His 108 Test #2

What were the purposes of Liberty Bonds?

A Liberty bond was a war bond that was sold in the United States to support the Allied cause in World War I. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial securities to many citizens for the first time.

Treaty of Versailles

Based on revenge and territory acquisition Strict limits on Germany Forced Germany to pay reparations Devastated the German economy

Eleanor Roosevelt

Became the first modern first lady, using her position for the reform in civil rights, labor laws, and work relief. But organized feminism was absent in the 1930s.

African American's role in WWI

Blacks were able to serve in all branches of the Army except for the aviation units. The government made no provision for military training of black officers and soon created segregated training camps for that purpose. Disheartened, blacks protested against this discriminatory practice. The war sparked social changes that transformed American race relations. Increased war production and a sharp decline in European immigration made available thousands of industrial jobs to blacks for the first time, inspiring a mass migration from South to North. When the war began, 90 percent of American blacks lived in the South, and most northern cities had small black populations. Between 1910 and 1920, half a million blacks left the South, moving to large cities like New York and Chicago and smaller cities such as Akron, Buffalo, and Trenton. The desire for work and higher wages, education, an escape from the threat of violence, and the vote motivated African-Americans to migrate. Yet, these migrants encountered considerable disappointments, including limited employment opportunities, exclusion from unions, housing segregation, and outbreaks of violence.

Treaty of Paris

Ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies. In the terms of the treaty, France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there.

18th Amendment

Established the prohibition of alcohol in the United States.

Appeasement

Foreign policy of pacifying an aggrieved country through negotiation in order to prevent war.

Roosevelt Corollary

Held that the U.S. had the right to exercise "an international police power" in the Western Hemisphere - a significant expansion of Monroe's pledge to defend the hemisphere against European intervention. Intervention in Cuba and Dominican Republic Extension of the Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt feared that financial instability in the Americas simply invited European powers to intervene whenever they felt their investments were threatened. In 1904, Roosevelt invaded the Dominican Republic to ensure that its customs houses repaid debts to European and American investors. In 1906, he sent troops to Cuba to ensure stability after a disputed election; they stayed until 1909.

Events that sparked WWI

In June 1914, the assassination in Bosnia of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian empire, started a chain of events that engulfed Europe in the most devastating war the world had yet seen. European nations engaged in the scramble for colonies had entered into a series of alliances that sought military domination in Europe. Austria-Hungary soon declared war on Serbia. Because of the alliance system, Britain, France, Russia, and Japan soon found themselves at war with the Central Powers—Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman empire, which included modern-day Turkey and much of the Middle East.

Zimmerman Telegram

In March 1917, British spies intercepted and made public the Zimmermann Telegram, a message by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann calling on Mexico to join in a coming war against the United States and promising to help it recover territory lost in the Mexican War of 1846-1848.

Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare

In May 1916, Wilson's preparedness policy seemed to have worked, as Germany suspended submarine warfare against noncombatants, allowing Americans to trade and travel freely without requiring military action. Germany soon resumed its submarine warfare against ships sailing to or from Great Britain and sunk several American merchant ships, gambling that it could starve Britain into submission before America intervened militarily. Unrestricted submarine warfare was first introduced in World War I in early 1915, when Germany declared the area around the British Isles a war zone, in which all merchant ships, including those from neutral countries, would be attacked by the German navy. Germany launched submarine warfare against ships entering and leaving British ports. In May 1915, a German submarine sank the British liner Lusitania (which was carrying a large cache of arms) off the coast of Ireland, causing the death of 1,198 passengers, including 124 Americans.

The influence of the New Deal

In the short term, New Deal programs helped improve the lives of people suffering from the events of the depression. In the long run, New Deal programs set a precedent for the federal government to play a key role in the economic and social affairs of the nation. Roosevelt envisioned the New Deal as an alternative to socialism, fascism, and unregulated capitalism. He wanted to reconcile democracy, individual liberty, and economic planning. But he did not begin his first term as president with a full-fledged plan. He initially depended on a group of intellectuals and social workers who took key positions in his administration. They included Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, a veteran of Hull House and the New York Consumers' League; Harry Hopkins, who directed emergency relief during Roosevelt's term as New York's governor; Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, a veteran of Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive campaign of 1912; and Louis Brandeis, who had advised Woodrow Wilson in 1912 and now advised FDR while serving on the Supreme Court. Although these individuals represented the influence of Progressivism on Roosevelt and the New Deal, they had no unified position. Brandeis, for one, thought large corporations not only were too powerful but also had contributed to the Depression by keeping prices artificially high and limiting workers' purchasing power. He argued they should be broken up, not regulated. Yet, the "brains trust," a group of academics that included a number of Columbia University professors, thought bigness was inevitable in a modern economy. They believed the competitive marketplace had disappeared and that large firms should be managed and directed by the government, not broken up. Their view most decisively shaped what came to be known as the First New Deal. •Worldwide economic struggles •Stalin's 5-year plans •Hitler's terror •Japan invaded China •The Coming of the New Deal •Policy experiments 1st step: banking crisis •Declared "bank holiday" •Halted bank business to provide funds •Investigated all bank operations •5,000 banks failed (1929-1933) •FDIC is born

Executive Order 9066 and Japanese Internment Camps

Issued by President Franklin Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, this order authorized the evacuation of all persons deemed a threat to national security from the West Coast to relocation centers further inland. Inspired by exaggerated fears of a Japanese invasion of the West Coast and pressured whites who saw an opportunity to gain possession of Japanese-American property, the military persuaded FDR to issue Executive Order 9066. Promulgated in February 1942, this ordered the relocation of all persons of Japanese descent from the West Coast. Internment revealed how easily war can undermine basic freedoms. More than 100,000 Japanese-Americans were forcibly moved from their homes to internment camps during WWII.

One newspaper of the day declared that "the American citizen's first importance to his country is no longer that of a citizen but that of a consumer." Analyze the validity of that statement.

People had more time and money they were able to participate in leisure activities which sparked more spending and marketing to the consumer. Lastly, servants were being replaced with refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, and more ads.

Food and Drug Administration

Responsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation's food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation.

D-Day invasion

The D-Day operation of June 6, 1944 brought together the land, air and sea forces of the allied armies in what became known as the largest invasion force in human history. The operation, given the codename OVERLORD, delivered five naval assault divisions to the beaches of Normandy, France. By late August 1944, all of northern France had been liberated, marking the beginning of the liberation of western Europe from Nazi control. D-Day also served to convince the German High Command that their total defeat was now inevitable. D-Day Invasion on June 6, 1944 (200,000 American, British, and Canadian forces)

The Holocaust and the "Final Solution"

The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The Nazi policy of exterminating European Jews. Introduced by Heinrich Himmler and administered by Adolf Eichmann, the policy resulted in the murder of 6 million Jewish people in concentration camps between 1941 and 1945.

Open Door Policy (U.S. and China)

The Open Door policy was a statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900. It called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity.

Platt Amendment

The Platt Amendment outlined the role of the United States in Cuba and the Caribbean, limiting Cuba's right to make treaties with other nations and restricting Cuba in the conduct of foreign policy and commercial relations.

Compare the New Deal reforms with those of the Progressive era. How did the New Deal reflect the reform traditions of the Progressive era? Be sure to include in your answer a discussion about Roosevelt's key administrators.

The Progressive Era and the New Deal Era had a significant amount of similarities with policies and programs to reform the American society, improve lives and fight poverty in America. Both the Progressive and the New Deal Era's main goals were to improve the American society. Both the Progressive and New Deal's accomplishments were rooted from the economic depression and the need for change before the era, the Gilded Age in the 19th century for the Progressive era, and the Great Depression for the New Deal era. The New Deal and the Progressive Era had in common the promotion of a bigger federal government with more intervention in the economy notably. The New Deal introduced a great number of federal agencies which regulated many sectors of the economy whereas trusts were weakened during the Progressive Era.

Why is the Treaty of Versailles viewed as an unstable document? Did the Treaty of Versailles lead to future world conflicts? Why or why not?

The Treaty of Versailles is viewed as an unstable document because the Allies disagreed on how best to treat Germany. Germany also refused to accept the terms of reparations. Lastly, Germany's refusal to accept the "war-guilt" clause, led to growing German resentment and nationalism. The Treaty of Versailles lead to future world conflicts. This happened because other alliances got involved and angered Germany causing WWII.

World War II reshaped ideas about American nationality." Assess the validity of this statement by comparing the experiences of first-generation immigrants, second-generation immigrants, and blacks during World War II.

The beginning of the Second World War ended the economic depression. Many jobs werecreated and this gave minority groups a chance to earn a decent living working in differentsectors. However, racial tensions increased as more African Americans relocated from the southto the north in search of employment. There was a lot of discrimination of different minoritygroups during the war. Despite the availability of jobs, women and African Americans could onlywork in low paying service and menial jobs. Women often received lower pay compared to themen. Many women and black Americans were forced to leave their employment when the warwas over, so that the returning soldiers could get jobs. Unions were reluctant to enroll womenand African Americans. This denied them a chance to fight for their rights in terms of getting employment, good working conditions, equal chances of employment, or receiving a better pay.

Explain the principles behind the "League of Nations" and its pursuit of world peace. Was Woodrow Wilson responsible for the failure of the United States to join the League of Nations? Why or why not?

The founders of the League of Nations were desperate to avoid a repetition of the horrors of the Great War. The main aims of the organization included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy, and improving global welfare. The League of Nations was established at the end of World War I as an international peacekeeping organization. Although US President Woodrow Wilson was an enthusiastic proponent of the League, the United States did not officially join the League of Nations due to opposition from isolationists in Congress. Wilson was not responsible for the failure of the U.S. to join. The U.S. did not join due to opposition from isolationists in Congress.

19th Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

U.S. control of the Panama Canal

Theodore Roosevelt helped launch Panamanian uprising against Colombia. Panama Canal built by 1914. His first major action was engineering the separation of Panama from Colombia in order to build a canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In 1903, when Colombia refused to cede land for the canal, Roosevelt helped to launch an uprising in Panama, and he deployed American gunboats to prevent the Colombian army from suppressing it. Having secured Panamanian independence and a treaty giving the United States the right to construct and operate a canal and sovereignty over the Canal Zone, Roosevelt launched one of the greatest construction and engineering projects in history. "I took the Canal Zone," he later exclaimed. The project, finished in 1914, facilitated American and world trade by drastically cutting shipping times.

Why did the League of Nations fail?

There had to be unanimity for decisions that were taken. Unanimity made it really hard for the League to do anything. Britain and France not on board. The League suffered big time from the absence of major powers — Germany, Japan, Italy ultimately left — and the lack of U.S. participation. Many Americans feared that League membership would force the United States into open-ended commitments in the affairs of other nations. Wilson argued that the United States could not save the world without being continually involved with it. His opponents, led by Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, argued the League would limit America's freedom of action. Wilson refused to compromise, and in the midst of the League debate, he suffered a massive stroke that left him incapacitated.

What does it mean to be "Progressive"? Explain 3 progressive reforms under the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt and its impact on American civilians.

To be progressive means you like to come up with new ways of doing things and you're open to change. The Progressive Era was all about social and political form that aimed at making progress toward a better society. Three progressive reforms under the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt were he supported regulation of big business, started the conservation of natural resources, and did a "square deal" for ordinary people. The impact of these three reforms for American civilians is that they aimed at helping middle class citizens and protected businesses from the most extreme demands of organized labor. Theodore Roosevelt regulated railroad rates, and pure food and drugs for civilians.

Warren Harding's scandals during his Presidential Administration

To understand Harding's attitudes about government power and corruption, there's no better place to start than with Prohibition. In 1919, the Eighteenth Amendment was formally added to the US Constitution. It went into effect in January of 1920, before Harding was elected. Harding never seemed too concerned with the law. Throughout his presidency, he was known for hosting large poker tournaments amongst friends and political allies, where liquor was served readily and in great quantities. Bootleggers kept the White House supplied with high-quality, smuggled alcohol, and the president was rarely far from his drink.

Grover Cleveland

Was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897. Cleveland is the only president in American history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office.

William Jennings Bryan

Was an American orator and politician. Beginning in 1896, he emerged as a dominant force in the Democratic Party, running three times as the party's nominee for President of the United States in the 1896, 1900, and the 1908 elections. William Jennings Bryan gained renown as a gifted debater and magnetic orator in politics. The climax of his career was undoubtedly the 1896 presidential campaign. At the Democratic convention in Chicago, his "Cross of Gold" speech (July 8) won him the nomination at the age of 36. Bryan won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1890 and served until 1895, championing Populist causes such as the free coinage of silver, national income tax, and direct election of Senators.

Jeannette Rankin

Was an American politician and women's rights advocate, and the first woman to hold federal office in the United States. She was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Republican from Montana in 1916, and again in 1940.

William Taft

William Howard Taft was elected the 27th President of the United States (1909-1913) and later became the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921-1930), the only person to have served in both of these offices. He signed the first tariff revision since 1897; established a postal savings system; formed the Interstate Commerce Commission; and prosecuted over 75 antitrust violations, far more than pursued by the "trust- buster" Theodore Roosevelt. His reforms addressed the progressive goals of democracy, social welfare, and economic reform. Two of the major progressive achievements under President Taft were constitutional amendments. The Sixteenth Amendment was passed in 1909 and ratified in 1913. It gave Congress the power to create income taxes. President Taft sent Marines to Nicaragua to protect a government friendly to American economic interests, but he emphasized economic investment and loans from banks, rather than direct military intervention, as the best means to spread American influence. This policy, known as Dollar Diplomacy, took shape in Taft's efforts to shape the economies of Honduras, Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, and even Liberia.

Woodrow Wilson

Wilson's failure to gain a just peace at Versailles based on his Fourteen Points exacerbated many Progressives' sense that the war would not fundamentally transform society and government. In late 1918, Wilson traveled to France for the Versailles peace conference, and was welcomed by ordinary Europeans as a hero. But while Wilson's Fourteen Points had called for open diplomacy, the Versailles talks were held in secret. The Versailles Treaty did accomplish some of Wilson's hopes, including the establishment of a League of Nations to supervise a new international order, and it applied national self-determination to eastern Europe, making new nations from the ruins of the defeated Austro-Hungarian empire and Germany. But despite Wilson's opposition to a peace based on territorial acquisition or revenge, the Versailles Treaty included both, virtually guaranteeing future conflict. The war damaged Europeans' claims to be a higher civilization with the right to rule lesser peoples and elevated the international prestige of the United States. Wilson's language of self-determination inspired minority groups and colonial peoples across the world, but they took this rhetoric more seriously than he did. Wilson's idea of an equality of nations clashed with European rulers' wishes to rebuild their empires in the postwar period.

Ku Klux Klan

•Revival in 1920s - North and West •White Protestant values The most militant expression of beliefs that American freedom's enjoyment should be limited according to religion and ethnicity was the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan in the early 1920s. By the mid-1920s, the group claimed more than 3 million members, almost all white and native-born Protestants, many of whom were not in the South but in the North and West. Going beyond attacks on blacks, the new Klan targeted immigrants, especially Jews and Catholics, and other forces (feminism, unions, immorality) that seemed to threaten American civilization and "individual liberty." Although the Klan's influence waned by the end of the decade, its attacks on modern secularism and political radicalism and it's insistence that control of the nation be given back to "citizens of the old stock" represented popular sentiments. The 2nd Ku Klux Klan was more powerful in the North and West than in the South. The Klan had been reborn in Atlanta in 1915 after the lynching of Leo Frank, a Jewish factory manager accused of killing a teenage girl. It became the largest private organization in Indiana, and for a time controlled the state Republican Party. It was partly responsible for the Oregon law banning private schools.

Harlem Renaissance

•The Emergence of Harlem, NY •Art, music, literature •Rejecting stereotypes - search for black values Roots of the Black Experience in Africa and culture. Harlem in New York became a center of African-American life, attracting migrants from the South and the West Indies, among whom were many well-educated professional and white-collar workers who were shocked by American racism. Whites "slummed" in Harlem, visiting its dance halls, jazz clubs, and speakeasies, contributing to depictions of Harlem as a place of primitive passions. But the real Harlem was a place of poverty and low-wage work created and reinforced by housing discrimination. Harlem contained a dynamic black cultural community with connections to New York's artistic mainstream. Poets and novelists like Langston Hughes and Claude McKay were sponsored by white intellectuals and published by white presses, and Broadway for the first time presented black actors in serious roles and black singers. In art, the term "New Negro" meant rejecting established stereotypes and a search for black values to replace them. This led the writers of what became called the Harlem Renaissance to the roots of the black experience, in Africa, the rural South's folk culture, and life in the urban ghetto.