HIST 150 Chapter 15: Reordering the World, 1750-1850

nation-state

A political organization in which the government represents the collective will of a group of people who share a common history, culture, and language.

(Gérôme)

A portrait is much more than a simple record of someone's appearance. Examine the backgrounds, clothing, objects, and painting techniques in these portraits to deduce information about the artists' goals and context. Match each description to the appropriate portrait. The accuracy and style of this image suggest that it was the only one of these three created after the widespread use of photography.

(Zhanyinbao)

A portrait is much more than a simple record of someone's appearance. Examine the backgrounds, clothing, objects, and painting techniques in these portraits to deduce information about the artists' goals and context. Match each description to the appropriate portrait. The artist expected this piece to be viewed by people from at least two different cultures.

(Girodet-Trioson)

A portrait is much more than a simple record of someone's appearance. Examine the backgrounds, clothing, objects, and painting techniques in these portraits to deduce information about the artists' goals and context. Match each description to the appropriate portrait. The background of this piece encourages a European viewer to see the subject as exotic and foreign.

1. some europeans and Americans began to agrue that slave labor... 2. north altanic government 3. britian used 4. european country 5. slavery increased

After the Atlantic slave trade largely ended, African merchants and African laborers remained enmeshed in global trade networks. Put these events associated with the waning Atlantic slave trade in order.

A major political development of this time period was popular sovereignty, or the idea that legitimate governments must take direction from elected representatives of the people. A major economic development was the idea of free trade, which asserted that government regulation slowed down economic growth.

Complete this passage about major conceptual changes in the period from 1750 to 1850.

The change known as the industrious revolution occurred because household members worked harder and longer in an effort to earn silver and gold, which they then used to purchase goods like sugar, tea, and ceramics.

Complete this sentence about the underlying causes of the industrial revolution.

Nationalism is the idea that a group of people who share a culture, a language, and a history should have a physical territory of its own.

Complete this sentence to define one of the era's major political developments.

"We need to understand European philosophy and history" "We need to improve the strength of our military by following European models and buying European weaponry."

Consider the reforms instituted by Muhammad Ali in Egypt and by the Ottoman sultan, Mahmud II. Match each statement with the leader who you think would have agreed with it. Mahmud II

"We need to develop our ability to produce goods for global trade."

Consider the reforms instituted by Muhammad Ali in Egypt and by the Ottoman sultan, Mahmud II. Match each statement with the leader who you think would have agreed with it. Muhammad Ali

"We need to learn from European doctors, scientists, and engineers."

Consider the reforms instituted by Muhammad Ali in Egypt and by the Ottoman sultan, Mahmud II. Match each statement with the leader who you think would have agreed with it. Muhammad Ali and Mahmud II

No. Brazil separated from Portugal without much fighting and without altering the social, economic, or religious structures within the territory.

Did Brazil achieve political independence through violent revolution?

No. West African slave-trading networks supplied slave labor to new West African enterprises, like palm oil and clove plantations.

Did the capture and enslavement of West Africans end when the Atlantic slave trade was outlawed?

The east india company produced and shipped massive quantities of opium to china, as shown by the sheer by the sheer physical volume o opium in their warehouse

Examine these two opium-related images. Opium. A common sight in late Qing China was establishments catering specifically to opium smoking. Taken from a volume condemning the practice, this picture shows opium smokers idling their day away. Opium. Having established a monopoly in the 1770s over opium cultivation in India, the British greatly expanded their manufacture and export of opium to China to balance their rapidly growing import of Chinese tea and silk. This picture from the 1880s shows an opium warehouse in India where the commodity was stored before being transported to China. Click on the images to enlarge. The first image shows an opium den in China. The second is a depiction of an East India Company warehouse in India where opium was prepared for shipment to China. Considering this context, what conclusion can you draw from the combination of these two images?

1.With the growth of railroads, transportation by river became unimportant. 2. In Spain and southwestern France, coal and iron were most likely transported by truck.

Examine this map, Industrial Europe around 1850. correct

correct 1. Areas with a higher percentage of their population living in cities have denser railroad coverage. 2. Railroads were often used to transport coal and iron to industrial centers. 3. Goods that were manufactured far from the coast were often transported by railroad to the ocean for export.

Examine this map, Industrial Europe around 1850. correct

1. India began to buy more than it sold through global trade, reversing its earlier economic success 2. the highly productive Indian textile industry was dismantled, and India became a net importer of cloth 3. British colonial cities became centers of trade and surpassed older Mughal cities in both economic and political importance.

How did British control of India change the economy of the region?

1. new product became.. 2. farmer in northwestern europe 3. farming household altered 4. increased production 5. a new class of people

How did trade alter European and North American farming societies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? After you read, watch this brief video to learn more about how slave labor in the Americas helped make the industrious revolution, and the industrial revolution, possible.

1. The American colonies rebelled against British rule 2. Louis XVI gave financial and military support to the American colonist, enabling them to win independence 3. Louis XVI convened the estate-general so that he could raise more money through taxes. 4. Estate general turned into a conflict between the clergy and the nobility, on the one hand, and the delegates of the third estate, on each other. 5. on July 14 1789, a Parisian crowd attacked the Bastille in support of the third estate, and the french revolution began.

How were the American Revolution and the French Revolution causally connected? Put the following events in order.

Previously the French king's legitimacy was rooted in support from the church and the local clergy, but the 1790 oath suggests that clergy was now subordinate to the French state.

In 1790, all clergy had to take an oath of loyalty to the new French state. How did this event indicate a shift in ideas about political legitimacy?

- monarch, landed aristocracy, janissaries, and ulama: Ottoman Empire - monarch, landed aristocracy, and the Catholic Church: France - Maratha Confederacy, Mughal dynasty, landed aristocracy, British Easy India Company, and indigenous coastal merchants: India - monarch, colonial plantation owners, and merchants: east coast of North America

Match each region to the primary groups who wielded political and economic influence in that area as of 1750.

- Will the forced labor of Amerindian peoples continue?: Andean miners vs. creole elites - Who will exercise political power in Latin America: European-born or American-born elites?: peninsulares vs. creoles - Will slavery be abolished?: African Brazilians vs. creoles - Will Latin America be divided into small nation-states or large regional confederations?: local military chieftains vs. regional political elites

Match the groups of people to the issues over which they fought during Latin American movements for independence.

peninsulares vs. creoles

Match the groups of people to the issues over which they fought during Latin American movements for independence. Who will exercise political power in Latin America: European-born or American-born elites?

local military chieftains vs. regional political elites

Match the groups of people to the issues over which they fought during Latin American movements for independence. Will Latin America be divided into small nation-states or large regional confederations?

African Brazilians vs. creoles

Match the groups of people to the issues over which they fought during Latin American movements for independence. Will slavery be abolished?

Andean miners vs. creole elites

Match the groups of people to the issues over which they fought during Latin American movements for independence. Will the forced labor of Amerindian peoples continue?

1. All French citizens are equal under the law 2. all French citizens have liberties that cannot be taken away.

The French National Assembly issued the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" in 1789. Which philosophical concepts were embodied in this document?

1. The Qing, Mughal, and Ottoman governments all saw peasant farmers -- not merchants or manufacturers -- as the foundation of their future success 2. China, India, and the Ottoman Empire did not have profit-seeking investors who used their money to fund inventors and scientists 3. the most talented minds in China, India, and the Ottoman Empire saw great rewards in working for their respective governments, rather than becoming entrepreneurs.

The text suggests that the industrial revolution of the eighteenth century occurred in northwestern Europe, and not in China, India, or the Ottoman Empire in part because of how their governments treated two segments of their populations: scholars and peasant farmers. How did these governments view scholars and peasant farmers?

Correct: 1. French revolutionary ideals are dangerous and will lead to a complete breakdown in social order if we allow them influence us. 2. French Revolutionaries have lost control of their own movement.

This 1793 image is a German artist's imaginary rendering of the Haitian Rebellion. Revolution in Saint-Domingue. In 1791, slaves took up arms against white planters. This engraving was based on a German report on the uprising and reflects white fears of slave rebellion as much as the actual events themselves. Click on the image to enlarge. What do you think the artist might have been suggesting about French Revolutionary ideals? (Hint: Consider both the image itself and the relations between Prussia and France in 1793.)

Incorrect: 1. The Haitian slaves are heroes and we should learn from their example. 2. The French planters deserved the violence they suffered at the hands of their slaves because they were short-sighted and hypocritical.

This 1793 image is a German artist's imaginary rendering of the Haitian Rebellion. Revolution in Saint-Domingue. In 1791, slaves took up arms against white planters. This engraving was based on a German report on the uprising and reflects white fears of slave rebellion as much as the actual events themselves. Click on the image to enlarge. What do you think the artist might have been suggesting about French Revolutionary ideals? (Hint: Consider both the image itself and the relations between Prussia and France in 1793.) CORRECT

True

True or False: China's population and territorial growth in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was made possible by peasants' incorporation of crops from the Americas -- specifically corn and sweet potatoes.

True

True or False: In theory, a nation-state is made up of a group of people who share a common history, language, and culture. In practice, many nation-states had residents with diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds.

False

True or False: One difference between Britain from 1750 to 1850 and China under the Qing dynasty was that Britain actively sought territorial expansion through conquest and settlement, whereas Qing China did not.

False

True or False: Orientalist scholars generally opposed British control of India and used their research to support Indian independence.

False

True or False: The bourgeoisie was a new economic class of people who began their lives as aristocratic landowners, but then took new jobs as accountants, financiers, and lawyers.

False

True or False: When Thomas Jefferson wrote "All men are created equal," the inhabitants of the American colonies agreed that "All men" really meant white men who owned a certain amount of property.

correct: 1. Both groups used violence at times in attempt to retain their social, economic, and political power. 2. Both groups were threatened by technological advances and increased global interconnections.

What did English Luddites and Ottoman janissaries have in common? correct

incorrect: 1. Both groups were supported by merchants and bankers. 2. Both groups succeeded in slowing the pace of change enough to retain their place in society.

What did English Luddites and Ottoman janissaries have in common? incorrect

1. The idea of universal citizenship was slow to develop and highly controversial 2. slaves understood the concept of political rights and wanted to be citizens in the American republic.

What did Gabriel Prosser's rebellion demonstrate?

industrial revolution

What do historians call the gradual increase and spread of technological knowledge that took place in Europe in the early nineteenth century and facilitated the expansion of global trade networks?

Coal-powered steam engines replaced humans, animals, and water wheels as power sources for manufacturing; increasingly complex machines aided and then, in many cases, replaced human workers; manufacturers spent money buying improved machinery, rather than hiring more skilled workers.

Which of the following changes happened during the industrial revolution?

People collectively agree to the law, and then the ruler and the people are both bound by the law.

Which sentence most accurately reflects Locke's idea of the social contract?

The East India Company was a private company, but in places like India and China, it took on military, diplomatic, and governmental roles.

Which statement best describes the East India Company?

Latin America contained diverse, intermixed communities so there was no clear way to establish geographic boundaries each encompassing a group that shared one primary language, culture, and history.

Why were nation-states difficult to establish in newly independent Latin American territories?

Popular sovereignty; Free trade

major political development of this time period was ______________, or the idea that legitimate governments must take direction from elected representatives of the people. A major economic development was the idea of _____________, which asserted that government regulation slowed down economic growth.

social contract

An agreement between the government and the governed that law should bind both ruler and people.

free trade

An economic situation in which governments allow merchants to buy and sell across political boundaries without fees, quotas, or tariffs.

1.queen elizabeth charted 2.the east india company established trading 3.the east india companys private army conquered 4.the east india company used a combination

How did Britain gain control of South Asia? Put the following events in order.

British leaders developed and implemented an English system of education to replace the local institutions of learning; British leaders changed the language of government from Persian to English; British evangelical Christians and reformers condemned the practice of sati.

How did British control of India affect Indian culture and social structure?

1. some chinese people used 2. the east india company 3.china struggled with both 4.the east india company objected 5. brittish forced 6. the 1842 treaty

How did the Opium War result in opening China to British trade and influence? Put the following events in order.

1. Just as aristocrats enjoyed privileges that common people could not, men enjoyed legal liberties that women did not 2. men's marriage rights included the right to control any property a woman had when she got married.

In both France and the United States, some women sought rights that would make them for equal to men, including the right to hold property in marriage. Given what you have learned in this chapter about liberties, what can be deduced from this demand?

Muhammad Ali

In response to growing European trade and power, leaders in Asia and Africa tried to reform and strengthen their own states using new European techniques. Which person implemented these kinds of reforms?

- Urban populations grew rapidly: manufacturing was concentrated in cities. - Factory workers' schedules were synchronized through the use of clocks, horns, and bells: mechanized factories used machines that worked in tandem, at specific speeds. - Disease became widespread in cities as a result of poor sanitation: growing cities lacked sewer and garbage disposal systems. - Economic downturns resulted in unemployment, desperation, and anger: urban workers depended on wages, rather than subsistence from their own farms, to obtain food, shelter, and clothing.

Match each industrial revolution change with its effect on people's day-to-day lives.

1. European territorial expansion into the Americas was an important factor that enabled Britain's industrial revolution 2. merchants had more political power and political support in northwestern Europe than they did in China or India.

One reason the industrial revolution happened in northwestern Europe, rather than in China or India, had to do with the connection among merchants, maritime expansion, and the state. How did the role of merchants and maritime expansion differ between northwestern Europe and China and India?

popular sovereignty

The idea that a government's power is granted by the people it governs, not by God or military might.

The French Revolution overturned basic French economic and social structures when leaders abolished feudalism, whereas the American Revolution ultimately left slavery in place; the French Revolution ushered in more radical political changes than the American Revolution.

The text implies that the French Revolution was more tumultuous and violent than the American Revolution, even though both were based on similar principles. Why might this have been the case?

Ottoman merchants and European bankers.

The text suggests that the kings' need to borrow money led to democratic reforms in both England and France, but that this did not happen in the Ottoman Empire because the sultans were able to borrow funds without giving up political power. Who lent money to the Ottoman government?

True

True or False: Advocates of free trade thought it would make societies more fair and efficient, and help everyone in the world improve their lives.

False

True or False: After the end of the Atlantic slave trade, Africa and Europe ceased to have any significant economic interactions because Europeans were not interested in other African products.

False

True or False: China and India were similar in 1750, in that they were both firmly under the control of foreign conquerors: the Manchu in China and the Mughals in India.

end or limit child labor, legalize prostitution, and shorten the workday

What changes did social reformers of the nineteenth century suggest to address the economic and social problems created by the industrial revolution?

1. Both groups were threatened by technological advances and increased global interconnections 2. both groups used violence at times in attempt to retain their social, economic, and political power.

What did English Luddites and Ottoman janissaries have in common?

popular sovereignty

What is it called when a leader's right to rule is based on the will of the people, rather than the will of God?