High School World History

"art is a reflection of its time" - Raphael= religious theme, included Jesus in his act, "balance", rounded ppl, humanist, incredibly balanced, "scientific", perspective, not all based on religion, making holy ppl look normal, human center , , Michelangelo= worked hard, sculpture, well-rounded ppl, stone/marble, unmatched sculpting, never thought he was good, religious, sculpted for tombs

masterpiece= art accepted by guild , , , Da Vinci= took realism/humanism to next degree, light on ppls face, also scientist, ppl brought him dead bodies for him to take apart, thirst for knowledge, Vitruvius=giving you a mans measurements , perfect human, drew bodies in depth, drew muscles, brains, skulls, wombs, bones, inventor, drew inventions , improvements, he'd get bored, wouldn't finish much, wrote backwards, anatomy

Impressionism : Gustave Caillebotte , Claude Monet , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , Edouard Monat , Edgar Degas , Paul Cézanne , Berthe Morisot , Mary Cassatt

water lilies= Claude Monet , techniques that is now admired , rebels of the art world , revolution, previously used religiously, perception adapted, wanted realistic, Paris took of impressionist movement

Tai Ping : reforms demanded= giving land to all peasants and treating women equally, money and food , Method used= violence, and capture of the land , Outcomes= 25000 men/women/children were killed , Major characters= Hong Xiuquan

Boxer : reforms demanded= they wanted to destroy the foreigners , Method used= violence against foreign missionaries and Chinese Christians , outcomes= failure of rebellion , major characters= Chinese Christians , foreigners

Burma= military dictatorship since 1960s , , Singapore= authoritarian, business friendly , , Vietnam= underdeveloped, most dominant in SE Asia

Thailand= always independent , , Philippines= depended on US 1898-1946

Nassar and Pan-Arabism = Colonel Gamal Abdel Nassar took control of Egyptian gov't in early 1950s, seizing the Suez canal company. Great Britain and France were upset about Suez Canal, striking against Egypt. Not many wanted Pan-Arabism, but Nassar continued

The Arab-Israeli Dispute = 1967 Nassar imposed a blockade against Israeli, causing an Israel attack on June 5, 1976 US pressed for them to compromise, which they did. Palestinian Arabs grew frustrated

Actions taken by the National Convention : Abolished monarchy, established French republic, condemned king to death, created committee of Public Safety

Why was there a move to radicalism after 1791? : There were price increases and economic shortages , radicals such as the sans-culottes wanted all men to be able to vote , Parisians were afraid and panicky because of political turmoil , Louis XVI was opposed to the constitution of 1791 , there were rumors of royalist conspiracies

Golda Meir ; How do you think Meir's upbringing affected her foreign policy decisions? : BEING ACTIVE IN POLITICS AND THE ZIONIST MOVEMENT HELPED HER BE POLITICALLY CORRECT , , What makes Golda Meir a key figure in Israeli history? : SHE SIGNED THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, ELECTED TO PARLIAMENT, AND SERVED AS LABOR/FOREIGN MINISTER

Mother Teresa ; Why did Mother Teresa devote herself to caring for the poor? : SHE WAS MOVED BY THE POVERY SHE SAW IN THE CITIES SLUMS AND WANTED TO HELP , , What kind of impact might Mother Teresa's humanitarian work have had on ppl and society? : SHE ESTABLISHED VARIOUS CENTERS TO CARE FOR OLD, ILL, AND DYING. SHE WON THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR HER HUMANITARIAN WORK

Describe 2 most famous city-states in ancient Greece : Athens (Philosophers, democratic , drama/art) Spartans (military, rule by a few) , , , Who fought in the Persian Wars? : The Greeks united and fought Persians, Greek won , , , Who was fighting in the Peloponnesian War and why? : Growth of Athens after wars led to conflict with Sparta , , , What was the consequence of the Peloponnesian War to the Greeks? : Greece gets attacked by Philip the 2nd of Macedonia to invade year 338 , , , What did Greeks contribute to Western civilization? : Philosophy, literature, art, scientific method, democracy , , , What were the fundamental concerns that the Greeks pondered? : Purpose of human existence, structure of human society, nature of the universe , , , How did the Romans contribute to Western Civilization? : Language, Laws, Culture, Technology , , , Who ruled during Roman Republic? : Aristonatic Oligarchy , , , How did Rome move from a republic to an empire? : They used diplomacy and military force , Rome defeated Cathay/Punic Wars/ Macedonia/Greece/ and other territories eventually controlling the entire area, spread too thin - weakened- led to civil wars, Republic could not continue - emperor crowned

Name the 3 early African civilizations and identify the event that led to their rise : Egypt, Kush, Axum (agriculture led to civilization) , , , What were some of the advances made by Muslim Arabs? : Scientific and technical achievements, taken from ppl they conquered, math/astronomy/literature/art , , , Identify some of the advances made in China during thousand years of the 5 dynasties : Industry and trade grow , agriculture grew, new products, stimulated trade , technology , , , Give some ex of the innovations of the Tang dynasty of China : Made steel for swords and sickles = farming tool invented gun powder , , , Why did Japanese rulers such as Shotoku Taishi fail to create a centralized gov't as in China? : Aristocrat led to a weak central authority , , , What event marked the fusion of Germanic culture, the Roman legacy, Christianity? : Charlemagne being crowned/coronation

The age of exploration : Visual literacy skills : science and technology : sailing technology , , , Seafaring explores need to be able to identify constellations and know how to work the instruments they are using , , , Huge masts, tall pillar, this design helped European explorer because the tall pillars allowed someone to see much farther, the huge masts made it easer to navigate

Some of these technologies were of European origin, while others were borrowed from foreign cultures and adapted, the caravel , cartography

In the system of enlightened ABSOLUTION, rulers tried to follow Enlightenment, principles while keeping their royal POWERS , , Both Frederick William I and Fredrick II stressed service to the KING and enlarged the Prussian ARMY , , Austria's JOSEPH II implemented radical reforms; he abolished SERFDOM and eliminated the death penalty , , CATHERINE the Great, who ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, knew the works of the Enlightenment philosophes , , In order to please the Russian NOBILITY, Catherine did not enact reform; she took strong measures against Russian PEASANTS, and their conditions worsened , , The enlightened absolutists were guided mostly by their interest in the power and welfare of their STATE , , Eighteenth-century rulers' concern with the BALANCE of power among states led them to use their armies to conquer new lands

, , The War of the Austrian SUCCESSION took place in Europe, Asia, and NORTH AMERICA , , In 1748, the Treaty of Axl-la-Chapelle was signed, which guaranteed that all TERRITORIES would return to their original powers, except SILESIA, which remained in the hands of Prussia , , Two rivalries emerged: one between Britain and FRANCE over colonial empires and another between Austria and PRUSSIA over Silesia , , The Great War for Empire, fought between BRITAIN and France, took place in INDIA and North America , , The Treaty of PARIS was signed in 1763 and left control of India to the BRITISH , , Under the treaty, England gained control of CANADA, Spanish Florida, and all lands east of the Mississippi. Spain acquired the LOUISIANA territory.

The effect of the CRIMEAN war was to destroy the Concert of Europe; Austria and RUSSIA became enemies , , King Victor EMMANUEL II, Camillo di Cavour, and Giuseppe GARIBALDI helped Italy achieve unification , , Count Otto Von BISMARK used POLITICS OF REALITY, politics based on practical matters, to help achieve German unification , , With Prussia's militaristic and AUTHORITARIAN values triumphant, William I became KAISER of the strongest power in Europe , , Social and political reforms undertaken by the British PARLIMENT and Great Britain's continued ECONOMIC growth helped the British avoid revolutionary upheavals , , Under NAPOLEON III authoritarian French gov't limited CIVIL LIBERTIES but distracted the public by expanding the ECONOMY

After opposition arose in the 1860s Napoleon III began to LIBERALIZE his regime , , The AUSTRIAN empire, a multinational empire was defeated by PRUSSIA in 1866 , , The COMPROMISE of 1867 created the dual monarchy of Austria-HUNGARY , , After defeat in the Crimean War, Russian czar ALEXANDER II decided to make several reforms, such as issuing an EMANCIPATION edict that freed the serfs , , In the United States FEDERALISTS who favored a strong central gov't fought with FEDERAL who wanted state gov'ts to have more power , , In the Civil War, which ended in 1865 the North favored ABOLITIONISM a movement to end slavery

Neolithic Period= 1000bc , new stone age, domestication of animals/farming , abandoned nomadic lifestyles , , Culture= customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of racial religions/social groups , , Oligarchy= role of the few form of gov't , , Sultanate= state has military/political power held by the sultan , , Lineage group= extended family unit within a large community , African societies

Analects= writings of Confucius , , Democratic= rule of many form of gov't , , Republic= leader is not a king, certain citizens can vote form of gov't , , Philosophy= organized system of thought , , Archaeology= study of past societies based on things they left behind , , Feudalism= nobles offer protection and land in return for service , , Civilization= complex large population that share common elements

Estate= one of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy (first estate), the nobles (second estate) and the townspeople (third estate) , , Taille= an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy

Bourgeoisie= the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional ppl , , Sans-Culottes= without breeches , members of the Paris Commune who considered themselves ordinary patriots (wore trousers instead of the fine knee-length breeches of the nobles)

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the late eighteenth century , , The Agricultural Revolution increased the FOOD supply, lowered PRICES, and allowed ordinary ppl to spend money on manufactured goods , , Inventions such as the SPINNING JENNY helped increase WEAVING cloth production dramatically, causing it to become Britain's most valuable product by 1840 , , Coal and IRON industries boomed, and steam ENGINE helped move goods faster and cheaper , , As Britain prospered, industrialization spread to other nations , , Gov'ts of France. BELGIUM, and the German states encouraged industrialization by funding roads and canals , , Most important to the development of an effective American transportation system was the RAILROAD

By 1860, 30,000 miles of RAILROAD TRACK allowed for transportation of goods manufactured in the NORTHEAST to the rest of the United States , , The social impact of industrialization included an increased population in cities, new social classes, and the rise of socialism in Europe, , The Industrial Revolution spurred URBANIZATION as ppl left the countryside in search of work , , Two new social classes emerged during the Industrial Revolution: an industrial MIDDLE class and an industrial WORKING class that faced wretched working and living conditions , , After the Factory Act of 1833 limited CHILD labor, WOMEN became half the British labor force in textile factories , , In the economic system of SOCIALISM the gov't controls the means of PRODUCTION like utilities and factories

Napoleon fell from power after a series of failed policies and battles left him weak to attack , , Napoleon's failed invasion of RUSSIA led other EUROPEAN states to attack the weakened French army , , Napoleon was exiled to ELBA, and LOUIS XVII became king , , After Napoleon returned to Paris, Russia, Great Britain, AUSTRIA, and PRUSSIA pledged to defeat him , , Napoleon's final defeat came at WATERLOO in Belgium against a combined PRUSSIAN and British army , , After the defeat of Napoleon, European rulers adopted a philosophy of conservatism , , At the Congress of VIENNA in 1814, European powers rearranged territories to form a new balance of POWER so that no one country could dominate , , Prince Von METTERNICH wanted lawful monarchs who had ruled before Napoleon to be restored to power

CONSERVATISM is a political philosophy based on obedience to political AUTHORITY and a belief in organized religion , , The great powers eventually adopted a principle of INTERVENTION; troops were sent in to crush revolutions in Spain and Italy , , As conservative gov't tried to keep the old order, forces for change were also developing throughout Europe , , Growing out of the Enlightenment, the political philosophy of LIBERALISM emphasized the protection of civil liberties , , After the French Revolution, ppl began to feel that their chief loyalty was to their NATION, not their king or town. , , NATIONALISTS and liberals agreed that each group of ppl should have its own state and its own gov't

Peter the Great; What were some of Peter the Great's contributions as Czar? : Westernized Russia, opened up a port for trades appointed based on nobility and not just birth , , , What effect did Peter's Table of Ranks have on the nobility? : They are not happy, made them step up and actually do their jobs , , , How did Russia emerge as a powerful state under Peter the Great? : Cultural reforms, modernization, enlarged army, navy, centralized the gov't

Characteristics of an absolute Monarch : is a ruling power that is not challenged or checked by another agency (including judicial, legislative, religious) , believes he/she has a divine right to rule , takes power away from heads of church and feudal lords , has ability to make laws, levy taxes, administer justice , , , Louis is best example of an absolute Monarch

Why did some employers prefer child labor? : they don't complain , they can pay lower wages , , , When did Yorkshire tragedy take place? : July 4 1838 , , , ID 2 ppl who helped reform child labor laws : Robert Owen and Lord Shaftesbury , , , What was the life expectancy of a child born in the Victorians? : Before 1st birthday

Chronological order: Alexander reach India , Alexander defeated the Persian army in Asia Minor, Alexander arrived in Babylon , Alexander conquered Egypt , , , What do you think happened to Alexander's empire after his death? : It fell, split into 4 different areas

Captain Nathan Algren= US = hired by Emperor Meiji to train an army capable to wipe out Samurai , US captain of 7th Cavalry , , , Lord Moritsugu Katsumoto= JAPAN = spare p.o.w. Algren, trains, lets him free , , , Ujio=Katsumoto's right hard, protects Samurai lord, warrior, lives by code of Bushido , , , Nobutada= Japan= Katsumoto's son , mortally wounded, sacrificed himself

Colonel Bagley= US= Algren's former commanding officer , , , Omura=Japan=intends to use army to suppress a samurai-heated rebellion against Japan's new Emperor, orders Algren and Katsumoto's death , , , Emperor Meiji=Tokyo= meets with Katsumoto, has imperial army, Algren's boss , son of heaven , , , Simon Graham = British translator, knowledgeable about Samurai

Mercantilism = the prosperity of a nation depends on a large supply of gold and silver - how to get it? need a favorable balance of trade, exported goods are of greater value than imported goods, sell more exports, subsidies= payments made to support enerprises a gov't thinks are beneficial , improve transportation systems, sell more than you buy, more gold is coming in than going out, place high tarriffs/taxes on foreign goods (imports) to keep the balance favorable , colonies were important sources of RAW materials and market for manufactured goods , nation depends on gold and silver

Copernicus= heliocentric theory= sun was center through reason and scientific observation , , Johannes Kepler= planetary motion= sun was center, planets moved in ellipses , , Galileo= telescope , , Newton= law of gravity , , William Harvey= circulation of blood

What was the purpose of the "petition of right"? : You can't let stationed armies in people's houses , , , Who led the "Glorious Revolution" and why was it glorious? : William of Orange and Mary , it was glorious due to having no blood shed , , , Does Hobbes or Locke have more trust in self-governance? : Locke has more faith in human nature , , , Who was Peter Romanov and how did he help Russia? : Czar of Russia, "Peter the Great" , westernize, curiosity, protected Russia's interests, property became hereditary

Define "natural selection" : the principle set forth by Charles Darwin that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others, in popular terms "survival of the fittest" , , , Where did many ppl look for truth? : Moving away from religion, ppl instead looked for truth in science and concrete material (found in nature) , , , William Wordsworth was a follower of romanticism, because he's talking more of emotion/feeling , , , Who was Dmitry Mendeleyev and what was his contribution to science? : A Russian Chemist from the 1830s who noticed a process and named it "natural selection"

Describe some of the ways that archaeologists learn about early, pre-historic humans : Used artifacts such as tools, weapons, and art. Also used radiocarbon dating. In some cases, DNA evidence. Sometimes thermo-luminescence , , , Briefly describe the lifestyle and abilities/skills of the Paleolithic ppl : Created more sophisticated tools. Created fire. Ability to adapt to the environment. Mostly nomadic- hunters/gathers. Created human culture-known from cave paintings and funeral rights, burial artifacts , , , Pyramids are tombs for the mummified bodies of pharaohs. What symbolic importance did they serve? : Showed power/wealth. This implies belief in afterlife. Spiritual , , , The originator of Buddhism is known as Buddha, what's his real name : Siddhartha Gautama , , , What was a likely reason that of all of the great civilizations, China was the last to fully emerge? It was geographically isolated - Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, Nile Valley Egypt (the majors) , , , Name 3 major schools of thought that emerged in China btw 500 and 200bc : Confucianism , Daoism , Legalism

Describe the philosophy of Confucianism : "ppl are naturally good" Established in China by teacher named Kongfuzi (Master Kong, Confucius) he believed ppl should strive to live in social harmony, believed it was very important HOW: everyone knows THEIR role in society, everyone has certain ways to treat each other , family members treat each other lovingly and with respect, construction of their needs, the ruler is the father of the ppl, the father is the ruler mercy, social order, responsibilities, writings called analects , , , Describe Daoism : Harmony btw nature and humans, rhythm of constantly changing universe, ppl were naturally nice, expressed quietism, lot of faith in humans, worship in ancestors, Laozi is author of Daoism, believed in divine nature of ruler, yin and yang , , , Describe philosophy of Legalism : Ppl aren't that great, more inclined to do wrong than right, motivated by self interest, this is how ppl are, to prevent this the ruler has to make laws to redirect ppl to do the right thing, therefor you need laws to control, penalties are severe to deter your human nature, also believed you should work with broken ppl, little value on education, ideas need to be strictly controlled

heretic= one who does not conform to established doctrine, one who practices heresy , , , Heresy= any belief or theory that is at strong disagreement with established beliefs, customs , , , Act of Supremacy= named Elizabeth I as "the only supreme governor" of both church and state , , , Armada= fleet of warships , , , Huguenots= 30 year battle btw Catholics, Henry of Novara (1589) was a political leader, succeeded Henry IV - French Protestants influenced by John Calvin, a powerful threat to the Catholic French King , , , Edict of Nantes 1598= recognized Catholicism as official religion of France, gave Huguenots right to worship/enjoy all political privileges - Henry IV issued edict that recognized Catholicism as official religion of France, gave Huguenots political privileges' as well as the right to worship as Protestants , , , Inflation= rapid increase in prices based on the increased demand for land and food by an increasing population

Divine Right of Kings= the belief that the king gets his power from God and not from his subjects , , , House of Commons= the lower house of Parliament , , , Puritans= English Protestants who believed that the church of England needed further reform and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship - more protestant , , , Cavaliers (Royalists)= supporters of King Charles I in the English Civil War , , , Roundheads= supporters of Parliament in the English Civil War , , , Commonwealth= a nation, state, or other political unit founded on law and united by agreement for and by the people (no monarchy)

Industrialized cities improved life by addressing concerns about HOUSING and public HEALTHY , , Improvements in housing came through building regulations requiring RUNNING WATER and internal DRAINAGE systems in new buildings , , Improvements in water quality came from improved aqueducts, tunnels, and reservoirs; gas and electric water HEATERS and SEWAGE treatment systems , , Europe's elite made up 51% of the population but controlled 30% of the wealth , , The UPPER MIDDLE class included industrialists and bankers; the MIDDLE class included lawyers, doctors, and accountants and the LOWER MIDDLE class included traders and prosperous farmers. , , The middle-class ideal included a belief in hard WORK and the importance of outward appearances

During the Second Industrial Revolution, some women found employment in low-paying WHITE COLLAR jobs and jobs in health, education, and social SERVICES , , Modern FEMINISM began in the late eighteenth century when some Enlightenment thinkers argued that VOTE was a natural right for women as well as men , , Nineteenth-century SUFFRAGLISTS such as Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters demonstrated for the right to vote , , UNIVERSAL education helped develop a trained workface and instill patriotism , , The Second Industrial Revolution produced new forms of mass leisure at dance halls and AMUSEMENT parks and through TEAM sports

Allied states= countries defeated by Napoleon and forced to join his struggle against Britain , , , Bourgeoisie= the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional ppl , , , Conservatism= political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion , , , Continental System= strategy Napoleon used to try and defeat Britain's Military , , , Coup d'état= sudden overthrow of the gov't , , , Dependent states= Kingdoms ruled by Napoleon's relatives

Elector= an individual qualified to vote in an election , , , Nationalism= unique cultural identity of a ppl based on common language, religion, and national symbols , , , Reign of Terror= used to defend France from domestic threats, 40,000 killed , , , Robespierre= tried de-Christianization, obsessed with ridding France of the corrupt , , , Sans-Coulotte's= "without breeches" ; members of the Paris commune who considered themselves ordinary patriots (wore long trousers) , , , Taille= an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy

Columbian Exchange= Named for Christopher Columbus and driven by colonization and trade, refers to the resulting exchange of plants, animals (and diseases) btw Europe and the Americas which had far reaching results on ppl around the world , , , East India Compony= Dutch company established to manage their dominance of the spice trade in India and SE Asia , , , Middle Passage= the middle portion of the triangular trade route that carried enslaved Africans to the Americas and Caribbean , , , Society of Friends= a religious group known as the Quakers who began to condemn slavery in the Britain and American Colonies in the 1770s , , , Peninsular= Iberian-born officials living in Latin America for political and economic gain , , , Plantation= only grows one things, usually for export

Encomienda System= labor system created by Spanish to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas , , , Dutch East India Co: led to massive profits for Dutch merchants, bringing them into the golden age for the Dutch, surpassing Spanish and Portuguese in world trade, 1512, conquistadors and other leaders, grants/Indians , exact "tribute" gold/labor , supposed to protect/Christianize , instead effectively enslave the Indians, take their land , , , Mita= labor system used by the Spanish in Peru to enlist native ppl to work , , , Viceroy= the head of the bureaucracy who governed the colony

Achievements of Napoleon's Rule : code Napoleon, granted religious freedom , established universities, denied women basic rights , declared himself the emperor

Factory Act of 1833 set 9 as minimum age for employment , they also limited hours for children. Women now made up 50% of workers. They were paid less than half of what men were. Once hours and pay were limited, men stepped up. Women went back to caregiving.

Assembly Line= pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913, a manufacturing method that allowed much more efficient mass production of goods , , Mass production= production of goods in quantity usually by machinery , , Bourgeoise= middle class including merchants/industrialist/professional ppl , , Proletariat= the working class , , Revisionist= Marxist who rejected the revolutionary approach, believing instead in evolution by democratic means to achieve to goal of socialism , , Thomas Edison- created lightbulb , , The Wright Brothers 1903= Orville, first flight in a fixed-wing plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

Feminism= movement for women's rights , , Suffrage= right to vote , , Advocate= to support; speak in favor of , , Emmeline Pankhurst= Britain activist, leader of British suffragette movement who helped women vote , , Ministerial Responsibility= idea that prime minister is responsible to popularity elected legislative body and not king or president , , Duma= Russian legislative assembly , , Controversy= not agreeing

Oscar Romero ; How did Oscar Romero's political views change? HE BECAME MOVE CARING AND LESS POLITICAL "MOST LOVED AND MOST HATED" , , Many ppl initially expected Romero to support the gov't because he was a church official? BECAUSE PPL EXPECTED CHURCH AND STATE TO BE TOGETHER , CHURCHES ARE TAX EXEMPT, PPL DON'T LIKE CHANGE

Francois Duvalier ; Why do you think Duvalier reduced the size of Haiti's military and forced Haiti's Catholic archbishop to leave the country? SO HE COULDN'T BE TAKEN OVER. HE WANTED FULL CONTROL , , HE WAS THE HIGHEST FORCE. THIS IS BECAUSE HIS GOV'T KILLED THOUSANDS

Philosophe= French for "philosopher"; applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment , , Separation of Powers= form of gov't in which the executive legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances , , Deism= an 18th century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law , , Laissez-faire= the concept that the state should not impose gov't regulations but should leave the economy alone , , Rococo= an artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1830s; was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm, and gentle action

Generation= group of individuals born and living at the same time , , Social Concept= the concept that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community , , Salons= the elegant urban drawing rooms where, in 18th century, writers/artists/aristocrats/gov't officials/and wealthy middle-class ppl gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophers

Western Asia and Egypt : First to develop - Sargon , Mesopotamians and Egyptians -code of Hamaroby , Invented writing , Small states arose after Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations declined , home to Israelites and birthplace of Judaism , Persian Empire eventually took control of area - most of area not whole , , , India : Located in the Indus River Valley , based in 2 cities- Harappa and Mohenjo Daro , introduced Hinduism and Buddhism , Mauyran Empire United India , Gupta Empire followed , it broke apart due to internal and external problems , , , China : Shang dynasty created first organized civilization , developed in isolation , rulers claimed to rule by mandate of heaven , produced Confucianism, Daoism, and legalism -schools of political thought , Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties followed

Greece : made up of small, independent city-state , Alexander the great conquered the Persian Empire , Became 4 Hellenistic societies , developed first democracy , made important contributions to art, philosophy, science, law and gov't , , , Rome : began as a republic ruled by an oligarchy, or small group of ppl (rich ppl) , after conquering most of the Mediterranean world, Rome became an empire , Octavian became the first Roman emperor , contributed Romance languages and to philosophy, politics, and architecture

What was Newton's scientific insight? : That the physical world operated according to natural laws discovered through scientific investigation, influenced every area of Enlightenment thought , , , What is the connection between women's struggle in science and the "Hardon Collider" : Half the engineers were women, the bosses feared women would send bad examples , , , Peter Romanov is better known as? : Peter the Great , , , What did the enlightenment philosophers mean by "reason"? : Philosophers meant proven ideas , , , Name 2 tools developed based on Pascal's theories of liquid and pressure : Syringe , hydraulic press , , ,

How did Montesquieu's ideas about Gov't differ from his predecessor's classical divisions of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy? : Montesquieu classified Gov't and assigned each type an animating principle , , , Montesquieu traveled extensively within Europe. How do his life and work show the influence of these trips? : He was observing all different Govt's and how they worked/failed

Simon Bolivar ; What role did Napoleon Bonaparte play in Latin America's liberation from Spanish rule? : HE WAS PART OF THE REVOLT IN LATIN AMERICA. HESERVED AS AN AMBASSADOR, MILITARY LEADER, PRESIDENT, AND DICTATOR OF VENEZUELA , , He is fighting for freedom therefore it is expected , , , Jose de San Martin : Why might San Martin have been so dedicated to liberating Lima, Peru? : HIS FAMILY MIGHT COME FROM LANA, PERU , , Why was the fact that San Martin joined the fight against Spanish royalists surprising? : His parents were Spanish so why would he go against them? , , Why was it a priority for the gov't of the second republic to immediately establish the national workshops? : BECAUSE MANY PPL WERE OUT OF WORK, BUT WITHOUT HAVING TO PAY SO MANY PPL THEY MIGHT NOT HAVE LSOT SO MUCH MONEY

Industrialization and Nationalism ; How did Pasteur's work prove beneficial to all of society? : IT PROMOTED HIGHER STANDARDS OF HEALTH , , How does Pasteur's work affect ppl today? : He discovered germs cause fermentation, causing him to come up with pasteurization which we still use today. He discovered vaccines and contributed to preventative medicine , , Charles Darwin : What experiences in Darwin's early years influenced his theory of natural selection: SAILING WITH THE HMS BEAGLE , , Why might religious authorities have disapproved of Darwin's theories? : IT WAS CONTROVERSIAL BECAUSE IT CONTRADICTED SOME WIDELY HELD IDEAS AT THE TIME , SOME PPL THOUGHT IT ATTACKED RELIGIOUS BELIEFS ABOUT CREATION

The Rise of Modern Japan ; What was the foreign policy of the Tokugawa shogunate? THE TAKUGAWA SHOGUNATE HAD CREATED AN ISOLATION POLICY, BUT ALLOWING ONLY DUTCH AND CHINESE MERCHANTS AT ITS PORT AT NAGASAKI , , How did the US pressure Japan, and what was the result? TREATY OF KANAGWA PRVIDED THE RETURN OF SHIP WRECKED AMERICAN SAILORS, THE OPENING OF 2 PORTS TO WESTERN TRADERS, AND ESTABLISH MORE OF A US CONSULATE IN JAPAN , , What was the result of resistance to opening foreign relations? RESISTANCE RESULTED IN THE COLLAPSE OF THE SHOGUNATE SYSTEM AND THE BEGINNING OF THE MEIJI RESTORATION , , How did the Meiji reformers change Japan's political system? EMPEROR MUTSHUHITO= MEIJI RESTORATION; THEY STRIPPED THE DAIMYO OF THEIR LANDS , , What was unique about the Meiji model of industrial development? THE GOV'T ENCOURAGED THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW INDUSTRIES BY PROVIDING BUSINESS PPL WITH MONEY AND PRIVILEGES

How did the Meiji reform education in Japan? JAPANESE AUTHORS PRESENTED SOCIAL CONDITION AND THE REALITIES OF WAR , , Why did Japan begin a program of territorial expansion? Japanese pursued imperialist policies because they lacked space and resources to grow , , What nations and territories did Japan control by 1910? CHINA CEDED TAIWAN AND THE LAIDONG PENINSULAR TO JAPAN , , How did Western culture influence traditional Japanese culture? JAPANESE WRITERS BEGAN ADOPTING THE PATTERNS OF FRENCH REALISM AND ENGINEERS COPIED WESTERN AGRICULTURAL STYLES , , How did Japanese culture influence Western nations? JAPANESE ARTS/CRAFTS, PRCELAINS, TEXTILES, FANS, FOLDING SCREENS, AND WOODBLOCK PRINTS BECAME FASHIONABLE

European expansion into Africa left native regimes intact but had a strong impact on local societies means? : Some indigenous regimes already condoned and practiced traffic in enslaved ppl, so they just continued doing so. However, certain local societies, especially those closest to the coast, suffered greatly as their young and strong members were kidnapped and sold into slavery , , , Cultural Geography= newly enslaved ppl brought their customs and beliefs with them and thereby changed the culture into which they were sold , , , Social Geography= the lack of freedom forced enslaved ppl to adjust to their new positions, surrounding and situations , , , Political Geography= formally free ppl now enslaved by masters who considered them unequal were forced to work on land owned by those who enslaved them

If the slave trade had been banned from the beginning, how might the economic development of the Americas have been different? : Without the slave trade, economic development would probably have been much slower in the America's because it would have been impossible to develop and maintain plantations on the other hand, without the slave trade, there might not have been a Civil war in the US the saving of those lives/resources might have made up economically for the earlier lack of slave labor , , , The growth of the economy in China , which is becoming richer while US is becoming poorer

What was the Hellenistic era? : An are where new cities arose and flourished, new philosophical doctrines captured the minds of many, significant achievements occurred in literature and science, and Greek culture spread throughout making an impact , imitating the Greeks , , , What led to the fall of the Roman Empire? : By the third century the Roman Empire was suffering. This was mostly due to Generals fighting each other, invasions, plagues, population decline, and economic problems. Christians were taking over AD376 , , , How did Islam influence the rule of the Arab Empire? : Islam influenced the rule of the Arab Empire by the meaning 'peace through submission of the will of Allah' founded by Muhammad , The gov't and society were based on Islamic teachings , , , What is the translation of Islam? : The translation of Islam is "peace through submission through the will of Allah' , , , Who founded Islam and what happened after his death? : Islam was founded by Muhammad, after his death his successors-known as his Caliphs- organized the Arabs and set in motion a great expansion , Caliphs=successors organized and spread the religion , , , Many ancient Arab mosques still survival this is a testament to : this is a testament because it shows they made their own mathematics, natural science (astronomy and medicine), literature, and art) , , , Who was leader of the Songhai Empire in Africa during the height of its power and what commodities led to their prosperity? : The leader of Songhai was Mahammad Ture, it prospered from the salt and good trade

In Middle Ages, India was faced with many challenges; both external and internal... : External-their rivalry's and the Turkish Internal=their religions got in the way , , , Give evidence that the impact of Islamic expansion into India during Middle Ages is still apparent today : Islam still impacts Indian Civilizations today by the division of Hindu India and 2 Islamic States, Pakistan and Bangladesh , , , How are major beliefs and principles of Judaism, Christianity and Islam similar and different? : Judaism-old testament, Mosiah , Christianity- Bible, followed Jesus , Islam- founded by Mohammad , Quran book , , , Who was Charlemagne? : A descendant of a Germanic tribe converted to Christianity, as Roman Emperor in 800 symbolized the fusion of the 3 chief components of the new European civilizations , , , Christianity dominant in the Byzantine Empire , , , What finally led to the collapse of Byzantine Empire? : Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople and made it their center of their Empire , , To what do the terms 'Romanesque and Gothic' refer to? : Styles of Architecture

Mercantilism=economy based on gold or money , , , Balance of Trade= difference btw the value of exports and imports , , , Subsidies= money paid by a gov't to an industry to keep the price of a product competitive , , , How did the concept of Mercantilism influence the spread of new foods, plants, and animals around the world? : Everyone was trying to get more money so they were selling new things , , , Why did gov't pay their colonists subsidies? : To keep imports competitive , , , Why do you think the idea of mercantilism became so popular? : Everyone wanted to get rich and have the most wealth

In what ways did the European expansion into Africa result in an increase in the slave trade? : As Europe increased its markets in Africa, it became easier for merchants to take advantage of the already existing slave trade there. They were able to supply enslaved ppl to meet the demand for labor in the Americas

Jawaharlal Nehru ; Nehru was educated in England. How might this have helped him in his political life? : IT HELPED HIM SEE MODERN ADVANCES AND HE LEARNED OTHER COUNTRIES WAYS. THIS WOULD HELP HIM UNDERSTAND WHAT OTHERS WERE SAYING , , How might the age difference between Nehru and Gandhi have affected their work together? : GANDHI WAS OLDER AND MORE WISER, NEHRU WAS YOUNGER AND UNDERSTOOD THE YOUNGER GENERATION. THIS WOULD HELP MORE PPL RELATE TO THEM , , Why was it important for a newly independent India to have a leader like Nehru? : BECAUSE NEHRU WAS EDUCATED IN MODERN WAYS AND COULD HELP THE NEWLY DEPENDENT INDIA

Indira Gandhi ; Why might children like the young Indira Gandhi have been useful in the independence movement? : BECAUSE SHE HAD A GREAT IMPACT ON CHILDREN AROUND HER AGE. THIS LED TO MORE SUPPORTERS AND SPIES , , How did Gandhi's time in office compare with that of her father? : THEY BOTH TRIED TO BETTER INDIA AND TRIED DOING WHAT THEY THOUGHT WAS RIGHT

Bacon believed the purpose of the scientific method was to not rely on past knowledge of ancient authorities but to rely on observation crucial to the education of science in the modern world , , Copernicus= created theory that planets revolve around the sun, father of modern astronomy, start of scientific revolution , , Newton= defined laws of motion and gravity, used mirrors to improve image seen on telescope, created rules of physics/calculus

Kepler= used detailed data to prove planets rotated in an elliptical path around sun, provided foundation for Newton , , Galileo= planets aren't just orbs of light but made of material, invented telescope and thermometer, built on new theories about astronomy, discovered 4 moods of Jupitar, disagreed with church

Louie calls meeting of ppl who were taxed, they don't come, say they are going to represent, 3rd estate= national/general assembly , , The Great Fear= rising up, attacking, creating fear, gain Decleration, equality , , The Reign of Terror= many deaths, off with your head, radicals

Moderation 1790s= stop riots, lower prices, freedom, Napoleon (emperor, took place, except England and Russia), overthrow gov't, military takes over , , Napoleonic Code= gave rights/freedoms, human rights, public schools, invested France money into France , , Effects: ideals of Democracy, growth of nationalism

John Calvin ; Based on reforms that Calvin instituted in Geneva, Switzerland, what did he believe that religion required of ppl? : That public behavior should comply with the laws of God, as he understood them. , , , Identify one difference in point of view btw Calvin and Luther? : Calvin thought God predestined ppl to heaven and hell while Luther thought God only predestined to heaven, no one to hell , , , Thomas More ; How does More's Utopia convey the ideals of humanism? : More wrote about a society where men and women existed in peace and harmony, all were educated, and justice ended crime. Stuff everyone ideally wants , , , John of Leiden ; In what ways did the Anabaptists change Munster? : Creating an Anabaptist state where all had to be re-baptized or exiled , , , Why were the Catholics and Protestants united in their attack against the Anabaptists? : Because they both did not agree with the Anabaptists , owning the land "the enemy of my enemy is my friend"

King Philip II of Spain ; Philip II was the son of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V. what effect might this have had on the way he ruled Spain? : Make him feel like he had to be as good as his father, was pushed into religion by his father, divine right of kings , , , Elizabeth I ; In what ways do you think the events during Elizabeth's youth molded her character? : Her mother being beheaded when she was 2 and her being imprisoned when she was 21 made her cautious and a strategic thinker , , , Queen Elizabeth's refusal to marry was a controversial political decision at the time. Why? : Because all females were supposed to marry. She chose to stay single so she could keep her power

Factory Act of 1833 = no younger than 9 , 9-13=max of working 8 hours , 13-18=max of working 12 hours , , 1836: under 15= 3 months school, 10 hour workdays

Ludwig Van Beethoven ; What effect did Beethoven have on music of his time? : HE CAPTURED EMOTIONS IMPORTANT TO ROMANTICS , , What elements of Beethoven's music qualified him as a Romantic composer? : USING EMOTIONS THAT EXPRESSED AND EVOKED HIS FEELINGS

Privatization = sale of gov't owned companies to private firms , , trade embargo = policy prohibiting trade with a particular country , , cartels = groups of drug businesses , , Megacity = very large city , , Sandinistas = members of left-wing Nicaraguan , freedom fighters, rebels, etc

Magic Realism = form of expression unique to Latin American literature ; it combines realistic events with dream like / fantasy backgrounds , , Oligarchy = small group of ppl controlling country , , Guerilla = member of small independent group taking part in fighting

Modernism= artists/writers rebelled against original art/literacy , , Psychoanalysis= therapist and patient probe deeply into patients memory , , Social Darwinism= theories used in Western to show dominance , , Pogroms= organized massacre of Jews , , Zionism= international movement at the establishment for Jewish national homeland in Palestine and Israel

Marie Curie= polish/French physicist and Chemist , , Albert Einstein= scientist , phonograph, inventor , , Sigmund Freud= theories regarding nature of human mind , , ID, ego, superego= devil/libido, natural , angel/reason , , abstract art= different art with colors

Charles Dickens ; Describe the relationship between Dicken's life and his writing? : AT FIRST, THE NOVELS WERE COMICAL, BUT THEY TRUEND REALISTIC AS HE EXAMINED THE LIVES OF THE POOR AND SATIRAZED VITORIAN SOCIETY AND THE INEFFECTUAL GOV'T HE USED KNOWLEDGE FROM HIS YOUTH , , Why do students today often read Dicken's work to learn about nineteenth-century social issues? : HE WROTE ABOUT THE LIVES OF THE POOR, FACTORY LABOR, AND THEMSE RELATING TO HIS YOUTH

Mass society and democracy ; Why might the US army have had an interest in the Wright brothers' invention? : Because it was the first flying plane traveling long distances. Army could greatly use the invention , , What are 2 ways the Wright brother's invention changed society at the time? : ppl could take relaxing flights , transportation became quicker

Louis XVI ; Why might Louis XVI have had such difficulty dealing with France's myriad problems when he became king? : He might've had a difficulty because his leadership wasn't producing the effects he was hoping for , , , How might Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette's seeming indifference have contributed to the French Revolution? : They have different opinions from the community , , , Marie Antoinette ; How did the queen's image contribute to the revolution? when he became king? : Marie's image contributed to the revolution by marrying king Louis XVI, and the perception that she was thoughtless/extravagant as well as insensitive to the poor. When he became king, she was blamed for saddling the state with debt. , , , She was a foreigner so she could have no influence in the court

Maximilien Robespierre ; How does Robespierre's story reflect the dangers of extremism? : By wanting to uproot every trace of the old society, he sent so many to the guillotine that fellow politicians, fearing they might be accused, turned against him , , , He deserved the nickname "The Incorruptible" because he could not be bribed and was considered and honest man. , , , Jean-Paul Marat ; He often attacked the king and the nobles in his newspaper, stating that 500 or 600 heads were cut off would assure your freedom. He also urged the defeat of the Girondins, which Charlotte sympathized , , , The probably outcome of his attacks would have to be he absorbed new ideas and helped spread republican ideas

Ancient India : Where 2 major civilizations (the Mauryan Empire and the Gupta Empire) and two of the world's major religions (Hinduism and Buddhism) developed , , , Maya, Aztec, and Inca : prosperous civilizations that developed in the Americas , , , Ancient China : where 3 major schools of thoughts (Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism) developed in order to help create a stable society between 500bc and 200bc , , , Paleolithic People : hunter-gatherers whose chief task was finding food; they learned to create sophisticated tools and use fire , , , Arab Empire : built on the teachings of Muhammad, this civilization spread Islam throughout the Middle East and Africa , , , Ancient Greece : where small independent city-states rules by a community of male citizens created a civilization that was the source of western culture , , , Israelites : ppl who created no empire but left a spiritual legacy of monotheism and who created Judaism

Medieval Europe : a society dominated by Catholic Church and kings who began to exert central authority and develop monarchial states , , , Mesopotamians and Egyptians : around 300bc these ppl built the first civilizations; they developed cities, invented writing, created literature, and built monuments to their gods , , , Medieval China : where civil service exams developed to provide upward mobility and a stable government bureaucracy , , , monotheism = believed in one god , , , Civilization is a group of modern ppl . Civilization is ppl, surviving together. Some characteristics of civilization may include a group, ppl depending on each other, and areas claimed by ppl

Napoleon quickly rose to power in the military, and after taking part in the coup d'état of 1799, he began to make policy changes , , What was the result of the military campaigns Napoleon led in Italy : GAVE FRANCE CONTROL OF ITALY , , Who appointed Napoleon emperor? : NAPOLEON CROWNED HIMSELF EMPEROR , , Why did Napoleon make peace with the Catholic Church? : HE MADE AN AGREEMENT WITH POPE THAT RECOGNIZED CATHOLICISM AS THE RELIGION OF A MAJORITY OF FRENCH PPL , , How did Napoleon codify French laws? : BY CREATING THE 7 LAW CODE. THE CIVIL CODE/NAPOLEONIC CODE , , How did Napoleon change the bureaucracy? : BY PROMOTING MILITARY OFFICERS BASED ON THEIR ABILITY AND OPENING CAREERES

Napoleon's empire spread across Europe, but it did not last long , , What were the parts of the Grand Empire? : THE FRENCH EMPIRE, DEPENDENT STATES, ALLIED STATES , , How were dependent states different from allied states, and what is an example of each? : DEPENDENT STATES WERE STATES THAT NAPOLEON'S RELATIVES GOVERNED, AND ALLIED STATES WERE STATES HE CONQUERED , , what are two major reasons that help explain the collapse of Napoleon's empire? : THE SURVIVAL OF GREAT BRITAIN AND THE FORCE OF NATIONALISM, HIS DOWNFALL CAME IN 1812 WITH INVASION OF PRUSSIA

Gamal Abdel Nasser ; Why would taking control of the Suez Canal make Nasser a hero to Egyptians and other Arabs? : BECAUSE EGYPT BELIEVED IT TO BE THIERS , , Was Nasser's goal of Pan Arab unity a good idea for Arabs? BECAUSE UNITY AMONG ALL ARAB NATIONS WOULD'VE MEANT PEACE

Nelson Mandela ; Why did Mandela eventually abandon his tactics of nonviolent protest? : BECAUSE OF THE MASSACRRE IN 1960 AT SHARPEVILLE , , Why is Nelson Mandela considered a national hero? HE FOUGHT FOR PEACE TILL HIS DEATH

Principle of nonalignment= Jawahanlal Nehru's refusal to align India with bloc/alliance , , Discrimination= prejudicial treatment usually based on race, religion, class, sex, or age

Pan-Arabism= Arab unity, regardless of national boundaries , , Intifada= uprising, militant movement that arose during the 1980s among supporters of the Palestine Liberation Organization living in Israel

Abolitionism= a movement to end slavery that begin in the North and challenged the Southern way of life , , Capital= money available for investment , , Cash crop= a crop that is grown for sale rather than for personal use , , Cottage Industry= a method of production in which ppl produce goods from their homes , , Creole= a person of European descent born in Latin America and living there permanently , , Emancipation= the act of setting free , , Entrepreneur= a person who finds new business opportunities and new ways to make profits , , Kaiser= the title of the emperors of the second German Empire , , Mestizo= a person of mixed European and Native American descent , , Militarism= the reliance on military strength , , Multinational Empire= an empire in which ppl of many nationalities live , , Natural Selection= principle that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment that others

Peninsular= a person born on the Iberian Peninsula who lives temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returns to Europe , , Plebiscite= a popular vote , , Puddling= process of purifying in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to make high quality iron , , Realism= a mid-nineteenth century movement that portrayed lower and middle-class life as it actually was , , Romanticism= an intellectual movement that stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as a source of knowing , , Secularism= indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration , , Socialism= an economic system in which the gov't owns and controls the means of production, such as factories and utilities , , Universal Male Suffrage= the right of all males to vote in elections

Prehistory = the period of time before written records; events or conditions leading up to a particular occurrence of phenomenon , , , Archaeology = study of human history and prehistory through the exaction of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains , study of past societies from things the left behind , , , Neolithic = relating to or denoting the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed , 1000bce=new stone age , domestication of animals and farming , abandon nomadic lifestyle , organized communities , , , Culture = the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group , , , Civilization = the stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced, the society, culture, and way of life of a particular area, complex, large populations that share common elements , , , Oligarchy = "rule of the few" , a form of government in which a select group of ppl exercises control , , , Democratic = when ppl are governed by the "rule of many" or by the ppl, either directly or through their elected representatives

Philosophy = study of fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline "an organized system of thought" , , , Republic = a form of Gov't in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote , , , Analects = a collection of short literary or philosophical extracts "writings of Confucius" , , , Lineage group = an extended family unit within a larger community - African societies , , , Sultanate = a state whose military and political power is held by the Sultan , , , Landed Aristocrats = an upper class whose wealth is based on land whose power is passed on from one generation to another , , , Feudalism = political and social order that developed during the Middle Ages when royal gov'ts were no longer able to defend their subjects ; nobles offered protection and land in return for service , , , Crusades = military expeditions carried out by European Christians in the Middle Ages to regain the Holy Land (Israel) from the Muslims , it was about money

In the Second Industrial Revolution, steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum led the way to new industrial frontiers , , The Second Industrial Revolution was spurred by inventions such as the BESSEMER process for steel production and the use of ELECTRICITY to power homes and factories , , Lightbulbs were invented by THOMAS EDISON in the United States and by JOSEPH SWAN in Great Britain , , ALEXANDER BELLS invention of the telephone and GUGLIELMES breakthroughs with radio waves set off a revolution in communications , , Mass transportation improved with the invention of the INTERNAL COMBUSTION engine. This engine gave rise to AIRPLANES and AUTOMOBILES , , Henry Ford's invention of a new manufacturing method known as the ASSEMBLY LINE allowed for the MASS PRODUCTION of goods , , In Europe and throughout the world, INDUSTRIALIZED urban economies experienced a higher STANDARD OF LIVING than agricultural economics

Poor working and living conditions led many industrial workers to form socialist political parties and socialist trade unions in a bid to improve their lives , , In their publication COMMUNIST MANIFESTO Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels blamed SYSTEM OF INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM for poor conditions in industrial factories , , Marx believed that world history was characterized by CLASS struggles over the means of PRODUCTION , , Marx believed society was splitting into two hostile camps, middle-class BOURGEOISIE oppressors and the working-class PROLATERINT , , Pure Marxists thought capitalism could be defeated only by VIOLENT REVOLUTIONS, but REVOLUTIONISTS argued for political involvement and reform , , Workers organized TRADE UNIONS to improve their working conditions through the right to STRIKE

Extraterritoriality= living in a section of a country set aside for foreigners but not subject to the host country's laws , , Self-strengthening= policy promoted by reformers toward the end of the Qing dynasty under which China would adapt Western technology while keeping its Confucian values/institutions , , Spheres of Influence= areas in which foreign powers have been granted exclusive rights/privileges, such as trading rights/mining privileges , , Open-Door policy= proposed by US secretary of state (John Hay 1899) stated all powers with spheres of influence in China would respect equal trading opportunities with China and not set treaties giving unfair advantage to citizens of own country , , Indemnity= payment for damages

Provincial= local; of or relating to a province , , Commodities= agricultural, mined, mass produced marketable goods ex. oil, copper, salt, tea , , Concessions= political compromise ; usually something that is granted in response to demands , , Prefecture= Japanese meiji restoration, territory gov't by its former daimyo lord , , Subsidy= gov't payment to encourage or protect a certain economic activity, money given to provide training or to improve transportation/communications

Geocentric= earth-centered; a system of planetary motion in which the sun, moon and other planets revolve around the Earth , , Heliocentric= sun-centered; the system of the universe in which the Earth and planets revolve around the sun , , Universal Law of Gravitation=on of Newton's three rules of motion, it explains that planetary bodies continue in elliptical orbits around the sun because every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity

Rationalism= a system of thought expounded by Rene Descartes (father of modern rationalism) based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge , , Scientific Method= a systematic procedure for collecting/analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world , , Inductive Reasoning= doctrine that scientists should proceed from the particular to the general by making systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses or theories, a process that will lead to correct general principles

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ; What are 3 possible influences on Lenin's work as a revolutionary? HE DEFENDED THE POOR, TAUGHT THE PRINCIPLES OF MARXISM TO WORKERS, SUPPORTED STRIKES, AND CREATED A GOV'T , , Why did Bolsheviks triumph over anti-Communists? BECAUSE THE WORKING CLASSES SUPPORTED LENIN'S POLICIES

Russia's Economy During World War I ; What factors led to inflation in 1916 Russia? RUSSIA PRODUCED MORE THAN ENOUGH FOOD, BUT VARIOUS FACTORS SUCH AS ECONOMIC MISMANAGEMENT AND A BREAKDOWN IN TRANSPORTATION , , Why did rationing- a common practice during war and times of famine- of bread in February 1917 so enrage the Russian ppl? THEY WERE ENRAGED BECAUSE THE PRICE ROSE DRASTICLY

10.3 Nationalism, Unification, and Reform : Breakdown of the concert of Europe= Russia wanted to expand power which would allow them to sail ships. If they achieved this, it would become a major power in Eastern Europe , , , German Unification= after failing to unify they looked towards militaristic Prussia. Prussia dominated all northern Germany, worrying France into declaring war they would eventually lose. Southern German entered northern confederacy. Prussians achieved German unity , , , Great Britain= in 1832 parliament passed bill that increase number of male voters. by giving industrial middle class men power, they avoided revolution in 1848. Economic growth helped keep their stability. 1837-1901. Queen Victoria had longest reign-resulted in Victoria Age , , , Austrian Empire= one of Europe's most powerful empires, Hapsburg rulers crushed revolutions in 1848-1849. Restores centralized, autocratic gov't to empire comprise of 1869

Russia= rural, agricultural, and autocratic, czar regarded as divine-right monarch (united power) humiliating defeat in 1856 German War. March 3, 1861- Emancipation edict (freed serfs) Peasants could own property- little good land Radicals assassinated hopeless (but trying) Czar Alexander II , returned to old forms of repression , , , United States= although committed to liberalism and nationalism, there wasn't unity , one side favored a strong central gov't while other wanted the Federal gov't to be subordinate , abolitionism charged the world, causing the blood American Civil War which the Confederate's lost

British manufactures goods HAD THE EFFECT OF destroying local industries, thousands of jobs, damaged Indian textile industry , , Cotton crops HAD THE EFFECT OF British encouraging cotton over food , didn't produce enough food, 1800-1900 , 30 million starved to death

School systems HAD THE EFFECT OF lord Thomas Macaulay , train Indian children to serve in gov't and army , used English language, 90% still uneducated , , Railroad/telegraph/telephone services HAD THE EFFECT OF 25,000 miles of rail, health/sanitation improve , improved transport and communication

Romanticism emerged as a reaction to the ideas of the ENLIGHTENMENT and valued INDIVIDUALISM, the belief in each person's uniqueness , , Romantic painters such as EUGENE PELACROIX believed art was a reflection of the artist's inner FEELINGS , , The Third Symphony, by BEETHOVEN, had powerful melodies that created dramatic intensity , , GOTHIC literature, such as Mary Shelley's novel FRANKENSTEIN, became popular , , Romantics viewed poetry as the direct expression of the SOUL ; ROMANTICISM was the most important English romantic poet of nature , , The SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION created a modern, rational approach to the study of nature; the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION heightened interest in scientific research and new discoveries , , Scientist LOUIS PASTER in biology proposed the germ theory of disease

Scientists DMITRY MENDELEVEV in chemistry and MICHAEL FARADAY in physics made important advances in their fields , , Growing confidence in science undermined religious faith and led to a period of increasing SECULARIZATION , , DARWIN's theory of natural SELECTION caused much controversy , , Literary realists rejected ROMANTICISM, preferring novels to poems and SOCIAL VIEWS characters to romantic heroes , , The writings of realists GUSTAVE in France and DICKENS in Great Britain presented vivid descriptions of life , , The FRENCH became leaders in realist painting; painter GUSTAVE COUBERT chose factory workers and peasants as his subjects

Afghanistan and The Taliban = after WWII, the king developed close ties with the soviet union. soviets left and Islam fought for control of Afghanistan. Taliban controlled 2/3 of country

Society and Culture = tried replacing foreign culture/values with Islamic forms of beliefs/behavior , , Islamic Fundamentalism/Islamic Activism , made them unfavorable to Westerners , 1970s - shift toward more traditional roles for women

North American colonists resisted British actions and fought the American Revolution , , The British colonies in North America each had LEGISLATURE that tended to act independently , , After the Seven Years War, Britain imposed the STAMP ACT and other taxes in an effort to cover its expenses , , Fighting between colonists and the British army began in April 1775 , , George Washington was commander in chief of the Continental Army , , On July 4, 1776, the SECOND continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence , , Support from FRANCE, SPAIN and the Dutch Republic helped the colonists win the American Revolution

The British ended the war after their defeat at YORKTOWN in 1781 , , In 1783, the Treaty of Paris recognized the Colonies' independence , , The American Gov't was shaped by the experience of oppression and by Enlightenment ideals , , The ARTICLES of Confederation created an excessively WEAK central government , , The Constitutional Convention of 1787 created a FEDERAL system in which the national and state gov't shared power , , Using MONTESQUIEU ideas, the gov't was separated into 3 branches (executive, legislative, and JUDICIAL) , , The states later approved ten AMENDMENTS to the Constitution, known as the BILL OF RIGHTS , , The Bill of Rights derived from the concept of NATURAL rights proposed by JOHN LOCKE and the 18th century philosophes

The Columbian Exchange : From Europe, Africa, and Asia to the Americas= bananas , cattle, smallpox, horses, wheat, sugar cane, honey bees

The Columbian Exchange : From the Americas to Europe , Africa, and Asia= cocoa, corn, peanuts, potatoes, tobacco

What qualities did Michelangelo share with other artists and sculptors of Renaissance Italy? : they were both painters and sculptors , many different fields of curiosity , scientist, inventor, artist , , , How was Michelangelo influenced by humanisms? : he painted more realistically , , , Ideas changed during the Renaissance in many ways. First off, ppl started encouraging Greek and Roman liberal studies, intellectual pursuits, and started focusing on human kind. When ppl started bettering themselves, it changed society. Society became more urban, expanding trade greatly. Ppl put less importance on human beings after death and more importance on human being on Earth. Art became more human-based. Secularism was a focus , , , creating fear = power

The Conquest of Mexico 1960ish , , , The Indian warriors, i know this because Bernal Diaz del Castillo said "their squadrons were so numerous that they covered the whole plain" , , , what weapons did Aztec use? Spanish? : The Aztec used cannons and bows, swords and spears of irons. The Spanish used muskets, crossbows, and swords , , , Aztec messengers thought that horses where deer as tall as the roof of a house because they had never previously seen them

European colonial EXPANSION helped produce a great increase in European trade, and this growth was a key step in the development of a world ECONOMY. , , , According to the theory of MERCANTILISM, which dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century, the PROSPERITY of a nation depends on a large supply of gold and silver , , , When the balance of trade between what a nation IMPORTS and what it exports is favorable, the goods exported are of GREATER value than those imported , , , Colonies were important as sources of raw materials and as MARKETS for exports of manufactured goods , , , The exchange of PLANTS and animals between Europe and THE AMERICANS significantly changed economic activity in both regions. , , , New food crops supported the growth of POPULATION and changed people's tastes

The DUTCH dominated the spice trade in the 17TH century , , , In the seventeenth century, the ENGLISH and the FRENCH established trading posts and forts in India , , , Plantations that were established in the Americas in the 1500s to grow SUGARCANE needed many laborers , , , As many as 10 million enslaved ppl from AFRICAN merchants in return for gold and other goods , , , Until the QUAKERS condemned it in the 1770s, slavery remained largely acceptable in Europe

How many ppl died during the Tarfing Rebellion? 20 MILLION , , What is the Imperial System? HAVING ONE RULER , , What does it mean to "Westernize"? MODERNIZE/ WESTERN TRADITIONS , , How was Ghandi and Sun yet-sen alike? AGAINST IMPERIAL POWERS , REVOLUTIONARIES, SUCCESFFUL , , Why did Sun Yet-sen start a rebellion? QING DYNASTY WEAK AND COORUPT, CI XI SPENT GOV'T MONEY ON HERSELF, OTHER OCUNTRIES, IMPERIALISM, OPIUM WAR , ,

The marriage didn't count unless it was be a Christian priest? MEN CAN COME INTO YOUR HOUSE , FINGER PRINT IDENTIFICATION , , Why is non-violent civil disobedience effective? PROVOKES RESPONSE, NOT ANGER , , Why does G now want the English to leave? THERES MORE INDIANS, MILLIONS DIED, THE MASSACRE , , Why salt? THE GREAT SALT MARCH , IT'S ILLEGAL TO MAKE IT , CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE , BRITISH CURRENTLY CONTROL IT , HE'S GOING TO THE SEA AND MAKING SALT

Fidel Castro ; Why do you think American attempts to depose Castro were unsuccessful? BECAUSE EVERYONE ELSE LOVED HIM , THEY PROTECTED HIM , , As dictator, Castro frequently appeared in public in military clothing. HE WAS ONE OF THEM, HAS BACKING OF MILITARY,SYMPATHIZED=WITH SOLDIERS

The political reforms in Japan were modeled after the WESTERN model , , Propaganda= spread of info/ideas with purpose of influencing feeling/actions *uncle Sam *we can do it , , Name 2 significant events from 1917 -Russian Revolution begins -US enters WWI

What were the 3 estates in French society? : Clergy, nobility, peasants/middle-class , , , What was the immediate cause of the French Revolution : Social conditions and enlightenment ideas formed the background of the French Revolution. The immediate cause of the French Revolution was the near collapse of the French budget , , , Who formed the National Assembly and why? : The third estate bloody declared that it was the national assembly, demanded each deputy have one vote , , , What happened on July 14, 1789? : About 900 Parisians gathered in the courtyard of Bastille, stormed and fought for hours until wardens surrendered , , , What was the Great Fear? : Peasant rebellion's breaking into houses of the lords to destroy records of their obligations , , , What document, passed by the National Assembly, guaranteed men basic liberties? : The Declaration of the rights of men and the Citizen , , , Why did the revolutionaries want to reform the Catholic Church? : Under the old regime, the Catholic Church had been an important pillar of the older order. the revolutionaries felt they had to reform it , , , How did actions of Paris Commune move the French Revolution to a more radical stage? : Members of the new Paris commune took the King Captive, they forced the legislative assembly to suspend the monarchy and to call for a national convention , , , Who were the Sans-culottes? : Often depicted as poor weakens, but many were merchants/artisans the cite of their neighborhoods

The French Revolution and Napoleon ; According to Philippe Paul Segur, what did Napoleon rely on, even though he knew his situation was desperate? : Napoleon ruled on hope and his will , , , In the excerpt, does Segur seem to admire Napoleon's attitude, or does he suggest that the emperor was taking refuge in an illusion? : He suggests the emperor was taking refuge in an illusion , , , What are 2 of the vivid details that Jean-Roch Coignet uses to convey the desperate situation of the army? , , , The French Revolution and Napoleon ; Do you think the nickname "Iron Duke" portrays Wellington in a positive or negative light? : A positive light because it focuses on the fights he won , , The elements are that he was a good soldier who also cared for his ppl , , , Why do you think Metternich wanted to return to the old Europe? : Because he wanted a balance of power, less fighting, more organized, , Why was necessary to coordinate foreign policy in order to return Europe to it's pre-revolutionary state? : To balance out the power among European nations , to prevent revolution

Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan = few people are rich but more are poor. Many want to go back to traditional Islam/ Some are willing to use violence to bring about an Islamic revolution

The Iranian Revolution = Reza Shah Pahlavi and revenue from oil helped make Iran a rich country. Iran and US were allies in 1950s and 1960s. 1979 the Shah's gov't collapsed and was replaced by an Islamic republic

The Iran-Iraq War = certain parts of Iran were extremely hostile - due to religious differences. Iran and Iraq fought often. Children used to clear minefields. 1988, they signed a ceasefire without resolving the war's basic issues

The Persian Gulf War = August 1990, Saddam Hussein sent troops across border to seize Kuwaiti Invasion began in Gulf War. Didn't overthrow Saddam Hussein

The Mideast Crisis = in Middle East, as in Asia and Africa, a number of new nations emerged after WWII. Syria and Lebanon gained their independence just before the end of the war. These new states were predominantly Muslim

The Question of Palestine = Many Jews immigrated to the Palestine Mandate. Tension intensified, and Jews were rejected to have independent state. Many shocked to find out about the killing of 6 million Jews

Analyzing Symbols in Art ; What visual features do the two images of Louis XIV have in common? His head has "sunshine" around, depicting himself as the sun God , , , What impression of Louis XIV are these symbols meant to convey? : It's showing that he is the sun God and he has all the power , he is in full control , only he can control this power, sun god who is part of the Greek-Roman pantheon. Represents sun, light, or civilization and culture. , , , How do these images of Louis XIV communicate the concepts of absolutism and the divine right of kings? : It shows that he has all of the power and controls everyone/everything

The Spanish Armada was defeated by England because ENGLISH SHIPS WERE FASTER , , , The divine right of kings means that a monarch RECEIVES POWER FROM GOD , , , French King Louis XIV is most significant in history FOR PRESENTING HIMSELF AS THE SUN GOD APOLLO , , , An absolute monarch is a rule who ESTABLISHES A LAVISH COURT LIFE , , , John Locke's theory of natural rights IS THE BASIS OF DEMOCRACY

Intifada= uprising, militant movement that arose during the 1980s among supporters of the Palestine Liberation Organization living in Israel , , , Goal of the Pan-Africans was to unite all black Africans regardless of national boundaries

Why is cubism considered abstract art? BECAUSE IT'S NOT EXACT, NOT SOLID, JUST A BUNCH OF LINES , , Protectorate= A POLITICAL UNIT THAT DEPENDS ON ANOTHER GOV'T FOR ITS PROTECTION

Define "Federal System" : A form of gov't in which power is shared between the national and state gov't , , , What was "enlightened" about the Enlightenment? : The new ideas, more power for the ppl , , , What is an amendment? : An alteration proposed or effected by parliamentary or constitutional procedure , , , Name the Austrian ruler who implemented Enlighten reforms : Joseph II

Three concepts through Fr. Rev new order : Enlightenment, individualism , representatives , , one way the declaration of the rights of man reflected enlightenment : ppl entitled to certain rights , , , Why did political clubs believe the king should be executed? : To ensure he was not a rallying point for opponents of the Republic , , , Why did the convention pursue a policy of de-Christianization? : They thought the religion encouraged superstition, rather than the use of reason , , , Who was Marie Antoinette? : Queen of France (she lost her head)

How did European expansion create the first global economic system? : The movement of goods, ppl, and ideas that led to a world economy, such as the millions of enslaved Africans, import and export of plants and animals , , , Social classes in colonial Latin America were based on STATUS , , , PENINSULARES Spanish and Portuguese officials born in Europe, were the highest social class and maintained power in colonial Latin America , , , CREOLES were Europeans born in Latin America and their descendants. Several MULTIRACIAL groups were beneath the CREOLES and the peninsulares , , , Many social groups, such as the MESITIZES and MULATTOES, emerged as a result of the intermarriage btw Europeans and Native Americans or Africans , , , The Portuguese and Spanish increased their wealth by removing natural resources like GOLD and SILVER from Latin American land

Through the ENCOMIENDA system, Spanish landowners forced Native Americans to pay taxed and provide LABOR , , , In Peru, through a system known as the MITA, authorities could DRAFT native ppls to work in silver mines , , , Portuguese and Spanish monarchies appointed governor-generals, or VICEROYS, to help their colonies in Latin America , , , Determined to CHRISTANIZE the native ppls, Catholic MISSIONARIES throughout the Spanish Empire brought Native Americans together into missions , , , With the establishment of convents, women had an outlet other than marriage; they could become NUNS

Military and economic missteps during World War I led the Russian ppl to grow more and more upset with the CZARIST regime , , NICHOLAS II reluctantly stepped down on March 15, 1917, ending the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty. The DUMA had established a temporary government only three days earlier , , The authority of the new provisional gov't was soon challenged by the SOVIETS, councils of representatives from the workers and SOLDIERS , , Under the leadership of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, also known as V.I. LENIN , the BOLSHEVIKS became dedicated to violent revolution to destroy the capitalist system , , Bolsheviks promised to end the war, redistribute land to all the peasants, and transfer factories from CAPITALISTS to committees of WORKERS , , Bolshevik forces overthrew the provisional gov't during the night of NOVEMBER 6, 1917

To keep a promise of peace, Lenin signed the TRETY OF BREST-LITOVSKI , ending Russia's involvement in the Great War but giving up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland and the Baltic provinces , , Anti-Communist forces, with aid from the Allies, fought Communists on many fronts between the years 1918 and 1921 , , By 1921, the majority of anti-Communist forces had been defeated; the communists had retaken Georgia and gained control of gov't in RUSSIAN ARMENIA, GEORGIA, and AZERBAIJAN , , The Communists triumphed over OVERWHELMING forces because of a well-disciplined fighting force, a single-minded sense of purpose, REVOLUTIONARY zeal, and strong convictions , , A secret police, known as the CHEKA, began a RED TERROR, whose aim was to destroy all those opposed to the new regime and keep anti-Communist forces from gaining ground within Russia

Caravel= small, fast, maneuverable ship that had a large cargo hold and usually 3 masts with lateen sails, invented by Portuguese , , , Colony= a settlement of ppl living in a new territory, linked with the parent counrty by trade and direct gov't control , , , Lateen sail= triangular sails taken from Arab designs, which allowed it to sail against the wind , , , Gyres= spiraling currents in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans that are the result of global winds and other forces , , , Trade winds= winds blowing south and west in the north Atlantic , , , Westerlies= winds blowing from west to east

Treaty of Tordesillas= 1494 divided areas of exploration in the Americas btw Spain and Portugal , , , Conquistador= leader in the Spanish conquest of the Americas , , , Tenochtitlan= Capital for the Aztec civilization, located in present day Mexico City , , , Moluccas= the Spice islands, located on the Malay Peninsula, present day Malaysia , , , Mercantilism= set of principles that diminished economic thought in the seventeenth century ; it held that prosperity of a Malayan depended on a large supply of gold and silver "commercialism" way to make money through trade

Conscription= military draft , , Mobilization= process of assembling troops/supplies for war , , Propaganda= ideas spread to influence public opinion

Trench Warfare= fighting from ditches protected with barbed wire , , War of Attrition= war based on wearing down other side , , Planned Economy= economic system directed by gov't agencies

The Restoration= a bringing back to a former position or condition - after the death of Cromwell, army restored the Stuarts to the Monarchy, but with less power , , , Glorious Revolution 1688-1689= almost no bloodshed, issue was not if there would be a monarchy but who would be the monarch , , , English Bill of Rights= set forth Parliament's right to make laws and to levy taxes, helped create a system of gov't based on the rule of law and a freely elected Parliament , , , Leviathan= political work, try to deal with problems of disorder , publication by Thomas Hobbs that addressed the problem of disorder, solution was a state governed by an absolute ruler (believed humans were not guided by reason, but by ruthless self-preservation, so to save them from destroying themselves the needed gov't more like legalism) , , , Thirty Years War 1618 to 1648= began in Bohemia btw Hapsburg Catholics of the holy Roman Empire and Calvinist Protestants. Most major powers (excluding England were eventually drew states at center of destruction

Two Treatises of Government= published in 1690, John Locke, argued against the absolute rule of one person , , , Toleration Act of 1689= granted Puritans, but not Catholics, the right of free public worship , , , Absolutism= a political system in which a ruler holds total power , , , Versailles= Royal court that Louis established, royal counsel was personal household of King, Chief offices of the state were located here, Versailles was the place powerful subjects came to find favors and officers for themselves , , , Czar= Russian for Casear; the title used by Russian emperors , , , Boyar= a Russian noble , , , Table of Ranks= Peter the Great 1672-1725 protected interests of Russia's ruling class by creating this, modified the status of nobility

Martin Luther 1483-1546 ; What events led Luther to write the Ninety-five Theses? : Corrupt Popes and the realization that paying off your sins wasn't right , , , Why would Luther's beliefs and calls for reform spark wars? : The Church would lose money and power , ppl do not like change or admitting they're wrong , , , Explain why Martin Luther was outraged by the marketing of indulgences by the Catholic Church? : He was outrage because no where in the bible or anywhere else did it actually say to do this. He realized the church just wanted money , , , What actions did Luther take in response to the Church's actions? : He wrote 95 theses-arguments against indulgences , , ,

Ulrich Zwingli ; How were Zwingli and Luther alike? : They both believed the scripture were the highest authority on religions truth, not Catholic tradition nor the Pope. They interpreted the Christian sacrament of communion. Luther wouldn't recognize the Swiss movement as true reform. , , , Why did the lack of Luther's support prove detrimental to the Swiss Protestant Reformation? : Luther lead the change of the Reformation and he didn't believe in this so none of his followers did

Mercenary= soldiers who primarily fought for money , , Secular= not connected to religion/church , , Burghers= members of the middle class, lived in city/town, these ppl were normally shopkeepers, artisans, guild messier, and guild members, leaders , , Dowry= sum of money that the wives family gave to the husband upon marriage , , Humanism= intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of the humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, history

Vernacular= language of everyday speech in a particular religion , , Florence= city in central Italy where artistic/intellectual life of the city flourished (de Medici) , , Fresco= painting on fresh, wet plaster with water based paints , , Perspective= artistic techniques used to give the effect of 3D depth to 2D surfaces , , Renaissance = rebirthed

How do modern US society and gov't reflect Voltaire's ideas? : Organized religion, world through reason, everyone needed solid grasp of science and act , separation of church and state , , , Voltaire was most drawn to democracy

What are some examples of Diderot's forward-thinking approach? : Braille, initiative, he was hired to translate Encyclopedia but also inserted original articles , , , Do you think most gov't leaders in France supported or opposed Diderot? : I think most ppl did not support him, because he didn't think they should have a lot of power

Great Britain= 2 party parliamentary system (party with greatest representation forms the gov't) leader=prime minister , , France= third republic gained republican constitution, president and 2 house legislature (upper house, lower house) , , Germany= two house legislature, Emperor , , Austria-Hungary= dual monarch, parliamentary system, ministerial responsibility , , Russia= Nicholas II< absolute power of Czar , , Heliocentric= sun is center , , Geocentric= earth is center

What do the country names tell you about democracy in Europe in 1871? EMPIRES EXCEPT FOR ITALY WERE A KINGDOM , , How did Italy's gov't in the 1870s compare to Great Britain's? THE LOWER HOUSE WAS ELECTED , MINISTERS OF GOV'T WERE RESPONSIBLE NOT TO PARLIAMENT BUT THE EMPEROR , CHANCELLOR BISMARCK WORKED TO KEEP GERMANY FROM BECOMING DEMOCRATIC

The Suez Canal Crisis ; What economic factors prompted Nasser to nationalize the Suez Canal in 1956? : HIS PREDICTION THAT EGYPT WOULD PAY FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ASUAN HIGH DAM . THE WORLD BANK PROMISED TO LEND MONEY , , , Empress Ci Xi ; How did Ci Xi acquire and maintain power in a political system dominated by men? CI XI WAS APPOINTED REGENT WHEN HER SON BECAME EMPEROR AT 6 YEARS OLD. AFTER HIS DEATH, HER 3 YEAR OLD NEPHEW BECAME EMPEROR WHOM SHE RULED FOR , , , Why might Ci XI have consented to reform after her return to Beijing in 1902 BECAUSE SHE REALIZED CHANGE WAS NEEDED , , What role did Ci Xi play in the decline of the Qing dynasty? SHE WAS THE SUBORDINATE WIFE/LOW LEVEL CONCUBINE TO THE EMPEROR

What is the goal of the Apartheid system? : SEPERATE WHITES FROM NON-WHITES , SEPERATE NON-WHITES FROM EACH OTHER , SEGREGATION , , Who is Myanmar prodemocracy leader? AUNG SAN SUU KYI , , Why is Aung Kyi being criticized? FOR NOT DOING ENOUGH

What is the triangle trade route? : A path between Europe. Asia, and Africa. It's in the shape of a triangle and used for trade. , , , Describe group that was at the top of the social class in Latin America? : Peninsularlies- born in Europe , , , Name 2 goals of Missionaries? : Christianize the ppl , teach them how to work , control Native Americans , make calm subjects , , , Who benefited most from first global economic system and who lost most? : Europeans benefited the most, Africans/Natives lost the most

What was the condition of Spain by end of Phillips reign in 1598? : Spain was bankrupt and weaker than other countries , , , What was the most likely reason for the disputes of the "Peace of Augsburg" in 1555? : Religion, the peace settlement had not recognized Calvinism , , , Why was the "Most Catholic King" fitting for Philip II? : He had way more power in catholic church than anyone else , mission to save Spain from the protestants

provide evidence that there was a burst of intellectual and artistic activity during high middle ages : Universities and the use of reason to develop new ways of thought in theology. Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals , , , List 5 developed civilizations that emerged in North America : Inuit, Mound Builders, Anasazi, Plains Amerindians, and Iroquois , , , How were the Maya and Aztec civilizations similar? : Temple complexes, pyramids, and palaces. Polytheistic and practiced human sacrifice. Central America

Why so few similarities btw the American and European civilizations? : The societies in the Americas developed independently and from their counterparts in the rest of the world , , , First European explores described their cities as :the equal of any found in Spain" , , , What European technology allowed Europeans to dominate Americans? : Firearms

When was Neolithic Revolution and why was it revolutionary? : Around 10,000bc. This was revolutionary because ppl were now able to live better and easier. They planted seeds, therefor having a regular supply of food. They had a steady source of meat, milk, and fiber throughout the domestication of animals. Lastly, they had clothing due to the fiber. This caused settlements and a dependable surplus! Their populations began to grow. , , , Define 'civilization' including the six basic characteristics : A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements. The six basic characteristics are cities, gov't, religion, social structure, writing, and art. , , , Where and when did the first civilizations emerge? : The first civilizations emerged around 3000bc in the river valley of Mesopotamia, Egypt. , , , The first civilizations struggled with fundamental concerns that humans continue to ponder today, what are three of them? : The first civilizations struggled with three fundamental problems that humans continue to ponder today which are: the nature of human relationships, the nature of the universe, and the role of drive forces in the universe.

When and where did the early civilization emerge in India? : Early civilizations in India emerged in river valleys around 3000bc and 1500bc (India River Valley) , , , Explain the caste system in India, and then make clear how Hinduism justified it : The caste system is a system in which ppl were clearly divided into distinct classes. With it's belief of reincarnation , Hinduism provided justification for the rigid caste system of India, based on karma. , , , What are the two major philosophies that began in India? : Hinduism and Buddhism , , , , The Mauryan Empire which lasted between 324bc until 183bc and then the Gupta empire lasted from 320ad until the invasion of the Hans. , , , Asoka ruled the Mauryan Empire from 269bc until 232bc , , , Explain the "mandate of heaven" : The mandate of heaven was a claim by Chinese Kings of the Zhou dynasty that they had direct authority from Heaven to rule and keep order in the universe

What factors contributed to the emergence and success of the Byzantine Empire? : Grew out of empire, remained rich thanks to trade - Eastern Western Europe goes downhill , , , What were some of the challenges to European society in the 14th century? : The black death (1/3 population dead) , decline in trade, decline in industry, constant warfare, instable, church declined in power, had 2 popes , , , What new political system began with disintegration of Carolingian Empire and put power into the hands of many different noblemen? : Feudalism , , , How might it have been interpreted that religious figures died from the plague? : Weakened ppls faith in church , church lost followers

When did civilizations first appear in the Americas? : 500bc - farming evidence , , , What civilizations flourished in Central and South America before the arrival of Europeans? : Central and South America= Olmec is the first known Mesoamerican civilization, around 1200bc , Olmec "heads" ballgame , Maya and Aztec , Inca in south America in the Andes mountain , , , What happened to end the Maya and Aztec civilizations? : Mayans collapsed, around 9th century , Aztecs were invaded by Spanish invaders in 16th century

In the 1830s, forces of change challenged the conservatism of European monarchs , , Who overthrew Charles X in France in 1830, and what kind of gov't was established? : LIBERALS OVERTHREW CHARLES, ESTABLISHING A CONSTITUTION MONARCHY , , Where did three other revolutions take place in 1830, and what was a common cause of all of them? : BELGIUM, ITALY, AND POLAND (EUROPE). NATIONALISM WAS THE COMMON CAUSE OF ALL OF THEM , , The forces of liberalism and nationalism influenced the revolutions in 1848 , , Why did opposition to the gov't of Louis-Philippe in France grow? : SEVERE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS BROUGHT HARDSHIPS TO FRANCE TO THE MIDDLE CLASS, WORKER, AND PEASANT. MIDDLE CLASS WANTED THE RIGHT TO VOTE , , Who set up France's provisional gov't? What changes did the provisional gov't make? : A GROUP OF MODERATE AND RADICAL REPUBLICANS SET UP A PROVISIONAL GOV'T. THEY WANTED FRANCE TO BE A REPUBLIC. THE PROVISIONAL GOV'T CALLED FOR THE ELECTION OF REPRESENTATIONS TO CONSTITUEANT ASSEMBLY THAT WOULD DRAW UP A NEW CONSTITUTION

When was the French Second Republic set up, and how were legislators elected? : NOVEMBER 4, 1848, THE SECOND REPUBLIC HAD A SINGLE LEGISLATURE ELECTED BY UNIVERSAL MALE SUFFRAGE , , What was the goal of the Frankfurt Assembly? : `THEY PROPOSED A CONSTITUTION PROVIDED FOR A GERMAN STATE WITH A PARLIAMENTARY GOV'T AND A HEREDITARY EMPEROR RULING UNDER A LIMITED MONARCHY , , How did the Austrian empire respond to revolts and demonstrations in the empire? : THE EMPIRE WANTED TO DEFECT THE CZECH REBELS , , What problems plagued popular revolts against conservative rule in Europe? : THROUGH OUT EUROPE IN 1848, POPULAR REVOLTS STARTED OPHEAVALS THAT LEAD TO LIBERAL CONSTITUTIONS AND LIBERAL GOV'TS , NATIONALITIES EVERYWHERE HAS REVOLLED IN PURSUIT OF SELF GOV'T

Who was Marco Polo, and why was he important? : He was an official of the Mongol ruler, he wrote stories of his journey , he was important because ppl found his books that he wrote and helped them gain more knowledge , , , What did Europeans hope to accomplish on their voyages? : Europeans hoped to expand trade for spices, which yielded large profits; to find precuneus metals; and to convert any ppl they encountered to Christianity , , , How were the explorer able to travel such great distances? : New, faster ships called caravels, use of astrolabe and magnetic compass, knowledge of wind patterns made long voyages possible , , , Who were 2 important explorers for Portugal, and what did they accomplish? : Bartholomew Dias reached the Caps of Good Hope. Vasco de Gama sailed around the tip of Africa to reach India. Afonso de Albuquerque established a part, , , Who were 2 important explorers for Spain and what did they accomplish? : Columbus reached all the major Caribbean islands and central America. Ma-gellan is remembered for being the first to sail completely around the globe

Who was Francisco Pizarro and what did he do? : Francisco Pizarro was a Spanish explorer who established a new capital at Lima after the conquest of the Inca in Peru. , , , Why did the Dutch form the West India Company? : The Dutch formed the company to search for new source of wealth and trade opportunities, they wanted to challenge Portugal and Spain for colonial dominance and become less dependent on them , , , Where in North America did the French and the English settle? : The French settled in an area that is now part of Canada and in Louisiana. The English established successful colonies along the eastern seaboard of North America , , , How did European exploration affect European nations politically and economically? : Conquest, competition, and trade led to significant economic and political growth. Portugal took control of the spies trade, the Spanish conquered the Aztec and the Inca. The Dutch, French and English explored and settled in North America

What is nationalism? : The unique cultural identity of ppl based common language religion, and national symbols , , , Identify 2 rights in the Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) : Preserved equality of all citizens, right of individual choose to own profession , , , What was the "principle of intervention"? : Idea that the great powers have the right to use military force to restore order in countries; threatened by revaluation , , , What is a "constitution"? : A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organizations is acknowledge to be governed

Who was Great Britain's longest reigning monarch, and when did they rule? : Queen Victoria 1837-1901 , , , Define "fair trade" : trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries , , , How does images portray possibly living conditions for Russian peasants? : They look dirty, cold, sad, miserable , possibly coming from work , wide range of ages

Mannerism= an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation , , , Baroque= an artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements , , , The Globe= circular, unroofed structure holding 3,000 ppl, admission charge of one or two pennies enabled even lower class to attend performances , , , Don Quixote= work of Miguel de Cervantes, hailed as one of the greatest literary works of all time, leaves readers with the conviction that both visionary dreams and the hard work of reality are necessary to the human condition

William III and Mary II ; How did William and Mary become English Monarchs? : Parliament invited them, needed her to overthrow her dad and they wanted her to rule , , , The Bill of Rights also barred Roman Catholics from the throne. Why might this measure have been put into place? : Because Catholics were very harsh on protestants, James II had young Catholic Prince , , , Oliver Cromwell; What role did Oliver Cromwell play in the dissolution of the monarchy? : He was a leader, led Parliament against the King. Dissolved County of Lord and made himself dictator , , , What role did religion play in Cromwell's life? : He was Protestant, believed in separation of church and state, pushed protestant ideas

Columbian exchange impact on Native Americans : Europeans gave small pox and measles , forced labor, diseases, didn't build up their natural immunity , , ,Europeans; overseas expansion and conflict, growth of trade market , , , Africans: forced labor, slave trade exploded- almost 10 million taken , , , Europeans brought over new foods

With the capture of Tenochtitlan the Spanish empire was able to expand throughout the Aztec lands , , , Spain became Europe's greatest power because of the wealth they obtained from gold and silver