in battle

Cyrus the Great

• Who?: Unified Persian empire, and constructed roads and created mail system. Was a benevolent ruler (i.e. allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem) • Where?: Persian empire • When?: mid-6th century • Significance?: Turning point for the Persian empire when they were no longer subject to Medes and began their conquest for land

Salamis*

(480 bc). The Persians, tempted, perhaps, by a message from Themistocles, moved into the channel between the island and the mainland, almost certainly at night, to confront the Greek fleet, based on the island. Their intention was to surprise the Greeks at their anchorage, and prevent their escape by flanking their lines of retreat, but the Greeks were warned in time by a deserting Tenian ship (see Tenos). When battle was joined in the morning, the two fleets were almost certainly aligned east-west, with the Persians along the shore of Attica, and in the initial stages the Phoenicians and other squadrons on the Persian right may have been isolated and outnumbered. But what actually happened is obscure. All we know is that the Persian fleet was defeated, and soon afterwards withdrew to Asia Minor.

Croesus

(6th century BC), last king of Lydia c.560-546 BC. Renowned for his great wealth, he subjugated the Greek cities on the coast of Asia Minor before being overthrown by Cyrus the Great of Persia.

Solon

(est. 594/3), Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt. Made power based on wealth not aristocratic heritage (division of classes)

Cleisthenes

*508/7 BC Athenian Archon after the fall of the tyrant Hippias, attempted to change the constitution to give the people more power to influence rule than the aristocracy, regarded as the creator of Athenian Democracy, reforms: introduced Ostracism (temporary banishment), and changed the political map of Athica by breaking up factions by assigning representatives to each area and linking tribes, trittyes and demes

Alcaeus

*Alive during the vicious power struggle era of Lesbos. . Best known for his invective poetry. Poet born in the late-seventh century from Mytilene on the island of Lesbos, conflicted with the tyrant Pittacus, went to Egypt, then reconciled with Pittacus and returned home. His work survives only in fragments. He wrote lyrical songs about a variety of topics, such as politics, love, and hymns to the gods. Like Archilochus, threw down his shield and ran from a battle.

deme

A territory and the people who live in it; thus, "the land" and "the people." The concept occurs in the Linear B tablets meaning a village community and its free inhabitants. Originally a neutral term, but changed by aristocrats to designate the "commoners" or the "masses"

Works and Days

A book written by Hesiod in 700 BC instructional poem of farming and how to live a just life. Written by Hesiod, describes the Pandora and Prometheus myths, a piece written by Hesiod about his brother who took Hesiod's inheritance when his father died Located in the poet's own time and place -Subject: ordinary people -Gives advice about farming and sailing -Tells of his dispute with his brother, Perses -semi-autobiographical; more viable than Homer -Themes: -advice for ordinary, middle-class people (rules, threats) -standards of conduct -Unlike Homer: not trying to get Timē -Justice "Justice is a maiden and a daughter of Zeus" (line 256) -divine retribution "The eye of Zeus sees all, notices all" (257) -private sphere of honor, not just battleground Timē -virtue = hard work, regardless of social status -Discussion: Good strife vs. bad strife (battle, war) 1. Good: eris, envy a. econ/soc competition drives hard work b. Hard work → $ → fame/glory 2. Bad strife: battle, war . Laziness → poverty → shame → wickedness a. Unlike Homer (where war = glory, immortality) -Discussion: 5 races of men 1. Gold 1. Silver 2. Bronze 3. Heroes 4. Iron (period in which Hesiod lives, hates it)

Franchthi Cave

A cave in southeastern Greece, was inhabited almost continuously from c. 2000-3000 B.C, has enabled Archeologists to reconstruct life in Greece from the stone age to the early Bronze Age.

archon

A common title (meaning leader) for the highest-ranking magistrate in the early city states. All 9 were chosen to serve judicial and administrative functions.Nine Archons continued to were chosen by lot to serve judicial and administrative functions. The Archon state was used in larger contexts as well the Archon grew to be the head of the Thessalian league.

phratry

A subdivision of the tribe (phyle) and, at least theoretically, a kin grouping. In Classical times, phratries were well0defined social groups concerned with defining descent and therefore citizenship. Every citizen family in Athens belonged to on. Form of social association that was pervasive in Greece, enrollment in a phratry was basic form of citizenship before reforms of Cleisthenes, group of people who have a common ancestor, in Athens was no longer important, this is significant b/c participation and honor was no longer based on heritage

kore (pl.=korai)

A term meaning "maiden," used to describe the life-size or larger marble Archaic statues of clothed females, made as cult offerings or grave markers. Outward display of a family's wealth.

Sparta*

A powerful Greek miliary polis that was often at war with Athens. Used slaves known as helots to provide agricultural labor. a long war, usually placed in the later 8th cent., much of neighbouring Messenia was annexed and its population helotized (see helots). The conquest transformed Sparta into a leading Greek state, culturally as well as militarily, as attested by the wealth of dedications at the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia and numerous visits by foreign poets. But it also prompted the (poorly understood) dispute surrounding the Partheniai, who departed to found Taras (Tarentum, mod. Taranto) c.700; and it saddled Sparta with lasting problems of security, both internal and external. During the 7th cent. Sparta was confronted with a major Messenian revolt (the 'Second Messenian War'; see Messenia, Myth-history), internal discontent from poor citizens, and probably military defeat by Argos (2) at Hysiae in 669. During the 6th cent. the external problem was solved by several successful wars—especially against Argos c.545 and, after a serious defeat, against Tegea—followed by a new policy that created a system of unequal alliances which developed into the 'Peloponnesian League'. The League, which underpinned Sparta's dominance until the mid-4th cent., provided external co-operation against the helots in return for support for broadly-based oligarchies. An alliance with Croesus of Lydia and an expedition against Polycrates (1) of Samos c.525 are signs of Sparta's prominence among Greek states. Sparta's internal problems were tackled by extending her control over the whole of Messenia and through a thoroughgoing reorganization of Spartan institutions and way of life which embodied a social compromise between rich and poor citizens. The exact chronology of this reorganization is uncertain. Later Spartans attributed it to a single, early lawgiver, Lycurgus (2). Most current opinion, while agreeing that the fundamental changes were consciously planned following a common logic, views them as being implemented in a continuing process of adaptation between the 7th and 5th cents. There were three essential elements of the 'remodelled' Spartan society. First, an economic system, according to which citizenship was extended to a body of several thousand men who, as full-time hoplites supported by produce delivered by helots who worked their private estates, were debarred from agricultural labour, business activity, and a range of expenditures for consumption and display. Secondly, a political system initiated by the 7th-cent. 'Great Rhetra' (Plutarch Lycurgus 6) which combined a limited right of veto for the citizen assembly with the strong executive powers of the ephors, the extra-constitutional influence of the two kings, and the formidable, conservative authority of the gerousia (council of elders). Thirdly, a social and ritual system, as part of which every Spartiate or full citizen (except the two kings and their immediate heirs) underwent an austere public upbringing (the agōgē) followed by a common lifestyle of participation in the messes (syssitia) and in military training and service in the army

Black Figure

A style or technique of ancient Greek pottery in which black figures are painted on a red clay ground. Corinth mastered it, becoming sought after. With mass production though quality slipped. At 550, Athenian beat Corinthians out as theirs were differently shaped and larger.

hektemoroi

A term used in solonian Athens meaning "Sixth parters" referring to poor athenians who had fallen into sharecropping under wealthy farmers. Prior to Solon's reforms (594/3 bc), these people had to give back a sixth of their produce or risk being enslaved. had to hand over 1/6 of their produce under penalty of enslavement for their debt

kakoi vs agathoi

Agathoi=good, Kakoi=Bad. Also rich landowners saw themselves as Agathoi where those who were not born into land nobility were Kakoi • Seen in the Homeric time and in the Archaic period • All of Greece • Important because of its relationship with Time and how the Greeks established social order and social division.

Aegina*

Themistocles used Athenians new wealth from silver mines to build triremes to attack Aegina (but they were used later in the Persian war) (5th century)

Miltiades

Athenian general who defeated the Persians at Marathon (540-489) Athenian aristocrat and general, a member of the wealthy and powerful family of the Philaïdai. He appears to have joined in the so-called Ionian Revolt early in the 5th cent., and it was possibly then that he won control of Lemnos.He was shortly afterwards elected one of the ten generals (see strategoi) for the year 490/89, and, according to tradition, it was he who was responsible for the Athenian decision to confront the Persians at Marathon (see Marathon, battle of), for persuading the polemarchos Callimachus (1) to give his casting-vote for fighting, and for choosing the moment, possibly when the Persian cavalry was absent; modern scholars have also credited him with deploying the phalanx with strong wings and a weak centre with the deliberate intention of bringing about the 'double envelopment' which won the battle. However, some of the details of the story are possibly anachronistic—for example, the polemarchos was probably still the real commander-in-chief—and Miltiades' alleged military experience should not be exaggerated. He had never commanded a hoplite army of any size—and even Herodotus (1) does not make him responsible for the Athenian deployment, which, in any case, was probably defensive. Since Callimachus was killed, and Miltiades' son Cimon subsequently became the most influential man in Athens in the 470s and 460s, one suspects that Miltiades' image as the victor of Marathon owes much to family

Harmodius and Aristogiton

Athenian lovers, insulted by Hipparchus, brother of the Athenian tyrant Hippias; in revenge they kill Hipparchus and are executed. Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus was in love with Harmodius who already had a lover. Once rejected, Hipparchus accused Harmodius's sister of not being a virgin by not allowing her to participate in a religious festival. In retribution, Harmodius and his lover Aristogeiton killed Hipparchus in a religious festival (in 514). The death of Hipparchus ushered in a much crueler era of sole tyranny under his brother Hippias. After their deaths, Harmodius and Aristogeiton became popular icons of Athens.

Themistocles

Athenian politician, was a member of the ancient Lycomid family but by a non-Athenian mother. Who?: Came up with idea to choose Athenian archon from large pool, used Athenians new wealth from silver mines to build triremes to attack Aegina (but they were used later in the Persian war), tricked Xerxes to attack in the Battle of Salamis • Where?: Athens • When?: 5th century • Significance?: He was a strategist that may have changed the course of the war

Eretria*

City in Euboea that was punished by the Persians for their involvement in the Ionian Rebellion. The city was plundered and the population enslaved. a city of Euboea. It joined its neighbour Chalcis in trade in Syria, and colonizing in Italy, Sicily, and the north Aegean. In the late 8th cent. they fought over the Lelantine plain. Swiss excavations have revealed an important cemetery near the west gate, which included a remarkable hero-shrinè; also an interesting temple of Apollo Daphnephoros. Aristagoras (1) of Miletus sought its help for the Ionian Revolt against Persia and in the avenging expedition sent by Darius the city was besieged and burnt. Eretria was in the Delian League, revolted in 446, but was recovered (Inscriptiones Graecae 13. 39 for the settlement). Athens probably installed a colony. In 411 it revolted again, with the rest of Euboea (cf. R. Meiggs and D. Lewis 82). A member of the Second Athenian Confederacy (378-377), it again revolted (349), and subsequently was the victim of Athenian and Macedonian intrigues. In the Second Macedonian War T. Quinctius Flamininus sacked the city, which after the Roman victory was nominally free. Eretria took little part in the struggle of the Greek leagues against Rome, and in the time of Augustus still ranked as the second city of Euboea. Like Athens, Eretria had a system of demes

Epidamnus*

Colony in Ionian Gulf 627 BC founded Illyria, Ionian Gulf -colonized by corcyraeans -oikist summoned from corinth, metropolis = Corinth -mother = corcyra, "grandmother" = corinth -civil war b/t democrats & oligarchs

Pithecusae*

Colony in Italy ~790 BC founded Bay of Naples -founded by Eretrians of Euboea: very successful -eubeoans founded more sites afterward -described in The Odyssey as the ideal colonial site: "the soil is deep and rich" with good harbor -iron deposits, traded w/ mainland Italy -earliest examples of Greek alphabet and hexameter emerge here

Messenian Wars

Conflicts between the neighbors Sparta and Messenia that resulted in Messenia's conquest by Sparta in about 600 B.C.E. • 1st one Lasted 20 yrs 740-720 BC between Sparta and Messenia • The emerging Dorian state of Messenia (to NW of Laconia) lost to the Spartans • Messenia became a subject of Sparta- gained lots more helots! • 2nd one 685-668 BC- Spartans victorious again, would not lose Messenia until 350 BC

agon

Contest of arete to win time agonistic 1150 BC Battle of Troy 600 BC Olympic Games Across Greek world -public event to demonstrate & accumulate time -battle, athletic event, council -EVERYTHING is competitive -war, pottery, riding horses

Corcyra*(=Corfu)

Corinthian Colony in Adriatic Sea C. 734 BC founded Western coast of northern Greece, S adriatic sea -founded by Bacchiad rulers of Corinth -solution to internal problems of aristocratic family

xenia

Greek concept of hospitality, or generosity and courtesy shown to those who are far from home. It is often translated as "guest-friendship" because the rituals of hospitality created and expressed a reciprocal relationship between guest and host. Paris betrayed this with Menelaus because he took Helen. Guest- friendship" Dark Ages (1150-700 BC) Archaic Age (700-480 BC) Applied across Greek world (Doric, Ionian, etc)

Theogony

Hesiod's work about the origin of Greek gods., The creation of the universe is depicted as the coming-into-being of generations of gods. , A part of Greek mythology which embodies the desire to articulate reality as a whole; this universalizing impulse was fundamental for the first later projects of speculative theorizing 700 BC Askra, Boetia -describes genealogy of the gods also personified abstractions: Earth, Sea and Sky -up to supremacy of Zeus & other "Olympian" gods -Greek religion = polytheistic

Hipparchus

Hipparchus patronized the arts, brother of tyrant. After Hipparchus' assassination, Hippias' rule becomes harsher(in 514).

Lycurgus

Legendary ruler of Sparta; tradition credits him with the constitution that changed Sparta into a military state.Made to be THE role model for Spartans, so idealized historians question his existence

ethnos

Means "tribe" or "nation" or "people" • Prevalent during Archaic Age 700-480 BC • It was a regional territory and people (a demos) without a single urban center or a central government or formal political union • Ex) everyone in Attica considered themselves Athenians, but in Boeotia they identified as Thebans, Plataeans, or Orchomenians first

Megacles

Megacles was the name that half the sons of the Alcmaeonids had. The Megacles in the context of the Solon+Pisistratus era was a man who was a costal party leader. He married a daughter off to Pisistratus after establishing an alliance with him (556), during Pisistratus's second attempt to become tyrant over Athens. Pisistratus and Megacles, according to Herodotus, manufactured a plan that a woman dressed as Athena would bring Pisistratus into the capital. The alliance soon fell apart after Megacles discovered Pisistratus wasn't being a proper husband and refused to father children with the daughter. Therefore, he re-allied himself with the enemies of Pisistratus and the group drove him out a second time. (550s)

Nichoria*

Mycenaean city 1200 BC Abandoned Messenia -Abandoned around 1200 BC and came back to life about 1075 BC -large tenth-century building, consisting of a spacious megaron and a small porch--"village chieftain's house"--remodeled in ninth century -place where elders would gather to feast and talk about local business -Family that lived in the house had very high status in Nichoria, but did not live in a style that was much different from their neighbors (house constructed in same materials)

Isagoras

Not long after helping the Athenians expel their tyrant Hippias in (510 bc), the Spartans tried to unsuccessfully install Isagoras as the head of Athens, in hope that the city would, in turn, become friendlier to Athens. This attempt failed. Cleisthenes and Isagoras were rivals for supremacy; Isagoras obtained the archonship (see archontes) for 508/7; but Cleisthenes appealed for popular support with a programme of reform. Isagoras appealed to King Cleomenes (1) I of Sparta, who came to Athens with a small force, invoked the hereditary curse of the Alcmaeonids, and forced Cleisthenes and others to withdraw; but he met with strong popular resistance and was forced to withdraw in turn, taking Isagoras with him. Cleisthenes returned, and his reforms were enacted and put into effect.

strategos

Politician as well as a general in classical Greece. Elected by the Athenian people to lead the army. Thucydides was a strategos in Thrace but lost and was exiled. This is common practice when the strategos lets down the demos, or the people of Athens. Highly respected in Athens and was one of the most influential positions in the government of Athens.

Hesiod

Poet, author of 1) The Theogony 2) Works and Days 700 BC Askra, Boetia -The first to compose under his own name, using "I" -adopted poetic persona -sermonizing poetry: Didactic -different from Homer -influenced by Near Eastern "wisdom literature" -audience 1. advising brother Perses 2. real audience = upper level of independent farmers 3. occasionally directs sermon at basileis (ruling group)

Council of 500

Reformed by Cleithenes in 508 bc to have 500 members. The council of 500 represented the full-time government of Athens. It consisted of 500 citizens, 50 from each of the ten tribes who served for one year. It is unknown if this council ever met up in one group, or their votes were counted from their living spaces and brought to Athens. The council could issue decrees on its own, regarding certain matters, but its main function was to prepare an agenda for meetings of assembly. They met to discuss and vote on preliminary decrees.

stadion (=stade)

Short sprint event in the Olympic games. The most prestigious event at the games. Distance of 210 yards. The victor was listed first in the summary of all victors.

Laurium*

Silver mines in Attica that built Athenian navy. a hilly district in south Attica near Cape Sunium, was one of the largest mining districts of Greece, producing silver from argentiferous lead ores. The geology features overlying strata of schists and marbles/limestones, with the richest ores at the first and third 'contacts'. Some exploitation started in the early bronze age, certainly at Thoricus. . Athens' issue of silver coinage stimulated production The mines flourished throughout the 5th cent.

proxenos

Since Greek states did not send permanent diplomatic representatives abroad, local citizens served as proxenoi to look after the interests of other states in their community. By the beginning of the 5th cent. this 'proxeny' system had developed from earlier practices of hospitality under which some relied on hereditary ties with foreign families (see friendship, ritualized) and others on the more general respect for strangers and suppliants. Survivals from this were the continued existence of private friends in foreign states (ἰ̑διόξενοι) and the practice of a few states of appointing proxenoi to look after visitors. More commonly states selected their own proxenoi in other states and, in return for services already rendered and expected in the future, bestowed honours and privileges upon them. Such appointments were much coveted, and many voluntarily assumed the burdens in the hope of gaining the title. The position was often hereditary. A proxenos was usually a citizen of the state in which he served and not of the state he represented. Later, however, when honours were bestowed more freely and had little practical significance, proxenia (proxeny) and honorary citizenship frequently were combined in the same grant.

Ascra

Small Boeotian town; 1200-800BC; described by Hesiod in Works and Days as he details his dispute with his brother and the towns inhabitants ho defamed it forever by describing it as 'bad in winter, hard in summer, but never good' (Opera et Dies 640). Located in the Valley of the Muses on Mt. Helicon, the site of the village is still marked by a stone tower. Although the Thespians destroyed it at some point, it survived until the Hellenistic period, only to decline afterwards.

pentakosiomedimnoi

Social class of Athens devised by Solon, top class of citizens, 500+ medmnoi, late 6th, century, significant as these social classes determined participation in politics Hippias Social class of Athens devised by Solon, from 300-499 medmnoi, late 6th century, important as these social classes determined participation in politics

Homer

What: traditionally greatest Greek poet Where: Ionian from Smyrna or Chios When: 750-720 BC Significance: Composed the Epic poems that illustrate what Ancient Greeks valued, influence Greek ideals for centuries to come

synoecism

The process of political unification that resulted in a city-state. Bringing together the villages and town in a specific region under the control of a main city. Ex: Athens; also referred to the actual movement of people from seceral communities into a brand new composite settlement Sometimes the union was purely political and did not affect the pattern of settlement or the physical existence of the separate communities: this is what the Athenians supposed to have happened when they attributed a synoecism to Theseus (Thucydides 2. 15), commemorated by a festival in Classical times (the Synoecia) On other occasions it involved the migration of citizens to the new city, as in the case of Megalopolis in Arcadia c.370 bc. Sometimes a union might be undone (dioikismos) by an enemy which resented the power of the united state

hippeis

The second wealth level established by the Solonic system (est. 594/3), granted specific powers according to the amount of land they had. These men had an income between 300-499 medimnoi. The term Hippeis applies to the ability to afford a horse., created in the reforms of Solon in 594/3. The name meant calvary and refers to the fact that these men were rich enough to own horses for the cavalry. Them and pentakosiomedimnoi were the only two classes that could hold high office.

Theseus

The slayer of the minotaur and mythological founder of Athens, therefore no date is applicable to him. His legend states that he was a great reformer of Athens, and his name comes from the Greek root "to gather."

symposion

The symposium was a male and aristocratic activity, originally based on the warrior group; its earliest poetry was the elegiac poetry of war, and the Spartan reclining syssition remained the basis of its military organization. Citizen women were excluded. It was a centre for the transmission of traditional values (Theognis) and for the homosexual bonding of young males; it could provide the organization for political action in the aristocratic hetaireia (see hetaireiai). But it was also a place of pleasure; kottabos (see games) was a favourite pastime; professional entertainers were hired. Dionysus was accompanied by Aphrodite and the Muses, in the form of female slave companions (hetairai) and monodic lyric poetry, which was composed for performance at symposia—at first by gifted amateurs, later by skilled professional poets. In the Archaic age the symposium was the focus for an artistic patronage (see patronage, literary, Greek) which reached its heights under the tyrants (see tyranny); together with wine, 'drinking in the Greek style' was exported throughout the Mediterranean in a process of acculturation that profoundly affected Etruscans, Romans, and many other peoples.

phalanx

The tactical formation of a hoplite army, consisting in the Archaic and Classical periods of ranks of heavy infantry Between 725-650 BC • Many city states used this strategy but the Spartans mastered it and it was important for their time

Bacchiads

Tightly-knit Doric clan, were the ruling family of archaic Corinth in the eighth and seventh centuries BCE, a period of Corinthian cultural powerMade Corinth a successful city (located on the gulf of Corinth)

qasireu

Used for various ruling peoples in greek society, such as princesses or suitors

Hektor (=Hector)

What: Trojan Hero in the Iliad Who: Prince of Troy Where: Troy When: Trojan War 1200 BC Significance: Killed by Achilles and is desecrated because of the law of the conservation of timē - it cannot be created or destroyed, only taken

Indo-Europeans

What: A language family that the first Greek speakers belonged to Who: A common linguistic ancestor Where: May have originated in anatolia When: Greek replaced other languages be Late Bronze Age (1600 BC) Significance: Suggests Indo Europeans were populous or good at conquering other lands.

Messenia*

What: A territory Who: Prosper during the Mycenaean Civilization Where: Sparta eventually settles here, region of the Peloponnese where Pylos is located When: Golden Age during from 1600-1200 Significance: Spartans press the people into Helotry (somewhere between 743 B.C. and 710 B.C)

Thera

What: A volcanic island Who: Inhabited by Minoans Where: Aegean Island When: Eruption in 1628 BC Significance: The Volcanic Ash preserves an unparalleled picture of Minoan town life.

Minoan

What: Aegean civilization Who: named after Minos, the king of Knossos Where: Crete When: Bronze Age (3650 - 1450 BC) Civilization Significance:with their unique art and architecture, the Minoans made a significant contribution to the development of Western European civilization as it is known today.

Thebes*

What: City State Who: Mycenaeans Where: North of Attica When: Destroyed in 1200 BC Significance: It was destroyed by unknown causes like many other City states in the 1200s, suggests a perplexing end the Mycenaean civilizations.

shaft graves

What: Deep rectangular pits that bodies were thrown into Who: Discovered by Schliemann Where: Mycenae When: 1500-1600 BC Significance: The valuables in the graves suggest extensive trade (with Egypt, Crete, Mesopotamia) On the mainland, the 16th-cent. shafts of Grave Circle A at Mycenae were surmounted by limestone steles showing battles and hunts from chariots,

Dorian Invasion

What: Explanation for the collapse of the Mycenaean Civilization Who: Sons of Heracles in the north Where: Invade Peloponnesian Peninsula When: 1200s Significance: Would explain the difference between Dorian and Ionian Greeks and the lack of new evidence. There was also a narrative story about Dorians. Standard tradition, e.g. Thucydides 1. 12, held that the Dorians were newcomers who subjected the Achaeans (see Achaea) when they arrived in Greece and especially the Peloponnese c.80 years after Troy fell, an event put not long before 1200 bc at Thucydides 5. 112 (a speech). Ephorus put the Dorians' arrival rather later, in 1069. For the romantic story of their arrival, which Greeks called the 'Return of the Heraclidae', see Heraclidae. Archaeological evidence is hard to reconcile with all this, especially because in Sparta the break in the pottery record comes c.900 bc, and this is too late for the legends, which may therefore not be chronologically usable. A compromise position (Desborough) puts the main Dorian invasion c.1200 but the (secondary) occupation of the Peloponnese by newcomers in the late 11th cent.

Nestor

What: Gives Council to Achilles and Agamemnon Who: An aged and wise Warrior Where: originally from Pylos When: During the Trojan War (1200 BC) Significance: Shows how much the Greeks admire diplomacy and wisdom, wise councilor

Achilleus (=Achilles)

What: Homeric Hero Who: Greatest warrior of Greece Where: Fought Hector at Troy When: Trojan War 1200 BC Significance: He argues with Agamemnon about the types of timē, inborn and acquired and kills Hector.

Agamemnon

What: Homeric Leader of Achaeans Who: King of Mycenae Where: Mycenae When: During the Trojan war (12th century BC) Significance:He and Achilles argued over types of timē - Inborn and acquired

Troy*

What: Ilios city state Who: Ionians Where: Asia Minor When: founded 3000BCDestroyed in the Iliad (1200 BC) Significance: Stole Helen and started the trojan war for which we derive much of ancient greek history

Knossos*

What: Largest Bronze Age archaeological site of Crete Who: Discovered by Arthur Evans Where: Crete When: about 2000BC to 1400 BC when Bronze Age culture flourished Excavated in 1900 Significance: Ceremonial and Political center of Minoan Culture residence of mythical king Minos (son of zeus) complex palace structure

Linear B

What: Pictographic writing Who: Mycenaeans Where: Greece, Mycenae When: Late Bronze age (1450 BC) Significance: Describes life in Prehistoric Greece and is the earliest attested form of Greek derived from linear a

Archaeans

What: Those who fought Troy in Trojan War Who: Peloponnesian Greeks Where: Sailed to Troy When: 1200 BC Significance: Conquered Troy, the story of the Iliad is written and much of Greek history is derived from it.

thesmothetai

early, athenian, political system. "Layers down of the rule"; six judicial officials which made up part of the governing body of the "nine archons"; elected for one year terms from candidates who came from small circle of wealthy well-known families (Eupatrids) (established later on)After 683 bc, it was established these offices were only held for one year instead of elections once every 10 years.

Theognis

elegiac poet, of Megara. Chronographers dated him c. 550-540 bc, making him synchronous with Phocylides (see Phocylides (1) (with whom he was often coupled as a moralist); historical allusions have been held to point to a much higher dating (c. 640-600). A corpus of some 1,400 verses survives in manuscript tradition, labelled as Theognis' work. A few scholars have tried to defend the unity of the collection, but everything points to its being a composite from two or three ancient (Hellenistic) anthologies of elegiac excerpts, Theognis being only one of many poets represented. Crucial points are: Many of the anonymous Theognidea too were clearly composed for convivial gatherings (see symposium; symposium literature). Drinking and merry-making are frequent themes. Other pieces are reflective or philosophic. The love poems of 'book 2' are often banal, but sometimes touching. The collection as a whole contains many delightful things. It may be taken as a representative cross-section of the elegiac poetry circulating in social settings between the late 7th and early 5th cent., and it is our best source for the ordinary man's ideas about life, friendship, fate, death, and ot

Lade*

eos was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League (see Ionians; Panionium), on the coast north of Ephesus. Tradition said that it was founded first by Minyans from Orchomenus (1), then by Ionians and Athenians under the sons of Codrus. After the Persian occupation of Ionia the Teians sailed in a body to Thrace, where they founded Abdera; many soon returned and took part in the battle of Lade in 494 bc. In the Delian League Teos was assessed at six talents, on a par with Ephesus. Antigonus (1) proposed to synoecize Teos and Lebedus (see synoecism), but this was never carried out. About 200 bc Teos was chosen as the seat of the artists of Dionysus (see Dionysus, artists of), but these soon made themselves unpopular and were moved elsewhere. The ruins at Sıǧacık are only moderately well preserved; they include a theatre, an odeum, and the famous temple of Dionysus by Hermogenes (1). The city's two harbours, mentioned by Livy 37. 27-8, are identifiable on the north and south sides of the

ekklesia

the assembly of adult male citizens which had the ultimate decision-making power in a Greek state. At Athens, as elsewhere, the character of the assembly developed with progress towards democracy. Probably the poorest citizens were never formally excluded, but at first were not expected to play an active part. Originally, the assembly perhaps decided only questions of peace and war, and formally elected the magistrates; it was probably involved in the special appointments of Draco and Solon; Solon's creation of a second council to prepare business for the assembly was probably coupled with regular meetings for the assembly, and his (h)ēliaia may have been a meeting of the assembly for judicial purposes. Cleisthenes (2)'s new organization of the citizen body had no direct effect on the assembly, but the high level of participation which his system required will have had an indirect effect. The assembly gained further powers from Ephialtes (4)'s reform of the Areopagus, including perhaps the right to try eisangeliai ('impeachments'). By the second half of the 5th cent. bc all major and many minor decisions of the Athenians were taken by the assembly. The regular meeting-place of the assembly was the Pnyx, in the south-west of the city; the theatre of Dionysus was increasingly used from the late 4th cent.

Plutarch

• Also a historian who wrote about the Spartans • Roman: lived from 46 to 126 AD • Native of Boeotia- wrote out of nostalgia for a happier past when Greece was not ruled by foreigners • Have to take his history with a grain of salt b/c he wrote of events hundreds of years earlier (A.D. 50-120) philosopher, antiquarian, biographer, and priest at Delphi - under the Romans; wrote 227 separate works - 48 biographies of famous Greeks and Romans; collected information from sources we no longer have • Work: wrote tons of biographies, including Lycurgus', called Greek Lives

Xenophon

• Athenian admirer of Spartan ways, went with them on a campaign in the 390s • Lived 428-354 BC • Honest accounts of the Spartans but deemed not extremely intelligent • Written account titled The Politeia of the Spartans Great Rhetra • The name given to the Spartan Constitution that Lycurgus created • Reformed sparta around late 800s BC • Created a military state feared/respected by most other states

gerousia

• Council of 28 elders created by Lycurgus' reforms • Had to be at least 60 yrs old- highest honor to be on this council • Make laws / preside over trials Term was used in Sparta and other poleis for the aristocratic council. The Spartan one consisted of two kings plus 28 men over the age of 60 that served for life.

perioikoi

• Dweller in Laconia and around Sparta • Were not slaves like the helots, but were not considered full citizens like the Spartans • They were a "disfranchised free class" Members of a group of self governing, free inhabitants of Sparta. They were allowed to travel between cities, which Spartan citizens needed permission to do. Spartan merchants. Had no political power.

politai (sing=polites)

• Greek word meaning citizen or members of the Polis • The establishment of Polis • All of Greece • Shows the unification of Greek people. Both the men and women in the city as well as in the territory around them were called the "politai". They are identified as this during the Archaic period 700-800BC. This is historically important because it was the earliest forms of political unification. These men and women would own land and make up the polis living together peacefully as citizens of the polis. Also, had a vicious hatred of the people living around them made the polis a strong unit.

hoplite

• Heavily armored foot soldiers who fought in the phalanx formation • Time evolved from Homeric heroism to holding your ground in the group- this was the new form of courage • Hoplites had to furnish their own armour, so poor men could not be hoplites • Started 725 BC- most polis' had them campaign once a year against one another

syssition

• Spartan "dining group" or "mess" • Considered an essential stage in reaching adulthood to be accepted into one! • Fostered loyalty, solidarity, and cooperation essential to successful hoplite warfare • Everyone ate the same simple portions- eliminated class divisions "Common meal"; At Sparta all boys at the end of their agoge had to be admitted to membership in one. It was a group of fifteen men who regularly ate and socialized together. Membership required the boy to obtain unanimous vote of the existing members and to contribute a set amount of food each month to the communal meal. A boy who failed to join on or maintain his monthly food contribution ceased to be a full Spartan citizen.

Tyrtaeus

• Spartan poet during the 2nd Messenian War 685-668 • Celebrated Spartan courage- these poems became Sparta's classic poems • Further fed into the legends/invincible images about the Spartan

krypteia

• Spartan secret police that was governed by one of the 4 ephors who assisted the kings • Designed to control the helots- allowed to wander the countryside and kill any helots suspected of plotting against the state • Allowed to kill without incurring the religious pollution that usually accompanied homicide

Laconia*

• The surrounding territory around Sparta • Unlike other city states, this territory consisted mostly of helots (slaves) and the large disfranchised free class of the perioikoi • Basically covers the southern tip of the Peloponnesian peninsula