Hinkle Ch 30 405B
A client with acute myeloid leukemia has a fever. What pathophysiological process does the nurse recognize is the cause of the client's fever? Pancytopenia Thrombocytopenia Anemia Neutropenia
Neutropenia Explanation: Fever and infection result from a decrease in neutrophils (neutropenia). Decreased red blood cells (anemia) cause weakness, fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and pallor in AML. Pancytopenia, an overall decrease in all blood components, is not cause of fever in clients with AML. Decreased platelet count (thrombocytopenia) causes petechiae and bruising in AML.
Clients with multiple myeloma have abnormal plasma cells that proliferate in the bone marrow where they release osteoclast-activating factor, resulting in the formation of osteoclasts. What is the most common complication of the pathology resulting from this process? Pathologic fractures Osteoporosis Calcified bones Increased mobility
Pathologic fractures Explanation: Osteoclasts are cells that break down and remove bone cells, which results in increased blood calcium and pathologic fractures.
A nurse is assessing a client with multiple myeloma. Due to this condition, what will this client be at risk for? chronic liver failure. acute heart failure. pathologic bone fractures. hypoxemia.
pathologic bone fractures. Explanation: Clients with multiple myeloma are at risk for pathologic bone fractures secondary to diffuse osteoporosis and osteolytic lesions. Also, clients are at risk for renal failure secondary to myeloma proteins by causing renal tubular obstruction. Liver failure and heart failure aren't usually sequelae of multiple myeloma. Hypoxemia isn't usually related to multiple myeloma.
The nurse suspects that a client has multiple myeloma based on the client's major presenting symptom and the analysis of laboratory results. What classic symptom for multiple myeloma does the nurse assess for? Debilitating fatigue Bone pain in the back of the ribs Gradual muscle paralysis Severe thrombocytopenia
Bone pain in the back of the ribs Explanation: Although patients can have asymptomatic bone involvement, the most common presenting symptom of multiple myeloma is bone pain, usually in the back or ribs. Unlike arthritic pain, the bone pain associated with myeloma increases with movement and decreases with rest; clients may report that they have less pain on awakening but the pain intensity increases during the day.
The nurse is administering packed red blood cell (RBC) transfusions for a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The patient has had several transfusions and is likely to receive several more. What is a priority for the nurse to monitor related to the transfusions? Creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels Iron levels Magnesium levels Potassium levels
Iron levels Explanation: For most patients with MDS, transfusions of RBCs may be required to control the anemia and its symptoms. These patients can develop iron overload from the repeated transfusions; this risk can be diminished with prompt initiation of chelation therapy (see following Nursing Management section).
A client is newly diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma. The nurse understands that the client's treatment will be based on what concept? Histology of tissue Staging of disease Involvement of lymph nodes Total blood cell count
Staging of disease Explanation: Treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma is based on the stage of the disease, not the histology of tissue, involvement of lymph nodes, or total blood cell count.
A nurse is caring for a client with multiple myeloma. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate for this client? Monitoring respiratory status Balancing rest and activity Restricting fluid intake Preventing bone injury
Preventing bone injury Explanation: When caring for a client with multiple myeloma, the nurse should focus on relieving pain, preventing bone injury and infection, and maintaining hydration. Monitoring respiratory status and balancing rest and activity are appropriate interventions for any client. To prevent such complications as pyelonephritis and renal calculi, the nurse should keep the client well hydrated — not restrict fluid intake.
A nurse cares for a client with early Hodgkin lymphoma. While assessing the client, the nurse will most likely find painless enlargement of which lymph node? Axillary Cervical Inguinal Popliteal
Cervical Explanation: Non painful swelling of the cervical lymph nodes is the earliest symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma.
The nurse is teaching a client about the development of leukemia. What statement should be included in the teaching plan? "Acute leukemia develops slowly." "Chronic leukemia develops slowly." "In chronic leukemia, the minority of leukocytes are mature." "In acute leukemia there are not many undifferentiated cells."
"Chronic leukemia develops slowly." Explanation: Chronic leukemia develops slowly, and the majority of leukocytes produced are mature. Acute leukemia develops quickly and the majority of leukocytes are undifferentiated cells.
A nurse is teaching a client with multiple myeloma about the therapeutic benefits of radiation therapy. Which statements will the nurse include in the teaching? Select all that apply. "It helps to strengthen the bone." "It helps to decrease bone pain." "It decreases the bone malignancy." "It decreases excess calcium." "It helps to activate an immune response."
"It helps to strengthen the bone." "It helps to decrease bone pain." Explanation: Radiation therapy is useful in strengthening the bone at a specific lesion, particularly a bone at risk for fracture or spinal cord compression. It is also extremely useful in relieving bone pain. Radiation therapy is not effective in decreasing bone malignancy, decreasing excess calcium, or activating an immune response.
A client being treated for non-Hodgkin lymphoma asks the nurse why they need to be monitored for additional forms of leukemia. Which is the nurse's best response? "These screening are health promotion activities that apply to everyone." "You don't want to develop a second cancer, do you?" "You need to do this just to be on the safe side." "These are seen among survivors like yourself."
"These are seen among survivors like yourself." Explanation: Many lymphomas can be cured with current treatments. However, as survival rates increase, the incidence of secondary malignancies, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), also increases. Therefore, survivors should be screened regularly for the development of second malignancies. The nurse should encourage clients to reduce other factors that increase the risk of developing second cancers. The other options do not answer the client's question, and also seem insensitive to the client's question.
Which patient assessed by the nurse is most likely to develop myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)? A 24-year-old female taking oral contraceptives A 40-year-old patient with a history of hypertension A 52-year-old patient with acute kidney injury A 72-year-old patient with a history of cancer
A 72-year-old patient with a history of cancer Explanation: Primary MDS tends to be a disease of people older than 70 years. Because the initial findings are so subtle, the disease may not be diagnosed until later in the illness trajectory, if at all. Thus, the actual incidence of MDS is not known.
The clinic nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with leukopenia. What does the nurse know this client has? Too many erythrocytes A decrease in granulocytes A general reduction in all white blood cells A general reduction in neutrophils and basophils
A general reduction in all white blood cells Explanation: Leukopenia is a general reduction in all WBCs. Leukopenia does not have anything to do with erythrocytes.
The nurse is caring for a client with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with high uric acid levels. What medication does the nurse anticipate administering that will prevent crystallization of uric acid and stone formation? Allopurinol Filgrastim Hydroxyurea Asparaginase
Allopurinol Explanation: Massive leukemic cell destruction from chemotherapy results in the release of intracellular electrolytes and fluids into the systemic circulation. Increases in uric acid levels, potassium, and phosphate are seen; this process is referred to as tumor lysis (cell destruction) syndrome. The increased uric acid and phosphorus levels make the client vulnerable to renal stone formation and renal colic, which can progress to acute renal failure. Patients require a high fluid intake, and prophylaxis with allopurinol or rasburicase to prevent crystallization of uric acid and subsequent stone formation
A client with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) experiences frequent bacterial infections. Which medication will the nurse anticipate being prescribed for this client? Acyclovir Dasatinib Clotrimazole Asceniv
Asceniv Explanation: Virtually all clients with CLL have reduced levels of immunoglobulins, and bacterial infections are common, independent of treatment. Intravenous treatment with immunoglobulin (IVIG), such as ascenivc, may be given to clients with recurrent infection. Antivirals (acyclovir) and antifungals (clotrimazole) would be used if the client develops a viral or fungal infection. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (dasatinib) are targeted therapies to treat certain types of cancer, and not to treat bacterial infection.
A client with primary myelofibrosis is diagnosed with splenomegaly. Which medications will the nurse prepare teaching for this client? Select all that apply. Anagrelide Hydroxyurea Thalidomide Pomalidomide Interferon-alfa
Hydroxyurea Thalidomide Pomalidomide Explanation: Primary myelofibrosis is characterized by extramedullary hematopoiesis that involves the spleen causing splenomegaly. Pharmacologic agents can be used to diminish splenomegaly and include hydroxyurea, thalidomide, and pomalidomide. Anagrelide and interferon-alfa are not used to treat splenomegaly caused by primary myelofibrosis.
A client with polycythemia vera reports gouty arthritis symptoms in the toes and fingers. What is the nurse's best understanding of the pathophysiological reason for this symptom? The dead red blood cells release excess uric acid. The dead red blood cells occlude the small vessels in the joints. Excess red blood cells produce extracellular toxins that build up. Excess red blood cells cause vascular injury in the joints.
The dead red blood cells release excess uric acid. Explanation: There is a rapid proliferation of red blood cells from the marrow in polycythemia vera. However, these red blood cells die sooner than normal and the dead red blood cells release potassium and uric acid. This build up of uric acid in the blood leads to gouty arthritis symptoms.
The nurse in the oncology clinic is caring for a 42-year-old female client receiving chemotherapy with fludarabine for acute myeloid leukemia who has developed petechiae, epistaxis, and ecchymosis. Complete the following sentence by choosing from the lists of options. The nurse anticipates that the client has developed Select...hemorrhageinfectiondeep vein thrombosishyperkalemiaSelect...and that the laboratory results will reveal thrombocytopenia, leukocytes, thrombocytopenia, abnormal renal function tests
hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia
Which statement indicates the client understands teaching about induction therapy for leukemia? "I will start slowly with medication treatment." "I will need to come every week for treatment." "I will be in the hospital for several weeks." "I know I can never be cured."
"I will be in the hospital for several weeks." Explanation: Induction therapy involves high doses of several medications and the client is usually admitted to the hospital for several weeks. The treatment is started quickly and the goal is to cure or put the disease into remission.
A client is being evaluated for a diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). What diagnostic indicator will the nurse assess? An enlarged liver A leukocyte count >100,000/mm3 Lymphadenopathy Increased number of blast cells
A leukocyte count >100,000/mm3 Explanation: Although there is an increase in the production of blast cells and the client may have an enlarged liver and tender spleen, it is the high leukocyte count that is diagnostic. Lymphadenopathy is rare.
A client with AML has pale mucous membranes and bruises on the legs. What is the primary nursing intervention? Assess the client's skin. Assess the client's hemoglobin and platelets. Assess the client's pulse and blood pressure. Check the client's history.
Assess the client's hemoglobin and platelets. Explanation: Clients with AML may develop pallor from anemia and a tendency to bleed because of a low platelet count. Assessing the client's hemoglobin and platelets will help to determine whether this is the cause of the symptoms. This would be the priority above assessing pulses, blood pressure, history, or skin.
An elderly client is hospitalized for induction of chemotherapy to treat leukemia. The client reports fatigue to the nurse. What nursing intervention would best address the client's fatigue? Have the client maintain complete bedrest. Assist the client to sit in a chair for meals. Talk to the family about not visiting so the client can obtain rest. Provide sedentary activities only, such as watching television.
Assist the client to sit in a chair for meals. Explanation: Fatigue is a common symptom with clients who have leukemia. Despite the fatigue, clients still need to maintain some physical activity. An example of physical activity is having the client sit in a chair for meals. The nurse does not want to encourage complete bedrest or sedentary activities, such as watching television, due to possible deconditioning. The nurse has not discussed with the client about limiting family visits. The client may want some family to visit.
A client is being tested for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The nurse knows that which diagnostic test will be used as the hallmark for the diagnosis? Clotting factors Bone marrow analysis Complete blood count Alkaline phosphatase level
Bone marrow analysis Explanation: To confirm the diagnosis of AML, laboratory studies need to be performed. A bone marrow analysis shows an excess or more than 20% of blast cells which is the hallmark of the diagnosis. Clotting factors are not used to diagnose AML. The complete blood count (CBC) commonly shows a decrease in both erythrocytes and platelets but is not as specific as the bone marrow analysis. The alkaline phosphatase level measures a liver enzyme.
The nurse cares for a client with acute myeloid leukemia with severe bone pain. What pathophysiological concept does the nurse understand is the reason for the client's pain? Abnormal blood cells deposit in small vessels. Bone marrow expands. Lymph nodes expand. Abnormal blood cells crystalize.
Bone marrow expands. Explanation: In acute myeloid leukemia, bone pain is caused when the bone marrow expands.
The nurse is interacting with a family that has been caring for a client with cancer for several months. What are the best interventions to assist in relieving caregiver stress in this family? Select all that apply. Educate the family about medications and side effects. Allow family members to express feelings. Suggest support for household maintenance. Suggest the prescription of antianxiety medications. Suggest the family go to church more often.
Educate the family about medications and side effects. Allow family members to express feelings. Suggest support for household maintenance. Explanation: Family members benefit from increased education on what to expect. Allowing family members to express their feelings has also been shown to relieve stress. Supporting the caregiver and family with help in household duties will also help the overburdened family. Antianxiety medications and church attendance have not been shown to reduce caregiver stress.
A client who is being treated for AML has bruises on both legs. What is the nurse's most appropriate action? Ask the client whether they have recently fallen. Evaluate the client's INR. Keep the client on bed rest. Evaluate the client's platelet count.
Evaluate the client's platelet count. Explanation: Complications of AML include bleeding. The risk of bleeding correlates with the level and duration of platelet deficiency. Major hemorrhages may develop when the platelet count drops to less than 10,000/mm3. The bleeding is usually unrelated to falling. Keeping the client on bed rest will not prevent bleeding when the client has a low platelet count. Assessment for other areas of bleeding is also a priority intervention.
A nurse prepares a client for a bone marrow biopsy who is suspected of having acute myeloid leukemia. What results from the bone marrow biopsy does the nurse expect? Excess of immature leukocytes Excess of immature erythrocytes Deficiency of neutrophils Deficiency of erythrocytes
Excess of immature leukocytes Explanation: The bone marrow biopsy of a client with acute myeloid leukemia will reveal an excess of immature leukocytes.
A nurse is caring for a client with multiple myeloma. Which laboratory value is the nurse most likely to see? Hypercalcemia Hyperkalemia Hypernatremia Hypermagnesemia
Hypercalcemia Explanation: Calcium is released when bone is destroyed, causing hypercalcemia. Multiple myeloma doesn't affect potassium, sodium, or magnesium levels.
A nurse plans care for a client with multiple myeloma. Using the CRAB acronym for symptoms associated with this disease, which clinical features does the nurse expect to find upon assessment of the client? Select all that apply. Hypercalcemia Renal insufficiency Anemia Bone lesions Acidosis
Hypercalcemia Renal insufficiency Anemia Bone lesions Explanation: The acronym CRAB is used to describe the combined pathologic effects of multiple myeloma and include: calcium levels elevated (hypercalcemia), renal insufficiency, anemia, bone lesions. Acidosis is not part of the acronym used to describe the pathologic effects of the disease.
The nurse cares for an older adult client with unprovoked back pain and increased serum protein. Which hematologic neoplasm does the nurse suspect the client has? Chronic myeloid leukemia Multiple myeloma Hodgkin lymphoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Multiple myeloma Explanation: Any older adult with unprovoked or unexplained back pain and increased protein in the serum should be assessed for multiple myeloma. Bone pain occurs because of bone breakdown and the malignant cells of multiple myeloma increase the serum protein levels.
A client was admitted to the hospital with a pathologic pelvic fracture. The client informs the nurse that he has been having a strange pain in the pelvic area for a couple of weeks that was getting worse with activity prior to the fracture. What does the nurse suspect may be occurring based on these symptoms? Hemolytic anemia Polycythemia vera Leukemia Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma Explanation: The first symptom usually is vague pain in the pelvis, spine, or ribs. As the disease progresses, the pain becomes more severe and localized. The pain intensifies with activity and is relieved by rest. When tumors replace bone marrow, pathologic fractures develop. Hemolytic anemia does not result in pathologic fractures nor does polycythemia vera or leukemia.
The nurse is caring for a client with multiple myeloma. Why would it be important to assess this client for fractures? Osteopathic tumors destroy bone causing fractures. Osteoclasts break down bone cells so pathologic fractures occur. Osteolytic activating factor weakens bones producing fractures. Osteosarcomas form producing pathologic fractures.
Osteoclasts break down bone cells so pathologic fractures occur. Explanation: The abnormal plasma cells proliferate in the bone marrow, where they release osteoclast-activating factor. This, in turn, causes osteoclasts to break down bone cells, resulting in increased blood calcium and pathologic fractures. The plasma cells also form single or multiple osteolytic (bone-destroying) tumors that produce a "punched-out" or "honeycombed" appearance in bones such as the spine, ribs, skull, pelvis, femurs, clavicles, and scapulae. Weakened vertebrae lead to compression of the spine accompanied by significant pain. The other options are distractors for this question.
The nurse is performing an assessment on a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and observes multiple areas of ecchymosis and petechiae. What laboratory study should the nurse be concerned about? WBC count of 4,200 cells/uL Hematocrit of 38% Platelet count of 9,000/mm3 Creatinine level of 1.0 mg/dL
Platelet count of 9,000/mm3 Explanation: Complications of AML include bleeding and infection, which are the major causes of death. The risk of bleeding correlates with the level and duration of platelet deficiency (thrombocytopenia). The low platelet count can cause ecchymoses (bruises) and petechiae. Major hemorrhages also may develop when the platelet count drops to less than 10,000/mm3.
The nursing instructor is discussing disorders of the hematopoietic system with the pre-nursing pathophysiology class. What disease would the instructor list with a primary characteristic of erythrocytosis? Polycythemia vera Sickle cell disease Aplastic anemia Pernicious anemia
Polycythemia vera Explanation: Polycythemia vera is associated with a rapid proliferation of blood cells produced by the bone marrow. In sickle cell disease, HbS causes RBCs to assume a sickled shape under hypoxic conditions. Aplastic anemia has a deficiency of erythrocytes. The other options do not have the characteristics of erythrocytosis.
The nurse recognizes the clinical assessment of a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) includes observing for signs of infection early. What nursing action will most likely help prevent infection? Monitor the client's temperature every shift. Maintain contact precautions. Encourage increased fluid consumption. Practice vigilant handwashing.
Practice vigilant handwashing. Explanation: Infection prevention is best handled by vigilant handwashing. Monitoring the client's temperature once a shift is not often enough. The client will take precautions, but precautions are enough to prevent infections. Encouraging increased fluid consumption will not prevent infection.
Which term refers to a form of white blood cell involved in immune response? Granulocyte Lymphocyte Spherocyte Thrombocyte
Lymphocyte Explanation: Both B and T lymphocytes respond to exposure to antigens. Granulocytes include basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils. A spherocyte is a red blood cell without central pallor, seen with hemolysis. A thrombocyte is a platelet.
A patient is taking hydroxyurea for the treatment of primary myelofibrosis. While the patient is taking this medication, what will the nurse monitor to determine effectiveness? Leukocyte and platelet count Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels Hemoglobin and hematocrit
Leukocyte and platelet count Explanation: Hydroxyurea is often used in patients with primary myelofibrosis to control high leukocyte and platelet counts and to reduce the size of the spleen.
A patient with AML is having aggressive chemotherapy to attempt to achieve remission. The patient is aware that hospitalization will be necessary for several weeks. What type of therapy will the nurse explain that the patient will receive? Induction therapy Supportive therapy Antimicrobial therapy Standard therapy
Induction therapy Explanation: Despite advances in understanding of the biology of AML, substantive advances in treatment response rates and survival rates have not occurred for decades, with the exception of advances made in treating APL (see later discussion). Even for patients with subtypes that have not benefited from advances in treatment, cure is still possible. The overall objective of treatment is to achieve complete remission, in which there is no evidence of residual leukemia in the bone marrow. Attempts are made to achieve remission by the aggressive administration of chemotherapy, called induction therapy, which usually requires hospitalization for several weeks.
A client presents with peripheral neuropathy and hypoesthesia of the feet. What is the best nursing intervention? Elevate the client's legs. Encourage ambulation. Assess for signs of injury. Keep the feet cool.
Assess for signs of injury. Explanation: A client with hypoesthesia of the feet will have decreased sensation and numbness. The nurse should assess for signs of injury. If the client is injured, he or she will not be able to feel it; this could lead to the development of infection. Ambulation will not help the client, and elevating the legs may make the problem worse, as blood flow to the feet would be decreased. Keeping the feet cold will also decrease blood flow.
A client with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) receiving chemotherapy is treated for an acute renal injury. What is the nurse's best understanding of the pathophysiological reason behind the client's injury? The majority of the disease process occurs in the tissue of the kidneys. Chemotherapy causes an increase in kidney stone formation. Chemotherapy causes destruction of the nephrons in the kidney. The majority of the disease process occurs in the vessels of the kidneys.
Chemotherapy causes an increase in kidney stone formation. Explanation: Massive leukemic cell destruction from chemotherapy results in the release of intracellular electrolytes and fluids into the systemic circulation. This causes an increase in uric acid levels, potassium, and phosphate (also known as tumor lysis). The increase in uric acid predisposes the client to the development of kidney stones and increases the risk for renal injury.
A client with multiple myeloma reports uncomfortable muscle cramping. Which nursing interventions will the nurse implement in response to the client's report of symptoms? Select all that apply. Encourage hydration Encourage ambulation Warn client to avoid abrupt position change Warn client to avoid extremes in temperatures Encourage range of motion exercises
Encourage hydration Encourage ambulation Explanation: Muscle cramping can be alleviated or reduced by encouraging hydration and ambulation. Warning the client to avoid abrupt position change best supports the client with postural hypotension. Paresthesias (tingling) can best be mediated with range of motion exercises. Clients experiencing hypoesthesia should be warned to avoid extremes in temperatures.
Which term refers to an abnormal decrease in white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets? Pancytopenia Anemia Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia
Pancytopenia Explanation: Pancytopenia may be congenital or acquired. Anemia refers to decreased red cell mass. Leukopenia refers to a less-than-normal amount of WBCs in circulation. Thrombocytopenia refers to a lower-than-normal platelet count.
The nurse is assessing several clients. Which client does the nurse determine is most likely to have Hodgkin lymphoma? The client with painful lymph nodes under the arm. The client with painful lymph nodes in the groin. The client with enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. The client with a painful sore throat.
The client with enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. Explanation: Lymph node enlargement in Hodgkin lymphoma is not painful. The client with enlarged lymph nodes in the neck is most likely to have Hodgkin lymphoma if the enlarged nodes are painless. Sore throat is not a sign for this disorder.
When assessing a female client with a disorder of the hematopoietic or the lymphatic system, which assessment is most essential? Health history, such as bleeding, fatigue, or fainting Menstrual history Age and gender Lifestyle assessments, such as exercise routines
Health history, such as bleeding, fatigue, or fainting Explanation: When assessing a client with a disorder of the hematopoietic or the lymphatic system, it is essential to assess the client's health history. An assessment of drug history is essential because some antibiotics and cancer drugs contribute to hematopoietic dysfunction. Aspirin and anticoagulants may contribute to bleeding and interfere with clot formation. Because industrial materials, environmental toxins, and household products may affect blood-forming organs, the nurse needs to explore exposure to these agents. Age, gender, menstrual history, or lifestyle assessments, such as exercise routines and habits, do not directly affect the hematopoietic or lymphatic system.
A client has been diagnosed with polycythemia vera. What is the best instruction for the nurse to give to this client? Take a daily multivitamin with iron supplement Maintain adequate blood pressure control Drink alcohol to decrease blood viscosity Bath in tepid or cool water to control itching
Maintain adequate blood pressure control Explanation: The client with polycythemia vera needs to control blood pressure, because of the increased risk for thrombosis or hemorrhage. Iron supplements can stimulate red blood cell production. Ingestion of alcohol may cause bleeding. Bathing in cool or tepid water may control itching, but this is not as high a priority as preventing thrombosis or hemorrhage.