HIST 1112 Exam 1 (Mid-Term) World Hist 1500-Modern Day

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10. Islam effectively countered the aggressive Christianity of Europeans, particularly in a. the Brunei Sultanate in Borneo and the Acheh Sultanate in Sumatra. b. Safavid Persia and the Ottoman Empire. c. the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Manchu Empire. d. South Africa and Zimbabwe. e. none of these; actually, Christian Europeans usually won.

10. Which of the following is not one of the factors that gave Britain a head start on the Industrial Revolution? a. It recovered from the plague more quickly than the rest of Europe. b. It had the largest merchant marine. c. It was highly commercial, and many people were involved in production and trade. d. It enjoyed a high standard of living and a fluid society. e. It was the world's leading exporter of tools, guns, hardware, and crafts.

100. Single women and married women both did factory work but for different reasons: a. Married women worked if their husbands were unable to support their families. b. Married women worked if their husbands worked in a dangerous job. c. Married women worked to put their children through school. d. Single women worked to make friends and be social. e. Single women worked for excitement and fun.

107. After the war for Greek independence, Mahmud II a. officially dissolved the Janissaries. b. eliminated the power of the religious elite. c. restructured the bureaucracy, education, and laws. d. formed alliances with western Europe. e. attacked Persia.

108. The Tanzimat proclamations a. called for public trials and equal protection under the law. b. punished Janissaries and other secret military societies. c. called for the destruction of the university system. d. ensured that Muslims, Christians, and Jews would have their own separate codes of law. e. called for a redistribution of wealth in an effort to create a more egalitarian society.

111. What crop - new to Europe - contributed to the agricultural revolution? a. the potato b. wheat c. rice d. the soybean e. the tomato

113. Which of the following was not among the earliest reforms of the Ottoman Empire? a. Implementation of laws to protect women from abuse. b. Standardization of taxation. c. Controlling the provincial governors. d. New taxes on coffee and tobacco. e. Creation of European-style military units.

115. In continental Europe, industries such as iron, construction, and machinery were greatly stimulated by a. building railroads. b. the Crimean War. c. the use of slave labor. d. the increase in literacy. e. American banking advances.

12. John Calvin preached that salvation was granted by a. predestination b. good works. c. sobriety. d. good thoughts. e. the pope.

125. Before 1775, which of the following was not one of the tactics with which North American settlers responded to British policies? a. Declaring war on Britain b. Organizing boycotts of British goods c. Covering British officials in hot tar and feathers d. Destroying British property like British tea e. Organizing committees

14. The Congress of Vienna was a. a meeting of delegates from Britain, Austria, Russia, and other European countries to restore order in post-Napoleonic Europe. b. a meeting held to determine where Napoleon should be exiled. c. where Napoleon had his court when he took over most of Europe. d. where the exiled monarchs of Europe during Napoleon's reign plotted to overthrow him. e. where the pan-European constitution was signed in 1848.

15. Britain's main strategy for eliminating competition in trade was to a. flood the market with cheap goods and drive competitors out of business. b. start a war, which Britain could win because of its superior navy. c. suppress all unionist activity that might cause an interruption of productivity. d. send all the Chartist reformers to Australia. e. send in saboteurs to destroy the factories in other countries.

18. The Proclamation of 1763 and the Quebec Act of 1774 were intended to a. keep colonists from taking Amerindian land by slowing settlement. b. address problems of colonial representation. c. keep the colonists from complaining about taxes. d. acquire more territory for the Crown. e. annex Canada to the United States.

2. In the mid-nineteenth century, the term "The Eastern Question" referred to a. the question of whether European powers should allow the Ottoman Empire to continue to exist. b. the question of whether European powers shoudl allow the Qing dynasty to continue to exist. c. the question of which European power should have most-favored nation status in trade with the Ottomans. d. the problem of growing Russian military power. e. escalating military tensions between China and Japan.

20. Why did the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires decline simultaneously? a. Inability to adjust to the changes in military technology and the world economy b. Natural disasters c. The bubonic plague d. Declining birthrates combined with fertility problems e. A religious prohibition against banking

21. Napoleon's plans for European conquest were held in check by the naval supremacy of a. Britain. b. the Netherlands. c. France. d. Spain. e. Portugal.

22. The agricultural revolution set the stage for the Industrial Revolution by a. feeding city dwellers and forcing peasants to leave their land for urban areas. b. feeding city dwellers and making a greater variety of produce available. c. encouraging the middle class to go "back to the land." d. turning large farming estates into subdivisions and therefore creating more housing. e. undermining the power of aristocratic land owners and building up the middle class.

23. A new fourteenth-century Ottoman military resource was the taking of Christian prisoners of war, who were called a. Janissaries. b. Knights of the Cross. c. Mamluks. d. Caspian slaves. e. Lollards.

24. Chartered companies were a. private investors with trade monopolies in colonies. b. maritime manufacturers of maps and charts. c. companies of missionaries and religious societies. d. groups of Amerindian investors who pooled money and resources. e. illegal in most European countries.

25. The thinkers of the Scientific Revolution sought to understand nature by a. reading Aristotle. b. reading the Bible. c. conducting experiments that led to the development of mathematically-expressed laws. d. intentionally undermining religious faith. e. C and D.

25. What European organization was a transmitter of science and technology to China? a. The Society of Jesus, or Jesuits b. The Teutonic Knights c. The Knights Templar d. The Dominican Order, or Dominicans e. The Royal Scientific Society

29. Prince Klemens von Metternich was a. the diplomat who led negotiations at the Congress of Vienna. b. a Prussian General. c. a French political dissident imprisoned by Napoleon. d. a leading supporter of reform during the Revolution of 1848. e. eager to preserve the ideals of the French Revolution after the fall of Napoleon.

29. Within a year of its settlement, the colony at Jamestown lost ____ percent of its population. a. 80 b. 60 c. 40 d. 20 e. 10

30. To ensure that his subjects did not resist royal authority, King Philip II of Spain a. pursued repressive policies intended to insulate the country from the Reformation and scientific revolution. b. exiled dissidents to the American colonies. c. forced the conversion of all Spanish Jews to Christianity. d. sentenced all Protestants to life imprisonment. e. assigned a secret police force to spy on all citizens.

33. The French Revolution a. did not create an enduring form of representative democracy. b. did not undermine the traditional monarchy. c. did not undermine the power of the Catholic Church. d. was a bloodless revolution. e. inspired the American Revolution.

33. The martyrdom of Imam Husayn is remembered in the Shi'ite community with a. emotional processions of Shi'ites through the streets. b. the Easter mass. c. a truce among all religious sects. d. the pilgrimage to Mecca. e. fasting.

34. The VOC (Dutch East India Company) representatives gained the favor of the Chinese emperor by a. acknowledging him with the ritual of the kowtow. b. providing him with concubines. c. providing him with bribes. d. freeing the royal family members held hostage by Ming loyalists. e. providing him with beautiful clocks.

35. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen a. laid the groundwork for the first French constitution. b. was the French version of the Declaration of Independence. c. built on the traditional French legal system, rather than instituting something entirely new. d. marked the resignation of Louis XVI and recognition of a new Republic in France. e. was the Manifesto of the Committee of Public Safety.

4. In French Canada, Jesuit efforts to convert the native people to Christianity led to the a. founding of schools, hospitals, and churches. b. Battle of Montreal. c. Great Schism. d. Amerindians being pushed to Puritanism. e. collapse of the French monarchy.

4. The Mughal Empire was quite prosperous in the sixteenth century because it a. traded cotton cloth. b. mined gold in Siberia. c. grew cash crops such as coffee and cacao. d. colonized the Americas. e. All of these

43. After defeating the Portuguese, the Dutch acquired what valuable colony? a. Java b. New Holland c. America d. Hong Kong e. Vietnam

43. Charles V failed to unify all of Europe, but Spain, France, and England successfully unified their states by a. limiting the power of the church and the nobility. b. instituting mercantile economic policies. c. building castles with large fortifications. d. marrying their daughters to princes from other kingdoms. e. using Ottoman mercenaries.

45. Employers in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries preferred children as factory workers because a. their size suited them to tasks like crawling under machines. b. their wages were lower. c. they were docile. d. they were readily available, since their parents had no other child-care options. e. all of these.

45. Following a familiar principle in empires, the Ottomans made sure to secure the loyalty of soldiers by giving them a. grants of land in exchange for service. b. seats in the upper house of the legislature. c. freedom to travel without restrictions. d. first pick of slaves conquered in war. e. provincial administrative posts.

47. The Enlightenment was the intellectual movement in which the a. methods and questions of the Scientific Revolution were applied to society. b. methods and questions of the Confucian examination system were applied to society. c. methods and ideology of the Protestant Reformation were applied to society. d. ideas of the Renaissance were applied to society. e. ideas of the absolutist rulers were applied to society.

48. One difference between the Ottoman and Iranian states was that the Iranian state was based on a. Shi'ism. b. Sunnism. c. Kharijism. d. Sufism. e. Sikhism.

48. The significance of the Crimean War was that it a. marked the transition to modern warfare with the use of breech-loading rifles. b. was the first war that utilized battalions of African soldiers in Europe. c. marked the end of the "age of innocence." d. was the most destructive war in human history. e. marked a brief return to chivalry.

52. A significant contribution to the mass manufacture of cheap metal items was the development of a. interchangeable parts. b. lost wax casting of iron. c. individual fitting together of parts by hand. d. molded metal. e. amalgamations of metal known as pig iron.

53. Which Italian city-state became a commercial rival and military foe of the Ottoman Empire? a. Venice b. Genoa c. Florence d. Rome e. Turin

54. The movement that began with the rejection of the pope's authority was the a. Protestant Reformation. b. Catholic Reformation. c. Orthodox Reformation. d. Peasant Movement. e. Babylonian Captivity.

56. The British Macartney mission was an attempt to a. persuade China to revise its trade system. b. find a lost British missionary, George Macartney. c. assassinate the emperor's main rival. d. convert the Chinese to Christianity. e. establish diplomatic ties with Japan.

60. Although the Ottoman Empire emulated European modernization and stimulated commerce and urbanization, it was unable to solve which major problem? a. Extraterritoriality, or foreign sovereignty within Ottoman states. b. The imperial government's chronic shortage of money. c. Resistance from Christian sectors, which brought European sanctions. d. Overextension of the empire. e. The banking crisis of the 1850s.

61. A significant fact about the capital cities of both the Ottomans and Safavids was that a. neither had many wheeled vehicles. b. neither allowed Europeans within city walls. c. both were highly cosmopolitan. d. both focused on mosques built for the sultan or shah. e. both had significant naval bases to guard their harbors.

61. Which of the following does not describe the Dutch West India Company? a. It was never very profitable. b. It seized sugar-producing areas in Brazil. c. It shipped slaves to Brazil. d. It paid stockholders huge dividends. e. It was a private trading company.

65. The expansion of sugar plantations in the West Indies required a. a sharp increase in the African slave trade. b. an increase in arable land. c. new fertilizers and seeds. d. the creation of new markets among the Amerindians. e. government consultants to oversee farming.

66. To gain converts, the Jesuits made what compromise? a. They tolerated Confucian ancestor worship. b. They allowed Chinese women to become priests. c. They acknowledged the emperor to be a god on earth. d. They broke away from the Catholic Church. e. They freely mixed Buddhism and Confucianism into Orthodox Catholicism.

67. In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Europeans viewed the natural world through two belief systems: a. folklore, including magic, and Biblical teachings. b. science and Biblical teachings. c. Folklore, including magic, and Enlightenment ideas. d. militarism and socialism. e. pacifism and egalitarianism.

67. The Ottoman army and civil service relied on a. Christian boys taken from their families and educated as Muslims in Istanbul. b. Muslim boys from Anatolia. c. Cossacks. d. the privileged sons of cavalrymen. e. the empire's naval superiority in the Atlantic.

69. Which of the following was not a policy pursued by Peter the Great? a. Westernizing Orthodox Christianity by adopting Catholic ritual and practice. b. Reducing the traditional roles of boyars in the government. c. Tax increases. d. Increased government control of the clergy. e. Construction of factories and foundries.

7. In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith proposes that the government should a. not interfere in business. b. carefully regulate business. c. leave business alone, except for enacting protective tariffs. d. protect workers. e. carefully allocate resources to ensure their best possible use.

7. The Scientific Revolution thinker most famous for asserting that mathematical laws governed the universe was a. Isaac Newton. b. Robert Boyle. c. René Descartes. d. John Harvey. e. Henry the Navigator.

70. Why did Britain discourage the efforts of Egypt to industrialize? a. Britain didn't want Egypt to become powerful and interfere with trade between India and Europe. b. Britain wanted to preserve Egypt's historical and cultural heritage. c. Egypt had become allied with Russia. d. Britain wanted to prevent the spread of Islamic learning. e. Many British citizens were trying to emigrate to Egypt.

75. How did the growth of a centralized Russian Empire affect peasants? a. Peasants became serfs, people who were tied to the land. b. Peasants' standard of living improved to a middle-class level. c. It gave the peasants the vote. d. Peasants were deported and sent to gulags. e. Peasants could move freely at any time to improve their lot in life.

76. Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture? a. The leader of a slave revolt in Saint Domingue. b. The Caribbean delegate to the French Revolutionary Council. c. The great impressionist painter of the French Revolution. d. The son of Robespierre and the Empress Josephine. e. The French general who crushed the slave revolt in Saint Domingue.

78. Ottoman reforms a. decreased the influence of women in society. b. provided new universities for female students. c. made women equal to men under the law. d. provided women with greater job opportunities. e. did not change women's position in society.

81. The tsar known for his expansion and Westernization of Russia was a. Peter the Great. b. Ivan the Terrible. c. Nicholas III. d. Edward II. e. Charles VI.

81. What was the major reason the Russian state resisted industrialization? a. A deep suspicion of Western ideas, especially liberalism and socialism. b. It was trying to initiate a communist revolution first. c. Long-term disputes with Germany led to reluctance to use German advisers. d. Serfs could not learn how to run machines. e. Local landowners feared losing their labor force if peasants left the fields to go to factories.

82. By the 1680s, ____ had become the wealthiest and most populous of the British North American colonies. a. Barbados b. Virginia c. Trinidad d. Jamaica e. Pennsylvania

83. A major limitation on Russian power in the sixteenth century was that a. the empire was almost completely landlocked. b. Jesuits were undermining the power of the Orthodox Church. c. the Protestant Reformation inspired peasant revolts. d. the Mongols successfully resisted Ivan IV's efforts to expand. e. Moscow had exceptionally cold winters.

84. Bourgeoisie means a. "town dwellers." b. "lower middle class." c. "nobility." d. "clergy." e. "royalty."

85. In 1592, after years of civil war, Hideyoshi a. launched an invasion of Korea and China. b. was killed by his palace guard. c. successfully pacified the country by outlawing all weapons. d. converted to Buddhism. e. renounced violence in all forms.

86. Most-favored-nation status meant that a. any beneficial opportunities extended by China to another nation had to be offered to Britain as well. b. the British gained a monopoly on trade with China. c. China would allow missionaries from Britain only. d. China and Britain obtained bilateral rights to attend each other's universities. e. Britain was attempting to promote competition among Asian nations to see who would compete for British trade.

87. The root cause of the Crimean War was a. Russia's desire to expand south for naval access to the Mediterranean Sea. b. Russia's desire to spread Orthodox Christianity throughout the Ottoman Empire. c. Ottoman domination of Serbia. d. Russia's desire to control Istanbul. e. Russia's siding with Greece during the 1829 independence movement.

87. Which empire replaced the Ming Empire of China? a. Qing Empire b. Han Empire c. Yuan Empire d. Yi Empire e. Qin Empire

88. The organization that managed Britain's trade with China was a. the East India Company. b. the East Asia Company. c. the Royal Navy. d. Parliament. e. the China Sea Company.

89. Which of the following did the French National Assembly not do? a. Eliminate barriers to trade. b. Draft a new constitution. c. Abolish the nobility as a hereditary class. d. Seize church lands. e. Vote to execute the king.

90. Which of the following was not a reason for European planters to switch to African slave labor? a. Africans were less likely to die of disease and overwork than Europeans were. b. Indentured servants became too expensive when land values increased. c. Rising sugar prices made it possible for planters to pay the high up-front costs of slave labor. d. The average slave life-span was two to three years longer than the typical indenture contract. e. All of these were actually reasons for planters to switch.

92. The Factory Act of 1833 a. prohibited textile mills from employing workers under the age of nine. b. increased wages for all workers in Great Britain and Scotland. c. granted women equal pay for equal work. d. limited the work day to eight hours. e. enacted safety laws.

1. On plantations, the "driver" who led a slave labor gang was usually a. the slave-owner himself. b. a privileged male slave. c. a privileged female slave. d. a European-born indentured servant. e. a free creole employee hired by the slave-owner.

105. Napoleon's defeat in Russia a. humiliated Alexander I. b. forced European powers to acknowledge Russia's geopolitical importance. c. left Europeans unimpressed. d. did not lead to Russia's inclusion in diplomatic negotiations arranged by Europe. e. spurred Russians to convert to Catholicism.

106. The construction of a railroad in Russia a. was halted by the intervention of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. b. relied on foreign experts. c. created a link between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. d. allowed new territories to be opened in the Asian steppes. e. was never completed because of financial problems.

112. The most obvious change in rural life during the Industrial Revolution was a. electrical power. b. the appearance of new roads, canals, and railroads. c. an increase in leisure time. d. a population shift to rural areas. e. the increase of political power of rural residents at the expense of industrial centers.

114. Which of the following was not a result of the Treaty of Nanking? a. Hong Kong became a British colony. b. China was able to retain its tariffs to protect fledgling industries. c. The British opened five Chinese treaty ports. d. The Qing paid 21 million ounces of silver to England. e. British residents were granted extraterritoriality.

116. The overthrow of the Venezuelan, Mexican, and Bolivian colonial governments was initially led by a. the uneducated peasantry. b. landowning creoles. c. local church leaders. d. slaves. e. the merchant class.

117. Industrial work had an enormous effect on the family because a. it provided a steady income for families. b. work was now removed from the home and family members were separated all day. c. children were happier in factories than on farms. d. factory work was safer than farm work. e. the move to the city made families happier and more stable.

118. Napoleon won the support of the peasantry and the middle class by a. giving tax rebates. b. ensuring the principle of equality before the law and protecting property. c. campaigning door to door. d. humiliating the British navy. e. allowing any peasant to become a member of the bourgeoisie.

119. The revolutions of 1848 were widespread across Europe and were inspired by a. the establishment of permanent democracy in the Holy Roman Empire. b. the desire for democratic reforms and national self-determination. c. the installation of Louis Philippe as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. d. the demand that women be granted the right to vote. e. Gil Scott-Heron's famous poem.

12. The Jesuit missionaries who arrived in Japan in the sixteenth century had most success winning converts among a. members of the Japanese elite. b. ordinary people. c. the samurai. d. Buddhist monks. e. members of the imperial court.

12. Working-class women transformed gender relations by a. becoming directly involved in reform movements. b. working outside the home. c. armed revolution. d. copying the tactics of the Jacobins in the French Revolution. e. going on strike in the home.

127. The Ottoman military adopted the fez because a. it made soldiers look taller. b. absence of a brim made it possible to touch the forehead to the ground during prayer. c. it was not considered modern. d. absence of a brim made it easier for soldiers to see. e. it was the traditional headgear worn at Islamic shrines.

128. Aside from the brutal conditions on Saint Domingue, the island erupted in revolt because a. of the intervention of the English navy. b. of the turmoil in revolutionary France. c. all trade and exports were cut off. d. the planter elites started their own government. e. of the mystical visions of its leader.

129. In late eighteenth-century France, the majority of the population was made up of a. the bourgeoisie. b. peasants. c. aristocrats. d. the clergy. e. city-dwellers.

15. The Japanese called their warriors a. daimyo. b. samurai. c. yujo. d. renmin. e. danzaemon.

19. Most Europeans believed that when natural disasters like earthquakes occurred, the cause was a. plate tectonics. b. supernatural forces. c. an imbalance of humors in the body. d. that they were illusions. e. a ruler who was not virtuous.

20. The most influential defender of Amerindians in the early colonial period was a. Vasco de Gama. b. Bartolomé de las Casas. c. Ferdinand Magellan. d. Ignatius Loyola. e. Father Marquette.

22. In the sixteenth century, China had an urgent need for silver because a. it was often an ingredient of medicinal drinks. b. the Ming fiscal system required that taxes be paid in cash. c. farmers would only accept silver as payment for their crops. d. it was used to make a variety of highly-fashionable luxury goods. e. it was the only commodity European traders would accept in exchange for their manufactured goods.

24. One of Rousseau's most radical ideas was that government a. could not impose unwanted taxes. b. authority rested on the consent of the governed. c. had to respond to calls for reform. d. was responsible for controlling business. e. should be abolished.

27. Among the cross-cultural intellectual exchanges between China and Europe, variolation was a. when diplomats spontaneously combusted. b. an early form of inoculation against smallpox. c. the bilingual printing of trade contracts. d. drawing maps that showed the Eastern as well as the Western world. e. a means by which Chinese physicians compared European anatomy to that of Asians.

27. The Women's Rights Convention was held in a. Paterson, New Jersey. b. Seneca Falls, New York. c. Toronto, Canada. d. Washington, D.C. e. Boston, Massachusetts.

29. The askeri class in the Ottoman Empire was the a. noble class. b. military class. c. lower class. d. religious class. e. scholar class.

35. All of the following were true of the early modern bourgeoisie except that a. they lived in urban areas. b. they had long-established noble titles. c. they made money from commerce, finance and manufacturing. d. they aspired to become rural gentry. e. they provided monarchs with an important source of tax revenue.

35. Under the Qing, Europeans were permitted to trade only at a. Beijing. b. Canton. c. Karakorum. d. Calicut. e. Chang'an.

36. The first American colony that came to depend on African slave labor was a. Barbados. b. the Viceroyalty of Brazil. c. the Viceroyalty of New Spain. d. the Viceroyalty of Peru. e. Jamestown.

37. Which of the following is not true of population loss in Africa as a result of the slave trade? a. Areas near the Slave Coast lost a disproportionate number of people. b. Population loss was uniform across all areas of West Africa. c. Even at the peak of the trade, the population of Africa remained large. d. New foods from the Americas helped to offset population losses due to the slave trade. e. Population loss was reduced by the fact that more men than women were traded into slavery.

40. The eighteenth-century French thinker Voltaire argued that China's emperors were a. much like European monarchs. b. philosopher kings who could be a model for European rulers. c. exemplary practitioners of democracy. d. ruthless dictators who placed little value on human rights. e. racially inferior.

45. Most slaves taken from Africa were a. kidnapped. b. prisoners of war. c. criminals. d. political opponents. e. Muslims.

46. During the "Tulip Period," a. the Sultan sought to revive the culture of the Byzantine empire. b. European fashions were in favor among Ottoman elites. c. most wealthy Ottomans decided to move to Oman. d. tulips became so abundant that they ceased to be an expensive luxury. e. the Mamluks re-asserted control over Egypt.

46. The most revolutionary invention of the Industrial Revolution was James Watt's a. cotton gin. b. steam engine. c. saddle. d. bicycle. e. light bulb.

47. Janissaries became more important than cavalrymen in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries occurred because a. horses had become too expensive to use in large numbers. b. battlefield success increasingly depended on cannon and lighter-weight firearms. c. Janissaries began to ride horses. d. Janissaries were from Anatolia, while cavalrymen were mostly from the Balkans. e. Janissaries had ties to powerful noble clans.

5. The term division of labor in manufacturing means a. training each worker to be as versatile as possible. b. dividing work into specialized and repetitive tasks. c. using division as well as other mathematical functions. d. having the worker make the entire product. e. dividing the labor unions to weaken them.

50. The founder of the Taiping (Great Peace) Movement, Hong Xiquan, a. was assassinated by members of the armed forces. b. was inspired by Christianity. c. led an uprising that Qing forces easily crushed. d. overthrew the Qing dynasty and became the first peasant emperor. e. advocated nonviolence.

54. Merchants from which country were the first to arrive in East Asia? a. Spain b. Portugal c. England d. Holland e. Italy

56. One argument for the end of slavery was that it was a. cheaper to turn African-Americans into dependent sharecroppers. b. immoral and violated universal human rights. c. leading to the overpopulation of African-Americans. d. slowing down technological development. e. All of these

58. The majority of slaves on most West Indian plantations were a. of African descent, but born in the Americas. b. African-born. c. formerly owned by Southern North American planters, but sold "down the river" for their rebelliousness. d. allowed to keep their African cultural traditions with no interference. e. of mixed African and Amerindian descent.

58. What two related problems did the British face after defeating the French in 1763? a. Slave revolts and the declining price of cotton. b. Limiting settlement in Amerindian lands and imposing taxes on colonists. c. Women's suffrage and a heavily armed populace. d. Amerindian rights and environmental pollution. e. Limiting immigration and overseas entanglements.

59. Which of the following new inventions made better cotton thread and thus became the impetus for textile weaving? a. the steam engine b. the spinning jenny and the water frame c. the power loom and the thread genie d. the fulling press and the iron foot e. the rotary weaving engine

6. Martin Luther insisted that the only way to salvation was through a. relying on good works. b. faith in Jesus Christ. c. loyalty to the Vatican. d. paying money to the church. e. None of these

6. Women typically earned a. as much as men. b. one-third to one-half as much as men. c. 10 percent of what men made. d. twice as much as men. e. nothing because their service was tenure service to the owner.

60. The founder of the Mughal Empire was a. Akbar. b. Babur. c. Ali. d. Mehmed. e. Nanak.

62. The Glorious Revolution and the English Civil War both started when a. the war between Irish Catholics and Protestants ended. b. the monarch refused to share power with Parliament. c. the Catholic monarchy was restored to Spain. d. the Protestant heir to the throne, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, were married. e. war broke out between Sweden and England over control of the North Sea.

63. King Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates General, the French national legislature, because a. only it could control the violent peasantry. b. the French elite would not consent to new taxes. c. he needed its consent to impose martial law. d. he wanted to demonstrate the power of the throne. e. he wanted its support for the manumission of slaves.

64. Extensive migration in the fifteenth century in the East African lake region and Kenyan highlands was due to a. attacks by Portuguese and English explorers. b. long-lasting drought conditions. c. the influx of Islam. d. the beginning of the slave trade in those areas. e. internecine wars.

64. In 1789, responding to economic depression and the fear that the king was massing troops to arrest the National Assembly, a Parisian crowd a. burned the palace at Versailles. b. attacked the Bastille. c. petitioned to have Joan of Arc made a saint. d. protested the building of Fontainebleau. e. burned the city of Paris.

65. Which of the following was not one of the ways in which workers resisted harsh treatment? a. They changed their jobs frequently. b. They frequently assassinated unpopular factory owners. c. They did poor-quality work. d. They rioted and went on strike. e. They were absent on Mondays.

66. Most slaves died in the first weeks after their arrival from Africa from a. poor nutrition. b. disease. c. overwork. d. abuse. e. accidents.

69. The Atlantic System was a. a set of military alliances among western European states. b. a network of trading links across the Atlantic basin. c. the term used to refer to the navigational techniques developed by the English navy after 1600. d. limited to sovereign states, and did not include any colonies. e. only a minor factor in the growth of the slave trade.

69. With the end of colonialism in the Americas, Amerindians a. were no longer exploited. b. lost the protection of the colonial powers. c. could once again settle on their own lands. d. could control their own destinies. e. were deported from the continent.

70. In Virginia, colonial government consisted of a governor, his council, and representatives known as the a. House of Payne. b. House of Burgesses. c. House of Lords. d. House of Elders. e. Assembly of Freemen.

72. One of the most significant stimuli for European expansion into Southeast Asia in the seventeenth century was a. religious minorities trying to escape Protestant or Catholic persecution in Europe during the Thirty Years War. b. joint-stock trade companies. c. missionary work by Jesuits trying to stem the spread of Islam. d. the increased value of cotton due to the Industrial Revolution. e. European addiction to coffee.

72. The two groups of Protestant dissenters that colonized New England were a. Quakers and Shakers. b. Puritans and Pilgrims. c. Shakers and Mormons. d. Questers and Seekers. e. Congregationalists and Presbyterians.

73. What problem did the British face in their trade with China in the 1700s? a. Britain couldn't meet China's demand for goods. b. China had little demand for British goods. c. China wanted British rule in Canton to facilitate trade. d. British demand for Chinese goods collapsed after 1700, causing the Canton trade base to become unprofitable. e. A gold deposit was required as goodwill collateral before any trade could occur.

74. The preferred language of the reformed educational system in the Ottoman Empire was a. Turkish. b. French. c. Russian. d. German. e. Arabic.

76. According to the Confucian value system the Tokugawa shoguns embraced, a. merchants had a privileged status because they brought prosperity. b. merchants were considered morally weak. c. merchants were respected, but not as privileged as farmers. d. farmers were less favored than merchants, because farmers did manual labor. e. manufacturing was considered more important than agriculture.

76. The French settlements in America resembled Spanish and Portuguese colonies because they wanted to a. draft Amerindians for military service. b. extract resources and convert the population to Christianity. c. free the Amerindians from oppression by the Aztec kings. d. protect the environment while preserving Amerindian culture. e. do none of these; the French actually resembled the English more than they did the Spanish or Portuguese.

77. The history of the Hidden Imam set a tradition in Iran for religious scholars to a. be under the control of the shah. b. be an independent authority. c. be influenced by the opinions of wandering ascetics. d. be completely disinterested in political affairs. e. inspire wars between the religious sects.

78. The devastating wars of the early modern era in Europe resulted in a. the destruction of the national museums. b. more skilled European armies with better weapons. c. gang violence in the streets of Paris and London. d. a unified European state called the Holy Roman Empire. e. a widespread pacifist movement in Europe.

8. In 1555, by the Peace of Augsburg, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V allowed German princes to choose a. Catholicism or Calvinism. b. Catholicism or Lutheranism. c. Calvinism or Lutheranism. d. a new emperor. e. Islam or Christianity.

8. Independence in Brazil first occurred when a. Bolívar overthrew the reign of King John VI after his return to Portugal. b. Emperor Pedro I declared Brazil a constitutional monarchy. c. juntas turned Brazil into a constitutional republic. d. the armies of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata freed the slaves, breaking the economic stronghold of Portugal. e. Francisco Garibaldi was elected president of Brazil in 1831.

80. The Treaty of Nerchinsk established the border between a. China and Mongolia. b. China and Russia. c. Russia and Japan. d. Russia and Korea. e. China and Korea.

80. Which of the following is true regarding the Atlantic slave trade? a. Africans gained far more wealth than Europeans did. b. Europeans gained far more wealth than Africans did. c. Europeans gained only slightly more wealth than Africans did. d. Europeans and Africans gained nearly the same amount of wealth. e. Africans benefited from their inclusion in the world trade system but were harmed by European diseases.

81. By 1740, ____, with 16,000 inhabitants, was the largest city in British North America. a. New York b. Boston c. Plymouth d. Albany e. Charleston

82. With the fragmentation of Mughal political order, who became president of an independent European stronghold on India's east coast? a. Ferdinand Braudel b. Joseph François Dupleix c. Toussaint L'Ouverture d. Jack Shaftoe e. Ignatius Dumond

83. Under the Tanzimat, Islamic law a. remained dominant. b. was gradually restricted to matters of family law. c. was gradually restricted to matters of business law. d. was gradually restricted to matters of penal law. e. stopped being the exclusive preserve of the ulema.

84. In the Constitutional Convention of 1787 the United States a. concluded the peace with England. b. created the most democratic government of the era. c. briefly formed into thirteen separate nations. d. formed a temporary government. e. barely survived the battle between Federalists and anti-Federalists.

85. As they established the colony of New France, the French developed an alliance with a. the Iroquois. b. the Algonquin. c. the Dutch. d. the English. e. nobody: they were rivals with the English and Dutch and did not recognize Amerindian governments as valid political entities.

85. Which of the following was not part of the original Constitution? a. The direct election of Representatives by popular vote. b. The direct election of Senators by popular vote. c. The failure to grant popular rights to women. d. The election of a President by electors.. e. The appointment of Senators by state legislators.

87. The Protestant challenge to the Catholic Church and its supporters was intense and emotional, resulting in a. a compromise representing theological common ground. b. bitter wars of religion. c. the election of Pope Leo X. d. European monarchs begging the pope for forgiveness. e. All of these

89. In 1453, the Ottoman armies attacked Constantinople and brought an end to a. Roman rule. b. Byzantine rule. c. Arab rule. d. Egyptian rule. e. Mongol rule.

9. One of the consequences of Japanese aggression in the sixteenth century was the a. creation of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. b. defeat of weakened Chinese armies by the Manchu. c. complete defeat of Japanese forces. d. alliance formed among China, the Manchus, and Japan. e. destruction of the Manchu Empire.

90. Although European accounts discussed the custom of women wearing veils, a. Islamic women wore elaborate headdresses of ostrich feathers and lace. b. both Islamic men and women covered their hair, arms, and legs. c. Islamic women did not cover the face or body. d. Islamic women were never actually seen by Europeans. e. there is no evidence that this is true.

90. The most persistent opponents of early Ottoman reforms were the a. hereditary elites. b. Janissaries. c. religious leaders. d. peasants and agriculturalists. e. Jesuits.

91. The British military advantage in the Opium War was provided by a. poison gas attacks. b. new gunboats. c. tank divisions. d. the machine gun. e. large numbers of troops.

1. The Opium War exposed the fact that the Qing land forces, the Bannermen, were a. overpowering. b. well trained but poorly led. c. obsolete. d. able to use martial arts to defeat the British navy. e. traitors.

11. Saint Domingue was most important to France because a. of the large numbers of Frenchmen on the island. b. it was the French military outpost in the Americas. c. it generated one-third of all French foreign trade. d. it was the last part of France's overseas empire. e. it was strategically located between St. Lucia and Martinique.

120. Enclosure was a. closing factory doors at working time and not opening them again until closing. b. a closed emigration policy. c. restriction of common agricultural land. d. maintaining private garden plots for personal use. e. a process of closing off rivers for waterpower in factories.

123. Which of the following political moves by American Revolutionaries was not an expression of Enlightenment ideology? a. The affirmation of individual rights. b. Asserting that the equality of all men is a "self-evident truth". c. Counting each slave as three-fifths of a person. d. Creating a written constitution to serve as a social contract. e. Emphasizing governance by consent of the people.

126. The war for Greek independence resulted in the a. defeat of the Greek revolutionaries and the execution of all traitors. b. execution of the sultan. c. defeat of the Ottomans by the combined Russian, British, and French fleets. d. collapse of the Egyptian monarchy. e. complete destruction of the Ottoman Empire.

13. The stresses that led to the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangxi region were initially a result of a. severe loss of rural population. b. the presence of many Europeans in the region. c. social tensions and foreign intrusion. d. large numbers of Qing troops in the area. e. the government prohibition against opium.

13. Which of the following was not a factor in the decline of Safavid rule? a. Economic inflation caused by an influx of silver. b. Mismanagement of the silk trade. c. Dependence on slave soldiers with guns rather than nomad cavalry. d. Lack of control of the tax collection system by the central administration. e. Diminishing support for the Shah among nomadic groups.

16. Which of the following was not part of Akbar's policy of religious reconciliation between Muslims and Hindus? a. His marriage to a Rajput princess b. The appointment of Hindu mansabdars c. His elevation of Hindus to high government positions over Muslims d. His allowing Hindus to settle legal disputes with Hindu law e. The elimination of the tax on non-Muslims

17. The Ottomans' chief rival in Iran was the a. Khanate of Il-Khan. b. Mughal Empire. c. Safavid Empire. d. Persian Empire. e. Uighur Empire.

18. The Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1535 encompassed a. Mexico, California, and Oregon. b. Alaska, Siberia, and Central America. c. Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean islands. d. Brazil, Paraguay, and Roanoke. e. Florida, St. Lucia, and Dominica.

19. In Iran, the mandated conversion to Shi'ism was a. accepted as the word of god by the Sunnis. b. a way of establishing common ground with the Ottomans. c. crucial to the creation of a distinctive Iranian identity. d. only for the select members of the qizilbash in Iran. e. done for the purpose of unifying with the Abbasid Caliphate.

19. In the United States, many factory owners opened their factories with a commitment to decent wages and housing a. but soon converted to machine-driven looms. b. but soon rejected female workers in favor of child laborers. c. but eventually lowered wages and imposed longer hours. d. and continued to improve the lot of workers. e. but did none of these.

21. The Netherlands revolted against Spain in the 1560s and 1570s because of a. Spain's inattention to the needs of The Netherlands. b. a worsening Dutch economy. c. the imposition of the Spanish sales tax and Catholic orthodoxy. d. an invasion by the Spanish navy. e. a failing Spanish economy.

22. The most important agent for transmitting European beliefs, language, and culture in Spanish America and Brazil was the a. Viceroy. b. Spanish and Portuguese armies. c. Catholic Church. d. plantation system. e. the king of Spain.

26. Generally, the Atlantic African slave trade was based on a partnership between a. European opportunists and Arab merchants. b. Asian and European elites. c. European and African elites. d. Islamic and African elites. e. Arab merchants and African elites.

26. The chief source of Ottoman inflation in the sixteenth century was a. uncontrolled spending by the nobles. b. that such a small population could not produce enough goods. c. an influx of silver from the Americas. d. uncontrolled military spending. e. widespread opium addiction.

3. As the iron industry expanded, the consumption of fuel caused a. a reduction in the use of iron and copper. b. less destruction of forest woodlands because iron was used instead of wood. c. deforestation. d. the rise of a wealthy class of timber industrialists. e. little to no change in the consumption of resources.

3. Extensive Islamic expansion into East Africa and Southeast Asia occurred a. before the rapid European commercial expansion. b. because Islam was most similar to native religions. c. because Muslims willingly accepted converts as full members of their communities. d. thanks to the support of Muslim land empires. e. because Muhammad visited these places.

31. Iron production was transformed by Abraham Darby's discovery that a. machines could do the work of hammering iron better than humans could. b. mills operated with hydroelectric power produced stronger iron. c. coke could be used in place of charcoal in the smelting process. d. taconite was a more valuable byproduct than the iron itself. e. people worked more efficiently if they were paid higher wages.

32. Mercantilism is a. the recognition by the state that all individuals have economic rights. b. the belief in a complete free-market economy. c. a government policy that limits foreign trade and emphasizes the accumulation of gold and silver. d. the political doctrine that only people who produce economic wealth may vote. e. another name for capitalism.

32. Serbia became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1805 a. because the Ottoman Empire was busy suppressing the Greek uprising. b. but it was reabsorbed two decades later. c. after Russian threats prevented the Ottomans from disarming Serbians following a Janissary revolt. d. because Muhammad Ali recalled the Janissaries to Egypt. e. by assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

34. Calvinism went further than Lutheranism in a. encouraging political rebellion. b. empowering ordained clergy. c. simplifying religious rituals. d. building extravagant churches. e. insisting on loyalty to the Vatican.

36. One result of the Great Northern War was a. the death of Peter the Great. b. the liberation of Constantinople. c. Russian access to the Baltic Sea. d. Russia's retreat into isolationism. e. the destruction of Russia's navy.

38. As a result of the French Revolution, King Louis XVI was a. restored. b. elected. c. beheaded. d. deported. e. enriched.

40. English political philosopher John Locke asserted that if the monarch a. was elected by the people, he could rule forever. b. fed the people, the people should be loyal. c. abused his or her power, the people had a duty to rebel. d. ruled absolutely without controls, harmony would ensue. e. ruled with morality, society would be moral as well.

40. In the Constitution, slaves were counted as three-fifths of a person a. because they were not considered whole people. b. so that their votes would not count the same as those of whites. c. to give southern states more representatives. d. so that slaves could have at least some representation. e. None of these

41. Spain's lesser nobles who came to America in significant numbers were called a. creoles. b. castas. c. hidalgos. d. palenques. e. baronets.

44. The Mughal Empire is distinguished from the Ottoman and Safavid Empires mostly because it was a. not very warlike. b. heavily influenced by the Chinese. c. a Hindu land ruled by Muslims. d. a Muslim land ruled by Hindus. e. a democracy.

46. In light of the challenges to the Catholic Church, many reforms of the Roman Catholic Church were enacted, such as a. mandating poverty for the Catholic Church as an institution. b. instituting dietary restrictions to symbolize purity. c. reforming the education of the clergy. d. allowing priests and nuns to marry. e. using the vernacular during mass.

49. Eighteenth-century European merchants traded for all the following Chinese goods except a. jade. b. painted fans. c. clocks. d. wallpaper. e. porcelain.

49. Which of the following would John Locke have argued? a. The king is appointed by the divine will of God, and people have to respect that. b. Individual rights can only be guaranteed by an absolute ruler whose power is unchecked by the populace. c. People have the right to rebel against a monarch who violates their natural rights. d. The abolition of private property is necessary for the harmonious functioning of society. e. Democracy does not work because not all people are equal or should be part of the working government.

5. Which of the following groups brought the scholarly version of Islam to Southeast Asia in the sixteenth century? a. Sufi preachers. b. Merchants from India. c. Pilgrims returning from years of study in Mecca and Medina. d. Pilgrims returning from years of study in Baghdad. e. Ship captains from Cambay.

50. At the end of the English Civil War, the monarch was executed and replaced by a. John Calvin. b. John Smith. c. Oliver Cromwell. d. Thomas à Becket. e. Samuel Adams.

50. The Cossacks were a. missionaries. b. a Byzantine trading society. c. an independent tribal society of warriors. d. an elite military force of the tsar. e. nomadic reindeer herders of the eastern steppe.

51. Which 1770 event radicalized public opinion throughout the American colonies? a. The Molly Pitcher Incident b. The call to free the slaves c. The Boston Massacre d. The Quebec Act e. The public hanging of Thomas Paine

53. The English Navigation Acts a. regulated the kinds of equipment sailors could use on their ships. b. used tax breaks to encourage colonial trade and production. c. limited colonial trade and production that competed with England's own. d. were an early example of free-market economic policy. e. specified the routes merchant ships were allowed to take across the Atlantic.

55. What invention revolutionized communication during the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century? a. the phonograph b. radar c. the electric telegraph d. the battery e. the telephone

57. New forms of energy, such as ____, were important for industrialization in the nineteenth century. a. horse power b. wind and water energy c. the steam engine and electricity d. hydroelectric power e. the gas turbine engine

59. Plantation slaves were motivated to work hard a. to earn extra wages. b. because they were promised freedom. c. to escape punishment. d. because they were rewarded with extra food. e. because they were promised a share of the profits.

65. According to the text, what were the primary reasons for the fall of the Ming Empire? a. Declining rural population and government corruption. b. Government corruption and the Little Ice Age. c. Internal rebellion and threats from enemies on the borders. d. Internal rebellion and government corruption. e. Economic depression and lack of agricultural innovation.

67. The first manufactured good to be produced by truly modern, industrial means was a. cast iron. b. the case clock. c. cotton cloth. d. porcelain. e. the breech-loading rifle.

68. How did Western industrialization change China's relationship with the West? a. China's industrialization put it on an equal footing with the West. b. Industrialization caused Chinese and Western workers to unite. c. European steam-powered gunboats humiliated China's military. d. European nations shared the wealth with China. e. Europe demanded massive Chinese immigration for factory work.

70. The Incident of the Forty-Seven Ronin is important in Japanese history because a. it led to the passage of a law against committing seppuku. b. it showed the triumph of military ideals over civil law. c. it showed the triumph of civil law over military ideals. d. it showed the extent to which Japan remained a society controlled by the daimyo. e. it revealed that the shogun's power was declining.

71. Although European peasants were free during the early modern era, a. they were obliged to provide ten years of military service. b. they were forced to head the decision-making offices of the government. c. their standards of living may have declined between 1500 and 1750. d. they faced increasing competition from African slaves. e. they were forced into overseas service as missionaries.

73. Which new form of compulsory labor was first introduced by the English in North America? a. Black slave labor b. Amerindian slave labor c. Indentured servants d. The mita and encomienda e. The chinampa system

74. The economic development of the colonies in Mexico and Peru was dominated by a. diamond mining and wheat plantations. b. copper mining and cattle ranching. c. silver and gold mining. d. gold mining and cotton plantations. e. rice plantations and bronze mining.

78. The sultan who presided over a golden age and the greatest Ottoman assault on Christian Europe was a. Mehmet II. b. Selim I. c. Suleiman the Magnificent. d. Babur. e. Akbar.

79. In the late eighteenth century, one of the ways the British sought to address their growing trade deficit with China was to a. make porcelain for the Chinese market. b. pay a special tribute to the Emperor. c. engage in the smuggling of opium. d. intimidate the Chinese with gunboats. e. send Jesuit missionaries.

8. Who benefited from the Patrona Halil Rebellion? a. The Sultan, who saw the power of his position reaffirmed. b. Halil, who ruled as Sultan for twenty years. c. Ambitious provincial governors and others in a position to assert their independence from the Sultan. d. Tulip sellers. e. The grand vizier and other officials who relied on the Sultan's power.

80. After the defeat of the Taiping Rebellion, the Qing empire was dominated by a. the Bannermen. b. Confucian scholars. c. provincial governors. d. Tibetan lamas. e. European missionaries.

83. A key diplomatic principle that emerged from the European religious and dynastic wars of the early modern period was a. "the enemy of my enemy is my friend." b. "it is better to be feared than loved." c. the concept of the "balance of power." d. the concept of the "negotiated treaty." e. the concept of "mutually-assured destruction."

84. The first European trading base in China was a. Canton. b. Shanghai. c. Macao. d. Taiwan. e. Hong Kong.

86. In comparison to other parts of the world, marriage patterns in early modern Europe were characterized by a. a younger age at marriage and larger families. b. a younger age at marriage and smaller families. c. an older age at marriage and smaller families. d. a high rate of infant mortality. e. a celibate religious lifestyle.

88. In Brazil, the economic importance of Amerindian slaves was eventually superseded by a. Asian slaves. b. European peasants. c. African slaves. d. better technology. e. animal power.

88. While current historians argue that the Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires all ultimately collapsed because of economic pressures exerted by Europe, the rulers themselves felt more threatened by a. European cultural refinement. b. the moral power of Christianity. c. European military superiority. d. the quality of European manufactured goods. e. European racism.

89. The influx of American silver to Europe did all the following except a. create growing trade deficits with Asia. b. increase the European money supply. c. transform Spain into a major manufacturing center. d. promote commercial expansion. e. increase social mobility in Europe.

91. In England's southern colonies, growing dependence on slave labor accompanied a. an increase in the numbers of indentured servants. b. a turn away from plantation agriculture. c. an expansion of liberties and political rights for the free population. d. an increase in the royal governor's power. e. a government crackdown on small farmers that limited everyone's political rights.

95. When Tsar Alexander I died in 1825, reformers in the military provoked a. a confrontation with Japan that resulted in the Russo-Japanese War. b. a border war with China. c. a failed uprising called the Decembrist Revolt. d. the Minister of Defense to resign. e. widespread rebellion among the nobility.

97. Which British city became the most notorious example of the Industrial Revolution's effects on urban areas? a. London b. Liverpool c. Manchester d. Newcastle e. Glasgow

98. Which French Estate declared itself to be the National Assembly? a. First Estate b. Second Estate c. Third Estate d. Fourth Estate e. Fifth Estate

1. Population growth in China in the 1700s led to a. a better standard of living due to cheap labor. b. massive unionization of Chinese workers. c. better working conditions among artisans. d. severe environmental problems. e. an economic boom as demand for goods rose as well.

109. The Junta Central was a political body established a. to organize the overthrow of colonial powers. b. in Mexico to maintain European domination. c. to coordinate many diverse revolutionary groups. d. to rule during the French occupation of Spain. e. to organize armed revolution in the United States.

11. According to the Russian census of 1795, over half the population were a. nobility. b. in military service. c. freemen. d. serfs. e. college educated.

110. The guillotine was intended to a. humiliate aristocrats, because under the old system they were executed by hanging. b. be a more painful and therefore more satisfying way to kill enemies of the people. c. allow executioners close personal contact with their victims. d. make executions more egalitarian and humane. e. make execution more like revenge, and less like a legal penalty.

121. Muhammad Ali was significant to the history of the Ottoman Empire because a. he eventually became Sultan. b. he captured Mecca and Medina. c. his puritanical brand of Islam became increasingly popular in the nineteenth century. d. he set an example for government and military reform. e. he was the last important Janissary commander.

122. By the end of the revolutionary period 1776 - 1848, a. a majority of men and women in Europe and the United States had gained full political rights. b. capitalism had ceased to expand. c. private property no longer existed. d. only a minority had gained full political rights. e. the majority of European nations were republics.

124. Pan-Slavism was the doctrine a. of diminishing economic returns. b. of freedom for all serfs. c. that Slavic peoples should convert to Islam. d. that asserted the essential unity of all Slavic peoples. e. that emphasized the close connection between Slavic and European peoples.

14. The Jesuits had more success than Dominican and Franciscan missionaries to China because a. their preaching was more intensely emotional. b. they appealed more to the common people. c. their superior intellectual training allowed them to win arguments with Confucian scholars. d. they adapted Catholicism to Chinese cultural traditions. e. denounced European science and technology.

16. The two areas in Latin America that were ruled by a monarch in the nineteenth century were a. Mexico and Bolivia. b. Peru and Chile. c. Uruguay and Paraguay. d. Mexico and Brazil. e. Brazil and Argentina.

18. After the Imjin war, a. Japanese leaders fragmented into many feuding castes. b. Korea invaded Japan. c. Japanese leaders resigned, thus allowing a true democracy to form. d. Japanese leaders established the Tokugawa Shogunate, a centralized military government. e. China invaded Japan.

2. American-born European whites were called a. mestizos. b. mulattos. c. muchachos. d. creoles. e. chinampas.

2. Mughal is Persian for a. "infidel." b. "interloper." c. "conquerors." d. "Mongol." e. "Mamluk."

20. When the Parisian crowd marched to Versailles, it a. beheaded Marie Antoinette. b. petitioned the Crown for assistance. c. took the entire National Assembly captive. d. forced the royal family to move to Paris. e. demanded a change from civil to common law.

21. A ronin was a(n) a. moneylender. b. elite minister of the shogun. c. merchant. d. masterless samurai. e. Buddhist monk.

23. In 1810, Spain's richest and most populous American colony was a. Venezuela. b. Brazil. c. Peru. d. Mexico. e. Bolivia.

24. What European country conquered the East African port cities? a. Spain b. The Netherlands c. England d. Portugal e. France

26. Russia was similar to the Ottoman Empire for which of the following reasons? a. The majority of Russia's population was Muslim. b. Russia switched from religious law to secular law in the nineteenth century. c. The majority of Russia's population was urban. d. The economy in Russia was primarily based on agriculture. e. Russia made no attempts at reform during the eighteenth century.

28. Some monarchs acted as patrons of Enlightenment intellectuals for all the following reasons except that a. aspects of Enlightenment thought undermined traditional opponents of monarchical power such as the clergy and aristocracy. b. many Enlightenment thinkers emphasized the role of powerful monarchs as potential agents of reform. c. the era was characterized by an optimistic belief that reason could solve humanity's problems. d. monarchs were often atheists, just like most Enlightenment thinkers. e. Enlightenment ideas had the potential to improve economic performance.

28. Tax farming is a. shifting the tax burden to the rich. b. imposing a tariff on foreign agricultural products. c. soil exhaustion due to overfarming. d. paying taxes in advance for the right to collect greater amounts from others. e. peasants working on government land to pay government expenses.

28. What new crops helped the rural poor of Europe avoid starvation? a. Manioc and peas b. Cassava and rice c. Blueberries and cranberries d. Potatoes and maize e. Wheat and millet

30. In the United States by the 1840s, most cotton mills a. were staffed by slaves. b. were in rural areas, near the plantations where cotton was grown. c. were put out of business by British competition. d. were in New England. e. used cotton from India.

30. Iranian scholars and writers a. read and wrote only in Persian. b. read and wrote only in Arabic. c. were relentlessly persecuted under the Safavids. d. read Arabic as well as Persian. e. opposed the government's forging of diplomatic ties with Mughal India.

31. Ignatius of Loyola founded the a. Dominicans. b. Inquisition. c. Council of Trent. d. Society of Jesus (the Jesuits). e. Franciscans.

31. The princes of Muscovy organized a movement of conquest and expansion against the a. Japanese. b. Chinese. c. Tibetans. d. Golden Horde. e. Koreans.

32. The main form of economic exchange in the Tokugawa Shogunate was a. coins. b. land. c. political power. d. rice. e. stock options.

33. Which of the following was not a characteristic of the English-led "financial revolution"? a. Direct collection of taxes. b. The creation of a central bank. c. Taxation of landed estates and aristocrats. d. Tax farming. e. Funding government with long-term loans.

36. Josiah Wedgwood's innovative porcelain production techniques a. made workers more productive. b. caused workers to be paid less. c. required more skill than traditional methods. d. A and B. e. A and C.

38. In the Muslim world, homosexuality was a. unknown. b. encouraged. c. introduced by the Silk Road. d. not unusual, despite religious disapproval. e. practiced only among the rich.

39. Eighteenth-century European governments supported economic expansion by doing all the following except a. building canals. b. sending scientific expeditions around the world. c. giving prizes to people who solved key scientific problems. d. building railroads. e. creating royal manufacturers to produce high-quality luxury goods.

39. The dominant religion among eastern steppe peoples in the Russian empire was a. Orthodox Christianity. b. Catholicism. c. Paganism. d. Islam. e. Judaism.

41. According to the philosophy of positivism, a. maintaining an upbeat attitude is crucial to success. b. everyone should strive to surround themselves with people who affirm their views. c. intuition is more important than logic. d. the scientific method can be used to solve social problems. e. free trade produces "the greatest happiness of the greatest number."

42. The new city that was to be Russia's "window on the West" was a. Stalingrad. b. Moscow. c. Kiev. d. St. Petersburg. e. Krakow.

42. This African state, located south of the Congo Estuary, was the greatest source of slaves for the Atlantic trade. a. Senegal b. Sierra Leone c. Namibia d. Angola e. Nigeria

42. When the Qing banned the importation of opium, the British a. stopped growing it. b. made it illegal in England as well. c. began growing cacao. d. sent naval and marine forces to China. e. sold their opium in the New World.

43. Who became the leader of Egypt after the failure of the French, Mamluk, and Ottoman governments? a. Gamal Nasser b. Mohandas K. Gandhi c. Muhammad Ali Jinnah d. Muhammad Ali e. Anwar Sadat

44. Which of the following did not contribute to the financial crisis that triggered the French Revolution? a. The costs of the Seven Years War. b. The costs of the American Revolution. c. The costs of the War of Austrian Succession. d. Failure to collect taxes from the Third Estate. e. Failure to collect taxes from the nobility.

47. Enlightenment thinkers believed that in the long run, a. human society would collapse. b. people would be doomed by their inherently sinful nature. c. history would end with the second coming of Christ. d. technical and intellectual progress would lead to greater human happiness. e. technical and intellectual progress would cause humanity to abandon religion altogether.

51. The Holy Roman Empire was ruled by the a. Bourbons. b. Huguenots. c. Burgundians. d. Habsburgs. e. Romanovs.

51. The primary reason the Tokugawa Shogunate sharply limited trade and other contact with Europeans was to a. protect Japanese manufacturers from competition. b. discourage all forms of commerce, which were seen as unjustly supporting the merchant class. c. increase the power of the Samurai class. d. halt the spread of Christianity. e. make a good impression on China.

52. Which of the following was not a problem faced by rural people in the late Ming period? a. A generally colder climate. b. Slow adoption of innovative crops and farming techniques. c. Epidemics. d. Turmoil caused by government policies intended to increase agricultural productivity. e. Economic depression.

53. After widespread riots erupted in rural areas in 1789, the National Assembly voted to a. use the military to attack peasants. b. set maximum prices on staple goods. c. draft more peasants to serve in the French army. d. end the feudal system. e. move the seat of government from Versailles to Paris.

55. After the arrival of the Spanish and Portuguese, Amerindian religious beliefs and practices a. gave way to widespread atheism in the face of colonial brutality. b. continued much as they had before. c. were successfully stamped out by Catholic missionaries. d. continued in altered form, blending with elements of Catholicism. e. were enthusiastically endorsed by Catholic missionaries, as a way to win Amerindian hearts and minds.

56. The Enlightenment in Europe was a. a uniform philosophical movement directed by the Royal Society. b. derived from Aristotelian scientific thought. c. the study of alchemy to make light on demand. d. a blending of intellectual schools of thought from many diverse areas, with the idea of improving the human condition. e. heavily influenced by Chinese naturalism.

57. The motivation for Russian expansion to the east was a. the promise of captives for religious sacrifice. b. to free people under Japanese rule. c. to capture the deep water port at Vladivostock. d. demand for animal pelts. e. the acquisition of Siberian oil reserves.

58. Who was Matteo Ricci? a. The man responsible for domesticating rice b. The first European to speak Chinese and Japanese c. The Chinese emperor's prime minister to Europe d. A Jesuit missionary who introduced European technology to China e. The man called the Marco Polo of the eighteenth century

59. Capitulations that were beneficial to Europeans were a. monopolies on certain cash crops sold to European companies. b. access to certain Ottoman ports. c. acknowledgment of the supremacy of the Portuguese army in Southeast Asia. d. a discount on trade duties and fees negotiated between Europeans and sultans. e. a tax based not on the amount of goods traded but on how many non-Muslims (per capita) were involved in the trade company.

60. Luther had his greatest success among German-speakers and Scandinavians because a. those groups had a greater susceptibility to intense religious feeling than other Europeans. b. Luther's writings were not translated into other languages. c. of the limited distribution of Luther's writings, which were only circulated in manuscript form. d. political conditions in their countries made his ideas more appealing. e. they had a more difficult time remaining celibate than southern Europeans.

61. Napoleon became Europe's first popular dictator because he a. threatened to overpower the French people. b. was needed by France when it was occupied by foreign armies. c. held the only hope that France would ever be free of German domination. d. promised order to an exhausted society. e. was strikingly tall and handsome.

62. Which of the following did not contribute to Tokugawa Japan's instability? a. The samurai went into debt. b. The merchants gained in power. c. The government remained traditional in a society that was changing. d. The introduction of Christianity caused Buddhism to die out. e. Population and economic growth put a strain on resources.

63. In the early modern period, the country where the bourgeoisie had the most political power was a. France. b. England. c. Russia. d. The Dutch Republic. e. Spain.

63. Iran became most closely associated with the manufacture of which item? a. Silk b. Coffee c. Porcelain d. Carpets e. Camel saddles

64. The term palenques refers to ____. a. a person of mixed European and Native American ancestry. b. an indigenous Native American instrument adopted by the Spanish in Peru. c. Aztec texts translated by Catholic priests. d. communities of runaway slaves in Spanish territories.. e. experimental gardens designed to propagate Old World plants to the New.

68. Which European city did the Ottomans try, and fail, to conquer in 1529 and 1683? a. Moscow b. London c. Paris d. Vienna e. Kiev

68. Witchcraft panics were more likely to occur in a. Catholic countries. b. Protestant countries. c. German-speaking countries. d. places where there was tension between popular beliefs and government or religious institutions. e. communities of Puritans.

7. Why did Peter the Great attempt to Westernize Russia? a. To join the Russian Orthodox Church. b. To end serfdom. c. To ultimately follow the British movement into political liberalization. d. To strengthen the Russian state and the autocratic power of the tsar. e. Because he was from the West (he inherited Russia's throne).

72. Urbanization had the greatest impact on a. the elite, who came to the cities to attend fashionable events. b. the bourgeoisie, who developed a professional class. c. factory owners, who came to the cities to keep an eye on their businesses. d. the poor, who came to the city from rural areas for work. e. children, who attended schools in cities.

73. As a result of industrialization, the relationship between western Europe and the non-Western world a. improved through increased communications. b. worsened because of the savagery of the slave trade. c. remained the same. d. came to be based on Western dominance. e. was dominated by the non-Western world, which derived power from its monopoly of raw materials.

74. What new product traded from the Arabian port of Mocha in Yemen became the rage in the fifteenth century? a. Chocolate b. Silk c. Pecans d. Coffee e. Taconite

75. Colonial New England's economy depended on a. rice cultivation. b. the intensive production of cash crops such as indigo and tobacco. c. cotton cultivation. d. Atlantic trade. e. the success of a few government-sponsored shipping monopolies.

75. Europeans felt a strong connection to the cause of Greek independence because a. they had become increasingly dependent on the Greek olive supply. b. they felt threatened by the conversions of numerous Greeks to Islam. c. Greece was an important trading partner of France and Britain. d. they believed that overthrowing Ottoman power was a way to reclaim Europe's classical heritage. e. they believed an independent Greece would likely become a democracy.

77. At Yorktown, the British general Cornwallis a. committed suicide. b. was ambushed by Mohawk troops. c. declared his support for American independence. d. surrendered to General Washington. e. signed the Declaration of Independence.

77. How did the English and French American colonies differ from the Spanish and Portuguese American colonies? a. The Spanish and Portuguese forced their languages on the population. b. The English and French used direct government control to develop colonies. c. The Spanish and Portuguese ruled with benign neglect. d. The English and French developed colonies through the efforts of private companies. e. They did not differ at all in their policies.

79. Catholic authorities condemned Copernicus' book in 1616, but twenty years before, they had used it a. to devise horoscopes for the most important clergymen. b. to determine the hypothetical location of the Christian heaven. c. as the basis for a giant orrery in the Vatican library, made of gold and precious stones. d. to develop a more accurate calendar. e. as inspiration for a fresco in the papal apartments.

79. Islamic law a. did not allow women to own any property. b. did not discuss women's property ownership. c. forbade women to own property after marriage. d. allowed women to keep property after marriage. e. made women equal with men.

82. The Taiping Rebellion a. was known as the bloodless civil war. b. succeeded in its goal to Christianize China. c. was a gambit designed to lure French and British forces to their destruction. d. was the world's bloodiest civil war. e. never actually took place.

86. European visitors to Ming China in the sixteenth century were a. dissatisfied with the quality of Chinese goods. b. trying to convince the Chinese to accept the Russian presence in Manchuria. c. buying huge quantities of opium, which was unavailable in Europe at the time. d. astonished by its power, manufacturing, and vast population. e. unimpressed by China's grandeur.

93. Because Canada did not allow women to enter medical school before 1895, that country's first women doctors received their degrees in a. Europe. b. Argentina. c. Brazil. d. the United States. e. Cuba.

94. The ulama opposed Selim III's reforms because a. they did not want to lose their military power. b. Selim had recognized Napoleon as emperor. c. of the power Selim had granted to the Janissaries. d. they feared the secularization of law and taxation. e. Selim wanted to eliminate Islam.

96. Women in the Taiping Rebellion were a. relegated to the home. b. ordered to follow traditional footbinding. c. allowed to work alongside men at the occupation of their choice. d. organized into military brigades. e. expected to stay in school.

99. Which of the following was not true of poor urban neighborhoods? a. They were often filled with overcrowded tenements. b. They were filthy, polluted, and filled with sewage. c. The danger of typhus, smallpox, dysentery, and tuberculosis was very high. d. Most poor urbanites lived in factory-owned apartment buildings. e. Houses were often mixed in with factories.

101. Russian allies in the Crimean War against the Ottoman Empire included a. England. b. France. c. Italy. d. Greece. e. None of these.

102. Factory work represented a radical difference from traditional rural work because a. women worked outside the home. b. children worked at simple tasks in factories. c. husbands worked separately from wives. d. the family did not work together as a unit. e. All of these

103. The process of modernization in Russia in the nineteenth century was accomplished more smoothly than in the Ottoman Empire because a. it had long been an issue, starting with Peter the Great. b. the Russian court emulated European fashion and languages. c. Alexander's reforms included bringing in Western advisers. d. European monarchs accepted Russian tsars more readily than they accepted reforming rulers in Ottoman territories. e. All of these

104. The Janissary corps was officially disbanded after a. the Battle of Navarino saw them fail to protect the Ottoman Empire's navy. b. they were systematically defeated in the battle for Greek independence and committed suicide rather than face dishonor. c. the French army of Napoleon defeated them in Constantinople. d. the Russians defeated them in the Crimean War. e. the sultan secretly trained a new artillery unit, which bombarded the Janissaries and wiped them out.

17. What was not one of the five major contributors to industrialization? a. Electricity b. The steam engine c. The division of labor d. Increased production of iron e. Free trade

23. The primary reason that the population of Massachusetts grew at a substantially enhanced rate was: a. intermarriage with Native Americans. b. a nutritionally balanced and ample diet. c. non-violent relationships existed between the settlers and Native Americans. d. a disproportionate amount of female immigrants arrived in the colony during the 1650s e. the settlers there generally arrived with their families intact.

25. The British angered American colonists by doing all of the following except a. limiting trade by imposing regulations. b. imposing new taxes. c. outlawing paper money in the colonies. d. dissolving local legislatures. e. prohibiting publication of inflammatory political tracts.

27. How was the Versailles palace a sort of "theme park" of royal absolutism? a. There were many exciting rides and attractions for foreign tourists. b. It had a constantly changing theme. c. Each year the national anthem was played to set the theme of the holiday season. d. There was an annual contest to select the theme of the palace. e. The splendor and rituals of court life constantly emphasized the king's ultimate power.

3. Napoleon's invasion of ____ led to his decline. a. Scotland b. Finland c. Greece d. Afghanistan e. Russia

34. In 1787, the Assembly of Notables a. acted as a rubber stamp for new reforms and taxes. b. accepted the competence of the king without question. c. were the first socialist government in French history. d. declared war on Russia to raise money. e. sought to protect their own interests by resisting reform.

37. Out of the struggle for power in Iran emerged a chief of Kurdish, Iranian, and Greek ancestry named a. Mehmet. b. Akbar. c. Babur. d. Isaac. e. Ismail.

37. The cotton boom enriched planters as well as manufacturers and a. led to the decline of American slavery. b. encouraged the growth of a domestic textile industry in India. c. made many sharecroppers rich. d. created a high demand for mulch. e. created a high demand for slaves.

38. Which export product dominated the Brazilian economy by the seventeenth century? a. Gold b. Silver c. Maize d. Slaves e. Sugar

39. The forced labor system in which Amerindian men in Peru worked two to four months of the year in the mines was a. slavery. b. indentured servitude. c. imprisonment. d. the rota or union organization. e. the mita.

4. The agricultural revolution was a change in farming methods and crops that resulted in a. the creation of a large class of landless farm laborers. b. wealthy landowners taking over communal lands. c. European population growth as a result of new crops such as potatoes and corn. d. the introduction of better livestock, soil improvement, and crop rotation. e. All of these

41. Which of the following is not a reason for the decline of the Mughals during and after Aurangzeb's reign? a. The land-grant system. b. Resistance in the southern provinces. c. A turn away from Akbar's policies of religious tolerance. d. Symbolic loss of the peacock throne from Delhi. e. Contract disputes over cotton trading with Europe.

44. To promote his ideas, Luther used a. peasant armies. b. indulgences. c. troubadours to sing of his greatness. d. tournaments, festivals, and games. e. the printing press.

48. The Dutch East and West Indies Company gained financial supremacy in all Europe by a. establishing a monopoly on products from the Indies. b. forming as a joint-stock company. c. reducing the risk of overseas cargo trade by attracting many investors, thus spreading out the financial burden. d. allowing trade of stocks in the market in Amsterdam. e. All of these

49. The most hierarchical society in British North America was found in ____. a. the Chesapeake Bay colony b. Plymouth. c. colonial Virginia. d. the Massachusetts Bay colony. e. colonial South Carolina.

5. Many religious and intellectual leaders viewed the new science with suspicion, as shown by the a. trial of Leopold and Loeb. b. exile of Newton. c. execution of Lavoisier. d. election of Voltaire. e. condemnation of Galileo.

52. The French and Indian War resulted in the a. French losing Canada to the English. b. French losing Louisiana to Spain. c. Spanish losing Texas to France. d. Spanish losing Florida to the French. e. Both A and B

54. People who wanted slavery to be outlawed were called a. deconstructionists. b. populists. c. luddites. d. libertarians. e. abolitionists.

55. In governing his flock, or raya, the sultan saw himself as a. being the model of meekness and passivity. b. providing equality to the sexes. c. providing intellectual and scholastic leadership. d. providing equality to all citizens. e. providing justice and military protection.

57. How did European rulers pay their large war expenses? a. By relying on tax farmers. b. By engaging in financial speculation. c. By attempting to conquer countries with large treasuries. d. A and B. e. B and C.

6. The Imjin war served all of the following purposes for the Japanese government except a. it kept the most powerful daimyo from being able to plan a revolt. b. it forced Christian daimyo to go overseas, limiting their influence at home. c. impressed warlords who might want to be rivals of Hideyoshi's government. d. it allowed Japan to dominate East Asian trade networks. e. it provided an opportunity for Buddhist missionaries to spread their faith.

62. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels advocated a. anarchy in the United Kingdom. b. a return to manorialism. c. the wisdom of the mercantile system. d. a theocracy of Protestant ministers. e. Communism.

66. The Russian government viewed industrialization a. as a necessary evil. b. as the wave of the future. c. as a sign of the decline of respect for religious authority. d. as a potential environmental disaster waiting to happen. e. with limited interest, preferring to import industrial goods.

71. The rising status of Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire led to a refinement of their role in society. Status gains included all except a. the right to marry. b. involvement in business and commerce. c. becoming a hereditary order. d. the ability to hire substitutes to go on military campaigns. e. obtaining a monopoly on tax farming.

71. Which of the following did not spread Enlightenment ideas? a. Discussions in coffee houses. b. Conversations in wealthy French women's living rooms. c. Newspapers and magazines. d. Royal and aristocratic patronage. e. Actually, all of these spread Enlightenment ideas.

9. With industrialization, middle-class women were expected to stay out of the business world and manage the household, children, and servants, an idea known as a. the factory at home. b. the female world of home. c. home, sweet home. d. children, kitchen, and church. e. the cult of domesticity.

13. An encomienda was a a. grant of authority to exact forced labor and tribute. b. plantation for mining precious metals. c. plantation for growing sugar. d. land agreement with Amerindians. e. disease of the lower intestine.

17. Among other things, Galileo Galilei is famous for a. building a telescope. b. discovering that the earth is in orbit around the sun. c. discovering the planet Neptune. d. discovering that the planets move in elliptical orbits. e. proving the literal truth of several Biblical stories.

10. Sugar plantations, even though they were efficient, caused environmental damage through a. the disposal of used canes. b. soil exhaustion and deforestation. c. supplying power for the mills. d. overfertilizing the fields. e. silting up of bays and estuaries.

11. Which of the following is not true of the Islamic slave trade? a. It was older than the Atlantic slave trade. b. All Islamic rulers strictly observed the rule forbidding enslavement of fellow Muslims. c. Most African slaves in the Islamic world were soldiers and servants. d. It involved fewer slaves than the Atlantic trade. e. It included a higher proportion of children than the Atlantic trade.

14. The cultivation and production of sugar can best be described as a. requiring nothing but the right climate and the labor to plant. b. requiring farm as well as factory production methods. c. a manufactured product. d. requiring little labor and high amounts of technology. e. simple and inexpensive.

15. Indentured servants eventually accounted for ____ percent of all English immigrants to the Chesapeake Bay area. a. 50 b. 30 c. 80 d. 40 e. 70

9. In the 1770s, more intrusive colonial government policies and the imposition of new taxes led to open warfare between "sons of the soil" and "outsiders" in this Brazilian town. a. Rio de Janeiro b. Sãn Luis c. São Paulo d. Rio de la Plata e. Salvador

16. Africans who provided slaves to Europeans most often preferred to receive in return a. beads and blankets. b. gold and ivory. c. rum and horses. d. guns and textiles. e. silk and porcelain.

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