His ch 14
Which of the following plays by Shakespeare highlighted the issue of race?
<i>Othello</i>
Which the following dominated the Aztec state?
A hereditary nobility
What was the Portuguese caravel?
A three-mast sailing ship
According to Map 14.3: Seaborne Trading Empires in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, what nations dominated the global sea trade routes during this period?
Atlantic coastal European nations
After losing access to slave trading from the Black Sea, the Genoese obtained which of the following as slaves?
Black Africans
How did English colonies differ from other major European colonies in their treatment of African women?
English masters rarely freed the children that they fathered with female slaves.
How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans?
Enslavement benefited the Africans by bringing Christianity to them.
The ____________ was the center of the Afroeurasian trade world.
Indian Ocean
Who resisted the Portuguese efforts to gain control over Indian Ocean trade?
Muslim-controlled port cities
Which European nation—with the help of Genoese financiers, merchants, and navigators—initiated an exploration along the Atlantic Coast of Africa in search of new sources of gold, silver, and copper?
Portugal
How did the encomienda system function?
The Spanish Crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.
How did Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa?
They traded for slaves with local leaders.
Who was Prester John?
A mythical Christian king in Africa believed to be a descendant of one of the three kings who visited Jesus after his birth.
Which of the following best characterizes the immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800?
About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans.
How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to eighteenth century?
Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion.
How did French colonies respond to the problem of the low migration levels from France?
Colonial officials encouraged French traders to form ties with and marry native women.
What was Hernán Cortés's crucial advantage in his conquest of the Mexica Empire?
Cortés was able to exploit internal dissention within the Mexica Empire.
Which of the following was a major motivation for European exploration?
Desire for material profit
Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus?
Europe was a minor trading power that produced few products desired by other civilizations.
When Vasco da Gama arrived in the Indian Ocean, how did he navigate these unknown waters?
He hired an Indian pilot as his guide.
"[E]veryone gives the title of barbarism to everything that is not according to his usage." How did Michel de Montaigne offer a counterpoint, expressed in the quote above, to Europe's growing imperial activities?
He rejected the notion that one culture is superior to another.
According to his agreement with the Spanish crown, what rewards would Columbus receive if he found a water route to Asia?
He would be named viceroy over any territories he discovered and receive one-tenth of the material rewards of the journey.
The European voyages of the fifteenth century were derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the
Indian Ocean trade
What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean?
Islands off the coast of Japan.
How did the Turks' expansion of the Ottoman Empire and their conquest of the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople in 1453 influence European exploration?
It forced Europeans to search for alternate trade routes to China, bypassing the overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire.
In the fifteenth century, two rival Islamic empires dominated the Middle East: the Turkish Ottomans and the
Persian Safavids
Portugal's participation in European expansion was given critical support by
Prince Henry
How did the introduction of Ptolemy's Geography mislead European cartographers?
Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west
Based on Map 14.1: The Fifteenth-Century Afroeurasian Trading World, Afroeurasian trade during this period was centered on what body of water?
The Indian Ocean
In chronological order, what were the three successive commercial empires established by Europeans in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries?
The Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch
How did the Spanish respond to the trap set by the Inca King Atahualpa?
The Spanish ambushed and captured Atahualpa, holding him for ransom and then executing him.
How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?
The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead.
How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies?
The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy.
"Within a few days after our departure from every such town, the people began to die. . . . [B]y report of the oldest men in the country [this had] never happened before. . . . [The people] were persuaded that it was the work of our God." This quote from Thomas Hariot's report (Evaluating the Evidence 14.2) refers to what effect of European colonization?
The spread of European disease among Native Americans
How did the English and French seek a route to East Asia?
They sought a Northwest Passage across North America.
The Mongol emperors of China
encouraged trade with Europe.
Bartolomé de Las Casas asserted that the Indians
had human rights
What group of people benefited the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century?
middle class
At the time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were
off the coast of Asia
The New Laws put forward by King Charles I of Spain in 1542
set limits on the authority of encomienda holders
The following is an excerpt from Columbus's description of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (Evaluating the Evidence 14.1): "Hispaniola is a wonder. The mountains and hills, the plains and meadow lands are both fertile and beautiful. They are most suitable for planting crops and for raising cattle of all kinds, and there are good sites for building towns and villages. The harbours are incredibly fine and there are many great rivers with broad channels and the majority contain gold. The trees, fruits and plants are very different from those of Cuba. In Hispaniola there are many spices and large mines of gold and other metals." This description supports the contention that Columbus's patrons in Spain were particularly interested in !
the economic potential of the lands Columbus explored.
Settlers from the Massachusetts colony dispersed into new communities such as Connecticut and Rhode Island because
there were religious disputes among the colonists.
What motivations for exploration by Europeans are expressed in the following two quotes? Bartholomew Diaz: "[T]o serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness, and to grow rich as all men desire to do." Hernán Cortés: "I have come to win gold, not to plow the fields like a peasant."
Accumulating wealth and converting indigenous populations to Christianity
How did the encomienda system function?
The Spanish crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.
What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the sixteenth century?
The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods.
In the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company
took over much of the East Indies from Portugal
Spanish settlement in the Americas was centered on
towns and cities.
