HIS122 Final Exam HJK

Dean Acheson

"Domino Theory." He helped with the growth and invention of the Marshall Plan and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). 2nd term (for Truman) Secretary of State. Had a "defense perimeter speech" for the Korean War He was Secretary of State under Harry Truman. It is said that he was more responsible for the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine than those that the two were named for. (1893-1971) American statesman and lawyer; as U.S. Secretary of State in the late 1940s, he played the central role in defining American foreign policy for the Cold War. He likewise played a central role in the creation of many important institutions including Lend Lease, the Marshall Plan, NATO, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, together with the early organizations that later became the European Union and the World Trade Organization. His most famous decision was convincing the nation to intervene, in June 1950, in the Korean War.

Blitzkrieg

"Lightning war", a type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939. A German term for "lightning war," blitzkrieg is a military tactic designed to create disorganization among enemy forces through the use of mobile forces and locally concentrated firepower. Its successful execution results in short military campaigns, which preserves human lives and limits the expenditure of artillery.

Ronald Reagan

"The Great Communicator" "populist" ideas. social programs spending cut; Reaganomics. (1981-1985) and (1985-1989), part of McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns. (1981-1985) and (1985-1989), first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. participated McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

Containment

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances General U.S. strategy in the cold war that called for containing Soviet expansion; originally devised in 1947 by U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan. Coined by George Kennan; urged the US to keep communism from spreading (Contain communism) General U.S. strategy in the cold war that called for containing Soviet expansion; originally devised in 1947 by U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan. A United States foreign policy doctrine adopted by the Harry S. Truman administration in 1947, operating on the principle that communist governments will eventually fall apart as long as they are prevented from expanding their influence.

Rosa Parks

A black Montgomery NAACP's civil rights leader secretary who became famous for her refusal to stand on a bus when a white man wished to sit, and was subsequently arrested. This began a city-wide boycott of the bus system, which set a movement in place to remove transportation segregation as well. triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913) which was highly detrimental to those companies and set a movement in place to remove transportation segregation as well. Rosa Louise McCauley Parks was an African-American Civil Rights activist, whom the United States Congress called "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement".

Stagflation

A combination of inflation and recession, usually resulting from a supply shock. a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation) During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. Refers to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation of its industrial growth. A decline in real GDP combined with a rise in the price level This happened during the 1970's and 1980's and many believe that it was started by government spending on social welfare and the Vietnam War

FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)

A federal guarantee of saving bank deposits initially of up to $2500

Civil Rights Act of 1964

A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment. The law was passed during a period of great strength for the civil rights movement, and President Lyndon Johnson persuaded many reluctant members of Congress to support the law. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was part of Lyndon B. Johnson's "Great Society" reform package — the largest social improvement agenda by a President since FDR's "New Deal." Here, Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act into law before a large audience at the White House. 1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment.

Social Security Act (SSA)

A flagship accomplishment of the New Deal, this law provided for unemployment and old-age insurance financed by a payroll tax on employers and employees. It has long remained a pillar of the "Second New Deal Order".

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. A methodical plan done by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled, and gypsies. Antisemitism was present prior to holocaust - the holocaust was the most severe form of antisemitism

Radical Feminism

A perspective that holds that any significant change in the social status of women can be accomplished only through substantial changes in social institutions such as the family, law, and medicine Form of feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life.

Isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations A foreign policy course followed throughout most of our nation's history, whereby the United States has tried to stay out of other nations' conflicts, particularly European wars. Isolationism was reaffirmed by the Monroe Doctrine.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese, and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the US. 58,000 Americans would lose their lives in the first TV war. The United States wanted to prevent communism from spreading to South Vietnam. Although America inflicted extremely heavy casualties on the enemy, public opinion turned against the war. More bombs were dropped here than on Germany, Japan, and Korea combined.

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Inflation

A rise in the general level of prices in an economy.

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb. Within several weeks of the Japanese defeat at Okinawa, American scientists tested the world's first atomic bomb at Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16 Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. The Manhattan Project was a research and development project that produced the first atomic bombs during World War II. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada.

Conservative backlash

A sudden reaction against the liberalism of the 1960's. White middle class saw protests as an unprincipled attack on traditional values: hard work, family, religion, patriotism, and respect for law and order. Blamed LBJ and Warren Court.

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control. President Eisenhower's theory that if Vietnam fell communist, other countries would also soon fall communist; like dominoes. Therefore, it was important to keep Vietnam from falling communist

WPA

A work relief agency established in 1935 and directed at the unemployed in all areas of American Life, including theater, music and art and writing, construction

Richard Nixon

Advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos. created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); Created the Environmental Protection Agency. Center of Watergate scandal. president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; 1969-1964; Ended Vietnam War; Recognized China/ Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

Munich Agreement

Agreement between Chamberlain and Hitler that Germany would not conquer any more land and if they did, they would declare war. French and Italian leaders agreed to this as well. A September 30, 1938, agreement among Germany, Britain, Italy, and France that allowed Germany to annex the region of western Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland. The Munich Agreement was the most famous example of British prime minister Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement prior to World War II. A symbol of the failed policy of appeasement, this agreement, signed in 1938, allowed Nazi Germany to occupy a part of Czechoslovakia. Rather than appease German aspirations, it was followed by further German expansions, which triggered World War II Agreement giving the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia (a primarily German-speaking region) to Hitler in 1938. It was a failed attempt at appeasement by major European powers, however notable Czechoslovakia and the USSR were not present.

The Works Progress Administration provided work relief to

All construction workers teachers artist and musicians

Grand Alliance

Alliance between the United Kingdom, United States, and the Soviet Union during World War II. the entry of the US into the war created a coalition (Grand Alliance) that ultimately defeated the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan). It consisted of Britain, US, and the Soviet Union.

Normandy Invasion

American and British invasion of France in World War II. Led to Hitler's suicide and the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945. June 6, 1944, "D-Day", Operation Overlord, Allied invasion of France, beginning of the end for Germany in World War II aka operation overlord--coordinated allied invasion of Europe--airborne troops drop before an amphibious invasion--cut off Cherbourg Peninsula and break into France and Gernmany On 6 June 1944, Canadian Troops were part of the Allied forces which attacked the Normandy coast of France in OperationOverlord.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. 1st black supreme court justice American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. Argued the case of Brown v Board of Education NAACP attorney who led courtroom battles against segregation

John Steinbeck

American novelist who wrote "The Grapes of Wrath". (1939) A story of Dustbowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life. . The Grapes of Wrath is the story of Oklahoma tenant farmers who, unable to earn a living from the land, move to California where they became migratory workers. they sell off most of their worldly possessions, preparing to leave Oklahoma for California.

Dr. Francis Townsend

American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935. "Old Age Revolving Pensions" to relieve their distressed circumstances and promote general economic recovery Townsend Clubs" with over two million members, and, at one point in 1936, Townsend was able to deliver petitions to Congress containing 10 million signatures in support of the Townsend Plan Created a program in 1933 declaring that the Federal government should pay every American citizen over the age of 60 $200 monthly pension. "townsend plan" influenced the establishment of Roosevelt administrations social security, anyone over 60 retire American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935. The Old Age Revolving Pensions Plan

OPEC

An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. OPEC is a cartel that aims to manage the supply of oil in an effort to set the price of oil on the world market, in order to avoid fluctuations that might affect the economies of both producing and purchasing countries.

Japanese-American Internment

An order for the removal of Japanese and Japanese-Americans to intern camps due to mistrust after Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt signed a document Feb. 19,1942 stating that all people of Japanese ancestry from California and parts of Washington, Oregon, and Arizona, needed to be removed. Put them in internment camps because of their fear for another attack by the Japanese.

Earl Warren

Appointed by Eisenhower, this Supreme court justice who played an important role in the court's stance on the advancement of civil rights. controversial Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1953-1969); he led the Court in far-reaching racial, social, and political rulings, including school desegregation and protecting rights of persons accused of crimes; presided over the Brown v. the Board of Education case Chief Justice who made the Court very liberal for a short period of time and helped further civil rights

(Julius and Ethel) Rosenberg

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union Communists who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union an engineer and his wife who were accused, tried, and executed in the early 1950s for running an espionage ring in New York City that gave atomic secrets to the soviet union; long considered unjustly accused victims of the Red Scare, recent evidence suggests that Julius was indeed a soviet agent controversial 1951 trial of two Americans, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, charged with passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union; the two were sentenced to death and executed in 1953, making them the only American civilians to be put to death for spying during the Cold War

Japanese "economic miracle"

Historical phenomenon of Japan's record period of economic growth following World War II Which of the following factors help explain Japan's remarkable economic resurgence by the 1980s? highly educated and disciplined work force social ethos favoring hard work and loyalty to company fanatical belief in achieving the highest levels of quality control After the occupation in WWII, Japan's economy grew at an amazing rate of 10% per year, and the nation became an economic giant. The occupying Allied forces allowed Japan to convert wartime factories to factories that would produce other products. Japan also benefited from the democratic government installed by the Allies, which they successfully maintained. Allied assistance helped to reform Japanese farmland so that individuals could own the land they worked. On its own, Japan began to focus on technology rather than manufacturing and farming, which led to quick growth. Japan's economic success was also based in the excellence of its school system and its efficient business practices.

Pacific Theater

Involved the battles of Iwo Jima, Guadalcanal, Phillipines, Wake Island, Guam, Midway, and the two atomic bombs The South West Pacific was one of two theatres of World War II in the Pacific region, between 1942 and 1945. The South West Pacific theatre included the Philippines, the Netherlands East Indies and more. The theatre takes its name from the major Allied command, which was known simply as the "South West Pacific Area".

The National Labor Relations Act replaced and strengthened the labor provisions from the

NRA

John F. Kennedy

Naval war hero, President of the US during cold war Cuban Missile Crisis he lead U.S. confrontation w soviet came close to unclear war, began escalation of war in viet. placed peace corps. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about the crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. p. 210 Dealing w cold War tension-"ich bin ein Berliner" I am a Berliner" 35th President of the United States; won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963

Tet Offensive

North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties. Major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment. Military campaign during the Vietnam War launched on January 30, 1968 by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnam against South Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. Campaign of surprising attacks launched against military and civilian commands and control centers throughout South Vietnam, during a period when no attacks were supposed to take place

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945). Born in Austria, became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II. Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. His pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

Midway

Battle fought very close to Hawaii in 1942, an American victory that saved Hawaii from Japanese takeover American victory over Japan; "Miracle of Midway" Stopped the invasion of Hawaii at this WWII naval battle in 1942, the American air force struck the "most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare" on the Japanese. As a result of its efficacy, the Japanese navy--due to massive damages dealt--was set back considerably in their naval progress and developments.

Harry Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb 33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war. 1945-1953, Democrat, Missouri, Atomic bomb attack on Japan ended WWII. Fair Deal to extend New Deal; Truman Doctrine to contain communisn, Marshall Plan to rebuild economies in Europe, NATO, unexpected election victory in 1948 after campaigning against "do-nothing" Republican Congress, sent troops to Kores 1945-1953. President when the U.S. successfully concluded World War II (decided to drop the atomic bombs on Japan). In the aftermath of the conflict, tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War.

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women She was first lady in 1918. Married to FDR. Raised by uncle Theodore Roosevelt after her parents died when she was only eight. FDR had an affair with Lucy Mercer. Herself had an affair as well woman named Lorena Hickok. interest in women's empowerment, race relations, and underprivileged set her apart even from her husband. "Woman of the Century" thru National Women's Hall of Fame. Was FDR's First Lady who played large ceremonial role and involvement in the political process. She represented the president by touring the US, organizing FDR's campaigns and offering advice on policy issues. She hoped to advance public health and education, promote arts in rural areas and address food control. FDR's wife who worked independently from him on many social justice projects like child well fare, equal rights, and housing reforms.

Court-Packing Scheme

FDR's plan to "pack" the Supreme Court with supporters to keep his New Deal programs from being declared unconstitutional Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 also known as the court packing plan was an attempt by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to secure more favorable rulings from the Supreme Court for his New Deal policies. The plan allowed the President to appoint six new judges for every sitting Supreme Court justice that it reached the age of 70 ½ and had served for 10 years. Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937=Court-packing Bill, was a law proposed by United States President Franklin Roosevelt. While the bill contained many provisions, the most notorious one (which led to the name "Court-packing Bill") would have allowed the President the power to appoint an extra Supreme Court Justice for every sitting Justice over the age of 70½.

Kent State Massacre

Four killed, nine wounded by Ohio National Guard during protest of U.S. invasion of Cambodia National Guard was called in to break up a heated demonstration. Students' refusal to leave provoked the Natn'l Guard to use tear gas. Some students threw rocks at the Guard, which caused several officers to open fire into the crowd, killing four students Massacre of four college students by National Guardsmen on May 4, 1970, in Ohio. In response to Nixon's announcement that he had expanded the Vietnam War into Cambodia, college campuses across the country exploded in violence.

Operation Barbarossa

Germany's Invasion of Russia Called Operation Barbarossa, it was the Führer's time to jump the shark. Seeking to fulfil Germany's "destiny" in the East, Hitler was hell-bent on claiming the vast Russian territories for himself, while purging it of both Bolshevism and other "undesirable" elements — namely Jews and slavs. Code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union(Russia) during World War II.--led to USSR joining the Allies

Senator Gerald Nye

Headed a senate committee appointed to investigate the "blood business" of munitions trade progressive Republican Senator, led committee who investigated profits & influence of munitions workers during WWI -- concluded they maneuvered the U.S. into WWI for financial gain, "merchants of death" A Senate committee, headed by him, was appointed in 1934 to investigate the "blood business": shifted the blame of WWI to American bankers and arms manufacturers. Munitions makers made money from the war, so some people said they had started the war to make money. 1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."

National Industrial Recover Act (NIRA)

Through the NIRA, Congress established the Public Works Administration (PWA) and gave it $3.3 billion to put people to work immediately. Under the direction of Harold Ickes, the PWA focused on ,well-planned permanent improvements that employed thousands New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA. the National Industrial Recover Act (NIRA), which sought to promote recovery in the industrial sector through economic planning and coordination. -the Civil Works Administration (CWA) under Harry Hopkins focused on small-scale projects and put more than 4 million Americans to work by January 1934. Many of the workers were unskilled, and some accused Hopkins of spending good money on busy work \ as part of the New Deal, a law passed by Congress in 1933 to increase production while boosting wages and prices; it created the National Recovery Administration

Martin Luther King

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. Negro is still not free." He told of the struggle ahead, the importance of nonviolence, and then he spoke of his dream of the future. The famous "I Have a Dream" passage of the address was actually improvised by King, who departed from his planned speech midway to make oratory history. critical of King's "March on Washington," calling it the "Farce on Washington" and noting that, "while King's having a dream, the rest of us Negroes are having a nightmare." On October 14, 1964, Martin Luther King, who was increasingly regarded Nobel Peace Prize. Four years later, he was killed by a sniper's bullet while standing on a motel balcony in Memphis, Tennessee. 1929-1968. Pivotal leader of the American Civil Rights movement. Non-violent leader, became youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his efforts to end segregation and racial discrimination. Led Montgomery Bus Boycott, helped found Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and led March on Washington in 1963 where he delivered "I have a Dream" speech.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 to minor naval engagement. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia. 1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam A joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 which gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson the power to send troops to Vietnam WITHOUT a formal declaration of war by Congress.

George Kennan

US statesman who authored America's "Policy of Containment." He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. A specialist in soviet affairs. Was responsible for coming up with the idea of a containment policy when dealing with Communism. Created the Truman Doctrine. Russia (tsarist or Communist) expansionist nation yet cautious; U.S. must oppose expansion & "contain" Soviets politically; no compromise with present Soviet leadership (Stalin) ---> origins of containment

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal Supreme Court case (1896) Legalized segregation under the Constitution with the concept of "separate but equal." 1896 court case that ruled in favor of segregation. Declared "separate, but equal" is constitutional and led to Jim Crow laws being passed-especially in the South.

NATO

an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; included US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries. Alliance of the allied powers against the Soviets (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) U.S., Britain, France, and other Western European nations formed a military alliance: attack upon one nation is attack upon all. This was the first peacetime military alliance for the U.S. since 1800 (Franco-American alliance). An organization formed in Washington, D.C. (1949), comprising the 12 nations of the Atlantic Pact together with Greece, Turkey, and the Federal Republic of Germany, for the purpose of collective defense against aggression.

Father Charles Coughlin

attacks on the popular president; his blatantly anti-Semitic views; and his unbridled megalomania limited his effect nationwide, but the radio priest gave voice to many frightened and increasingly desperate lower-middle-class Americans. A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal. A critic of the New Deal; created the National Union for Social Justice; wanted a monetary inflation & the nationalization of the banking system.

Civil Rights Movement 1950 and 1960

demand equal rights for African Americans and other minorities. SCLC & SNCC? Fortunately, the U.S. Supreme Court and Chief Justice Earl Warren did not agree, and, together with President Johnson, continued to support Civil Rights legislation amendment to the Constitution--the 24th, which outlawed the poll tax. movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens began in 1954 when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the practice of racial segregation (separation) was illegal; led to passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act, which created the means to end segregation and discrimination in the workplace and all public places and made it easier for African Americans to vote in southern states, respectively

Causes of the Great Depression

international depression after WWI, farming sector failing, bank instability, uneven distribution of wealth stock markets crashed, unemployment rising, the dustbowl, overproduction of everything, layoffs,buying on credit

GI Bill

law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education Provided financial assistance for many returning veterans of the military. Resulted in returning soldiers attending college, buying houses, etc.

Arab Oil Boycott

1973 OPEC boycott on US in response to American support of Israel in the 6 Day War. Gas prices spiked in the US. After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused a crisis The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab members of the OPEC plus Egypt, Syria and Tunisia) proclaimed an oilembargo. By the end of the embargo in March 1974,[1] the price of oil had risen from $3 per barrel to nearly $12. The oil crisis, or "shock", had many short-term and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy.[2] It was later called the "first oil shock", followed by the 1979 oil crisis, termed the "second oil shock."

The Rural Electrification Administration helped provide power to more than

30 percent of rural Americans

Herbert Hoover

31st President. In 1929 the stock market crashed and the economy collapsed. He was defeated for re-election by FDR. 1928; Republican; approach to economy known as voluntarism (avoid destroying individuality/self-reliance by government coercion of business); of course, in 1929 the stock market crashed; tried to fix it through creating the Emergency Relief and Construction Act and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (didn't really work)

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

A 1935 law that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the NLRB to regulate labor-management relations.

National Recover Administration (NRA)

-Attempted to combat the Depression through national economic planning by establishing and administering a system of industrial codes to control productions, prices, labor relations, and trade practices among leading business interests; ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935. -designed for visibility and uniqueness," as he put it. Blue Eagle patterned after the thunderbird ideogram used by the Navajo Indians. Known as "Old Iron Pants -regulate the production of industrial goods and minimize waste and inefficiency -first minimum wage in American History; abolished child labor; and established a maximum workweek of 35 to 40 hours. The NRA also strengthened organized labor, a move that empowered workers to demand better working conditions and higher salaries. another agency set up by the government to help the money boys; we will give you hundreds of dollars to start your industry but you have to follow our rules (minimum wage for your workers, have codes of fair trade, get rid of child labor)

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

-most popular of New Deal agencies -national park Offered outdoor work to unemployed single men and indoor work for women

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

NRA

1933 legislation that attempted to combat the Depression through national economic planning

New Deal

1935 the small-town based Chamber of Commerce had developed into one of most outspoken critics of the New Deal. Although FDR popular, these conditions began to build pressure from the political "left" for more liberal departures. opposed by Father Charles Coughlin, Dr. Francis Townsend, and Senator Huey Long. (FDR) , President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insureance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life. RELIEF, RECOVERY, AND REFORM

Senator Huey Long

Democratic governor from Louisiana; publicized his "Share Our Wealth" society; said that the Depression stemmed not from overproduction but from under-consumption; increased taxes, built new highways; almost dictatorial control of state government -popular opponents of FDR's New deal was Senator Huey Long. He believed he did not do enough for the poor. He wanted to do higher taxes for the wealthy so there would be a redistribution of wealth. He was assassinated before he could run for president. a national "Share Our Wealth" movement to redistribute income fairly

Malcolm X

Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965. 1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality A Black Muslim, I preached the superiority of blacks and was killed in 1965 1925-1965; message: black power, enemy is the white man, supported black nationalism, may have been less separatist and more moderate at the end of his life; supported by northern urban black youth, Nation of Islam, northern white student radicals; methods: militant speeches, confrontations with white establishment, challenged King's nonviolence, urged self-defense against white violence; black Muslims identified with violence in 1960's, opposed gradualism, accommodation, frightened whites, was assassinated in 1965. Civil rights leader who studied Nation of Islam teaching, 1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; Converted to Nation of Islam in jail in 1950 dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on segregationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality,

Watergate

Break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate building in 1972 that resulted in a cover-up and the subsequent resignation of Nixon 1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down Break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate building in 1972 that resulted in a cover-up and the subsequent resignation of Nixon The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.

Jimmy Carter

Created the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone. Carter regarded himself as a 'man of the people' In Latin America, he agreed to return the Panama Canal to Panama over the course of 20 years; Panama was guaranteed total control by the year 2000. In the Middle East, Carter attempted to resolve the burgeoning issues between Egypt and Israel brought on largely by the Yom Kippur War in 1973. In 1978, Carter invited Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, and Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, to Camp David. After nearly two weeks of negotiations, Carter was able to forge an agreement, known as the Camp David Accords, between the two nations that temporarily ended hostilities (I use the word temporarily because tension still remained long after the meetings). The first was the Iran hostage situation in 1979. The United States had long supported Shah Reza Pahlavi as the leader in Iran. However, an internal revolution by Islamic fundamentalists dethroned Pahlavi; eventually he sought asylum in the United States. It would not be until President Reagan entered office that the hostage crisis ended. Last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. (1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election. 1976; Democrat; signed SALT II, relinquished US control of the Panama Canal, Camp David Accords-negotiated peace between Israel and Egypt; chemical contamination emergency in Love Canal; final part of term marred by Iran Hostage Crisis He was Georgia's governor for four years before he was elected the dark-horse president of 1976, promising to never lie to the people. He was politically successful at first, but was accused of being isolated with Georgians after a while. His greatest foreign policy achievement was when he peacefully resolved Egypt and Israel relations in 1978.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Missile Crisis p. 211 1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union Considered the hottest moment in the Cold War. U.S. found out that soviets were installing unclear missiles in Cuba. Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba. Kennedy sent out troops military action air strike but this might trigger WWIII so Kennedy placed naval blockade warships. He told Khrushchew agreed to remove and Kennedy not to invade Cuba. an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR.

Pearl Harbor

December 1941 surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II. After attack on Pearl Harbor generated a violent anti-Japanese backlash with sharp racist overtones. President Roosevelt hoped to avoid the crude propaganda campaigns.

2. Briefly discuss the major components of the Second New Deal. In the late 1930s, American learned another difficult lesion:although they could turn to government for help in hard times, but not even billions of dollars spend on New Deal programs could bring an end to unemployement and poverty. President Roosevelt changed his approach to the country's problem in his 1936s reelection campaign. In 1935, he asked Congress for broad legislation aimed at both work relief and reform. - Social Security Act, -National Labor Relations Board -establishment of Work Progress Administration.

Despite the best efforts of President Roosevelt and his cabinet, however, the Great Depression continued-the nation's economy continued to wheeze; unemployment persisted; and people grew angrier and more desperate. So, in the spring of 1935, Roosevelt launched a second, more aggressive series of federal programs, sometimes called the Second New Deal. In April, he created the Works Progress Administration (WPA) to provide jobs for unemployed people. WPA projects weren't allowed to compete with private industry, so they focused on building things like post offices, bridges, schools, highways and parks. The WPA also gave work to artists, writers, theater directors and musicians. In July 1935, the National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act, created the National Labor Relations Board to supervise union elections and prevent businesses from treating their workers unfairly. In August, FDR signed the Social Security Act of 1935, which guaranteed pensions to millions of Americans, set up a system of unemployment insurance federal government would help care for dependent children and the disabled.

Warren Court

Earl Warren led the Supreme Court and controversial decisions were made expanding civil rights. desegregation (Brown v. Board of Ed), rights of the accused (Miranda v. Arizona), voting reforms (Wesberry v. Sanders, Reynolds v. Sims, Katzenbach v Morgan) ..., the chief justice that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in Brown v. Board of Education (1954); he was the first justice to help the civil rights movement, judicial activism

Roosevelt Recession

Economic downturn in 1937 when FDR tried to reduce government spending on relief and job programs When FDR started to take away some of the new deal programs recession started back up again. This proved that the new deal programs didnt "cure" the depression, they only "stopped the bleeding"

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

POLIO, Democratic president who created the New Deal- Great Depression inaugural address on March 4, 1933-famous speech "only thing we have to fear is fear itself "was telling the American people that their fear was making things worse. He goes on to say, "nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance." People go to banks money out they were causing more damage to the economy. Closing banks for several days and calling Congress back to Washington for a special session gave the American people and government time to calm down and make recovery plans. Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" (its specific meaning ambiguous at the time to the American people) to the American public. - he was the U.S. President for most of World War Two and signed the Atlantic Charter, with Winston Churchill, that pledged that the destruction on Nazi Germany was the highest priority in the war The 32nd U.S. president, who led the country through the bulk of World War II until his death from a cerebral hemorrhage in April 1945, just a few months before the war ended. Together with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin, Roosevelt played a decisive role in holding together the Allied coalition that ultimately defeated Nazi Germany.

The Resettlement Administration was directed at

Poor farmers

Economic Embargo

Prohibition of commerce and trade with a certain country, in order to isolate it and to put its government into a difficult internal situation, given that the effects of the embargo are often able to make its economy suffer from the initiative This was imposed after Castro confiscated US banks in Cuba, the USA imposed a partial economic embargo in October 1960 and a full economic embargo in 1962 on Cuba that continues today. Castro responded by moving closer to the USSR. It is unclear how much of Cuba's present-day poverty is due to this embargo and how much to impractical economic policies. The embargo definitely makes it easy for Castro to blame economic problems on the USA.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Recovery: (AAA); May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop ; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6, 1936 Republicans were opposed to the New Deal because they thought it would prohibit business. The Supreme Court declared the Agricultural Adjustment Act unconstitutional, they believed that any help for farmers should be from the state not the federal government. One of the most popular opponents of FDR's New deal was Senator Huey Long. He believed he did not do enough for the poor. AAA,to improve the lot of farmers who were landowners, but it produced disastrous results for sharecroppers and tenant farmers, thrown off the land by farmers trying to meet voluntary cutbacks in production —telling individual farmers how much they could plant and paying them subsidies for leaving a portion of their land idle. The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) did precisely that by creating a domestic allotment system headed by large growers who would set limits on the seven basic commodities—wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, and dairy products.

CREEP

Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.

The crown jewel of FDR's Second New Deal was the

SSA

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Second New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings. -Through the NIRA, Congress established the Public Works Administration (PWA) and gave it $3.3 billion to put people to work immediately. Under the direction of Harold Ickes, the PWA focused on well-planned permanent improvements that employed thousands. May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project.

Lyndon B. Johnson

Signed the civil rights ACT into LAW and the voting rights act of 1965. He had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, Goals included the Economic Opportunity Act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families (programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families) he also created a department of housing and urban development. (HUD) Most important legislation was Medicare and Medicaid. Became president after Kennedy's assassination and reelected in 1964; Democrat; signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, promoted his "Great Society" plan, part of which included the "war on poverty", Medicare and Medicaid established; Vietnam: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Tet Offensive

Brown v. Board of Education

Supreme Court's 1954 overruling of Plessy v. Ferguson, which declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education. 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessey v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

The climactic battle of the First Indochina War between French Union forces and Vietnamese Viet Minh communist revolutionary forces. The battle culminated in a massive French defeat that effectively ended the war. 1954 victory of Vietnamese forces over the French, causing French to leave Vietnam and all Indochina Military engagement in French colonial Vietnam in which French forces were defeated by Viet Minh nationalists loyal to Ho Chi Minh. With this loss, the French ended their colonial involvement in Indochina, paving the way for America's entry.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. (1950-3) A conflict between UN forces (primarily US and S Korea) against North Korea, and later China; Gen. Douglas Macarthur led UN forces and was later replaced by Gen. Ridgeway; Resulted in Korea remaining divided at the 38th parallel. After WWII, Korea had been partitioned along the 38th parallel into a northern zone governed by the Soviet Union, and a southern zone controlled by the U.S. In 1950, after the Russians had withdrawn, leaving a communist government in the North, the North invaded the South. The U.N. raised an international army led by the U.S. to stop the North. It was the first use of U.N. military forces to enforce international peace. Called a limited war, because the fighting was to be confined solely to the Korean peninsula, rather than the countries involved on each side attacking one another directly.

Reaganomics

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth. (RR) The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side(cut income taxes), and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth, umemployed started going back to work Belief that the economy would be stimulated and would recover quickest if the supply of goods increased. Because Reagan backed policies and supported corporate tax cuts designed to benefit producers (corporations, small business owners, investors, etc.), "Reaganomics" was a term used by his critics who thought his economic plan was a mistake.

Okinawa

The last offensive battle of World War II in the Pacific (April to June 1945). Major victory for the Grand Alliance. Site of important battle near Japanese mainland; last battle before atomic bombs; Allies won

The Great Stock Market Crash of 1929

The most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States. The crash signaled the beginning of the 12-year Great Depression.

ccc civilian conservation corps

The public works program gave the jobless work building parks, ranking leaves, etc

Civilian Conservations Crops (CCC)

This agency employed millions and forced on large scale public works projects

AAA (agricultural adjustment Act)

This legislation sought to promote recovery in the agriculture sector

Yalta Conference

p. 191 Allied leaders-president FDR, Churchill, and and Stalin at Yalta on the Black Sea. Agreed on war in Europe was over, Germany would be divided into occupation zones to be controlled by American, Brittish, Frence and Soviet forces. Also made plan for U.N. Stalin promised Japan's empire exchange for Soviet help again Japan after German'y surrender. opposite (?) of treaty of verailles which punished Germany to WWI, this agreement is wishes to rebuil post war in Europe. (FDR) 1945, want quick end to war "The Big Three" FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War, Stalin broke promise on free elections and representative govt. February, 1945 - Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula.

Marshall Plan

p. 199 1947 General George C Marshall, Truman;s ST. proposed post war recovery program for money, food clothing and machinery to help Europe overcome hunger, poverty.desperation, and chaos. A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952). Criticized as the "Share the American wealth" plan. Marshall invited Europe but Soviet-bloc counties refused bc they think it was a scheme -16 nations involved in plan 1948-1952 US helped rebuilt cities, factories and road and railroad in Eurrope

Berlin Wall

p. 211A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world. physical wall between East and west. Stop East German communist. 1961 - The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushev, erected a wall between East and West Berlin to keep people from fleeing from the East, after Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet aggression.

FDR drafted the Social Security Act with a provision calling for payroll deductions because he believed that....

such a provision would help guarantee the long-term security of the program

populist

supportive of the rights and power of the people

ccc civilian conservation corps

this program put several millions unmarried men in millitary style campus where they worked to maintain and restore the national forest, among other things

Truman Doctrine

Łp. 199 President Truman's 1947 policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey 1946 the Soviet Union began demainding land from Turkey, and also told Greece Communist neighbors (Albania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia) to overthrow the Greek Monarchy. Truman responded "I believe it must be policy of the U.S. to respond to free people wjp are resisting attempted subjugation by armed miniorities or by outside pressures" this is basis for U.S. getting involved in Korea and Vietman later ..., President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology