HIST 1700 Final Study Guide

Why did the United States buy Alaska and not Greenland?

The US got a bargain of 2 cents per acre. The US tried to buy Greenland but no one knows if the offer was turned down or simply ignored.

What was the issue surrounding "unconditional surrender" late in the war?

The Unconditional surrender policy, announced by the US, had become a slogan of the war. The Japanese rejected the ultimatum to form a free peaceful government chosen by the people without enquiring whether they could keep their emperorship

What was the Underground Railroad?

The Underground Railroad operated as a secret organization dedicated to assisting runaway slaves from the South.-The ultimate goal of the Underground Railroad was to accomplish the safe arrival of runaway slaves to Canada where the long arm of the law could not reach them.

How did the Union army make looting and pillaging a part of its warfare?

The Union soldier also came to believe that to destroy Southern property was to help win the war The average Northern soldier had strong feelings about the evils of secession. To his mind, the Southerners who sought to set up a nation of their own were in rebellion against the best government mankind had ever known. Being rebels, they had forfeited their rights; if evil things happened to them, that was no more than just retribution. It was also common for a regimental commander to read, on parade, some ukase from higher authority forbidding foraging, and then to wink solemnly—a clear hint that he did not expect anyone to take the order seriously.

Why did Americans reject the League of Nations?

The United States, Wilson believed, must surely join the League of Nations to add to its peacekeeping credibility. But he found that the League, which sounded so sensible in war-torn Europe, rubbed a lot of Americans the wrong way. Everyone wanted the treaty, all right, but ties with Europe made people leery about one day having to pull European chestnuts out of the fire--again. Everyone wanted the treaty, all right, but ties with Europe made people leery about one day having to pull European chestnuts out of the fire--again.

Understand the notion of myth in the history of the West. How accurate is the romantic ideal of the West?

The West: Shrouded in myth and legend, a romantic, sugared ideal. We have glamourized the memories of the west by our hollywood portrayals. The romantic ideal is much sweeter than the gritty reality of western settlement. This is perhaps the biggest problem with history. Not accurate at all.

In the face of clear evidence that FDR and Americans in general had knowledge of the slaughter of the Jews, are you satisfied with Vanden Heuvel's apology for U.S. inaction?

The article talked about all the things that FDR actually did to help Jews. I guess I'm confused as to what more was expected of him. He saved lives. That does not make him equally guilty as Hitler and the Nazis.

Describe army life during the Civil War. How sophisticated and disciplined were most soldiers?

The average volunteer American soldier held a clumsy muzzle-loading rifle, lived chiefly on salt pork and hardtack, and retained to the very end a loose-jointed, informal attitude toward the army with which he had cast his lot. They were not sophisticated and disciplined at all some were younger than 18

How do the figures of battlefield casualties compare to all the other wars the U.S. has fought?

The casualties of the Civil war outweigh all other major U.S. wars. 10,000 men would die a minute

How did changing technology impact politics in general and the debates in particular?

The combination of shorthand, the telegraph and the railroad changed everything

What concerned Jefferson about the "Missouri question?"

The division of the north and south on the issue of slavery divided the house.

Before that, what song did Americans use as their anthem?

"My Country 'Tis Of Thee," our version of "God Save the King (Queen)" as an anthem.

Why do some scholars seem to revel in picking at the faults of heroic figures from the past? (sally hemings)

"PRESENTISM" is the term that historians use for applying contemporary or otherwise inappropriate standards to the past. An awkward term at best, it nevertheless names a malaise that currently plagues American discussions of anything and everything concerning the past: the widespread inability to make appropriate allowances for prevailing historical conditions. The issue of presentism is hardly new, but it has perhaps been amplified of late by the debunking and revisionist spirit of the times and the effect this has had on public perceptions. As the uncritically positive and unabashedly patriotic approach that for so long characterized the teaching of American history in the public schools has abated, the emphasis has steadily shifted to the problems and failures of the past

What should the Federal Reserve have done?

"We have the power to deal with such an emergency instantly by FLOODING the Street with money."- Ben Strong

What does the battle of the Alamo mean to Texans?

"shrine to Texas freedom" looms large in the annals of courage.

What traits in American children did visitors find so interesting?

"the assumption, self-assertion, and conceit" of children in the United States. "As soon as he can sit at table [the American child] chooses his own food, and as soon as he can speak argues with his parents on the propriety or impropriety of their directions

During the first half of the nineteenth century, how did slavery and the issue of states rights affect the nation's views of the Founders, the Constitution, and the Declaration of Independence?

* It was found that the founders had promised a lot but did not fulfill their promises.* It was said that the founders were "soldiers of the revolution* The ambivalence toward the founders became apparent in the celebrations surrounding the 50th anniversary of independence.

What went wrong with the Cold War ending in the 1960s?

- 1963: John F. Kennedy died- 1964: my father was removed from power. - New Soviet leaders hurried to "correct mistakes- Soviet produced more tactical nuclear weapons- The Cold War was prolonged by twenty years and did not end until the start of the 1990s, with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.-JFK died , then Krushchev was removed from power, a new leader rushed in and heavily armed the Soviet Union, prolonging the Cold War by 20 years.

What did FDR promise in the 1932 campaign?

- A New Deal - Dynamic leadership- Balanced budge

How did Wayne B. Wheeler become the legislative bully of the U.S. Senate?

- A politician who supported anti-liquor laws could count on the league's support, and a politician who did not could count on its ferocious opposition. - Although that didn't happen officially until 1916, Wheeler's domination of the highest councils of the ASL began with the 1913 decision to push for a Prohibition amendment. Shuttling between Columbus and the ASL's Washington office, he displayed the strategic savvy and the unstoppable drive that would eventually lead the editors of the New York Evening World to proclaim him "the legislative bully before whom the Senate of the United States sits up and begs."/By delivering his voters to one candidate or another in a close race, he could control an election: "We'll vote against all the men in office who won't support our bills. We'll vote for candidates who will promise to."/He also said "We are teaching these crooks that breaking their promises to us is surer of punishment than going back on their bosses, and some day they will learn that all over the United States—and we'll have national Prohibition."

What seems to be missing in modern life that our heroes do for us?

- Alone: without or despite the modern system. People are looking for someone who can do something great by themselves. - Personal Impact: the INDIVIDUAL can still make a difference- Serious, exciting, life or death problems. - Human resourcefulness more interesting than the triumph of technology- Hero traits are traditionally masculine. The media controlled a lot of peoples opinions and made people believe what they needed and wanted to believe.

What changes for Americas role in the world did the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor bring?

- America itself would have to serve as the main support of world order- Even after the other great nations had recovered, American military power would have to continue to play a major stabilizing role- United States became economically dependent on the rest of the world- No more splendid isolation from world problems -economic and technological advances would make even a rich continental nation like the United States economically dependent on the rest of the world and banish for good the dream of splendid isolation

How were Jewish immigrants different in the periods before 1880?

- Better education- Fewer in number- Because of their literacy, zeal, and overseas connections, colonial Jews prospered as merchants- Tightly knit Jewish community- Life was good, prosperous and productive

In what ways were Sitting Bull and Custer alike?

- Both Custer and Sitting Bull were more than the cardboard cutouts they have since become.- Both cagey manipulators of the media of their day.- Both Custer and Sitting Bull are often portrayed as grimly resolute in their determination to fight. - Both died alongside their families and gained undying fame.

Before the famous battle at the Little Bighorn in 1876, what was the history of George Armstrong Custer?

- Custer had finished last in his class at West Point.-Starting the war as a second lieutenant, he became a 23-year-old brigadier general in 2 years.- Known to be hyperbolic in the retelling of the grandeur of his own accomplishments. - Prior to his last battle, Custer had demonstrated a remarkable talent for negotiation and diplomacy.

What mistakes did Custer and his command make?

- Custer was given orders to wait for others to come and assist in the attack. No one really expected him to follow these orders and he did not wait. The other commanders blame his disobedience as the reason for the bloodbath. - Reno drank and didn't follow orders. Custer should have led the charge himself. - Custer tried to make one last stand and got everyone killed, including himself.

What happened at the end of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905?

- Everyone thought that Russia would win- Japanese were on the verging of crushing Russia /Japan was basically winning the whole time until Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the war

How does Maddox argue against those points?

- Failed to explore alternatives to bombing- Bombed to make Soviet Union "more manageable"- Lives saved via bombing grossly exaggerated-They say that Japan would have inevitably surrendered without the bombs being necessary. Truman acted to end a bloody war that would have become far bloodier had invasion proved necessary.

How were Jewish immigrants different in the periods after about 1880?

- Flooded in from Eastern Europe. - By 1899, 700,000 Jews had arrived in America.- Left because of discrimination/hate crimes. - 25% illiterate, nearly all impoverished. - Unsophisticated about travel Before they were a lot of variety in financial state. Brought a lot of change and became orthodox. Less variety. They were able to establish themselves. More poor.

What methods did the government use to remove the Cherokee from their traditional lands?

- Fraudulent Treaty- Indian Removal Act- Turning different factions against one another- Passed law annexing all of Cherokee country - Gov. reasoned for Cherokee's "safety" and "protection." - Veiled threats- Concentration Camps- Trail of Tears The indians tried hard to adapt to white man's ways but their land was in the way so we drove them out of their land forcibly and put them in reservations.

How did President Eisenhower get along with Premier Nikita Khrushchev?

- He could do business with Eisenhower, who had also experienced the recent war firsthand and would not seek a new one.- He and Eisenhower learned to talk with each other - First signs of mutual confidence had appeared. - No longer talk of an inevitable and imminent war- Leaders of the two countries were working out the conditions for peaceful coexistence on our planet.-Eisenhower made Krushchev uneasy with his Open skies act which would allow the U.S. to fly over Russian territory and truly see how much weaker they were than the U.S. But he worked with him. and they formed a decent relationship-Nikita makes empty threats that only increases the funding for the US military technology and when the U-2 spy plane was shot down, over Russia everything Eisenhower and Khrushchev worked for went to shit.

What problems burdened John J. Pershing even before he led his men into Mexico to catch Villa?

- His family died- They experienced harsh conditions, - Supplies ran low, - Mexican government forbade them the rails rugged terrain

What lessons did the Japanese learn from Europeans (including the U.S.) that led to WWII in the Pacific?

- Imperialism- Racism- Industrialization (railroads)- Modernized government- Take land from others to expand your country/They saw our industrialization and power and wanted in on it and to expand their empire like we had. They also learned from our naval power.

How united were The Cherokee being removed from their traditional lands in their dealings with whites?

- Initially, the tribe remained united and refused to give up any more territory. In fact, the council leaders passes a law forbidding any chief to sell or trade a single acre of Cherokee land on penalty of death. - The chiefs stood firm. Somehow they managed to hold the tribe together, and helped dispossessed families find new homes back in the wilderness areas.- For the first time now, a serious split occurred among the Cherokees. A small group of sub-chiefs decided that further resistance to the demands of the government was futile and pursued signing away their lands in a treaty.

What was the "Checkers Speech?"

- Just weeks before the election- Nixon discovered to have a "slush" fund in SoCal- Secret bank account with anonymous donations- Nixon put on national tv to explain it was revolutionary- "Checkers" the dog - This is when tv became a powerful political tool-Nixon had been accused of improprieties relating to a fund established by his backers to reimburse him for his political expenses (slush fund). With his place on the Republican ticket in doubt, he flew to Los Angeles and delivered a half-hour television address in which he defended himself, attacked his opponents, and urged the audience to contact the Republican National Committee (RNC) to tell it whether he should remain on the ticket. -During the speech, he stated that regardless of what anyone said, he intended to keep one gift: a black-and-white dog who had been named Checkers by the Nixon children, thus giving the address its popular name. America loved it.

Who was Sitting Bull?

- Lakota Sioux leader and holy man- Hoped for peace, not war. - Became one of the most sought-after celebrities.- Toured with Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show.

Who opposed American involvement in the Spanish-American War and why?

- McKinley wanted to stay out of it. - The leaders of American finance and business opposed the war—at least for some time. But much of this was soon swept away. Immediately after the declaration of war the businessmen's and financiers' opposition crumbled.McKinely didn't want to become involved because he wanted them to solve their problem peacefully.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the class system?

- More extended class system. - Vast population in the middle class. The vast majority of the population had become the middle class. The middle class is needed to shuffle the wealth around and consume it. A more extended class system.

What problems did the Industrial Revolution create?

- Pollution- Depletion of Resources- Dependence on Factory System- Social Ills (Crime, Substance Abuse)

What complex collection of changes brought about the Industrial Revolution?

- Population growth- Agricultural revolution- Increased trade- Interest in Innovation- Technological Advances (Railroad, telegraph)Urbanization, transportation, jobs, wealth, technology The class system changed and the middle class got huge 1. Urbanization- Population boom, the city attracts a lot of people for jobs. They bring their families and create more needs. Created cities where there previously were none.2. Transportation systems needed to be created to supply people with their needs, and to transport things out of the city. Railroads were expanded between 1870-1890.3. Jobs- The more complicated the system gets the more specialized the jobs get. Tons of jobs of different varieties are being created. 4.Wealth- Staggering amounts of wealth even the poorest person was well off.5. Technology- Once human beings began to desire more wealth and goods, many decided to create machines to do work for them.

What were early conditions in the oil industry?

- Quickly growing (50 new refineries in 3 years)- Cleveland based refineries (railroad, rivers)They were dangerous and a lot of people got injured

How did hard work play into John D. Rockefeller's early successes?

- Raised turkeys and saved $50.- dug potatoes at 37.5 cents a day.- Learned how to make money work for him through investingThey stressed on being hard workers.

How did the Cherokee being removed from their traditional lands react?

- Resistance/Petition- Crushing blow to a proud people- The Chiefs stood firm The indians obviously didn't like this and so some tried to fight back and won a few battles but it was hopeless. The white man's civilization was inevitable.They were mad because the Americans wanted more land

How did President Kennedy get along with Premier Nikita Khrushchev?

- Showed new approach to evaluating the balance of nuclear forces - The two leaders did not reach an agreement, but... - Neither calculating how much destruction they could wreak on each other.- Agreed that nuclear parity existed- Both sides felt the need for direct contact. - They started to trust / believe in the possibility and productivity of a dialogue devoted to preventing a nuclear war. - Both leaders agreed to establish a direct link between the Kremlin and the White House by means of special couriers-Kennedy and Krushchev started to trust each other and believe in the possibility and productivity of dialogue devoted to preventing nuclear war.

What was the role of Major Marcus Reno in the Battle of the Little Bighorn?

- Subordinate commander to Custer. Even though he was the SOURCE of their latest and best information about the Indians, Maj. Marcus Reno was not invited to the commander meeting.- Reno had been drinking. He became hesitant and fearful as a result of the whiskey. Reno doubted Custer's orders to charge and feared a trap given the large size of the village. He gave up the attack and they just stood there. - By hesitating, Reno had given the village's warriors the time they needed to collect themselves for a decisive attack. Reno ran.

How did the American assault on Okinawa preview an invasion of Japan?

- The Japanese had fought with a ferocity that mocked any notion that the will to resist was eroding- They inflicted nearly 50,000 casualties on invaders- More than 2,000,000 troops in the home islands- Large-scale use of kamikazes- Dispatched super battleship Yamato on a suicide mission to Okinawa. Its mission symbolized Japan's willingness to sacrifice everything in an apparently hopeless cause. -It would be a bloody fight to the death

How did the U.S. play a role in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 resolution?

- Theodore Roosevelt stepped in and found peace with the idea of making the Treaty of Portsmouth- He received the Nobel peace prize that year

Why was the Expedition of John J. Pershing leading his men into Mexico to catch Villa such a disaster?

- They were unsuccessful in finding pancho villa and lost men

Summarize Marxism:

- Totalitarianism (total control of society)- Authoritarianism (everything run by authorities)- State owns means of production (no private farm/factory)- Proactive Atheism. Anti Religion.- Created Elitism (the communist party)- Classless Utopia (the people would become prepared to live in Zion/do away with govt)- Revolution - Collectivism (the needs of the group)- Planned Economy (because there's no competition)- You could own private property so long as it wasn't part of national means of production (eg you could own a garden, but not a farm)

What were the causes of the Spanish‑American War, besides U.S. sympathy for the Cuban revolt?

- USS Maine explosion- Newspaper Propaganda about Cuba- Heavy losses of American investment in Cuba The U.S.S. Maine explosion. The "yellow press" playing up Cuba, Heavy losses of American investment in Cuba.

How did the development of the factory system affect cities?

- Urbanization. - Infrastructure/Transportation System- Jobs- Wealth- Technology- More Extended Class System This caused cities to grow tremendously. More workers came and moved to the cities to work at the factory which in turn produced more wealth.It started the industrial revolution and they grew rapidly in wealth and technology.

What does the experience of the Indians tell us about the nature of white civilization?

- White Civilization: Powerful, Fast, Inevitable - Cultures Doomed, Already Changed, Bison CrisisNative religion and their whole way of life centered around the American Bison. Bison gotta roam. The Souix needed to be able to follow the herds. Whites killed the buffalo through hunting and sectioning off their lands for agriculture.

What were John D. Rockefeller's virtues?

- frugal ways- deliberate manner- strong sense of planning and purposefulness- perseverance, precise, punctual, diligent- industrious, even-tempered, generous, kind- self-observant, over-nice persnicketiness. - Extremely self-criticalHe was a hard worker.

How was John. D. Rockefeller raised?

- unpleasantly polarized family situation- not an unhappy boyhood- At home he milked the cow and drove the horse and did the household chores that were expected of a boy in upstate New YorkRaised harshly.

What role did the courts (the judicial branch) play in the beginnings of the Civil Rights Movement?

-1883: In a series of cases known as the Civil Rights Cases, the Supreme Court held that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was not constitutional under the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. The Court established the state-action doctrine, thereby allowing segregation and discrimination by private actors.- In Plessy v. Ferguson, (separate but equal) the Court upheld a Louisiana law requiring public places to serve African Americans in separate, but equal, accommodations. In establishing the separate but equal" doctrine, the Court said that segregation is "universally recognized as within the competency of states in the exercise of their police powers."- 1954, Brown v. Board of Edu (desegregation) On May 17, 1954, the Court unanimously ruled that "separate but equal" public schools for blacks and whites were unconstitutional- 1964, Civil Rights Act

What was "Manifest Destiny?"

-A belief that was widely held that the destiny of American settlers was to expand and move across and dominate the continent to spread their traditions and their institutions, while at the same time enlightening more primitive nations.

What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

-A landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public (known as "public accommodations").-In the US we're going to treat everyone the same under the law whether that race, color, or gender. Equal civil rights for everyone.

Why does the Oregon Treaty (1846) make the list, although the U.S. did not buy land there?

-A victory for procrastination because we had jointly occupied the 286,000 sq. miles between the North Pacific and the Rockies and Americans started to pour into the area-this treaty fixed the northern U.S. border at the 49th parallel—still enough to bring present-day Oregon, Washington and Idaho and parts of Montana and Wyoming into the fold.

Compared to the economy of the industrializing North in the nineteenth century, How important to the national economy was slave-grown cotton?

-Africans performed difficult exhausting work that founded prosperous economic systems which eventually attracted untold millions of free immigrants.-Southern slave grown cotton was the nations leading export.

How influential were southern slaveholding presidents and other politicians?

-American government was dominated by slaveholders and pro-slavery interests between the inaugurations of Washington and Lincoln-The South added political representation for three-fifths of its slave population, Southern leaders increasingly challenged restrictions on the westward expansion of slavery and the creation of new slave states. Southern slaveholding Presidents governed the nation for roughly 50 of those 72 years

What historical stereotypes blinded both the Japanese and the Americans?

-Americans were so deeply instilled with nineteenth-century concepts of Western racial and cultural superiority that they could not really believe the "LITTLE" Japanese would dare attack them, even though, in the weeks preceding Pearl Harbor, American intelligence had gathered clear evidence of an impending strike. -The Japanese, for their part, thought Americans so decadently SOFT in their splendid isolation that they would not have the perseverance to try to pierce the far-flung defense lines Japan established for itself through its smashing early victories. Nor did the Japanese realize that the shock of Pearl Harbor would unite a deeply divided America; nor did they comprehend that the nations of the world had become so economically interdependent that American leaders could not tolerate its being divided into great Japanese, German, and Soviet zones of hegemony.

How and why did Iowa become to the Soviet people the most important and famous of American states?

-Became an agricultural adviser/business partner with Soviet Union.Nikita Khrushchev brought corn from there to the Soviet Union.In Iowa the Soviet delegation invited farmers to visit the soviet union in Moscow.-His principal goal was never competition in the field of weaponry. He was not captivated by the missile race or even by the space race. No, his slogan became, if I may call it that, the food race

Why is America's strong partnership with Japan one of the least expected but most significant results of World War II?

-Cataclysmic defeat convinced the Japanese that economic security could never be built through empire but could only be maintained by world peace and free trade. -They also became persuaded that dictatorial rule, especially by the military, had brought disaster and that democracy was the only safe alternative. -Building on their own experience with parliamentary government between 1890 and 1931, and with the vigorous encouragement of the American occupation, they have established one of the most efficient and stable democratic systems in the world. Though less recognized, this achievement probably surpasses their construction of the world's most efficient industrial system. In any case, this remarkable transformation of Japan has inevitably made her our close partner in approaching world problems

What was the role of civil disobedience in the the Civil Rights Movement?

-Civil Disobedience is the act of disobeying a law on grounds of moral or political principle-It weakened segregation in the south-used to turn public support against institutionalized racism and secure substantive reform in US law-If there are laws that you believe are improper and need to be changed, one way you can get the attention of those who make the laws is by disobeying and forcing the authorities to deal with the injustice of the law.-Peaceful protest led by Martin Luther King-Non-violent, civil disobedience-resist laws such as black codes.

Who might have been judged the winner of the first debate between Nixon and Kennedy, according to the debate coaches who listened on the radio?

-Cold war rising tensions and soviet union-resisting communism-Separation of church and state-Civil rights-Economy-he was too soft on the Russia with missile technology-Eisenhower/Nixon admin had allowed the Russians to get way ahead in missile technology and were a little too soft on communism

What ended Harriet Tubman's trips to the South as Moses, leading her people to freedom?

-Ended as the Southern states began to secede to form the Confederacy, and the government of Abraham Lincoln prepared for war.

Before the Civil War, how widespread was slavery in America?

-Extremely widespread in 1775 the slavery of blacks was legal in all 13 colonies

Why did Truman's advisers give him such different predictions of American casualties in an invasion?

-Fear-mongering-No great way of collecting information on Japanese. Difficult to gauge how easily they would surrender. -To encourage him to use the bomb to avoid any American casualties.-The figures were never conveyed to Truman and they were simply an educated guess-the estimates were only based on the first 30 days on Kyushu making them totally irrelevant by the time the first atomic bomb was dropped.

Who were Nixon's parents?

-Francis Frank Nixon and Hannah Milhouse Nixon-His father was a service station owner and grocer, who also owned a small lemon farm in Yorba Linda. -His mother was a Quaker who exerted a strong influence on her son.

Why could Manifest Destiny have led to another war with Britain?

-Great Britain's claim to the Pacific Northwest and its close relationship with Mexico were matters of great concern to American interests, which viewed Great Britain as the United States' only rival for control of the Pacific coastline

What were the characteristics of Nixon's childhood?

-Grew up in a time (1920's) and place (agricultural, poverty-stricken Southern California) where the abundance of America was far off in the distance. -Born is Cali in 1913 his family were broke farmers.-Two of his brothers died

How did Nixon do in school?

-He did so well in high school that he received scholarship offers to everywhere. Couldn't afford to go to fancy college though.-He was extremely successful in school and won debates, elections, and leading roles in school.-Hard working received scholarships but he could not afford college even with scholarships went to local community college then went to Duke for law

What did Sergei Khrushchev's father do to convince the West that the Russians had great power?

-He displayed nuclear cannons in Red Square and deployed several intercontinental missiles.-His father kinda talked out of his ass stating things such as their space missile program which was a secret-While meeting with the queen in England, he had HUGE planes fly in his mail from Moscow to London daily.-Bigger than any other planes at the time.

What did Nixon do after losing the election to JFK in 1960?

-He made an unsuccessful bid for governor of California in 1962, he practiced law, wrote, and traveled extensively in Europe and Asia.-Later on he was elected president in 1968 and re-elected in 1972-He started making speeches once Americans became frustrated with Kennedy and the Vietnam war. It got him back into the spotlight and white house.

On what promise did James K. Polk win the election of 1844?

-He promised to cut tariffs, reestablish an independent U.S. Treasury, secure the Oregon Territory and acquire the territories of California and New Mexico from Mexico. -He also promised he would only serve a single term

Why does Khrushchev's son think the Cold War could have ended in the 1960s?

-He thinks the war could have ended if the Americans knew about the radical reduction of Soviet Armed forces, and if they knew about their low missile capabilities. Krushchev decided to spend less money on military forces and conventional weapons- Radical reduction in Soviet armed forces planned- He hoped the Americans would reciprocate

How did this unusualness help prepare him for crossing his country's color line?

-He was already making history and breaking barriers as the first black MLB player, MVP and rookie of the year.-He became the highest-paid athlete in Dodgers history, and his success in the major leagues opened the door for other African-American players. It was a natural segue into opening other doors via civil rights.-His courage and moral objection to segregation were the precursors for the impact he would have on Major league baseball.-he had the right demeanor. He had already dealt with civil rights issues while serving in the army

What mistakes did General Santa Anna make at the Alamo?

-He was eager to attack rather than wait on more artillery. He ordered the fort bombarded by cannon-storming the Alamo needlessly sacrificed the lives of hundreds of men. But Santa Anna wanted to be able to write back to Mexico City that he had annihilated the rebels." He made purely political decisions

What caused Pancho Villa's followers to idolize him?

-He was essentially robbing the rich to give to the poor, he was loyal to the cause of the people, he was born a peasant.

How did Tubman finance her work?

-Her trips were largely financed by her own funds, earned as a cook and laundress. But she also received support from many public figures in New England and many key abolitionists.

How did Nixon establish himself as a tough anti‑Communist?

-In 1946, when running for congress and falling behind in the polls, Nixon accused his opponent of being a communist. It worked. He won the election, he now relaxed that you can use the communist hysteria to get what you want. "a horse call hysteria" Ride it till it dies.-Once he got to Washington, he immersed himself in anti-communist activities to make him stand out in the political crowd.-His pursuit of Voohoris and the case of Alger Hiss, an American government official accused of being a Soviet Spy.

Who was Roswell Garst?

-In Iowa the Soviet delegation invited farmers to visit the Soviet Union. Almost no one responded. The Cold War was at its most frigid. But there was one person who dared: Roswell Garst, a rather wealthy farmer and seed manufacturer who had specialized in growing corn to fatten hogs, cows, and other livestock. -Became an agricultural adviser/business partner with Soviet Union. 'Iowa! The most famous American state!-Nikita Khrushchev brought corn from there to the Soviet Union.'-Roswell Garst was a rather wealthy farmer and seed manufacturer who had hosted the Soviet Delegation and had hoped to sell seeds and agriculture equipment to the soviets.-Wealthy farmer and seed manufacturer who had specialized in growing corn to fatten hogs, cows, and other livestock.

What alternatives did Truman have to dropping the atomic bomb on Japan?

-Invading Japan on foot (losing millions of lives) -Bomb and blockade railroads and harbors (take forever)-He could invade which would kill many Americans or he could bomb and blockade which would take forever. -There was a lot of different information out there could not rely on telephone intercepts to gauge how close Japanese was to surrender they expected invasion of Kyushu and they were fortifying

How did Truman justify using the bomb on Japan?

-It would end the war successfully and quickly-It justified the effort and expense it took to build the atomic bomb-It gave hope of achieving diplomatic gains in the growing rivalry with the Soviet Union-There were lack of incentives not to use weapons-America's hatred for the Japanese and desire for vengeance-Doing a land campaign would cost a million American lives and even more Japanese lives- Save American lives (0.5 - 1 million)- Save Japanese lives (millions)- Wanted to show Russians our military power-Many more men would have died now that the conflict with Germany was through and they could give the war with Japan their full attention~Harry Truman always stood by his decision to drop the atomic bomb because he had intelligence and figures that suggested that a million american lives would have to be lost if a land campaign was to continue against japan. Even more Japanese lives would be lost

Why is the tradition of presidential debates the political world's equivalent of the Super Bowl?

-It's the top two superpowers coming together to battle each other on live television. It's highly publicized with a lot of media hype-It has all the attendant media hype but no lewd halftime show to overshadow the proceedings-its the two "best candidates" each party offers going head to head

What part does slavery play in the story of the Alamo?

-Many Alamo heroes, foremost among them Travis and Bowie, had been slaveholders, even slave traders, or that one account of the 12-day Alamo siege, and lightning-quick battle on the 13th day, came from a defender who survived—Travis' slave, a 23-year-old African-American man known to history only as Joe.-A very large Anglo constituency [at the Alamo] was interested in keeping slavery

What is the "Myth of the Monolithic Conspiracy?"

-Most Americans thought of communism as a giant problem/conspiracy that threatened their freedom.-The myth that the communist world is organized against the free world in order to bring the triumph of Marxism.-Treating all situations of communism as one giant, coordinated enemy. Really, it just united us against a common enemy.-Anytime there is a civil war or uprising from communist parties fight communist as if they were being invaded by the soviet Union--- Korea and Vietnam. This idea of containment caused us to support some rather shitty people running countries such as Cuba, Nicaragua, Philippe, south Vietnam Iran Caused many people to hate america

Why did the Cold War last for so much longer, until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s?

-New leaders came into power following Russian guy and the assassination of JFK. They did not seek peace.They increased weapon production. produced tens of thousands of tactical nuclear weapons. With the invention of nuclear weapons, politicians realized nobody could actually win which turned into War without War, A "cold war"-The media made it last longer fear mongering, death of kennedy and the removal of Nikita Khrushchev-The Cold War was prolonged by twenty years and did not end until the start of the 1990s, with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

How did his death in 1953 represent the intervention of Providence, according to Sergei Khrushchev?

-Nikita Krushchev took over after Stalin died On March 5, 1953. -America and Russia began to get to know each other and make an effort-My father, who soon became the head of the new Soviet leadership, knew from personal experience what war was like. -From his first months in power he tried to discover whether the Americans were irrevocably bent on war or whether it was possible to reach agreement with them. Interestingly enough, the White House was thinking along more or less the same lines.-In April 1953 President Eisenhower took the first step, delivering a rather conciliatory speech at the National Press Club, in Washington. The next day it was published in full in Pravda , an unprecedented event in those times. -Probably this was the turning point from war to peace, and the beginning of dialogue.-That we could have simply waited with bombing a blockades and still won the war. These points may be true but fighting was still going on people were still dying in china, and the Philippians, men were being slaughtered and dying of disease in prison camps, this insight is lost on people looking back and judging history.

What did the Warren Court say about segregated education in the Brown decision?

-On May 17, 1954, the Court unanimously ruled that "separate but equal" public schools for blacks and whites were unconstitutional -concluded that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.

What "layers of sediment" suddenly broke free after "Pearl Harbor to cause the river of history [to] rush off on a startling new course?"

-One layer of sediment was the growing economic interdependence of the whole industrialized world in its need for energy, raw materials, markets, and advanced technology.it struck the world with more sudden impact as a result of the war.-the rise of the non-Western parts of the world, particularly East Asia, and their challenge to the military, political, and economic dominance the West had established in the nineteenth century. /The imbalance between old accepted patterns and current realities had become so great that, once Pearl Harbor shattered the dikes, the flow of history rushed off permanently in a new direction. /- Growing economic interdependence of the whole industrialized world in its need for energy, raw materials, markets, and advanced technology.- Another and more crucial layer was the rise of the non-Western parts of the world, particularly East Asia, and their challenge to the military, political, and economic dominance the West had established in the nineteenth century.

How do the staged quality of the debates emphasize the entertainment value of politics?

-One of the most serious flaws in modern American politics; they emphasize the entertainment value of politics. They turn every voter into a theatergoer, and instead of asking whether a person is appropriate for the Presidency, they ask how a candidate performs on television. That's the wrong question; that's the worst question, because it's irrelevant to the office of the Presidency. -Much of the time spent preparing for debates will be spent not in mustering arguments but in rehearsing the show-business aspects of the events: the "spontaneous" replies to anticipated attacks, the poll-tested themes vetted by committees and focus groups, the emphasis on appearance rather than on content. What the candidates say seems less important than how they look."-Presidential debates turn every voter into a theater goer and instead of asking if this person would be a good president, they ask how a candidate performs on television.

What honors did Harriet Tubman eventually receive, many of them before she died in 1911?

-Queen Victoria sent her a silver medal, two books were written about her, collected a US pension as a widower of a veteran

What lines did Ronald Reagan use so effectively in his debate with President Carter in 1980?

-Ronald Reagan's folksy description of Jimmy Carter as a "witch doctor who gets mad when a good doctor comes along with a cure" is among the many scripted one-liners that have detracted from the debates' earnest mission of educating voters.-"There you go again. Are you better off than you were four years ago? Is it easier for you to go and buy things in stores than it was four years ago? Is there more or less unemployment in the country than there was four years ago?" Perhaps not the most uplifting appeal the nation has ever heard, but it surely was effective.

How did Darwinism, racism, and Protestant Christianity combine to support American expansionism?

-Social Darwinism explained differences among the world's racial and ethnic groups in terms of evolution. It was survival of the fittest and the social Darwinist believed that we had demonstrated our superiority.-Whites were considered superior to the other races-Many protestant churches said America's role in the world should be to lift up the downtrodden of other nations.

hat happened to cause the Texians to reject Mexican authority in the mid-1830s?

-Stephen Austin had come home from being thrown in prison for urging San Antonio to ignore the authority of Mexico City. convinced that his fellow colonists had to resist Santa Anna, who had already developed a reputation as a brutal man who sanctioned rape and mass executions by his soldiers.-Within two years, the Mexican congress had authorized Santa Anna to take up arms against the insurrectionists.

What arguments do those who criticize Truman for his bomb decision use against him?

-That we could have simply waited with bombing a blockades and still won the war. -These points may be true but fighting was still going on people were still dying in china, and the Philippians, men were being slaughtered and dying of disease in prison camps, this insight is lost on people looking back and judging history.-Truman acted to end a bloody war that would have become far bloodier had invasion proved necessary.

How does the Civil Rights Movement relate to the Women's Movement?

-The civil rights movement and the earlier women's suffrage movement inspired the Women's movement.-They grew up a side by side Women's Movement to also stop treating women as second class citizens.-It opened woman's athletics, politics everything

How old is the American tradition of holding presidential debates?

-The first debate was in 1948 Thomas E. Dewey Vs.Harold Stassen was the first actual debate.-started our tradition was the Ford Carter Debate in 1976.-the 1960 was the most notable JFK and Nixon engaged in the first debates between presidential candidates of opposing parties.

How did the "Myth of the Monolithic Conspiracy" affect the Cold War actions of the U.S.?

-They felt their way of life was under attack.-Any time there is a communist revolution or a civil war involving communism, the US will get behind the governments and fight the communists as if the fighting a soviet union invasion. (Korea and Vietnam)-Caused us to sometimes support bad guys (ie Marcos in the philippines, Cuba, Nicaragua, Philippe, south Vietnam Iran) just so long as those corrupt leaders or dictators were fighting communism. -Caused many people to hate america

Why does the staged quality of the debates detract from the voters real ability to judge the candidates?

-They often seem overly scripted-Use of canned speeches-Less about content, more on presentation-Given the staged quality of them, it is hardly a wonder that a lot of people think the real debates go on behind the curtain-observers contend that the real debates take place not in front of millions of voters but behind the scenes, where aides argue furiously over such pressing issues as the candidates' wardrobes or the proper times to unleash their one-liners.

How did the Underground Railroad operate?

-They usually left on a Saturday evening in the hopes that the Sabbath would delay anyone noticing they were gone. Tubman carried a rifle to scare off any pro-slavery people they met and also to threaten anyone who seemed like they might leave and give away the secret.

What was the quality of the Mexican army that invaded Texas in 1836?

-They were armed with lances, sabers, short-barreled infantry muskets and the Pageant carbine, a British surplus rifle.-But the cavalry's sartorial grandeur could not disguise the fact that many of Santa Anna's conscripted soldiers were Indians pulled from their villages for an agonizing march north through the record-setting cold winter of 1836.With no idea who they would be battling and no combat experience, these shabby, half-starved peasants hardly inspired fear.

Who were Travis, Bowie, and Crockett?

-Three volunteer soldiers,

How did the atomic bomb affect the future of warfare?

-Truman thought the A-bomb would be the ultimate means for making peace. He was wrong.- Raised the stakes!- Limited Wars - going to war but not using nuclear-Something that could destroy everyone would not benefit either side.- Wars by proxy - like chess pieces going to battle. Indirect fighting. neither country engages each other-Korea and Vietnam. Russia funded them. Then in Afgan when Russia was fighting the US funded the afgans

Why did Manifest Destiny lead to a war with Britain?

-U.S. Northwestern and Southwestern lands were owned by Mexico-Texans believed their southern border should be at the Rio Grande and Mexicans thought it should be at the Nueces River further North-The border dispute turned violent and American blood was spilled which in turn started a war

How did the rise of Manifest Destiny and the Mexican War affect Americans' attitudes toward their sectional differences?

-Ultimately the war and the doctrine of Manifest Destiny completely split the North and South up into two very different places culturally socially and economically -Expansion and the future of slavery generated far greater conflict during the pre-Civil War era. Proslavery Democrats and antislavery Whigs raged against one another in Congress and in the press over the future of slavery in the expanded West

How did the U.S. tend to react to nationalist revolutions during the Cold War?

-United States officials moved to expand containment into Asia, Africa, and Latin America, in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements, often led by communist parties financed by the USSR, fighting against the restoration of Europe's colonial empires in South-East Asia and elsewhere -When there was a nationalist revolution during the cold war, the US would sweep in and treat the civil war as though it were a direct invasion from the soviet union.

What reality softens the affect of the Mexican War on the historical image of the US?

-We most likely would have acquired Texas eventually

How did the Mexican War affect the historical image of the U.S.?

-We seized the land from our helpless neighbors

Why are we better off with the presidential debates than without them?

-Were it not for the debates, we would be left with 30-second commercials, talk radio, the Internet, and, for old media types, the occasional newspaper or periodical. We would never see the people who would lead us interacting with each other, even if the interaction is hardly spontaneous.-Debates provide a campaigns most telling moments and show the personal qualities that candidates would prefer to keep under wraps. Interaction is necessary

What role did Robinson play in the Civil Rights Movement after his baseball career?

-became a vocal champion for African-American athletes, civil rights, and other social and political causes. - Served on the board of the NAACP until 1967- First African-American inducted into Hall of Fame - Lobbied for greater integration in sports- Testified of discrimination before House Un-American Activities Committee - Called out Yankees as racist for not integrating-helped establish the African American-owned and controlled Freedom Bank

How did the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 change the course of the Cold War?

-he decided that the only way to defend Cuba from the inevitable aggression of the United States was by deploying missiles with nuclear warheads on the island. In so doing, he was warning Washington that military action in that region would automatically lead to a third world war.-The real main consequence of the Cuban Missile Crisis was American society's irrevocable perception of parity, of EQUALITY between the U.S.S.R. and the United States in nuclear destructive force.-The Cuban missile crisis ended the cycle of crisis's and missile bluff diplomacies. Both sides had finally recognized that they were now capable of destroying civilization and earth itself.

What crazy schemes did Joseph Stalin plan for war with the West?

-ordered an accelerated buildup of the Soviet Union's armed forces in order to be fully mobilized and ready for an armed clash by 1954 or 1955. - He ordered ten thousand tactical IL-28 bombers with a range of about 1,500 miles be produced and stationed at airfields built on the Arctic Ocean ice, closer to U.S. territory.- An army of one hundred thousand men was stationed in tents on the Chukotsk tundra and charged with resisting an invasion from Alaska.-Motivated by fear, Stalin ordered 10000 tactical bombers with a 1500 mile range be produced and stationed at airfields built on the Arctic ocean ice closer to U.S. territory. -Another crazy scheme carried out by fear an army of 100000 men was stationed in tents on the Chukotsk tundra and charged with resisting an invasion from Alaska. -Anti aircraft batteries were ranged like a fence around Moscow-That we could have simply waited with bombing a blockades and still won the war. These points may be true but fighting was still going on people were still dying in china, and the Philippians, men were being slaughtered and dying of disease in prison camps, this insight is lost on people looking back and judging history.

Why were Pershing's airplanes ineffective?

-proved to be inadequate because they did not have enough power to overcome the erratic winds or to climb high enough to cross the mountains of northern Chihuahua The fliers had no parachutes, their planes lacked replacement parts, gusty winds made desert landings risky, and soon only two planes were left.

What were the outcomes of the 1916 American invasion of Mexico?

-the U.S. response was humiliating to Carranza's government.-Trained the military soldiersIts real purpose was a display of the power of the United States into a country disturbed beyond control of the constituted authorities of the Republic of Mexico as a means of controlling lawless aggregations of bandits and preventing attacks by them across the international frontier.

What two distinct elements were involved in Americas clash with Japan in East Asia and the Western Pacific?

1 - One was the fact that Japan, having modernized its military and economic institutions in imitation of the West, now found that it depended on foreign resources and markets to live but lacked the base of a broad overseas empire or a vast continental expanse such as the leading powers of the West possessed. Its push into China was a belated effort to make up for this weakness. 2 - The second factor was the rise of nationalism throughout Asia and the whole non-Western world, partly inspired by the success of the Japanese and especially their defeat of Russia in 1904-5. The rise of Chinese nationalism also meant that the Japanese had to act fast if they were to carve out their empire before it was too late. This set the time for the Japanese war of conquest in China that finally led to Pearl Harbor.

What factors characterized world affairs in the decades after 1945?

1 - The Atomic Bomb2 - The Cold War with Russia -After WWII ended we started the Cold War. The Russians got their own atomic bomb in 1948 After 1949 Russia detonated their first nuclear weapon, the British, china, it became a massive nuclear arms race. Other countries scrambled to make their own, the race was on. Our alliance with the soviet Union went bust and created the cold war3 - Superpowers (democratic capitalism v totalitarian communism) struggling for power4 - Bilateral Struggles - "You're either with us or against us." The world was literally divided in two between good and bad guys you were either with the US or Soviet Union.5 - Ideological Struggles

How many stars and stripes did it have?

15 stars and 15 stripes

When did the next presidential debates occur following the Kennedy-Nixon debates in 1960 ?

1976 (Gerald Ford met Jimmy Carter) - Sixteen years and three elections would pass before presidential candidates faced each other again. Following the '76 election, debates became a regular feature in the election cycle."The next debate happened 16 years and 3 elections later.

How did the accidental death of Henry Stiles in 1651 Connecticut lead to the hanging of a woman for witchcraft?

3 years later the woman is accused of having helped kill Henry with the help of Satan by causing Thomas Allens gun to go off (because the woman Lydia Gilbert and Henry did not get along)

When did it become the national anthem?

931 did Congress grant that status.

How and why have white historians tended to minimize the immorality and scope of slavery in the United States?

A Popular survey of American history by W. E. Woodward New American History, "the slave system did incalculable harm to the white people of the South, and benefited nobody but the negro, in that it served as a vast training school for African savages."-Slavery, far from being economically backward, was an extremely efficient and productive form of labor, and that the organization of large plantations anticipated in many ways the assembly line and modern factory production.

Why was Lincoln reluctant to tackle the slavery issue during the early months of the war?

A believer in white supremacy, he initially viewed the war only in terms of preserving the Union. Lincoln doubted any constitutional basis for emancipating the nation's slaves; he was not sure that federal authorities had such a mandate. Beyond that, Lincoln had always to measure his words. As president, he was in fact responsible to the diversity of public opinion on abolition, and he had, as a political reality, to please all factions whatever his personal view

How did the Communications Act of 1934 inhibit the development of televised presidential debates?

A clause in the Communications Act of 1934 required broadcasters to offer equal time to all candidates, not just those from the two major parties. Getting Nixon and Kennedy on television in 1960 required Congress to suspend the equal-time provision The clause remained a stumbling block until the mid 1970s

How did the ASL use World War I to further its cause?

A dry Wisconsin politician named John Strange summarized how the ASL was able to use World War I to attain its final goal: "We have German enemies across the water," Strange said. "We have German enemies in this country, too. And the worst of all our German enemies, the most treacherous, the most menacing, are Pabst, Schlitz, Blatz and Miller." /A dry Wisconsin politician named John Strange summarized how the ASL was able to use World War I to attain its final goal: "We have German enemies across the water," Strange said. "We have German enemies in this country, too. And the worst of all our German enemies, the most treacherous, the most menacing, are Pabst, Schlitz, Blatz and Miller." That was nothing compared with the anti-German—and pro-Prohibition—feeling that emerged from a Senate investigation of the National German-American Alliance (NGAA), a civic group that during the 1910s had spent much of its energy opposing Prohibition.

How and why did the "symbol that failed" original "pigeons" become "doves?"

A peace broach given to Mrs Wilson. French designer created the olive branch brooch around 1906, and back then the birds were described as pigeons. In December 1918, a month after the original Armistice Day ending the Great War, the "pigeons" suddenly turned into doves of peace, the olive branches took on full significance and the design became the perfect symbolic gift from the citizens of Paris to Edith Bolling Wilson, wife of President Woodrow Wilson.

What do Marxists say about utopia?

A perfect world. They believed the Govt. would dissolve, there would be no classes. The main goal of it was a Perfect world. Marx believed that the government would eventually wither away and form a classless Utopia

What was the "White Man's Burden?"

A poem by a British novelist Rudyard Kipling with the subtitle The United States and the Philippines. In the poem he urges the U.S. to take up the "burden" of empire as Britain and other European nations had done. Our duty. Our mission: to take care of the world. British have been doing it for centuries. Being the responsible "dad" or policing injustice around the world. Raising other countries to govern themselves better and be more like us. We've been carrying the white man's burden ever since

Who was Sally Hemings?

A slave who mothered Jefferson's bastard children

How did Jackson symbolize the age in American history to which we attach his name?

A symbol of the common man, a westerner, and the epitome of the American Dream, Jackson represented what historians call the rise of the "New Americans.

What was the "symbol that failed?"

A symbolic gift in the form of a broach gifted to president wilsons wife from the French. The pigeons turned to doves after the ending of the great war

How much agreement was there to land cedeing among the Cherokee people?

A treaty was made by a few unauthorized individuals, signing over the entire nation. While the leaders of the Cherokee nation held firmly against it, the US pursued the settlement with fervor.

Who was Harriet Tubman?

A woman born into slavery who eventually led thousands of slaves to freedom through the underground railroad.

How did John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson "bracket" American opinion regarding democracy?

Adams believed that ordinary Americans were not fit to govern themselves that left to their own ignorance's they would choose military heros.Jackson believed just the opposite. Democracy was perfection, Democracy made mistakes but there were honest mistakes and correctable mistakes.

How did Lincoln's death affect African Americans?

African-Americans' pangs of loss were tinged with fear for their future.

Why did the Netherlands not work out as a satisfactory haven for the Pilgrims?

After imprisionment the gave up and rejoined village life

How did the Compromise of 1877 end Reconstruction?

After the election in 1876 Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina-the only three states in the South with Reconstruction-era Republican governments still in power. Republicans withdraw all federal troops from the South, thus consolidating Democratic control over the region. As a result of the so-called Compromise of 1877 Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina became Democratic once again, effectively marking the end of the Reconstruction era.

What role did Einstein play in the development of an atomic bomb?

Albert Einstein did not have a direct role in the development of the atomic bomb. It was Robert Oppenheimer and other scientists to made it based on his studies/research It was his initiative that started the U.S. Bomb research/ He got the ball rolling when he sent a letter to Roosevelt and personally reccommended that he pursue bomb research, and about Germany trying to make one, and it was his equation E=mc2 that made it theoretically possible.

Why did people admire Lindbergh so much?

All by himself, with no radio, he flew across the Atlantic ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. - Alone: He made the flight by himself. 36 hours of flying. First person to ever do it. - He proved that in the post-industrial revolution era (wherein everyone felt like a replaceable cog in the factory machine of the world) that an individual can still make a difference. Lindbergh made the first solo flight across the Atlantic and people saw that as an unbelievable and courageous feat.

What became of the aerial side of Pershing's Expedition?

All eight biplanes of the 1st Aero Squadron were cruelly squandered delivering messages between Pershing and his far-flung units, rather than being properly employed in reconnaissance duties as ordered. Due to difficult circumstances, the aerial phase of the expedition ended only five weeks after it had begun.

At the end of the Spanish American War what overseas possessions did the United States claim from Spain?

American troops had landed, unopposed, in Cuba and then won battles. Later in July, Americans, again unopposed, invaded Puerto Rico. The war was over. Spain asked for peace. American losses were minimal: a few hundred men. The United States insisted on, and got, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam.Guam, Puerto Rico, the Phillipines.

Why did expansionist sentiment grow from the 1880s onward?

Americans wanted a bigger country with imperialistic power like all the other world superpowers.Americans wanted a big territory and to become a world power like Britain

What is the significance of the Boston Tea Party?

Americans were rejecting British power to control their lives they were telling the British government look we don't care if the tea is cheaper we don't care if the tax you're going to collect is going to make us our lives better we don't care about any of that just leave us alone so the Americans were rejecting actions of the British crown even when they were beneficial to the Americans the Americans wanted to go back to the days when the English government just stayed out of our affairs entirely want you to control our markets we don't want you to tell us what to drink

How did Hawaii fit into overseas possessions US claimed from Spain?

And also Hawaii, whose annexation had been—unsuccessfully—urged on two Presidents by American intriguers and filibusterers. President Cleveland, and for a while McKinley, refused the annexation. But by July 1898 the nationalist tide was too much for this President and for much of the Congress: The United States annexed Hawaii.Hawaii was annexed.

Why is the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor a turning point in history for the United States and the world?

And once the Crash was over and the Depression deepened, the Federal Reserve still did nothing. Strong had known what to do under the new circumstances, and there can be little doubt that he would have done it. They might not have known what to do. They did not have the wisdom needed. /-the collapse of all overseas empires -the cold war between the communist and noncommunist nations, these developments would split the world into at least three major segments

How did Andrew Johnson lack the qualities of Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction?

Andrew Johnson was stubborn, deeply racist, and insensitive to the opinions of others

How did Theodore Roosevelt become president in 1901?

Appointed as Assistant secretary of the Navy. Saw Spanish war as way to gain momentum. Became governor for New York. McKinley made him Vice President. McKinley shot and died. He became president when McKinley was assassinated because he was McKinley's vice president.

What was the difference between battlefield tactics and the advancement of in modern weapons?

Armies using rifled Springfield weapons attacked in solid mass formations, the men standing, literally, elbow to elbow, They could get from effective range to hand-to-hand fighting in a very short time, and if they had a proper numerical advantage over the defensive line they could come to grips without losing too many men along the way. then they dug entrenchments. There was a lot of damage due to the old tactics with new weapons.

How was Custer an unsung hero at the Battle of Gettysburg?

As Confederate general George Pickett mounted his famous charge against the Union forces at Gettysburg, a lesser-known confrontation occurred on the other side of the battlefield. The redoubtable Jeb Stuart launched a desperate attempt to penetrate the rear of the Union line. He was met by Custer's men whom they outnumbered four to one. However, because of Custer's ferocious charge, Stuart's troops were driven back in defeat. It was the "most gallant charge of the war."

Understand the effects of disease on Civil War soldiers.

As a result of poor medical care, and the fact that many men enlisted without getting medical examinations, approximately twice as many Civil War soldiers died of disease—typhoid, dysentery, and pneumonia were the great killers—as died in action; and in addition to those who died a great many more got medical discharges.

Why did John Hay call the Spanish-American War of 1898 "a splendid little war?"

As far as wars go, it was "a splendid little war." It only lasted a few weeks with very little loss to America.Because it was a less drawn out war than previous wars and we won very fast

How did the 16th Amendment also help lead to its end?

As income tax revenues plummeted along with incomes, the government was running on empty. With the return of beer alone, Franklin Roosevelt said during his 1932 campaign, the federal treasury would be enriched by hundreds of millions of dollars.

How have the American people changed their laws and institutions to reflect those differences of Jefferson's time period and now?

As that becomes more developed, more enlightened, as new discoveries are made, new truths disclosed, and manners and opinions change with the change of circumstances, institutions must advance also, and keep pace with the times.

What usually happened to the accused of the Salem witch trials?

At least forty of the defendants were put to death; the rest were acquitted or convicted of a lesser charge.

What do Marxists say about religion?

Atheism, the very idea of God is bad .Religion causes people to forget their real problems and Marx said it "drugs the people"

Why did the Republicans choose Nixon as their candidate for vice president in 1952?

BALANCED TICKET- Pence and Trump- Offset weaknesses of Pres with strong VP-Nixon's prominence as an anti-Communist soon brought him to greater national attention. Nixon told Eisenhower he would be honored to be his vice president. Nixon had worked to promote Eisenhower's policies .-His selection was intended to foster unity within the party and to calm the strife that could lead to another electoral disaster like that of 1948-Eisenhower was 62 years old at the time and they were looking for some fresh meat. Also, army colleagues of Eisenhower complained that he was too soft on Russia. Nixon was the hard-nosed young man they were looking for.

How did these changes tend to free children from parental control?

Baby citizens are allowed to run wild as the Snake Indians and do whatever they please"make freely the choice of their intimacies, then of their church, of their politics, their husbands and wives."

Why did Americans reject Wilson's call for U.S. leadership in world affairs?

Because Americans didn't want to be responsible for caring for others. They were tired of the crusade to take care of other nations. It's still a debate that we have today. (Iraq War) Wilson, being the son of a preacher, had a hard time just watching other countries fight among themselves. "I'm going to teach those people how to elect good men."Many of them believed it would compromise American independence. They had a non-interventionist opinion stemming from the early 1800s

Why is the complex relationship between Franklin and his son William significant?

Because Ben Franklin asked his son who is now the Royal Mayor of New Jersey to asks him to join in the Rebel cause in favor of independence and have a great personal and political split.

According to Brands, in what way was he like an Indian chieftain?

Because His deepest loyalties were not to friends and relationships it was to the clan of old hickory the tribe o sharp knife the American people. Also because he was their protector and hero.

Why were the British worried that the Expedition would turn into a full-scale war between the U.S. and Mexico?

Because a U.S. Mexican war at the same time at WWI would make it difficult for America to fight on both fronts, likely spelling defeat for our European allies.We were militarily penetrating a foreign land with which we were at peace.

Why were the common people so attracted to Jackson?

Because he embodied their hopes and their fears, their passions and prejudices, their insight and their ignorance.

Why did President Roosevelt decide to push the need for a federal food and drug law?

Because he read "The Jungle."In his annual message to Congress, December 5, 1905, Roosevelt recommended in the interest of the consumer and the legitimate manufacturer "that a law be enacted to regulate interstate commerce in misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks and drugs." He read Upton Sinclair's novel the Jungle Roosevelt recommended in the interest of the consumer and the legitimate manufacturer "that a law be enacted to regulate interstate commerce in misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks and drugs."

Why was Adams swimming against the tide of history?

Because he still believed that people could not make decisions for themselves. Believed that they would choose a military leader.

Why are John Williams story and John Williams' family's story significant to the tale of the Deerfield Massacre?

Because his house became a singled out target, his wife was killed on their way to Canada, and his daughter chose to stay in Canada and learn with the Indians and he later wrote a book about the capturing.

Why do historians call the Civil War the "first modern war?"

Because it was the first war where widespread use of mechanized and electrified devices like railroad trains, aerial observation, telegraph, photography, torpedoes, mines, ironclad ships and rifles occurred. This caused a lot of damage to everything.

How did the Battle of Bunker Hill and the burning of Charleston affect Franklin's decision?

Because of that event In a letter to his longtime London friend (and fellow printer) William Strahan, he wrote in cold and calculated fury: "You are a Member of Parliament, and one of that Majority which has doomed my country to destruction. You have begun to burn our towns, and murder our people. Look upon your hands! They are stained with the blood of your relations! You and I were long friends: You are now my enemy, and I am Yours. B. Franklin." Curiously, Franklin allowed the letter to be circulated— but he never sent it. Instead, it was merely a vehicle for publicizing his view. In fact, Franklin sent Strahan a much mellower letter two days later, saying, "Words and arguments are now of no use. All tends to a separation."

How was the Deerfield Massacre symbolic of the entire struggle between England and France for America?

Because of the reasoning behind the massacre the French wanted to rule England. ( during the hundreds years preceding the revolution.)

Why did the Indians tend to side with the French rather than the English?

Because the French bought the allies of the Indian people by labor and trading.

Why were African American excluded from celebrations of the 1909 centennial of Lincoln's birth?

Because the celebrations in most of America were thoroughly segregated.

What three government policies in 1930-33 turned "a recession into a calamity?"

Beggar-thy-neighbor Smoot-Hawley Tariff, Balance the Federal Budget, Anti-Inflationary Policy

How did these virtues help Franklin become "the glue that held the Constitutional Convention together?

Ben Franklin made everything work and put it all together. Franklin makes the notation for having a house and a senate. Comprises don't make good hero's but make good democracies.

When and why did Franklin decide that independence was necessary and desirable?

Benjamin "opened himself and declared in favor of measures for attaining to independence" and "exclaimed against the corruption and dissipation of the kingdom."

How did American imperialism change the relationship of the U.S. and Great Britain?

Between 1895 and 1898 there occurred a revolution in the relationship of Great Britain and the United States, a subtle and undramatic adjustment but one that had momentous consequences. We became the world superpower and Britain has sided with us ever since.

How common were witchcraft trials in colonial New England?

Between the late 1630's and 1700 dozens of New England towns supported proceedings against witchcraft; some did so on repeated occasions. The total of cases was over a hundred

Why did the southerners want stuff in the West? ie California

Bitter debates and much deal-making during that summer brought forth the Compromise of 1850, an extensive package of acts in which the two sections sought to calm troubled waters by making deals over slavery. In return for California as a new northern state, the South managed to get the rest of the West opened to slavery and to enact a powerful fugitive slave law.

What role did African Americans play in Lincoln's Memorial Commission dedication?

Black guests were seated in a "colored section" off to the side. The commissioners had included a black speaker in the program, they had chosen Robert Russa Moton and required him to submit his text in advance for revision. But in what turned out to be the most powerful speech of the day, Moton highlighted Lincoln's emancipationist legacy and challenged Americans to live up to their calling to be a people of "equal justice and equal opportunity."

How did the king react to the organization of the Continental Congress?

Blew his stack, wage war on Americans

Prior to New Orleans, how did the war go for the U.S.? on land?

Britain bombed Baltimore

Understand the implications of the defeat of Napoleon in 1814 - for the U.S. and for the history of the world in general.

Britian could choose that moment to destroy American with the full force of their navy, but Britian were weary of war, Napoleans defeat was temporary

Why might one say that the U.S. entered the Napoleonic war on the "wrong side?"

Britian is our trading partner and controls the Atlantic Ocean

How would you characterize the relationship between England and America through the century and a half Americans lived under the British flag?

Britian protected the Americans as their asset/ pleasant mutually beneficial, English got what they wanted and didnt care about American opinions, liked giving the Americans what they wanted because that produced surplus

Why is British Indian policy a good example of the factor British policy is based on?

British prevented conflict between Americans and Indians because it would impede the economic progress of the colonies

What happened at the Battle of Lexington and Concord?

British soldiers were trying to get Hancock and Adams and take their weapons, some farmers with deer rifles got in their way, and the British mowed them down in order to delay the British enough so that Hancock and Adams could get away/ Any and all Americans with weapons fought the British as they tried to retreat

What were the advantages both sides had at the outset of the war for Independence?

British: most powerful army and navy in the Atlantic region, hefty war chest of money, most Native Americans were on their side, could hire out soldiers/ Americans: home court advantage, support of fans, dont have to travel, know the environment, had the support of the majority of Americans, George Washington (smart willing able leaders)

Why did Mexico begin to see that opening Texas to Americans was a mistake?

By 1834, only 31 years after the United States had doubled its territory with the Louisiana Purchase, tens of thousands of Americans had come to Texas. Some settlers, however, had come to Texas uninvited, and before long, the fledgling republic of Mexico was viewing the newcomers warily: by 1830, Americans in Mexico outnumbered Mexicans almost five to one. Although the Mexican congress prohibited further immigration from the United States in April of that year, squatters continued to pour in.

How did the automobile (the internal combustion engine) affect American life?

CAR- It was the Americans who made the automobile the most significant invention of all time. - Ford invented 'revolving credit' w/weekly payment- Made it possible for people to live further from where they worked- Changed architecture, tourism, social classes- Increased efficiency / Allowed people leisure time- Leisure industries boomIt caused an economic revolution and road construction created thousands of jobs. caused expansion and faster travel. Gas stations.

What other factors combined with the border town of Columbus NM in March 1916 to cause the so-called Punitive Expedition?

CAUSES- Villa and a thousand men swept into the town from three directions in the night and killed, raided and burned the town.- There was Mexican unrest in general as Pancho Villa rebelled against the established government. Made for unstable neighbors to the south.

How did California's application for admission to the Union in 1850 set off a great crisis in Congress?

California wanted to be a free slave state . Also the Missouri compromise line became a problem, The South wanted to extend slave territory to Southern California and to the Pacific coast, while the North did not because they felt that they were becoming prisoners in their own states as the North became increasingly harsh on slavery

How did the immigrants change after 1880?

Came mostly from Eastern Europe.- Earlier on immigrants were better educated and better acquainted with modern political and social attitudes than the oppressed and bewildered East European multitudes who came after 1880.- Some of them came, as their predecessors had come, because of shrinking economic opportunities, but many left due to discrimination.

What was Franklin doing when war broke out in Massachusetts in April 1775?

Charting the Gulf Stream mid ocean

Who was Dr. Harvey W. Wiley?

Chief chemist of the Department of Agriculture who experimented on subjects by feeding them borax - Burly scientist and connoisseur of good food/drink- Planned deliberately to feed twelve healthy young men a diet containing borax, the poison squad. - Poison Squad raised awareness and pushed through the first Pure Food and Drugs Law.

Describe the 1688 case of the bewitched Goodwin children

Children were having fits got better after accusing Glover and her execution

Analyze the reasons for the ambivalent feelings and divisions that developed between newer eastern European Jewish immigrants and Jews who had been in the U.S. for some time.

Condescension vs resentment - Education and Economic Status- OG immigrants achieved high mercantile status - OG fought for uneasy integration into US societyThe immigrants had to abide the contempt of their co-religionists who had preceded them to America by forty or fifty years.They did not want to be reminded of their kinship with these uncouth and impoverished Jews who were regarded vaguely as a kind of Oriental influx. The German Jews (established) objected as bitterly to the rigid, old-world Orthodoxy of the immigrants as they did to their new involvement in trade unions.Russian Jews complained that at the hands of their uptown brethren, "every man is questioned like a criminal, is looked down upon ... just as if he were standing before a Russian official."Feeling somewhat alienated from the older, settled Jews, who had a reputation for declining piety, the new immigrants organized their own synagogues and community facilities, such as cemeteries and hospitals. Ones who had been there looked down on the new immigrants, they didn't want the impoverished to come in.

Why did Franklin insist on changing the word "sacred" to "self-evident" in Jefferson's draft of the Declaration of Independence?

Creating new type of nation one of who's right were consent by the govern.

Why did Americans take such an intense interest in the Cuban insurrection?

Cuba was played up in American newspapers and Americans felt empathetic to the Cuban people trying to gain independence. They also had economic interest in seeing Cuba become independent. It had only been 100 years since we had had our own revolution from England. We get where they're coming from. Americans were opposed to the concentration camps being used to exercise control over Cubans. Newspaper propaganda incensed Americans. also, reform impulse.

What happened to Native American cultures?

Cultures changed and eventually doomed. Difficult to retain native languages and religions, even on reservation. A reservation culture developed on the basis of being wards of the state.

Understand the story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

Custer was given orders to wait for others to come and assist in the attack. No one really expected him to follow these orders and he did not wait. The other commanders blame his disobedience as the reason for the bloodbath. Reno drank and didn't follow orders. Custer should have lead the charge himself. Custer tried to make one last stand and got everyone killed, including him. Last stand of the Indians against reservations. Custer disobeyed orders because he wanted to be a hero.

How did the Anglo-French rivalry of the colonial period affect the lives of Americans?

Decades of enmity and warfare between France and England forced the British government to a policy of "Salutary Neglect" toward its American colonies, because the English desperately needed their loyal subjects in America to form a bulwark against the French and their Indian allies across the mountains to the west.

What did southerners want in the West? ie California

Desperate to get its share of the West for the expansion of slavery, southern members of Congress demanded that the North make concessions before they would vote to admit California

Why did the British think the American experiment would fail?

Didn't think democracy was possible, majority vote left 49% of people unhappy

What was Wiley's pivotal role both in creating the federal Pure Food and Drug Act and in enforcing it after it became law?

Dr. Wiley introduced an act in 1902 which required honest labeling of products which later prompted the president to sign in the pure food and drug bill. the law was strengthened by working with private industry to solve specific food handling problems- The enforcement of the law was placed in the hands of Dr. Wiley.

Why was Washington disillusioned with public service late in his life?

During President Adams' administration he watched with dismay what he believed was the growing interference of the French government in American politics. For him the Jeffersonian Republican party had become "the French Party." It was, he said, "the curse of this country," threatening the stability and independence of the United States. He saw plots and enemies everywhere and became as much of a high-toned Federalist as Hamilton. Before he could actually commit himself, however, President John Adams acted and, without his permission, appointed him commander of all the military forces of the United States. He accepted, but scarcely comprehended how it had all come about. The next thing he knew he was on his way to Philadelphia to organize the army. Events were outrunning his ability to control them or even to comprehend them, and he more and more saw himself caught up in "the designs of Providence." His command was a disaster. He wrangled over the appointments of the second in command, intrigued against Adams, and interfered with his cabinet. When neither the French invasion nor the American army materialized, Washington crept back to Mount Vernon thoroughly disillusioned with the new ways of American politics.

How did the Cherokee cede their lands?

During all this turmoil, President Jackson and the governor of Georgia pressed the Cherokee leaders hard in attempts to persuade them to cede all their territory and move to the West.

How were the Americans "not ungenerous" in their imperialism?

During the last decade of the 19th century, the antagonistic relationship between Great Britain and the United States—rooted in colonial rebellion and heightened in territorial conflicts like the War of 1812—grew into a sympathetic partnership- The two nations formed a natural brotherhood within attitudes later labeled as social Darwinism. When applied to people and cultures, the "survival of the fittest" doctrine gave wealthy, technologically-advanced countries not only the right to dominate "backward" nations, but an imperative and duty to bring them into the modern world

What happened to San Francisco in the first years of the century?

EARTHQUAKE- Golden gate collapsed. - Gas lines broke - City caught fire.- Reminder of the fragility of our lives. There was a devastating earth quake

What forces drove the dominant expansionists?

Economic, social, political, power, land, spread of Christianity That tremendous surge of national self-confidence, debouching into super-nationalism (in reality, imperialism, though most Americans would shy away from such a word),

Contrast the reactions of Generals Eisenhower and Patton to Nazi horrors?

Eisenhower sent immediately for a delegation of congressional leaders and newspaper editors; he wanted to make sure Americans would never forget this. Five months later he dismissed his close friend and brilliant army commander Gen. George Patton for using former Nazi officials in his occupation structure and publicly likening "the Nazi thing" to differences between the Republicans and Democrats. (Patton had visited the Ohrdruf camp with Eisenhower and become physically ill from what he saw.) /EISENHOWER had heard ominous rumors about the camps, of course, but never in his worst nightmares had he dreamed they could be so bad. He sent immediately for a delegation of congressional leaders and newspaper editors; he wanted to make sure Americans would never forget this. /PATTON had visited the Ohrdruf camp with Eisenhower and become physically ill from what he saw. However, he later publicly likened "the Nazi thing" to differences between the Republicans and Democrats.

What was the major issue facing the nation during the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858?

Elimination or Expansion of Slavery

Understand John D. Rockefeller's youth. What were his parents like?

Eliza Davison Rockefeller- came of a prosperous Scottish farming family- tired, straight, severe personalityWilliam Avery Rockefeller- sharp, big, robust, and roistering- curious mixture of affection and contemptHis mom came from a nice family and his dad was a womanizer and beat him.

Who were the first settlers in British America?

English businessmen to farm Tobacco

What was the value of a prime field hand in 1860 New Orleans?

Equivalent to the price of a Mercedes Benz today

How might Lincoln's political skills have worked to make Reconstruction reforms more effective and permanent?

Even if, like Johnson, he had set in motion the establishment of all- the South in 1865, he undoubtedly would have listened carefully to complaints about the Black Codes and been willing to heed the outcry in the North for further guarantees of the rights of former slaves. Lincoln had always been willing to work closely with all factions of his party, including the Radicals on numerous occasions.

To what extent was FDR and his administration guilty of doing less than they could have to save European Jews?

FDR and the U.S. was indifferent to the fate of Europe's Jews. The U.S. refused to admit a refugee ship after it was rejected by Cuba, and the U.S. did not bomb Auschwitz and the railways that fed it. The U.S. were passive accomplices in a way/ - Sent away a German ship carrying Jewish refugees- Did not bomb Auschwitz or the railways /However, - America's reaction to Kristallnacht was stronger than that of any of the other democracies.- His critics severely underestimate limitations on presidential power; clearly, the President could not unilaterally command an increase in quotas.- The US took in twice as many Jewish refugees accepted by the rest of the world.- The number of Jews saved by winning the war as quickly as possible was vastly greater than the total number who could have been saved by any rescue efforts proposed by anyone between 1941 and 1945.

How did slave owners control their slaves?

Fear (threatening to sell family members) -Ignorance- There were laws against teaching slaves to read and write, they wanted to keep them uneducated. Isolation- They tried to keep the slaves dependent on their owners.-Christianity- many slaves were taught this religion and also ended up Christians.

Compared to the economy of the industrializing North in the nineteenth century, How big was the Negro problem in America?

Few Americans know that by 1820 nearly 8.7 million slaves had departed from Africa for the new would as opposed to the 2.6 million whites many of them convicts or indentured servants who had left Europe. Thus by 1820 African slaves constituted almost 77 percent of the enormous population that had sailed toward the Americas, and from 1760 to 1820 this emigrating flow included more than five African slaves for every European.

Who opposed pure food and drug laws and why?

Food manufacturers and manufacturers of the articles used in the adulteration of that food. Newspaper publishers opposed for business reasons, Chicago meat packers, and the senate In opposition were the food manufacturers and manufacturers of articles used in the adulteration of foods and drugs such as: - cottonseed oil- the proprietary medicine industry- the distillers, canners, Leslie's Weekly- newspaper publishers (for business reasons)- Chicago meat packers- powerful lobbyists - Senate, responsive to pressure from big business- $$$$$, that's why

What does the battle of the Alamo mean to many Americans?

For many Americans, the actual confrontation remains a symbol of the courage of ordinary men placed in extraordinary circumstances. Others see it as emblematic of America's territorial ambitions in an era of Manifest Destiny.

Why did slavers ship their cargoes in such horrible conditions?

For profit, simplicity, control over them, and so that they could end up with selection of the strongest ones who survived those conditions. Also they were not seen as human beings due to racism.

Who was Pancho Villa?

Francisco "Pancho" Villa was a Mexican Revolutionary general and one of the most prominent figures of the Mexican Revolution.

How did Jackson's invasion of Florida play to the American People?

Furthered the growth of US, Thought he was an awesome President

How did Gluk create a factory system?

GLUK = Stopped being a hunter and became a spearhead maker and bartered to meet his needs. 1 R = 4 people = 1 man/day = 1 Spearhead Shop and Factory Systems:Gluk creates ASSEMBLY LINE and hires employees to increase efficiency. With sufficient manpower, he can make all the spearheads that he could ever dream of selling. Gluk made spear heads and sold them to people but he could only make around one a day. So he got his friends to come work for him and in return he would pay them a buck a day. This helped him create more a day which he could then sell. If you have more workers you can produce more wealth.Gluks story describes the nature of the factory system, it created 4 times the production capacity. A much more efficient and wealth producing system. We realized we could use a large number of workers in a factory to efficiently produce things. The industrial revolution caused a massive increase in wealth and abundance.

How did the automobile help to change American sexual mores?

Gave people another more private place to do it and a way to get to each other. Sparked a sexual revolution SEXUAL REVOLUTION /Traditional, proper courtship, prior to the 1920's consisted of monitored, public courting and rules. eg. sitting in the front parlor, sitting on the front porch./Automobile comes along and the whole nature of courtship changed. Now they drive away on a date and have privacy. /Dramatic change in the way people viewed sexual relations. Marriage and courtship in particular. Premarital and extramarital sex more common.STD's skyrocketed./Behavior of women is a particularly strong indicator of the sexual revolution. They were liberated and stepped outside of the traditional bounds of femininity. It showed in their appearance and attitudes.

How and why did the Army and the Wilson administration claim the Expedition was a success?

General Hugh Scott concurred, however, by stating that Pershing had "made a complete success ... from the War Department's point of view." The expedition may not be entirely brushed off as a failure.

What happened on the final day of the battle of the Alamo?

General Santa Anna sent a total of about 1800 troops into the Alamo, the Texans were brutally slaughtered, and retreated toward the barracks and the chapel for one last bloody stand-Finally, using cannons they had captured from the defenders, the Mexicans blasted open the entrance to the chapel and butchered the last defenders

What do Marxists say about the eventual fate of the state?

Government takes total control and had total authority over the people. After a while the government and states would wither away and people would just work perfectly together Collectivism one of many is more important that the few

Was letting Greenland get away a mistake or probably a good thing?

Greenland was the largest island and stationary aircraft carrier

What was the extent of gullible Americas willingness to consume phony and mislabeled medicines?

Gullible America will spend this year [1905] some seventy-five millions of dollars in order to "swallow huge quantities of alcohol ... narcotics ... dangerous heart depressants ... insidious liver stimulants."They all consumed them without care or question. They often still do today

How did the Hamilton-Jefferson feud help lead to political parties?

Had very opposing views, Jefferson was more convervative, Hamilton was more liberal

What did Jackson's victory at New Orleans do to him?

He became a The Greatest heeo the American people had ever seen and later became president

Once FDR took office, what was the basis of his New Deal?

He came up with Deficit Spending, spending money we did not have. He also abolished the "Gold Standard". FDR gave people hope through speaking of small successes.

Why did Jefferson call the Missouri Compromise of 1820 "a fire bell in the night?"

He considered it the death of the union.

Why are Marcus Reno's role in the Battle of Little Bighorn controversial?

He got drunk before and after the battle and he became indecisive.

How and why did Benjamin Strong seek to make the New York Federal Reserve the central bank of the U.S.?

He had been quite right that the Federal Reserve Board in Washington would consist largely of political appointees, many of them ignorant of the basics of commercial banking so they needed his help and he became the unquestionable president of the reserve. He did so first of all because New York at that time utterly dominated American finance, while the outbreak of the First World War made it indispensable to world finance as well. /He immediately set out to make the New York Federal Reserve in fact, if not in theory, the central bank of the United States. In large measure he succeeded. He did so first of all because New York at that time utterly dominated American finance, while the outbreak of the First World War made it indispensable to world finance as well.

How did our imaginary investor become wealthy in the 1920s?

He invested in two companies in the stock market

What then alone limited Gluk's factory production?

He is LIMITED only by the SIZE of the MARKET. "How many people want to buy our product?"Not enough workers, then not enough to sell

How and why was Sitting Bull killed?

He resisted reservation life. Tensions between Sitting Bull and the reservation's agent (McLaughlin) inevitably mounted, and when a new native religious movement called the Ghost Dance caused authorities to fear a possible insurrection, McLaughlin ordered Sitting Bull's arrest. A group of native police was sent to his cabin on the Grand River, and at dawn on December 15, 1890, Sitting Bull, Crowfoot, and Jumping Bull were shot to death.He was shot to death because of him doing the ghost dance.

What was Andrew Jackson's position on the Cherokee question?

He sided with the Governor of Georgia in trying to "work" with tribal leaders to cede their land. He had worked and fought with them previously in the war of 1812. When he became President, he reasoned that in order to protect the Cherokee, they needed to vacate their lands and migrate beyond the mississippi. 25 % died. About 4000 members of the tribe. Directly resulting from the expulsion.He wanted them removed and started the reservations.

What historic struggle dominated Jackson's life?

He struggled with poverty as a child, against authority as a youth against the British and Spanish and Indians a soldier, against the enemies of popular rule as an elected official.

What became of Sitting Bull after the battle of Custer's Last Stand?

He toured with Buffalo Bill's show. He was the last man of his tribe to surrender to U.S. authorities in the Summer of 1881. He submitted to the US authorities.

How did Jackson's invasion of Florida play in Monroe's cabinet?

He violated the direct orders of the president of the US, Hanged for treason due to causing a war with Spain

In what qualities did Washington outdistance his contemporaries?

He virtually created the presidency, and gave it a dignity that through the years it has never lost. But, more important, he established the standard by which all subsequent presidents have been ultimately measured—not by the size of their electoral victories, not by their legislative programs, and not by the number of their vetoes, but by their moral character. Although we live in another world than his, his great legacy is still with us.

What was Grant's strategy for winning the war in 1864-65?

He wanted not only to attack the enemy's armies, but also to sever their logistical ties. It was a bold plan that relied more on maneuver than bloody engagements. The main Union combat army would attack the Confederacy's premier force — General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Simultaneously Grant ordered separate forces to cut Lee's railroads and to destroy Lee's supply base

What ideas did Coolidge have about government?

He wanted to reduce the size of Government control and programs . He believed in a Laissez-faire government approach. He believed in a small, central government. Some joked that he believed in no government.

What did President Wilson hope to accomplish with his trip to France in 1918?

He wanted to teach them how to elect good people. He hoped to prevent the outbreak of another war.Now here Wilson was in Europe, conducting talks everyone hoped would prevent the outbreak of another war. He proposed a 14 point plan to restructure (including the league of nations) Europe for peace. Wilson's high-minded hopes for permanent peace now seem simpleminded or ironic in a post WW! Europe.

What was at the bottom of Jackson's absolute trust of the people and hence his support of democracy?

He was a commoner who had good sense, he identified with them

What effect did Theodore Roosevelt have on the nature of the presidency?

He was excited, enthused and brought a brand new style. Rambunctious. He saw himself as a leader. First president to embrace conservationism. He believed the president had the power to act except in areas specifically prohibited by law or granted in the Constitution to Congress or the Courts. He was actively engaged in foreign affairs and used government regulations and policies to bring about social and economic justice.

How does the story of soldering the oil cans exemplify this style?

He was interested in cost efficiency. One day Rockefeller was watching the production line in one of his plants, where cans of finished oil were being soldered shut. "How many drops of solder do you use on each can?" he inquired. The answer was forty. "Have you ever tried thirty-eight? No? Would yon mind having some scaled with thirty-eight and let me know?" A few cans leaked with thirty-eight, but with thirty-nine all were perfect. A couple of thousand dollars a year were saved.

How did Lindbergh's image match reality?

He was portrayed by the media as a religious hero, but was actually more agnostic. He was portrayed as a god fearing man but he was an atheist. He was accused of being a fascist sympathizer and had a fascination with Nazi Germany.

How did Custer die?

He was shot in the chest and then temple. Possibly a suicide or suicide pact following his complete defeat.Got shot and then his brother put him out of his misery. He died in the battle of Little bighorn.

Why does Wood say that Washington was "always on stage, acting a part?"

He was very desirous not to offend, and he exquisitely shaped his remarks to fit the person to whom he was writing—so much so that some historians have accused him of deceit. "So anxious was he to appear neat and correct in his letters," recalled Benjamin Rush, that he was known to "copy over a letter of 2 or 3 sheets of paper because there were a few erasures on it." He wanted desperately to know what were the proper rules of behavior for a liberal gentleman, and when he discovered those rules he stuck by them with an earnestness that awed his contemporaries. His remarkable formality and stiffness in company came from his very self-conscious cultivation of what he considered proper, genteel, classical behavior.

What did Wilson do before getting into politics?

He went to divinity school and was planning to become a Presbyterian minister. Got a PhD in history and started teaching history at Princeton. Became president of the university. Became governor of NJ. He was a minister and highly religious and moral driven man.

How did the 1688 case of the bewitched Goodwin children lead to the execution of the Widow Glover?

Her fight with the sister was the "inciting incident" that caused the children to have fits

What is Harriet Tubman's real name?

Her real name was Araminta.

What is Rockefeller's legacy?

His impact on the industrial revolution. We study Rockefeller not so much as a person but as an agent—an agent for better and worse in the immense industrial transformation of America. One of the first great business men of America

Understand the complex relationship between Franklin and his son William?

His son William is from his wife's marriage before him. William begins to become aerostatic and franklin is a firm believer in the middle class shop keeping values and his son Williams wear wigs and hangs out with the dukes

What happened to the survivors of the battle of the Alamo?

Historians believe that Crockett and perhaps a half dozen of his men, may have been taken alive, but when Santa Anna finally entered the Alamo he ordered they be executed

What prompts the question of what would have happened had Lincoln not been assassinated?

Historians speculating about such a counterfactual problem. Reconstruction was Lincolns main goal to forgive confederate states and unite the Union.

Why does the question of what would have happened had Lincoln not been assassinated inevitably involve Reconstruction?

Historians speculating about such a counterfactual problem. Reconstruction was Lincolns main goal to forgive confederate states and unite the Union.

How did Springfield race riots of 1908 lead to the founding of the NAACP?

Horrified by the reports of such ugly violence, a group of New York City activists formed the National Negro Committee, soon to be renamed the NAACP

Were the founders really more virtuous and intelligent than leaders in other generations?

How was it that America was so blessed with intellect and virtue at the moment of its founding? And, by implication, Why is it that the current generation falls so short? I don't dismiss the premise. But I do point out that the Founders' work was very much unfinished at the time the torch was passed to the next generation, and that tidying up the loose ends took eighty years and one of the most destructive wars in the history of the world before 1914. Whether I change many minds about the Founders is hard to say. Most people still seem to think that God or fate or something smiled on America in the 1770s and 1780s, and hasn't smiled that way since

What happened when Franklin, Adams, and Edward Rutledge met with British General Howe on Staten Island on September 11, 1776?

Howe pledged that the colonies could have control over their own legislation and taxes. The British, he said, were still kindly disposed toward the Americans: "When an American falls, England feels it." If America fell, he said, "I should feel and lament it like the loss of a brother." Adams recorded Franklin's retort: "My Lord, we will do our utmost endeavors to save your Lordship that mortification." Why then, Howe asked, was it not possible "to put a stop to these ruinous extremities?" Because, Franklin replied, it was too late for any peace that required a return to allegiance to the king. "Forces have been sent out and towns have been burnt," he said. "We cannot now expect happiness under the domination of Great Britain. All former attachments have been obliterated." Adams, likewise, "mentioned warmly his own determination not to depart from the idea of independency." The Americans suggested that Howe send home for authority to negotiate with them as an independent nation. That was a "vain" hope, replied Howe. "Well, my Lord," said Franklin, "as America is to expect nothing but upon unconditional submission . . . " Howe interrupted. He was not demanding submission. But, he acknowledged, no accommodation was possible, and he apologized that "the gentlemen had the trouble of coming so far to so little purpose."

What virtues in Franklin does Isaacson see as particularly impressive?

Humility the appearance of humility was actually as useful as the reality because it made you listen to other people and think about what they say.

What information was Truman given surrounding the atomic bomb?

I had intelligence that it was going to take a half a million, perhaps a million dead Americans to invade the main islands of Japan." I mean the Japanese had fought to the last baby in places like Okinawa and Iwo Jima. So Truman said, "Look, I was convinced that it would be house to house, shrub to shrub, dirt mound to dirt mound fighting for the United States to conquer Japan, to defeat Japan step-by-step, inch by inch; maybe a million dead Americans, and millions and millions of Japanese would've died during such an invasion." So Truman's justification always was to his dying day, 20/30 years later, died in the 1970s, that bombing Japan with nuclear weapons saved millions of lives, American and Japanese lives.

Why did Jefferson fail to free his slaves while claiming to oppose slavery?

If Jefferson came to believe that holding slaves was wrong, why did he continue to hold them? This question, because of its underlying assumptions, is both harder and easier than the first. It is harder because we are at such a great remove from the conditions of eighteenth-century Virginia that no satisfactory explanation can be given in a nutshell. To come to terms with the tangle of legal restrictions and other obstacles faced by the eighteenth-century Virginia slave holder who might have wished freedom for his slaves, together with the extraordinary difficulties of finding them viable places of residence and means of livelihood, requires a short course in early American history. But the question is easier in that there is no doubt that these obstacles to emancipation in Jefferson's Virginia were formidable, and the risk was demonstrably great that emancipated slaves would enjoy little, if any, real freedom and would, unless they could pass as white, be more likely to come to grief in a hostile environment. In short, the master whose concern extended beyond his own morality to the well-being of his slaves was caught on the horns of a dilemma. Thus the question of why Jefferson didn't free his slaves only serves to illustrate how presentism involves us in mistaken assumptions about historical conditions -- in this case that an eighteenth-century slave holder wanting to get out from under the moral stigma of slavery and improve the lot of his slaves had only to set them free.

How did Rockefeller work to eliminate competition?

If he could not eliminate competition, then perhaps he could eliminate his competitors by buying them up one by one—and this he set out to do. He offered his competitors stock in the company in exchange for their refineries. He gave them stipens. He took over the south to prevent them.

Why do American historians consider the Louisiana Purchase "the key to our international influence?"

If we had not made this purchase, it would have pinched off the possibility of our becoming a continental power, would have meant our ideas on freedom and democracy would have carried less weight with the rest of the world

How were Americans divided over the Spanish War?

Imperialists: wanted to annex newly occupied countriesAnti-Imperialists: did not want to add non North American land to the U.S. That tremendous surge of national self-confidence, debouching into super-nationalism (in reality, imperialism, though most Americans would shy away from such a word), must not obscure the fact that as in every war in the history of this country, Americans were divided. On one side, which turned out to be the dominant one, were the expansionists of 1898.

After 1800, how and why did this attitude of the average educated and aristocratic southerner change regarding slavery?

In 1808 southerners no longer apologized for slavery and began defending it. The industrial revolution was happening in Europe fueled by the textile industry. Cotton market exploded, Southerners began seeing it as a Positive good because the slaves were better off a christian slave in america than a free man in africa. they could process cotton much faster and receive a higher profit.

Until well into the twentieth century, how did African Americans typically appear in the national imagination?

In 1954, blacks in much of the South were, as Bob Herbert recently reminded us in The New York Times, "expected to step off the sidewalk or cross to the other side of the street if whites were approaching," while "in the national imagination, blacks were typically janitors, maids, chauffeurs or bootblacks."

What did Franklin accomplish as America's envoy to France?

In France, Franklin engaged in secret negotiations and brought France into the war on the side of the colonies. France provided money and, by war's end, some 44,000 troops to the revolutionaries. Franklin stayed on as minister plenipotentiary, and in 1783 signed the Treaty of Paris that ended the war.

How did the federal government involve itself in the process of railroad building?

In an effort to encourage integration of the East and West and to prevent any more secession, Lincoln promoted the construction of the Transcontinental railroad. Money and Land grants used to subsidize railroad construction. The government gave land to RR companies.In an effort to encourage integration of the East and West and to prevent any more secession, Lincoln promoted the construction of the transcontinental railroad. Money and land grants were used to subsidize railroad construction.

The tide of war shifted in the summer of 1863. Where and how?

In early July, decisive Union victories at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and Vicksburg, Mississippi shifted momentum to the United States. The Confederate armies were never able to recover. The occupations of Vicksburg further solidified federal control of the Mississippi River, and perhaps more than Gettysburg, signaled the end of the Confederacy.

What happened to the Mexican army in the aftermath of the battles at the Alamo and Goliad?

In the aftermath of the battle, Texians exaggerated Mexican casualties while Santa Anna underreported them.Mexican fatalities were about 145 on March 6, and 442 Mexicans were wounded during the entire siege. Other research suggests as many as 250 wounded Mexican soldiers eventually died in San Antonio.

Why are the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858 a benchmark in American history?

In the course of seven debates, two of the country's most skilled orators delivered memorably provocative, reasoned and (occasionally) morally elevated arguments on the most divisive issues of the day.

Why did the Federal Reserve "do nothing" after the Crash?

In the spring of 1929 the interest rate for call money, used to finance margin accounts, soared. Bankers could borrow at the Fed discount window, at 5 percent, and then lend the money to speculators at 12 percent. Billions moved to Wall Street this way. The Federal Reserve tried "moral suasion," asking the bankers to stop the practice. /If, in effect, it is legal to earn 7 percent by using someone else's money, people are going to do it. The bubble expanded until the "calamitous break" Strong had feared became inevitable /And once the Crash was over and the Depression deepened, the Federal Reserve still did nothing. Strong had known what to do under the new circumstances, and there can be little doubt that he would have done it. They might not have known what to do. They did not have the wisdom needed.

What technical problems bedeviled some of the presidential debates?

In the start of the Carter and Ford debate in 1976 the sound went dead for 27 excruciating minutes with Carter and Ford.

How does the federal government share the blame for the Depression?

In the years 1930-33 three fateful government policies were relentlessly pursued and turned a heretofore ordinary recession into a calamity.1 - First, Congress passed the beggar-thy-neighbor Smoot-Hawley TARIFF, the highest in American history. This forced other industrial countries to retaliate, and world trade collapsed.2 - Second, the Hoover administration insisted on trying to balance the FEDERAL BUDGET in the face of steeply declining tax revenues. Government spending diminished while the greatest percentage tax increase in American history was passed in 1932.when the economy was in virtual free fall.3 - Finally, the Federal Reserve maintained an anti-inflationary POLICY, adopted at the height of the boom, while the American economy underwent its greatest-ever deflation. In effect, the Federal Reserve kept treating the patient for fever long after the patient had begun to freeze to death.

What were Washington's greatest fears for the new Republic?

In this new democratic era of party politics, he said, "personal influence," distinctions of character, no longer mattered. If the members of the Jeffersonian Republican party "set up a broomstick" as candidate and called it "a true son of Liberty" or "a Democrat" or "any other epithet that will suit their purpose," it still would "command their votes in toto!" But, even worse, he said, the same was true of the Federalists. Party spirit now ruled all, and people voted only for their party candidate. Even if he were the Federalist candidate, Washington was "thoroughly convinced I should not draw a single vote from the anti-Federal side." Therefore his standing for election made no sense; he would "stand upon no stronger ground than any other Federal character well supported."

Why is it inaccurate to assume that the Crash of 1929 caused the Great Depression?

In truth, the Crash of 1929 was an effect, not a cause, of the economic forces at work. The national economy had begun to move into recession in the summer of 1929, while the psychology of greed was still firmly in the saddle on Wall Street. Yet financial panics are called panics precisely because they are essentially psychological, not economic, events. /The stock market rebounded in early 1930, for instance, regaining 50 percent of the ground it had lost in the debacle of October 1929. Wall Street had already recovered by the time of the depression.

How did Jackson's victory at New Orleans affect the future of the U.S.?

Increased pride and sense of nationalism

How did the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act change the integrity of the American food supply?

Ingredient labels. Most food and drug manufacturers and dealers adjusted their operations to the new law, and found themselves in a better position because of it, with curtailment of the activities of fly-by-night competition and re-establishment of the consumers' confidence in goods of known quality. But there were die-hards like the sugar and molasses refiners, the fruit driers, whisky rectifiers, and purveyors of wahoo bitters, Peruna and Indian Doctor wonder drugs.

What attributes characterized Japan during the centuries prior to the mid-1800s?

Isolationism, Xenophobic, and Feudalism. Medieval style of government

What did Prohibition accomplish?

It cause more people to drink than ever before and caused a massive crime wave with organized crime making millions from selling alcohol. - Did not diminish drinking.- More people drank than ever before. - Criminalized production, distribution, consumption of alcohol. - Generated massive crime wave. - Created organized crime.

How does the tariff issue illustrate a serious difference other than slavery between the North and the South?

It caused 2 very different economies to exist. For Revenue and was Protective for the industries in the U.S. that were being driven out of business by lower priced imported goods by taxing the imported goods.

Why did the bulk of eastern European Jewish immigrants choose to remain in the cities?

It gave them job opportunities That's where work, family, friends and synagogues were. Efforts were made to divert immigrants to small towns in other parts of the country, but these were largely ineffective. Farm jobs for Jews were available, but as one immigrant said: "I have no desire to be a farm hand to an ignorant Yankee at the end of the world. I would rather work here at half the price in a factory; for then I would at least be able to spend my free evenings with my friends."

How much did American anti-Semitism affect the reaction of the United States to the Holocaust?

It had a great affect. US State Department policies made it very difficult for refugees to obtain entry visas. The State Department's attitude was influenced by the economic hardships of the Depression, which intensified grassroots anti-Semitism, isolationism, and xenophobia. /FDR face much Anti-Semite pressure, but he and his wife proved to be some of the biggest Jewish allies to be found.

In what ways is so much reverence for the Founders problematic?

It makes us unable to rewrite amendments in order to fit our modern needs

As a result battlefield tactics and the advancement of in modern weapons, how quickly did the high command revise tactics?

It took the high command a long time to revise tactics to meet this changed situation. A direct assault could be better than a form of mass suicide

Because so many Americans sided with England in the Revolution, what does this say about the nature of the War for Independence?

It was a Civil War

How did Congress designate "squatter sovereignty" as its will for the West?

It was a compromise strategy for determining whether a Western territory would permit or prohibit slavery. First promoted in the 1840s in response to debates over western expansion, popular sovereignty argued that in a democracy, residents of a territory, and not the federal government, should be allowed to decide on slavery within their borders

How fast was the ratification process in the states achieved?

It was achieved with astonishing velocity. /From the moment of submission, it had taken 394 days to meet the approval of 36 state legislatures—To the shock of many, ratification would come with astonishing velocity. (Just over a year)

Was the Texas Revolt a race war?

It was portrayed as a "race war" between Mexicans on one side and American settlers thirsting for freedom on the other. But "on that battlefield there were free blacks, slaves, Indians from central Mexico who spoke no Spanish, Tejanos [Mexicans who sided with the Americans], Europeans, including an Italian general . . . It was almost a laboratory in multiculturalism. It was not a race war."

Why did the events of the Battle of Lexington and Concord set off the American Revolution?

It was the first time Americans fought the British, these events led to Americans deciding that they wanted their own country

Why did Lincoln and Douglas know that they were speaking to the whole nation?

It was unprecedented. Lincoln and Douglas knew they were speaking to the whole nation.The combination of shorthand, the telegraph and the railroad changed everythingIt was unprecedented. Lincoln and Douglas knew they were speaking to the whole nation. It was like JFK in 1960 coming to grips with the presence of the vast new television audience

Besides its attempt to end drinking, how did Prohibition fundamentally change the way we live from speedboat design to the creation of Las Vegas?

It would provoke the establishment of the first nationwide criminal syndicate, the idea of home dinner parties, the deep engagement of women in political issues other than suffrage, and the creation of Las Vegas. /Impacted:- international trade - speedboat design - tourism practices- the English language /Provoked:- establishment of first nationwide criminal syndicate - the idea of home dinner parties- the deep engagement of women in political issues other than suffrage - the creation of Las Vegas /Prohibition fundamentally changed the way we live.

What miscalculations did the Japanese make?

JOHN WAYNE- They didn't know about John Wayne!- Japan did not understand the American mind- Bombing pearl harbor - made us seek revenge /POWER- They had no idea how powerful the USA was- The resources and manpower of the US /INVENTIVE- The power of the atomic bomb- Underestimated US problem solving

How did Jackson's devotion to the Union color his attitudes and positions, including his attack on the Bank and his defense of slavery?

Jackson observed the same events but interpreted them differently. Slavery wasn't the issue; sectionalism was. Jackson defended slavery, in part because he couldn't envision the political economy of the South without it, but mostly because he perceived the attacks on slavery as threats to the Union. The abolitionists might not intend to shatter the Union, but that would be the result of their actions.

Why did the Japanese plan for victory in the Pacific fail?

Japan failed to recognize they did not have the industrial or military capacity to achieve their imperial ambitions, they also underestimated America.

How did the election of 1800 show a flaw in the Constitution?

Jefferson and Burr tied for first, because the electors split down the middle equally, constitution said house of representatives got to choose

Why did the Louisiana Purchase conflict with Jefferson's views on the powers of the federal government?

Jefferson believed that the government should only be able to do what was specified in the constitution (purchasing land was not included)

What was the essential difference between Franklin and his friend Thomas Jefferson when it came to the purpose of education?

Jefferson forms the university of Virginia create a new aristocracy filter out the talented young people, franklin strongly disagreed he had a different definition of it the importance of education is to help every inspiring person to move up and have an university that is engage in the real life and real world.

What was at the heart of the Hamilton-Jefferson feud?

Jefferson was a farmer, Hamilton was a city man/ saw the world differently

How well did James K. Polk keep his promise made at the election of 1844?

Kept it

How did Britain punish Massachusetts in 1774?

King George ordered the port of Boston closed, sending the city into economic chaos, crime and starvation its an act of war/

What was the main hallmark of Nixon's youth?

Known as reliable, hardworking and always trying to be a good student/citizen.

What was the food race?

Krushchev was convinced that socialism would come out on top and to achieve that he believed that they needed to catch up and pass the U.S. in per capita production of milk, meat, and butter. He believed that the system that gave people the best living standards would win. It became his slogan.

What was Douglas's reputation in the debates?

Liked to be around people very social, wanted to gain approval with a gift for making every voter feel that he was speaking directly to him. Douglas was a pure political animal. In spite of poor health, he possessed such volcanic energy that he was known as "a steam engine in breeches

How do activists and politicians use Lincolns memory to further their causes?

Lincoln fought for what he truly believed in and many activists use that sentiment to further their causes and motivate people.

What higher morality did Lincoln employ to counter Douglas's personal attacks?

Lincoln hammered away at the basic immorality of slavery

During the last debate, what was Lincoln's firm position on slavery?

Lincoln hammered away at the basic immorality of slavery. "It should be treated as a wrong, and one of the methods of...treating it as a wrong is to make provision that it shall grow no larger," he declared, his high-pitched voice growing shrill. Nothing else had ever so threatened Americans' liberty and prosperity as slavery, he said. "If this is true, how do you propose to improve the condition of things by enlarging slavery—by spreading it out and making it bigger?" He then went on to the climax of the argument that he had been building since Galesburg: "It is the same spirit that says, 'You work and toil and earn bread, and I'll eat it.' No matter in what shape it comes, whether from the mouth of a king who seeks to bestride the people of his own nation and live by the fruit of their labor, or from one race of men as an apology for enslaving another race, it is the same tyrannical principle."Lincoln's appeal to higher morality towered over Douglas' personal attacks.

Understand what happened at the seven debates. After a slow start, how did Lincoln gain the offensive?

Lincoln set a trap asking Douglas his opinion the doctrine known as popular sovereignty and would permit settlers to exclude slavery from a new territory before it became a state. He challenged Douglas racism on moral grounds

What was Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction?

Lincoln viewed wartime Reconstruction primarily as a means of winning the war and ending slavery. Lincoln, before his death, had envisioned a quick and lenient reuniting of the nation, centered on forgiving most Confederates and quickly bringing their states back to full participation in the Union. Lincoln was not a Radical Republican. Before the Civil War, he had never supported voting rights for free blacks, and he did not see Reconstruction as an opportunity for a sweeping social revolution in the South (apart from emancipation itself)—unlike such Radicals as Thaddeus Stevens, who called for dividing the planters' lands among the former slaves. When he did think about the postwar South, he seems to have envisioned control passing to former Whigs who had been reluctant secessionists. He assumed that this group would treat the former slaves fairly and be attracted to the Republican Party, which before the war had had no presence in the southern states. Universal black male suffrage, already being demanded by Radicals as the war came to an end, was the furthest thing from his mind.

How did racism and popular sovereignty dominate the debates?

Lincoln was trying to convince the voters that popular sovereignty was a sham and wanted to make it clear that Douglas attitude towards slavery would inevitably lead to more slaves states.

Despite acknowledging Lincoln's racism and other limitations, why does the author argue that he was truly our greatest president?

Lincoln will always remain the president who helped destroy slavery and preserved the Union. He was politically shrewd, and he took a long view of history. And he knew when to strike to obtain his ends. Just for his work on behalf of the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery in the United States, he has earned a permanent place in the history of human freedom. One of his most important legacies—his unwavering desire to reunite the American people. Lincoln set a precedent that would guarantee the voting rights of the American people through subsequent wars and economic depressions

The Illinois legislature elected Douglas to another term in 1858, but what likely would have happened if the election had been by a popular statewide vote?

Lincoln would have had a smashing victory.

How did the debates affect the prospects of each man for becoming president?

Lincolns higher morality towered over Douglas and his personal attacks. Lincoln spoke to the future to better angels of our own nature. Douglas was speaking in large part to the past in which slavery still seemed reasonable.

How did Lincolns martyrdom affect his abiding reputation?

Lincolns legacy shifted over and over again . The assassination, occurring as it did on Good Friday, propelled him into reverential heights.

How did the French, who initially claimed the Louisiana Territory, lose it and then regain it?

Louis xv gave the territory to his cousin Charles iii of spain because it was of no worth to him. afterwards napoleon made a deal with spain to trade the territory for a part of Italy.

What was Lincoln's reputation as a politician as the debates began?

M oody and cerebral At 49, he was still clean shaven, with chiseled cheekbones and a faint smile that hinted at his irrepressible wit. And while he affected a backwoods folksiness that put voters at ease, he was actually a prosperous lawyer who enjoyed an upper-middle-class existence in an exclusive section of Springfield, the state capital.

Who were the "muckrakers?"

MUCKRAKERS Writers publishing magazine articles suggesting there were problems in american life that needed fixing. Named by Roosevelt. Upton Sinclair published The Jungle about meat packing plants in Chicago. Investigative reporters and writers during the progressive era who uncovered corruption and injustices in order to make changes to society.

Why did some of the delegates to the Second Continental Congress first suspect Franklin of being a British spy?

Many of the younger, hotter-tempered delegates had never witnessed Franklin's artifice of silence, his trick of seeming sage by saying nothing. They knew him by reputation as the man who had successfully argued in Parliament against the Stamp Act, not realizing that oratory did not come naturally to him. So rumors began to circulate. What was his game? Was he a secret loyalist?

Why did Lincoln fire General McClellan?

McClellan ably built the army in the early stages of the war but was a sluggish and paranoid field commander who seemed unable to muster the courage to aggressively engage Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. he also developed extreme contempt for the president, and often dismissed Lincoln's suggestions out of hand

What incentives did Mexico offer to Americans to come to Texas?

Mexico offered U.S. settlers cheap land—on the condition they swear allegiance to Mexico and convert to Catholicism.Not only did the Mexican government offer land grants to any person or family who agreed to settle in Texas; it also, under the Mexican Constitution of 1824, guaranteed that newcomers would pay no taxes for at least seven years. And to sweeten the deal, Mexico—despite having abolished slavery in the republic—would allow Anglo settlers to bring along with them any slaves they already held.

Who was Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna?

Mexico ordered the removal of all illegal settlers and the disarming of Texians, as the Americans called themselves . The man behind the order was a handsome egotist and power-crazed dictator who called himself the Napoleon of the West.

What happened as a result of Taft Roosevelt split?

More progressive republicans followed Roosevelt while hard-nose conservative republicans stayed with Taft.The split weakened the Republican party and separated it into two groups.

What was the average Union soldier's attitude about slavery?

Most Northern soldiers had very little feeling against slavery as such, and very little sympathy for the African Americans, and except for New England troops most Union regiments contained very little abolition sentiment.

How accurately have most movies portrayed the battle of the Alamo in San Antonio in 1836?

Most movies have not accurately portrayed the battle they are purely fiction

Describe the supposed relationship between the Devil and General Jonathan Moulton.

Moulton is in league with the Devil. There is no easier way to explain, among other things, his truly prodigious wealth.

How and how quickly did Rockefeller become one the half-dozen richest men in the country?

Multi millionaire in ten years. Took another ten years to become one of the richest men in America. He monopolized the industry and was a good businessman. It took him 10 years.

What were significant northern advantages at the outset of the war?

NORTH- Larger population, Enormous Industrial advantage, Railroads are everywhere, Telegraph, Money and growing economy. Powerful Navy, Unionists (people in the south who were loyal to the Union) North was fighting to maintain a union.

What is "nostalgia" and what does it tell us about society?

NOSTALGIA- We remember fondly the "good ole days"- Tendency of people when their lives are changing rapidly to cling to old ideas and values. remembering the good old days. it creates meaning in everyday life.

Why did the Napoleonic War last so long?

Napoleon elephant dominated the land, Britian whale dominated the sea

Who was Tallyrand and what were his tactics? concerning Napoleon's government negotiations

Napoleon foreign minister, used delay tactics

Why did Jefferson view the French reacquisition of Louisiana with such alarm?

Napoléon wantedto close the Mississippi to American use

Why was the U.S. eventually unable to stay out of the Napoleonic War?

Needed to trade to survive, and the British and French were unwilling to trade with an enemy supporter

How did World War II create the League's strange stepchild, the United Nations?

No one knows what the League of Nations might have done if the United States had joined, but without us the League of Nations proved spectacularly fruitless in maintaining peace. After World War II mankind created its strange stepson, the United Nations.The old league was forgotten for good, until Wilson died, then edith did everything she could to safeguard the memory of her husband and his vision

Who invented slavery?

No one knows who invented it.

Why did the U.S. refuse to admit Texas to the Union for nearly a decade after the Texans had expelled the Mexican government?

Northern abolitionists feared that the admittance of Texas into the Union would encourage the expansion of slavery and destabilize the nation

How effective were the presidents who served during the 1920s?

Not at all effective. Harding was not fit to be president and was one of the very worst. Coolidge became president after Harding and did absolutely nothing for 6 years. Both were credited for almost bringing down western civilization. ABSENT and VERY WEAK Harding: He was not a bad man. He was not a good man. He was just a slob. Presided over some pretty serious corruption although it never seemed to touch him. . Coolidge:"Do nothing" presidential leadership. That's what people wanted. They wanted their leaders to not do too much. Everyone was busy having a good time. Believed in small to no government. ;) "Silent Cal" - he didn't say much. Not up to much good.

Why have some African American leaders assaulted Lincoln's reputation?

Old arguments surfaced that he had never really cared about emancipation, that he was at heart a political opportunist. States' rights libertarians criticized his aggressive handling of the Civil War, his assaults on civil liberties and his aggrandizing of federal government. Malcom X pointed out clear examples of Lincolns prejudice.

How did the Springfield race riots of 1908 involve Lincoln's memory?

On Friday, August 14, two thousand white men and boys began to attack African-Americans and set fire to black businesses. "Lincoln freed you," rioters were heard to yell. "We'll show you where you belong." They killed Lincolns African American shoe maker and set fire to his shop because Lincoln used to mingle with African Americans there.

In what ways were Congress's Reconstruction plans politically motivated?

On the political front, the Republicans wanted to maintain their wartime agenda, which included support for: • Protective tariffs •Pro-business national banking system •Liberal land policies for settlers •Federal aid for railroad development The radical republicans wanted to remain in power in the North and South . Grateful freedmen (freed African slaves) voting Republican would help to maintain the status quo.

Who was Wayne B. Wheeler?

One of the first full time employees of the Anti Saloon League, which he would turn into the most effective political pressure group the country had yet known. /The Ohio man responsible for prohibition. A locomotive in trousers.

What problems in Cuba and the Philippines immediately challenged the righteousness of American imperialism after the Spanish War?

Only a few months after the "liberation" of Manila, a rebellion in the Philippines broke out against the American occupiers. Its suppression took two years and hundreds of lives. The "liberation" of Cuba from the "tyranny" of Spain led to the rule of that island by a series of native tyrants of whom the last (and still present) one has been obsessively anti-American By the 1920's, America had dealt with the burden of imperialism in the Philippines as well as other areas of the Pacific ocean and Central and South America.

What role did medical doctors play in diagnosing witchcraft?

Only when natural causes had been ruled out was a diagnosis of witchcraft clearly justified. Normally, beyond this point, clergymen would assume control of the proceedings, for they were "healers of the soul"

What happened in the border town of Columbus NM in March 1916?

Pancho villa attacked and killed americans. The Pancho Villa Expedition started, A military operation conducted by the U.S. Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Fransisco "pancho" villa. -Was considered to be punitive because they never caught villa

How did Andrew Jackson involve himself in the issue of the Cherokee question?

Passed the indian removal act

How did race change the issue of slavery?

People began to feel that whites were superior to blacks and that sentiment grew more everyday. Religion played a part in making people feel justified in slavery.

What role did enormous margins play in the speculation boom in the stock market?

People did not have to pay for 3 months because they expected profit from inflation. People were able to depend on speculation, buying things you expect to be worth money later on so you can make a profit/Everyone wanted to buy stock. Prices went up and up and up and up. Then when nobody wanted to buy the stock, prices plummeted. /Americans treated wealth as an unending resource. They anticipated that life would only get better. /- Margin- Speculation- Profit from Inflation/A $10 investment in the 1920's stock market could grow to $1,000 or even $100,000. Not unusual for people to get rich by buying and selling stock. The profits were based largely on speculation, or the anticipation that the stock is going to be worth more tomorrow than it's worth today./Brokers buying and selling stocks on "broker's margin." Space between. Brokers don't have to collect the full amount of the price of the stock when sold, only a fraction of the price. So a lot of the value of stocks is just floating money (like the cloud) and is not anywhere in real life. /The value of the company doesn't have to increase at all, just as long as the people who bought the company suggest that the stock will be worth more tomorrow.

How is isolationism a good example of reactionary forces operating after WWI?

People thought of their country as an island which was isolated. We just stuck our heads in the sand. /We pulled away and focused on our own abundance. /A philosophy that we should not worry about what is going on in the rest of the world. Many people thought that the McKinley idea of the US being heavily involved in world affairs was a mistake. Great moves for non-involvement in world affairs. /"Doesn't the great wealth of America prove that America is a very blessed place? Blessed perhaps above all other nations? We're so great. Why do we need to worry about everyone else?"

Who were the expansionists and what were their motives?

People who wanted to expand their power to influence foreign trade and gain more power. They were motivated by economics, religion, politics. With few exceptions Republicans were expansionists; Democrats were not.People who wanted to expand their power to influence foreign trade and gain more power. They were motivated by economics, religion, politics,

How did Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction change?

Perhaps, confronted by a united Republican Party and a president willing to enforce the law, white southerners would have accepted the basic rights of the former slaves. In that case, the nation might have been spared the long nightmare of disenfranchisement, segregation, and racial violence that followed the end of Reconstruction. Or perhaps even a more moderate Reconstruction would have aroused violent opposition, and Lincoln would have faced the alternative that in fact eventually faced Congress—moving forward to full black suffrage and a federal commitment to protect blacks' rights as citizens, or relegating the freed people to quasi citizenship under the domination of their former masters. It is impossible to say what choice Lincoln would have made under those circumstances. All we do know is that his assassination brought to the White House a man unable to rise to the demands of one of the most challenging moments in our nation's history.

What good came of American imperialism?

Philippines eventually gained independence. American rule in the Philippines, in Puerto Rico, in Cuba led to a rapid and impressive improvement of living conditions, education, institutions of self-government, sanitation; I can personally attest to that.

Why did psychological slavery control techniques often take precedence over physical (corporal) means?

Physical means would only debilitate their slaves from doing their work

What happened to President Wilson?

President Wilson never recovered from his stroke. In the election of 1920 The Republicans won handily. Wilson died in February 1924.

What were Nixon's interests?

President of chess club, french club. Played football. Excellent poker face.

What was the gag rule in Congress?

Prevented Congress from hearing hundreds of petitions calling for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, for restrictions on the interstate slave trade, and for limits on the expansion of slavery into Western territories. This clear violation of the First Amendment did not faze a government that sanctioned the destruction of antislavery mail addressed to the South.

Why did virtually everyone get behind the Progressive ideal?

Progressivism- Belief that the government should take a very active role in dealing with societies problems (eg. doing the right thing)- American people became very concerned about the abuses published by Muckrakers, began to say, we've got to solve this. Across classes and party lines, all agreed that something needed to be done.Because Theodore Roosevelt was a progressive president and a strong white house voice was impactful.

What sources of pressure came on to Lincoln to free the slaves?

Public opinion of being for abolition of slavery grew and congress, military, and foreign opinion

What role did the reform impulse play in McKinley's decision to begin to take U.S. colonies?

RACISMMcKinley prayed to know what to do with all these US Colonies. He justified becoming an imperial power for the 'reform impulse' for the "benefit" of the colonists. It was God's will that USA would spread it's greatness to others. He wanted to assert American power on a global scale. He also understood the link between foreign markets and national prosperity.

Why did Lincoln's plan for the reconstruction backfire under Johnson?

Radical republicans became a majority of seats in Congress which caused Johnsons eventual fall.

What simple inventions were instrumental in the settlement of the West?

Railroad-worked magic Barbed wire-created quickly miles of fence Steel plow windmill-pumped water up from the ground.

What was the effect of the railroad on the settlement of the West?

Railroads were the main most efficient transport system for all kinds of goods. They made it possible for the American West to become quickly part of the fabric of American life. The railroad was a great symbol of industry that would change American life and life in general. Expedited settling process from several months to just a few days. You also didn't have to sell everything you own in order to get here. Railroads also provided a way for the products of the west (cattle, grain and gold) to be quickly sent back into Eastern markets.The railroad had a huge significant impact on the settlement of the west. This made it so you could move from across the country to the other side in a matter of days in a relatively comfortable box car. This helped with the selling of cattle and grain as well.

Understand the political realignment of the U.S. in the 1850s. What were the respective positions of Republicans, Democrats, and Southerners?

Republicans became a union without compromise. Democrats, a union with compromise. Southerners were succeeded from the Union.

How would you characterize Indian reservations?

Reservations made things WORSE. They were really INTERMENT camps. Prisons. You needed a hall pass to leave. These were God-forsaken places, those areas not wanted by the whites. By putting Native Americans into these reservations, it made it even more difficult for them to adjust to white culture. High infant mortality, high substance abuse rate.

What factors made Jackie Robinson perhaps unusual among African American athletes after World War II?

Robinson began playing in the Negro Leagues, but he was soon chosen by the president of the Brooklyn Dodgers to help integrate major league baseball. He joined the all-white Montreal Royals. He was not the best player, but he had the right demeanor. He had already dealt with civil rights issues while serving in the army as a second lieutenant in the U.S. army. His courage and moral objection to segregation were the precursors for the impact he would have on Major league baseball.

Why did the American military fail to attack the concentration camps more aggressively?

Roosevelt listened to Jewish leaders pleas, But he knew that the diversion of resources from the purpose of defeating the Nazi armies to save jews from concentration camps might palliate the anguish felt by so many, would rescue no one, and in all likelihood would kill the would-be rescuers. /Leon Kubowitzki to the executive director of the War Refugee Board said of bombing Auschwitz "the first victims would be the Jews" and because the Allied air assault would serve as "a welcome pretext for the Germans to assert that their Jewish victims have been massacred not by their killers, but by Allied bombing." /Because through bombing, "the first victims would be the Jews." And bombing railroads was not an effective long-term solution. It would have been costly, dangerous and we didn't have the intelligence required for success.

Why was President Roosevelt deciding to push the need for a federal food and drug law important to its success?

Roosevelt's skillful use of the report of an official commission which investigated the stockyards, finally forced a favorable vote in the Senate and then the House on the Pure Food and Drugs Bill.His support was needed to get the bill through the Senate. Pressure from the American Medical Association, the graphic exposé of revolting conditions in the Chicago packing houses, and Roosevelt's skillful use of the report of an official commission which investigated the stockyards, finally forced a favorable vote in the Senate and then the House on the Pure Food and Drugs Bill.

What were some major concessions to the South in the Compromise?

SOUTH -Slave trade abolished in D.C. -Fugitive slave law (made it a federal crime to assist a runaway slave, and forced people in the north to capture and return slaves. -No slavery restrictions in Utah or Mexico -Texas gets 10 million for relinquishing claim to lands west of the Rio Grande in what is now New Mexico

What were significant southern advantages at the outset of the war?

SOUTH-Home Territory, Cause(The South was fighting to preserve their territory and freedom), help from Europeans, Cotton, Outlast (fight until Union army quits), "Supermen" (Southerners held the myth that they were better than Northerners)

How did the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act invite responsible business men to put real money into the food business?

Saw the decline of the barrel as a food container and its replacement by the consumer unit package; the setting of official standards for the composition of basic food products; and the banning of quack therapeutic mechanical devices.The favorable conditions created by the passing of the act invited responsible business men to invest in real food "The conditions created by the passage of the act invited responsible business men to put real money into the food business."

What factors prompted Harriet Tubman to flee to freedom?

She found out she should have been born free instead of a slave and resented her situation --In 1849, several events came together to motivate Tubman to act. She heard that two of her brothers were about to be sold to the Deep South. And her husband threatened to sell her South, too. She tried to persuade her brothers to escape with her, but ended up leaving alone, making her way to Philadelphia, and freedom.

What roles did Tubman play during the Civil War?

She was a nurse, a scout, and a spy

Who was Edith Bolling Wilson?

She was the presidents wife and a previous widow. Wilson fell ill and his wife took charge and became one of the only ways to communicate with the president. She was called the presidentess

What did Harriet Tubman do after the Civil War?

She worked to establish schools for freedmen in South Carolina -- while she never learned to read and write, she appreciated the value of education for the future of freedom.-She also remarried to a Union Army Soldier who was 20 years younger than her-She toured and spoke of her role as "Moses" -She provided shelter and cared for aged impoverished slaves and children

How bad was the food supply in urban America in the late nineteenth century?

Since foodstuffs had to stand up in their long transit from the plant to the home, it is not surprising that unhealthy practices developed. During the "embalmed beef" scandal, for example, there was a debate as to whether a little boric acid in fresh beef was after all only an excusable extension of the ancient and accepted use of saltpeter in corning beef.A New York sugar firm was proud to make the point in its advertising of the i88o's that its sugar contained "neither glucose, muriate of tin, muriatic acid, nor any other foreign, deleterious or fraudulent substance whatever."Food was packaged and transported across the country. There was no regulation on food processing or safety practices. It was bad sometimes workers fell in the machinery and got ground up into the products. Consumers would die due to poisonous additives.

How old is slavery?

Slavery is as old as humanity.

Why did some Americans rejoice in Lincoln's death?

Some in the North hated him because of the suspension of habeus corpus. Across much of the South, of course, Lincoln was hated, even in death. Though Robert E. Lee and many Southerners expressed regret over the murder, others saw it as an act of Providence, and cast John Wilkes Booth as the bold slayer of an American tyrant

Who was William Franklin and what became of him?

Son of Benjamin Franklin, the governor of New Jersey and loyal to the British ministry. was imprisoned for the remainer of his life

Who was Temple Franklin?

Son of William Franklin, who is the Son of Benjamin Franklin/ went with his Father when he departed from meeting with Ben to resume loyalist duties, later fetched by Ben, who never met with his father again,

How did Wayne B. Wheeler turn the Anti-Saloon League (ASL) into a powerful political force in the nation?

Soon Wheeler and the ASL had effective control of the Ohio legislature. They had opposed 70 sitting legislators of both parties (nearly half the entire legislative membership) and defeated every one of them. Now the state could pass a law that had long been the league's primary goal: a local-option bill that would put power over the saloon directly in voters' hands. If Cincinnatians voted wet, Cincinnati would be wet; if Daytonites voted dry, they would be dry.

How did those positions of Republicans, Democrats, and Southerners evolve as the decade progressed?

Southerners formed their own democratic party The Constitutional Union was formed

What was the role of Columbus in history?

Spanish and Portuguese got a jump on the rest of the world in utilizing america

Who was Benjamin Strong?

Strong was the President of the Banker's Trust Company, who was persuaded to become governor of the newly created New York Federal Reserve. /President of the Bankers' Trust Company /Governor of the New York Federal Reserve /The unquestioned boss of the Federal Reserve

How and when did oil become such a powerful necessity of civilization?

Sudden rise during the Lincoln administration. "A commodity that had been a curiosity when Lincoln was nominated, had become a necessity of civilization, the staple of a vast commerce, before he was murdered." And the supply of oil, despite a thousand warnings, auguries, and dire prophecies that the mysterious underground springs would dry up, always matched and overmatched demand driven by the demand for kerosene and oil lamps.

Why was the drive for womens suffrage linked to the drive for Prohibition?

Susan B. Anthony had first become involved in securing the vote for women when she was denied the right to speak at a temperance convention in 1852 in Albany, New York. By 1899, after half a century of suffrage agitation, Anthony attempted to weld her movement to the Prohibition drive. "The only hope of the Anti-Saloon League's success," she told an ASL official, "lies in putting the ballot into the hands of women. /"In 1911, Howard Russell's successor as the Anti Saloon league's nominal leader, Purley A. Baker, agreed. Women's suffrage, he declared, was "the antidote" to the efforts of the beer and liquor interests. /- The suffrage movement had long shared a constituency with the anti-liquor movement. The same people (largely women) cared about both issues. - "The only hope of the Anti-Saloon League's success," said Susan B. Anthony, "lies in putting the ballot into the hands of women."

What was the apparent root cause of the abuses of the industrial system?

THEIR BEEF- Pollution- Corruption, $$$$$- Workers Abuse & Death- Consumer Fraud- Murder (Products kill consumers) The profit motive.

Taft had a hard time following Roosevelt successfully. Why?

Taft worked hard and did well with congress, but he was no Roosevelt. He wasn't exciting. Too big of shoes to fill. When Roosevelt wanted to be President again, the two former friends became quick rivals and eventually personal enemies. A split in the republican party resulted from this rivalry. Progressives expected Taft to rule as Roosevelt had done with energy and emotion and the ability to excite people with dreams of social progress. He was however a slow man who depended on fact rather than emotion to make decisions and refused to do so quickly.

How did the Kennedy-Nixon debates in 1960 affect the course of American politics?

The 1960 debates were historic, sure, but they did not establish a precedent or "change the face of American politics forever" Television is how people viewed politics not but what their saying but by how they present themselves

How do race and ethnicity figure into the legend of the Alamo?

The Alamo became a hammer for bashing Mexican-Americans in Texas

What does the election of Warren Harding tell us about the mood of the American people in 1920?

The American people were wary of war and reform Harding ran on the platform that the progressive era was over and that Americans wanted a return to normalcy. He won, hands down.

What were the Black Codes under Lincoln's plan for the reconstruction?

The Black codes were laws designed to restrict the freedom of the emancipated blacks in November 1865. The South intended to preserve slavery as nearly as possible in order to guarantee a stable labor supply. Johnson was impeached .

Compared to the Revolution, what was the extent of battlefield casualties in the Civil War?

The Civil War was America's bloodiest conflict and the extend was far more enormous

What strategies did the U.S. and its allies use to contain Communism?

The Doctrine of Containment was made to stop the Soviet Union and the spread of communism.1. The U.S. formed Alliances with militaries from other countries (NATO) Russia made the Warsaw pact.2. The U.S. dumped billions of dollars of aid to other countries to reduce the appeal of communism to people3. Truman Doctrine- any country under attack by a communist country will receive the aid from the us Established that the U.S. would provide political, military, and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. (Ie communist revolution under attack by USSR)4. Marshal plan giving aid to the countries that may go towards communism- It worked, but the international cost was horrendous.

Why do some consider Edith Bolling Wilson to have been the first woman president of the United States?

The First Lady. The President drove himself cruelly in a losing cause. In Kansas, he collapsed and was rushed home. He seemed to get a little better, then took a fall and suffered a stroke. Thereafter he was unable to handle the work of the Presidency, and the normal running of the country slowed to a crawl. With only two years of formal schooling but devoted to keeping tedious chores away from her husband, Edith Wilson checked every letter, every request for a decision, even every bill to sign. It was claimed she signed some of them for her husband, but most she shelved without an answer. Newly arrived ambassadors weren't received, candidates for empty Cabinet posts were left twisting in the wind. "Presidentess" Edith had firm hold of the reins.

Why did radicals in the 1960s and 1970s consider the Founders hypocrites?

The Founders took their hits during the later 1960s and the 1970s, along with everything else associated with the establishment. The mere idea of slave owners declaiming about liberty seemed the height of hypocrisy to a generation crusading for civil rights and taught to detect phoniness at five hundred paces. Vietnam and Watergate spawned suspicion of anything associated with government, recent or ancient. Neo-Beardians reopened the investigation into the convenient coincidence between the professed ideals of the Founders and their pocketbooks.

What forces worked to limit the emigration of Jews from Germany once the Nazis began their persecutions?

The German Jews numbered about 525,000 in 1933. For the most part they wanted to be thought of as Germans. They had been a proud part of Germany's army in World War I. Anti Semitism shadowed their lives, but they thought of Germany as their country and were deeply rooted in its existence. The start of the war also stopped any Jews emigration from Germany /- The desire not to leave Germany until absolutely necessary- Isolationist sentiments following WWI- US immigrant quota limited annually at 153,774- Nazi confiscation of personal assets as a precondition to Jewish emigration- Poland and Romania also wanted to relocate their Jews, making the effort impossibly difficult. No country was willing to relocate/accept 3.5 million.- Some were too old to leave - Some believed it their religious duty to stay- Some were in concentration camps and prisons- With the start of the war, emigration from Germany was prohibited.

How did Winston Churchill characterize the Holocaust?

The Holocaust "was probably the greatest and most terrible crime ever committed in the whole history of the world."

How and why has the Lincoln Memorial become such an important place for demonstrations and speeches?

The Lincoln Memorial has been a scene of many dramatic events throughout history, including Martin Luther King Jrs. famous speech because his spirit felt alive there and motivated many speeches.

What American declaration did the Japanese use as their model for expansion in East Asia and the Pacific?

The Monroe Doctrine was used by Japanese to basically tell us they were doing something similar to what we had already done In America, and to justify their actions while they expanded and took over places. /Also, the Mexican American war 90 years prior where the US straight up took half of mexico.

How did the Soviet Union figure into the final dramas of World War II in the Pacific?

The Soviet Union could have cut a deal with Japan that would allow them to retain their political system and prewar empire intact. Japan wanted to have peace talks with the Russians signaling that they were most likely going to surrender soon.

What was the result of the Mexican War in terms of territorial transfer?

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo It gave the United States the Rio Grande as a boundary for Texas, and gave the US ownership of California and a large area comprising roughly half of New Mexico, most of Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado.

After reading the list and explanation for the ten greatest real estate deals in American history, do you agree with the rankings? Should the Louisiana Purchase or perhaps the acquisition of half of Mexico in 1848 be number one?

The Treaty of Paris is correct to be number one because as it says we had to become the United States before we could start acquiring real estate in the first place.

Why does the author consider territorial acquisitions in the Treaty of Paris (1783) and in the Treaty of Ghent (1814) as the two most important real estate deals in American history, even though there was no purchase of land involved in either?

The Treaty of Paris is correct to be number one because as it says we had to become the United States before we could start acquiring real estate in the first place.With the Treaty of Paris the former 13 colonies received Great Britain's recognition as a sovereign nation. The Treaty of Ghent it forced the British to say, in effect: OK, this time we really will leave. Settlement of the former Northwest Territory could proceed apace, leading to statehood for Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, the eastern part of which was in the territory.

How much did the United States pay her for Harriet Tubman's services during the war?

The U.S. only payed her a total of $200 for her 3 years of service

Why did World War II make the U.S. the leader of the so-called First World?

The U.S. was the only major power to survive the war without serious injury, used its position of temporary economic dominance to take the lead in creating a worldwide system aiming at free trade and international economic cooperation. It is to America's credit that it accepted the inevitability of economic interdependence and used it to build an economic system that is more likely to provide the real basis of a new world order than is the theoretically admirable but practically impotent United Nations. /We were the only ones unscathed by the war./The United States, which was the only major power to survive the war without serious injury, used its position of temporary economic dominance to take the lead in creating a worldwide system aiming at free trade and international economic cooperation. /The United States found itself to be the military mainstay of the First World.

Why did southerners and northerners unite in their reverence for the Founders?

The end of Reconstruction marked the return to power of the southern white aristocracy, which sought to reaffirm its attachment to the nation lest the North be tempted to reoccupy the South. That so many of the Founders were of the southern planter class made it easy and politically convenient for southerners to embrace them. For the North, the end of Reconstruction signaled an exhaustion of the reforming spirit and, with the Industrial Revolution in full tilt, a return to the business of business. ("What is the chief end of man?" Mark Twain inquired. "To get rich. In what way? Dishonestly if we can, honestly if we must.") The discovery of common ground with the South, in the form of a shared reverence for the Founders, helped to soothe those northern consciences bothered by the egregious inequalities that still pervaded southern life. It also, by a kind of tacit pact, discouraged the South from raising questions about increasing inequality in the industrializing North.

Who were the Pilgrims?

The first wave of Separatist pioneers—that little band of believers sneaking away from England in 1607

Compared to the economy of the industrializing North in the nineteenth century, how strong was the slave economy of the South?

The greatest concentration of rich pre civil war Americans lived in the deep south and in 1860 the market value of slaves exceeded that of the nations railroads and factories combined. and that if the south had been a separate country it would have been more prosperous than any European nation except England.

What about medical care during the Civil War?

The hospital attendants, stretcher-bearers, and the like were chosen just as the company cooks were chosen; that is, they were detailed from the ranks, and the average officer selected the most worthless men he had simply because he wanted to get rid of men who could not be counted on in combat. As a result, sick or wounded men often got atrocious care.

How did Franklin's most important revision of the Declaration of Independence display an assertion of rationality?

The idea of "self-evident" truths drew less on John Locke, Jefferson's favorite philosopher, than on the scientific determinism espoused by Isaac Newton and the analytic empiricism of Franklin's close friend David Hume. By using the word "sacred," Jefferson had asserted, intentionally or not, that the principle in question—the equality of men and their endowment by their creator with inalienable rights—was one of religion. Franklin's edit turned it instead into an assertion of rationality.

What happened during the ratification process in the states?

The income tax had made a Prohibition amendment fiscally feasible. The social revolution wrought by the suffragists had made it politically plausible. /For years the ASL's vast national organization had been mobilizing its critical minority of voters to carry legislative elections in every state. But what really put across ratification in an eventual 46 states had nothing to do with political organizing. The income tax had made a Prohibition amendment fiscally feasible. The social revolution wrought by the suffragists had made it politically plausible. Now Wheeler picked up the final tool he needed to wedge the amendment into the Constitution: a war.

What alliances other than Women's suffrage did the ASL forge?

The league had worked with Western populists to secure ratification of the income tax amendment. It made common cause with progressives who were fighting the political power of the saloons in order to bring about the "uplift" of urban immigrants. In the South, Prohibitionists stood side by side with racists whose living nightmare was the image of a black man with a bottle in one hand and a ballot in the other. /- Western populists who wanted to secure ratification of the income tax amendment. - Progressives who were fighting the political power of the saloons in order to bring about the "uplift" of urban immigrants.- Southern racists whose living nightmare was the image of a black man with a bottle in one hand and a ballot in the other.

How have the media affected culture in the twentieth century?

The media controlled a lot of peoples opinions and made people believe what they needed and wanted to believe. edia Heroes: What people want to believe. The media makes of our heroes what we NEED them to be/what we want to believe. eg, Lindbergh was portrayed in newspaper articles as a religious, God-fearing man, despite being an atheist./Thanks to the media, our heroes were not praised in just their home town. They became international idols. - Media Heroes: What people want to believe- Homogeneous across space and time. They have different names and faces nowadays, but we still idolize the same types of people. (Babe Ruth, Lebron James)

How did the Mormons conquer the Great Basin?

The mormons became a huge part of the West. THey came with full families and took up homes in the worst places so they would be left alone. They were obedient people with an authoritarian system. They had mastered the art of irrigation. by 1896 their domain becomes a state. Mormons came in families. Not like the traditional settlements where the men came first and the women followed. Success was based on obedience and the irrigation system

How did Union army looting and pillaging warfare affect slavery?

The most easily removable property of all was the slave. To help the slaves get away from the plantation was, clearly, to weaken Southern productive capacity, which in turn weakened Confederate armies. Hence the Union soldier, wherever he went, took the peculiar institution apart, chattel by chattel.

How did the end of the Civil War contribute to the emergence of a myth of the Founders?

The myth served an obvious political purpose in the wake of the Civil War. Reconstruction ended about the time of the American centennial, which occasioned a backward glance to an era when the country was united and Americans directed their anger and fire at foreigners. (This nostalgia glossed over the fact that the bitterest fighting in the Revolution had been between Americans. But this had always been glossed over, and generally still is.)

How did Strongs death from tuberculosis in October 1928 help lead to the Depression?

The now leaderless Federal Reserve did nothing. It kept the discount rate at 5 percent, where Strong had left it the summer before. Far worse, it allowed bankers to use the Fed itself to bankroll the increasingly reckless speculation. /Strong had been the leader of the FR. His coworkers didn't know much about banking, only politics. The now leaderless Federal Reserve did nothing. It kept the discount rate at 5 percent, where Strong had left it the summer before. Far worse, it allowed bankers to use the Fed itself to bankroll the increasingly reckless speculation.

What one trait of the Founders does Brands think we should emulate?

The one trait the Founders shared to the greatest degree is the one most worth striving after today—but also one that is often forgotten in the praise of their asserted genius. These men were no smarter than the best their country can offer now; they weren't wiser or more altruistic. They may have been more learned in a classical sense, but they knew much less about the natural world, including the natural basis of human behavior. They were, however, far bolder than we are. When they signed the Declaration of Independence, they put their necks in a noose; when they wrote the Constitution, they embarked on an audacious and unprecedented challenge to custom and authority. For their courage they certainly deserve our admiration. But even more they deserve our emulation.

Why does Custer in hindsight look like an egomaniacal fool?

The only option, in Custer's mind, was to prepare for a decisive thrust to the north. They were ill-prepared, had lost men and it was not the intelligent move to make. Custer was thinking more of himself and his legacy than the task at hand. He tried to take all the Glory for himself. To him it made sense.

How does the 16th Amendment allowing for the income tax relate to the rise of Prohibition?

The override was followed by enactment of a national income tax authorized by the recently ratified 16th Amendment. Until 1913, the federal government had depended on liquor taxes for as much as 40 percent of its annual revenue. The tax income increase made prohibition financially possible. /It paved the way for prohibition by directly taxing alcohol, made prohibition fiscally feasible. Rampant criminality, epidemic disrespect for law and simple exhaustion had turned much of the country against the 18th Amendment by the late '20s, but the arrival of the Great Depression sealed the deal.

How did the French people react to the Wilsons' arrival in Europe?

The people of France screamed and cheered in admiration to the war ending president. France went wild. Guns roared in salute; bands crashed out "The Star-Spangled Banner" and "La Marseillaise," great crowds jammed the streets of Paris, shouting "Vive Veelson!" The lanky, professorial pince-nez-wearing President was all but sainted as a war-ender and forger of a new and better world. And everyone loved pretty, dark-haired Edith Wilson, his new wife, tall, and what is best described as "shapely," with a ready smile and easy charm.

How does Sherman's March play into the war in 1864-65?

The purpose of this "March to the Sea" was to frighten Georgia's civilian population into abandoning the Confederate cause. General Sherman's troops captured Atlanta on September 2, 1864. This was an important triumph, because Atlanta was a railroad hub and the industrial center of the Confederacy. Its fall made most southerners believe they couldn't win the war

How did Johnson find Congress with regard to support for Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction?

The republicans thought Johnson wanted to punish the south for seceding from the Union, however he actually issued his own reconstruction proclamation similar to Lincolns.

How badly beaten was the South by the war in 1864-65?

The south was basically done for by that time. 1864, Union General William T. Sherman led 60,000 soldiers on a 285-mile march from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia.

How did the Mayflower come to be the ship the Pilgrims took to America in 1620?

The speedwell was not seaworthy

Why does Walter Isaacson seem to admire Franklin so much?

The tolerance and notion of admitting that he was wrong and might be fallible.

How serious was Washington's need for adequate funding?

The trip came in response to an appeal from General Washington, who had taken command of the motley Massachusetts militias and was struggling to make them, along with various backwoodsmen who had arrived from other colonies, into the nucleus of a continental army. With little equipment and declining morale, it was questionable whether he could hold his troops together through the winter.

According to Sergei Khrushchev, how real was Soviet military power during the Cold War?

Their power was a bluff they didn't have the funds or technology as the americans did.

How did white man's ways (guns, horses, etc.) affect the life of Native Americans even before they met whites?

Their way of life already changed before the white man came to their lands Long before these native peoples encountered white people, their way of life had already been changed by the arrival of white man's ways. Technologies (guns, steel knives, bowls, horses) made their lives objectively better. Sitting Bull was sitting on a horse when he first saw white people. Ironic.

How did battlefield tactics and the advancement of in modern weapons affect battles?

There was a lot of damage due to the old tactics with new weapons.

Why is the two political parties on expansionism significant even now?

These changes are even discerable now: Republicans were expansionists(imperialists) and Democrats were not, they opposed over sea expansion.

Why did the founding fathers do something about slavery at the Constitutional Convention in 1787?

They believed slavery was a necessary evil that was producing enormous amounts of wealth. They knew it was wrong but no one wanted to give it up.

Why did the British hope to preserve Texas's independence?

They did not wish to add Texas to the British Empire, but they did want to prevent the westward expansion of the United States, to reap commercial advantages from Texas trade, and to tamper with the American tariff system and the institution of slavery.

Why has interest in the Founders risen and fallen over time?

They didn't deal with the slavery issue/ Every generation of historians is compelled to revise the wisdom of its immediate predecessors, even if that means reaffirming the wisdom of an earlier generation

How did the English claiming lands affect their plans for getting what they wanted out of America?

They discovered Tobacco as a cash crop which meant that tons of people moved there to grow it, thus establishing England as a major power in that area

Prior to about 1800, how did the average educated and aristocratic southerner regard slavery?

They felt that slavery was wrong but absolutely necessary.

How did Rockefeller and his family use philanthropy to deflect criticisms of their wealth and power?

They gave over half a billion slowly over the years:- General Education Board- Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research- Rockefeller Foundation They would donate a lot to make them look better. They thought it was unethical.

How did Americans regard their material blessings after WWI?

They partied hard and They believed that poverty was going to be eradicated. ABUNDANCE OF GREAT WEALTH/Americans saw their great wealth as a WELL deserved blessing. /In America, after a brief period of readjusting the economy following the war, the machine produces unbelievable quantities of STUFF. Great abundance. Automobile becomes centerpiece of American life and culture.

What did the founding fathers do about slavery at the Constitutional Convention in 1787?

They procrastinated and compromised.

Why did the Lincoln Memorial Commission choose to de-emphasize Lincoln's role in freeing the slaves?

They put the emphasis on Lincoln preserving the Union

Why did Civil War soldiers fight?

They thought they were fighting to save the Union, not to end slavery

Why did the British agree to a generous treaty at the end of the Independence war?

They wanted to get back to making money, they thought the American experiment would fail

What motivated the Missouri Compromise of 1820? (morality or politics)

They wanted to maintain a balance of power between slave holding states and free states and the balance between northern and southern senators

How did the Portuguese figure into the story of Columbus?

They were going the direct route to Asia, cost was too high, asked the Pope to intervene after Spain was doing so well, Pope divided up the world West for Spain East for Portugal

How did the story of soldering the oil cans contribute to Standard Oil becoming such a success?

They were innovative and found new ways to cut cost and increase efficiency which boosted profits. The zeal for perfection of detail was from the beginning a factor in the growth of Rockefeller s firm. He payed attention to little details to become a success.

What were Indian Reservations really?

They were really INTERMENT camps. Prisons.They were basically pieces of land the white people didn't want so they gave them to the Indians and told them to live there and the Indians were confined to the reservations and foreigners in their own country.

How did the teachings of Jesus play into slave owners' hands?

They would twist the words of the bible to manipulate the slaves. They would use biblical verses to justify slavery and try to make the slaves believe their place in the world was to serve white people

What was "Salutary Neglect?"

This allowed the Americans to live free, so to speak, as the English government chose to treat the Americans gently and to leave them essentially alone in order to keep them happily loyal, and thus willing to take arms against the French along the long frontier between the two powers in North America.

Why did Pancho Villa decide to provoke the United States?

This was Francisco "Pancho" Villa—social revolutionary, rapist, commander of cavalry, megalomaniac—the unbalanced and almost brilliant idol of northern Mexico. It was Pershing's job to get him dead or alive.-He was angered over American support of his rivals for the control of Mexico, he wanted to provoke American invasion into Mexico.

How did World War II bring about the collapse of overseas Western empires?

This was all it said. Not very helpful: /The resulting welter of poor, weak, new states—together with some similarly backward units left over from the old order—produced a so-called Third World, united in resentful defiance of the customary leadership of the West.

Why are the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858 more celebrated than they are understood?

Those debates also were characterized by substantial amounts of pandering, baseless accusation, outright racism. In the power of persuasive rhetoric, the effect of bigotry and the American public's craving for political leaders who are able to explain the great issues of the day with clarity and conviction.

What were JFK's main campaign issues in the Nixon and Kennedy debate?

Those who ONLY listened to the debate declared Nixon the winner. They were not swayed by the handsome JFK. But the people watching the televised debate saw Kennedy as the winner. That night, image replaced the printed word as the natural language of politics. - Russell Baker

Why did many Americans view Jackson's rise to power with great alarm?

Thought it would be the end of the republic, he was too ignorant and emotional

From where did the music for the anthem originate?

To Anacreon in Heaven." This was the song of a popular London gentlemen's club, the Anacreontic Society, honoring an ancient Greek poet who lyricized life's joys.

Why did Rockefeller work to create combinations with railroads and other industries?

To cut costs and eliminate competition. Because they needed a steady income and oil needed a way to ship oil.

Why did intellectuals tend to support expansionism?

To expand their power and institutions

Why did Tubman return to the South so many times to free other slaves?

To free her family members. She freed 3 of her brothers and both of her parents.

Why did most Union regiments energetically attack slavery?

To help the slaves get away from the plantation was, clearly, to weaken Southern productive capacity, which in turn weakened Confederate armies.

What was the North's original objective?

To preserve the Union. Their goals were to: Fully blockade all Southern coasts Control the Mississippi river Capture Richmond (capital of confederacy command)Shatter Southern civilian morale by capturing and destroying Atlanta, Savannah

Why have historians abandoned the traditional view of Reconstruction?

Today historians emphatically reject the racist underpinnings of the old interpretation, viewing the Reconstruction as a noble if flawed experiment, the first attempt to introduce a genuine inter-racial democracy in the United States

How did the Compromise of 1850 hope to stall the sectional crisis?

Tried to balance the interests of both slave and free slave states NORTH -By making California a free state -Squatter Sovereignty (opened up the whole west to everyone -Utah and New Mexico territory bills let them decide themselves whether to be a slave state SOUTH -Slave trade abolished in D.C. -Fugitive slave law (made it a federal crime to assist a runaway slave, and forced people in the north to capture and return slaves. -No slavery restrictions in Utah or Mexico -Texas gets 10 million for relinquishing claim to lands west of the Rio Grande in what is now New Mexico

Why was Tubman so successful in bringing so many slaves to freedom?

Tubman's organizing ability was key to her success -- she had to work with supporters on the clandestine Underground Railroad, as well as get messages to the slaves, since she met them away from their plantations to avoid detection.

Prior to New Orleans, how did the war go for the U.S.? on the seas?

USS constitution beat British Navy

How did Rockefeller get involved in the oil business?

Uninterested in the gamble of drilling for oil, he tried his hand at the surer business of oil refining as a side venture. A young engineer had an idea so he joined with rockefeller

Could the Soviets have prevented the atomic bombing?

United States were trying to stifle any further war by scaring their opponents into submission. The only thing that would have prevented it was a surrender.

How and why did the North prevail?

Use the numerical advantage of Northern troops to engage the enemy everywhere to break the spirits of the Confederate Army

What finally got the U.S. out of the Depression?

WWII brought us out of the depression. /Because of all the economic demands of war, the depression, with its high unemployment and all the economic privation in US, came to an end. /World War II got us out of the Great Depression by creating demand for a lot of different products which improved the economy.

What do Marxists say about private property?

Wanted abolition of private property. the government should take over the farms and factory away from private owners. That way it takes away the profit motives. Taking over the means & production.

Why is Gluk's factory production so significant to understanding the nature of the development of the industrial revolution and its generation of wealth?

Wealth was easily generated for the top dogs, and also spread out into the middle class.Subsistence, shop system, factory system

How did our story relate to the causes of the Great Depression?

What goes up must come down as the saying goes. Eventually inflation leads to deflation, which lead to the great depression because everyone in the 1920s was invested in the stock market /the value of stocks is just floating money (like the cloud) and is not anywhere in real life.

What was the Volstead Act?

Wheeler was intimately involved in the drafting of the Volstead Act, which specified the means of enforcing the Prohibition amendment. All subsequent legislation refining the liquor-control laws required his mark of approval. He still determined whether candidates for Congress would receive the ASL's endorsement. And he underscored his authority by supervising a gigantic patronage operation, controlling appointments to the Prohibition Bureau, which was set up to police the illegal liquor trade. /Drafted by Wheeler, the Volstead Act specified the means of enforcing the Prohibition amendment.

How did Wayne B. Wheeler turn the Anti-Saloon League (ASL) into a powerful political force in Ohio?

Wheeler worked full time for the league: - riding his bicycle from town to town to speak to more churches, recruit more supporters. - initiated so many legal cases for the league - delivered so many speeches- launched so many telegram campaigns - organized so many demonstrations /He was called a "locomotive in trousers" and he rode his bike all over the place gathering supporters. He then earned his law degree and took over the Anti Saloon League's legal office. He initiated so many legal cases on the league's behalf, delivered so many speeches, launched so many telegram campaigns and organized a lot of demonstrations.

How did Prohibition advocates achieve majorities by manipulating minorities?

Wheeler's skill at achieving majorities by manipulating minorities freed the ASL from the more cumbersome referendum and initiative movement. When two candidates in an election could be differentiated by isolating one issue among many, Wheeler's minority could carry the day. The power of Wheeler's minority could be measured in multiples. /To get the vote and sway elections. "I do it the way the bosses do it, with minorities," Wheeler said. By delivering his voters to one candidate or another in a close race, he could control an election: "We'll vote against all the men in office who won't support our bills. We'll vote for candidates who will promise to."

How did the movement of people from the farms and villages into the cities change their food supply?

When Americans were called to the cities by the factory whistle, a dramatic change took place in their food supply. No longer was there personal contact between the producer and consumer, nor could the buyer be wary even if he would. There were no ways to test all the food they consumed increasing quantities of. Americans had a terrible food supply filled with toxic things like rat toenails and hair.

What was Franklin's role in creating the final version of the Declaration of Indepedendence?

When he had finished a draft and incorporated some changes from Adams, Jefferson sent it to Franklin on the morning of Friday, June 21. "Will Doctor Franklin be so good as to peruse it," he wrote in his cover note, "and suggest such alterations as his more enlarged view of the subject will dictate?" Franklin made only a few changes, the most resounding of which was small. He crossed out, using the heavy backslashes that he often employed, the last three words of Jefferson's phrase "We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable" and changed them to the words now enshrined in history: "We hold these truths to be self-evident."

How did they get their food and other supplies during the Civil War?

When in camp, a company would simply be issued a quantity of provisions and invited to prepare the foods as best it could. Half a dozen men would form a mess, members would take turns with the cooking, and everybody had to eat what these amateurs prepared or go hungry.

Why was Custer's Last Stand also a last stand for the Cheyenne and the Lakota?

When it comes to the Little Bighorn, most Americans think of the Last Stand as belonging solely to George Armstrong Custer. But the myth also applies to Sitting Bull. For while the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne were the victors that day, the battle marked the beginning of THEIR OWN last stand. The shock and outrage surrounding Custer's stunning defeat allowed the Grant administration to push through measures that the U.S. Congress would not have funded just a few weeks before. The Army redoubled its efforts against the Indians and built several forts on what had previously been considered native land.Because after all this they all started moving to reservations. They doubled their funding and forced them out quicker.

How did the Fugitive Slave Act change Harriet Tubman's status in Philadelphia?

When she first arrived in Philadelphia under law of the time she was a Free woman. With the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act she became a fugitive slave and all citizens were obligated under law to aid in her capture and return

How did ideology complicate the situation of world affairs in the decades after 1945?

Which system of economic and political society would come into existence? - US and Russia diametrically opposed on everything - How should we run government?- How should we run industry?- How should we run farms?- How should we organize ourselves socially.

How is Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction an example of his hallmarks of greatness?

While Lincoln had been open-minded, willing to listen to criticism, attuned to the currents of northern public opinion, and able to get along with all elements of his party the hallmarks of Lincoln's greatness were his ability to grow and his willingness to change his mind. During the war, he had come to embrace the Radical position on immediate emancipation and the enlistment of black soldiers (both policies he had initially opposed). In 1864 he privately suggested to Governor Hahn that Louisiana allow some blacks to vote under its new constitution, singling out the educated, propertied free blacks of New Orleans and those who had served in the Union army. In April 1865, shortly before his death, Lincoln for the first time publicly stated his support for this kind of limited black suffrage.

Why did the Army court-martial Robinson?

While serving as a lieutenant for the U.S. Army in 1944, Jackie Robinson was court-martialed after refusing to move to the back of a segregated bus. He was ultimately acquitted and received an honorable discharge from the army due to his great reputation

How did white terrorist organizations hope to control the former slaves?

White southerners formed a secret paramilitary white supremacist organization, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). The KKK terrorized blacks with beatings, whippings, burning of homes and lynching

Who was Temple Franklin?

William sons who was not taken in by his father and Ben Franklin raised temple as his son instead of his grandson.

How did the Progressives hope to cure the ills of the system?

Willing to do anything short of turning over production to the government itself. - Regulation (FDA)- Government Action - General Reform (women's suffrage) They wanted to REGULATE and force facilities to behave themselves and adhere to standards. Government action

What were the positions of the two political parties on expansionism?

With few exceptions Republicans were expansionists; Democrats were not. These divisions were not absolute; there were a few anti-imperialist Republicans. Yet it ought to be observed that the Republicans were the more nationalist party of the two, something that, by and large, remained true for most of the following century and is discernible even now.

Who were the great civilizers of the West?

Women, concerned for the welfare of themselves and their children, demanded civilization, law, order, culture, education and religion in the West. Also, Mormons. And Railroads.

Describe Rockefeller's management style.

Work came naturally, even pleasurably to him- methodical thoroughness- He was above all orderly and fore-thoughted- Well-developed capacity to size up business situation coolly & rationally. - He bought out the oil company from his partner- Interested in the economics of plant operation - His exercise of command was notable for its lack of color, dash, and verve.Very strict. he did 39 drops and it worked and it saved money.

Did the Indian reservations make their situation better or worse, and how?

Worse by making it more difficult for htem to adjust to white culture.They made it worse for the Indians, they simply rotted there. They did not have permission to leave. The whites had killed all their bison. They had to adapt to a white mans civilization and their way of life died

How did Prohibition lead to the rise of organized crime?

Worst of all, the nation's vast thirst gave rise to a new phenomenon—organized crime, in the form of transnational syndicates that controlled everything from manufacture to pricing to distribution. A corrupt and underfunded Prohibition Bureau couldn't begin to stop the spread of the syndicates, which considered the politicians who kept Prohibition in place their greatest allies. Not only did Prohibition create their market, it enhanced their profit margins: from all the billions of gallons of liquor that changed hands illegally during Prohibition, the bootleggers did not pay, nor did the government collect, a single penny of tax./It led to Transnational syndicates that controlled everything from manufacture to pricing to distribution. A corrupt and underfunded Prohibition Bureau couldn't begin to stop the spread of the syndicates, which considered the politicians who kept Prohibition in place their greatest allies. Not only did Prohibition create their market, it enhanced their profit margins: from all the billions of gallons of liquor that changed hands illegally during Prohibition, the bootleggers did not pay, nor did the government collect, a single penny of tax.

What issues were at stake during the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858?

Would vast western territories be opened to slavery? Would slavery insinuate itself into the states where it was now illegal? Had the founding fathers intended the nation to be half slave half free? Did one group of states possess the right to dictate to another what was right and wrong?

What is the first impression of tourists when they see the Alamo in San Antonio?

Wow that's it? because it is so small

Are Americans still gullible to false claims for health products in advertising?

Yes. Hydroxycut. Any magic little pill that has an infomercial. (male enhancement, magic muscle building, "guaranteed" diet pills)

How do diaries of nineteenth-century children show "a new sense of informality between parents and children?"

a growing separation of their two worlds. Anna adores and makes fun of both her grandparents; Caroline calls Grandmother her "dear little lady" and thinks "she is a perfect angel even if she does seem rather strict sometimes." But the real center of Caroline's and Anna's life is in school, in Sunday school, in the myriad activities outside their home.

How many votes does each state get in the electoral college?

a number equal to the number of Senators and Representatives you have in Congress again Utah six California fifty-five

What has brought the Founders back into popularity?

a reflection of the anti-liberal reaction that began with Ronald Reagan and continues today. Combined with this, no doubt, is a certain roots-seeking among readers, which increased as the new millennium approached and hasn't let up in the troubling time since. Beyond the zeitgeist, the current revival reflects an appreciation of some brilliant writing.

What was the Speedwell?

a stubby overrigged vessel that attempted to sail along the Mayflower but was not seaworthy

How did the Emancipation Proclamation solve Lincoln's dilemma?

actually freed few people. It did not apply to slaves in border states fighting on the Union side; nor did it affect slaves in southern areas already under Union control.

What did Franklin do upon his return from France as America's envoy?

as an 81- year-old delegate to the federal Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787, Franklin played perhaps his most important political role: urging compromise between the large and small states in order to have a Senate that represented each state equally and a House proportional by population. He knew that compromisers may not make great heroes, but they do make great democracies.

Why are William Brewster and William Bradford so important in American history?

as leaders of the colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts, they established the first permanent European settlement in New England and the first to embrace rule by majority vote.

What were the real issues behind the American rejection of the Tea Act?

as much as we don't have representatives in Parliament, you cant tax us.. so you can't tax us and quit trying

Why do historians give Washington's presidency such high marks?

avoided the French Revolution Conflict, understanding how to establish an effective chief executive branch of the government under those conditions they credit him for understanding power very well he knew when to use it he knew not when not to use it (retired after 8 years)

When and why did race become a factor in the history of slavery?

became a factor in the 1800's, because Africa was a close and accessible place to take slaves from on the way to America just a shot across the ocean.

Why is slavery the big issue between the north and the south?

because The North mainly opposed slavery and thought it a moral issue while the south felt it was central to the economy and ability to produce agricultural wealth

How did the stain of Original Sin and "the doctrine of damnation" affect attitudes toward children in the colonial period?

born with ungovernable passions which must be checked and depraved wills which must be broken." The stain of Original Sin defiled the soul of each infant. Salvation, rare in any case, depended on the parents' strict "training in the ways of the Lord," and on the child's absolute obedience.

Account for the general success of Jackson's presidency.

brought power to the presidency, strongly utilized the veto,

What role did private investment and the market play in the British colonial system?

businessmen came to farm tobacco, funded their own way, poor people came to make their fortune in the new world

What mistakes did Columbus make?

didn't read Greek text saying how big the world was, thought he was in India named Native Americans "Indians", died thinking he had reached Asia, killed native people with small pox

Characterize Washington's style of leadership.

enlightened and civilized, and a virtuous leader well aware of his reputation and his fame earned as the commander-in-chief of the American revolutionary forces. That awareness of his heroic stature and his character as a republican leader / all the physical attributes of a classical hero. He was very tall by contemporary standards, and was heavily built and a superb athlete. Physically he had what both men and women admired. He was both a splendid horseman at a time when that skill really counted and an extraordinarily graceful dancer. And naturally he loved both riding and dancing. He always moved with dignity and looked the leader./Washington's genius, his greatness, lay in his character. He was, as Chateaubriand said, a "hero of an unprecedented kind." There had never been a great man quite like Washington before. /He had to work for it, to cultivate it, and everyone sensed that. Washington was a self-made hero, and this impressed an 18th-century enlightened world that put great stock in men controlling both their passions and their destinies. Washington seemed to possess a self-cultivated nobility. Washington became a great man and was acclaimed as a classical hero because of the way he conducted himself during times of temptation. It was his moral character that set him off from other men.

What was the traditional view of Reconstruction?

for many decades historians viewed as the lowest point in the saga of American democracy— a "tragic era" of corruption and misgovernment brought about by the decision of the victorious North to give the right to vote to the South's freed black men, who were allegedly unfit to exercise it properly.

What did the Pilgrims want?

form independent congregations

What is the Mayflower Compact?

formed a colony composed of a "Civil Body Politic" with just and equal laws for the good of the community. This agreement of consent between citizens and leaders became the basis for Plymouth Colony's government. John Quincy Adams viewed the agreement as the genesis of democracy in America.

How did Franklin's views and actions regarding slavery evolve over his long life?

franklin owned two slaves but soon realized after a while that he had comprised himsdlf and was doing wrong by owning slaves. he let them free and became president of the society of the abolition of slavery.

Why were Travis, Bowie, and Crockett in Texas in 1836?

had come to San Antonio to join the struggle for independence.

How did the death of Jackson's wife Rachel become a powerful force in "his resolve to carry the struggle forward?"

he couldn't bring her back but he could fight on to ensure that those who killed her no benefit from their crime.

Why did Jefferson instead of Franklin receive the honor of drafting the Declaration of Independence?

he had gotten the most votes from its members and he was from Virginia, the colony that had proposed the resolution.

What did Lindbergh do before World War II that brought his name and image back to the forefront?

he stated that we should support Hitler. He was accused of being a fascist sympathizer and had a fascination with Nazi Germany. He became one of the most vocal opponents of American involvement in the War.

Was Einstein right in every particular?

he thought that the atomic bomb would be to large (they wouldn't be able to make it small enough) to transport by air. Maybe they could transport it by ship. he thought that the military could blow up a harbor or a port instead. But he did say it was possible

What became of Mrs. Wilson?

his wife lived on and kept his memory alive. Edith Wilson lived on, dedicating herself to fiercely safeguarding the memory of her husband. She lived to see the creation of the United Nations.

What positive attributes of Pilgrim society survive as quintessential American values?

honesty, integrity, industry, rectitude, loyalty, generosity, flinty self-reliance and a distrust of flashiness

Who was Silence Dogood?

how benjamin franklin disguised his handwriting to be in his brothers newspaper

If no candidate gets a majority, as in 1800, how is the president then selected?

if there is no candidate who received a majority for either president or vice president in the case of the president the House of Representatives selects the president and the Senate selects the vice president

What happened at the Boston Massacre?

in March 1770 a street riot in Boston got out of hand, British soldiers thought there was an order to fire into the crowd killing 5 Americans

When Britain punished Massachusetts in 1774, how did the other colonies respond?

instead of backing off the Americans decided to organize a continent-wide conference they called it the Continental Congress to send the message that it wasn't just the people of Boston or the people of Virginia or Pennsylvania but people from Maine to Georgia we're going to get together in a conference to try to figure out what to do about all these problems

How did England's adoption of Protestantism affect its relationship with the rest of Europe?

it alienated the rest of Europe (already having trouble with France),

Why did the English claim lands with little readily extractable wealth and small Indian populations?

it was easily conquerored because it was ignored by the Spanish/Portugese

What is the irony of the power of the Constitution in terms of its comparison to the British system the Americans fought the Revolution to escape?

it was more restrictive and powerful than the British government they fought the revolution to escape

How did both men hope to determine the size of the government by using the Constitution? (Hamilton-Jefferson feud)

jefferson wated to keep the government small because people are basically good(conservative)/ Hamilton use loose interpretation of Constitution to make the government bigger(liberal)

How did the radicals use the Boston Massacre as propaganda?

keep people fired up against British policy: portrayed it as happening in daytime with Americans peacefully on their way to church with the soldiers firing into the crowd and the captain in charge of the Brits ordering them to fire

Who were William Brewster and William Bradford?

leaders of the colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts, the first permanent European settlement in New England and the first to embrace rule by majority vote

Why did Franklin and two other members of Congress go to Massachusetts late in 1775?

met with General Washington in Cambridge for a week. As they were preparing to leave, Washington asked the committee to stress to the Congress "the necessity of having money constantly and regularly sent." That was the colonies' greatest challenge, and Franklin provided a typical take on how raising £1.2 million a year could be accomplished merely through more frugality. "If 500,000 families will each spend a shilling a week less," he explained to his son-in-law, Richard Bache, "they may pay the whole sum without otherwise feeling it. Forbearing to drink tea saves three-fourths of the money, and 500,000 women doing each threepence worth of spinning or knitting in a week will pay the rest." For his own part, Franklin forked over his postmaster's salary.

What were Jackson's style and philosophy?

military response to issues outside of executive branch, brought passion

What did Benjamin Franklin's father hope his son would do for a living?

minister

How did the Americans and the French arrive at a final purchase price of about four cents an acre?

napoleon wasn't in it to make a lot of money but would not go any lower than fifteen million so the americans borrowed money which gained six percent interest ending the final price to be twenty seven million.

How did the British colonial system operate?

natural economic forces

Upon what factor was all British policy based?

natural economic forces/ natural principles, market forces

Who was Frederick T. Gates?

onetime minister, now a kind of Baptist minister-executive, met Rockefeller when Gates played a crucial role in the studies that established the need for a great new university in Chicago. Gates was hired to run a philanthropy office and became a prime business agent.Business advisor to the standard oil company and a friend of rockefeller.

Why has the Constitution been so successful?

operate by majority vote in a way that extablished a balance of power between various factions, included the amendment process, the first 10 of which protect human rights

What "thread of amazement" about American children "runs through practically all accounts of life in the United States written by foreign visitors between 1800 and 1860?"

parents have no command over their children

How did Jefferson hope to stall those who wanted to seize New Orleans by force?

peace treaty

How did the Indian captives react to their situation?

physically weak and emotional stricken

How did the Louisiana Purchase affect the future of the United States?

presidends are going to have to do things that are not specifically enumerated in the constitution

What role did religion play into the story of Columbus?

religion said earth was flat, he went against that/ Pope divided up the land that Columbus originally found among countries

How would you characterize the general attitude of Europeans toward the Indians and the New World?

saw them as people to be conquerored converted and used

Why did Eunice Williams and several other female captives of the Indians decide what they did?

she declines to return and spends the rest of her long life among the Indians. She forgets her English and adjusts completely to Indian ways; she marries a local "brave" and raises a family. Another fifteen or so of her fellow captives will make a similar choice, and still others stay on with the French Canadians. These are the captives unredeemed: a source of sorrow, and of outrage, for the New Englanders.

How is Mrs. Wilson's memory linked to President Kennedy?

she signed a bill alongside kennedy to authorize a memorial for Woodrow Wilson. In 1961, as a "little old lady" in her late 80s--and just a few months before her death--she sat beside President John F. Kennedy as he signed a bill authorizing a memorial to Woodrow Wilson. He gave her the pen. She took it gratefully. "I didn't dare ask for it," she smiled. They both knew that was a fib.

At the death of Elizabeth in 1603, what was the history of English attempts at colonization in America?

some tentative and unsuccessful attempts but without the backing of the crown didn't make much difference and they didn't succeed

Why did American emissaries to France have such difficulties negotiating with Napoleon's government?

stubborn and only take what they wanted

How did the American lawyer Francis Scott Key wind up on a British vessel as the Royal Navy attacked Baltimore?

the British agreed to let Key and Col. John Skinner, in charge of prisoner exchange, make their plea if they could meet the British fleet, sailing up the Chesapeake. Key and Skinner hailed the British flagship from their small vessel, were taken aboard and learned that Beanes was in danger of being hanged. Key went to work, pointing out that the doctor had treated wounded British soldiers with the same care and kindness as he had Americans. That won over the British command. Dr. Beanes could go, but he and his rescuers must stay with the fleet until Baltimore went the way of Washington.

What did Charles Beard say motivated the Founders?

the Constitutional Convention was guided less by patriotic genius than by material self-interest.

How did Sally Hemings story surface, and why?

the charge that Jefferson had fathered several children by one of his slaves was first made public in his lifetime, by a vindictive journalist and office-seeker, James Callender, it was believed mainly by those who disparaged Jefferson for political reasons and was not credited by Jefferson scholars or the public at large. But that began to change in 1974, when Fawn M. Brodie published a widely read book on Jefferson in which she attempted to establish the truth of Callender's charge as a prime biographical fact. Brodie's thesis about Jefferson and Hemings is an embellished and controversial reading of the evidence, but what is more significant in the present context is that her story was well geared to the dispositions of her audience. She insisted that her object was not to pillory Jefferson or to make him out as a moral monster but merely to depict him as a man. If, as a widower, he fell in love with a beautiful slave girl and took her as a mistress when she was fourteen years old, it was "not scandalous debauchery with an innocent slave victim," she assured us, "but rather a serious passion that brought Jefferson and the slave woman much private happiness over a period lasting thirty-eight years." Brodie's benign version of the story has proved persuasive, and where previous versions had depicted such behavior as scandalous, hypocritical, or shameful, Jefferson and Hemings are represented as a pair of happy lovers, bravely defying the conventions of a sexually puritanical and racist society.

How did the search for wealth in Asia contribute to the adventure of Columbus?

the cost of getting goods from Asia was too high, Columbus's idea to go the other way would reduce that cost

In what ways were the meanings of liberty different between the days of Jefferson and now?

the difference between a philosophical conception of natural rights and a working system of laws and societal values which allows for the fullest expression of those rights. In our own time the stubbornly persistent disparity between these two is often a source of cynicism and despair, but a Jeffersonian perspective would put more emphasis on the considerable progress made in closing the gap. Jefferson himself was sustained by a profound belief in progress. His unshakable conviction that the world was steadily advancing, not only in the material but also in the moral sphere, is abundantly evident in his writings. Though sometimes criticized as being naive in this regard, he was fully aware that his belief embraced the prospect of recurrent political and social transformations. Writing from retirement at the age of seventy-three, he told a correspondent that "laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind."

Why did those attitudes about Original sin change after about 1800?

the emancipation of childhood

What role did contention and religious factionalism play in witchcraft?

the factionalism and contention caused witchcraft to be the way to ease the tension

What was the evidence that Moulton had made a pact with the Devil?

the fire was set by the Devil, because the General had cheated him in a bargain. The details are told as follows. Mouton had pledged his soul to the Devil, in exchange for regular payments of gold and silver coins. The payments were delivered down his chimney and into his boot, which was hung there precisely for this purpose. The arrangement went smoothly for awhile, but then came a time when the boot took far more coins than usual. The Devil was perplexed, and decided to go down the chimney to see what was wrong. He found that the General had cut off the foot of the boot; the room was so full of money that there was scarcely air to breathe.

How did John Quincy Adams view the Mayflower Compact?

the genesis of democracy in America.

What became of the flag that Key saw "was still there" on the morning of September 14, 1814?

the giant Pickersgill flag wasn't raised at all until that clear morning when Key saw it; another banner had flown in the rain

Why did Franklin agree to become America's envoy to France?

the goal of cajoling from France, now enjoying a rare peace with Britain, the aid and alliance without which America was unlikely to prevail.

How did the defeat of the Spanish Armada influence the balance of power in the Atlantic region?

the great power of Spain as manifested in its Navy has been broken would never rise again from that point onward Spain declined rapidly into the status literally by the beginning of the 20th century as a third-world country

Define the term "slavery"

the idea of people as property.

How does the electoral vote work?

the nation votes and then their electoral college representative votes based on that decision

What does the Emancipation Proclamation indicate about the nature of the slavery issue, even during the war?

the proclamation did show everyone that the civil war was now being fought to end slavery.

What "profound, underlying conditions" in nineteenth-century America weakened family life?

the rapid development of machine industry, which weakened family life by long factory hours and gave women and children financial independence; the westward migration that swelled to enormous proportions in the 1830's and 1840's, scattering relatives, dispersing households, and developing in its wake an intense spirit of personal and political freedom; the gradual but steady urbanization and almost imperceptible secularization, which forced more and more once-familial responsibilities onto society and its institutions.

In what way were the Salem witch trials distinctive?

the sheer numbers of the accused.

Who was John Williams?

the town minister reverand of Deerfield

How did the end of the Anglo-French wars in 1763 change the relationship between America and England?

the victorious English expelled France from North America. This removed the reasons for Salutary Neglect, and as the new king and government began to look for ways to raise money to pay for the recent war, a cascading series of unfortunate decisions over America ensued in England, including attempts to keep Americans out of the old French Empire to the west, a strong enforcement of previously lax navigation laws, new and unprecedented direct taxation schemes, and the stationing in American cities of large numbers of regular British troops.

How did the Pilgrims discourage premarital sex and adultery?

the whip, hanging, banishment

Why did the monarchs of Europe and their minions decide to extend their control over the Americas?

their duty to save the souls of the natives, primarily exploitation and wealth

How did the Puritans and the Separatists differ in their dissent from the Church of England?

their insistence on further purification of established doctrine and ceremony

According to Brands, what is the current level of reverence for the Founders?

their stock is currently at an all-time high

What was their strategy to take Ft. McHenry and how did this help inspire Key's famous words?

their stratedgy was bomb fort mchenry and while the bombs were going in the fain distant keys could still see the American flag between the bombs bursting.

What did all the victims of witchcraft have in common?

they believed beforehand that they had been marked as targets for attack.

Why did people come to believe they were the victims of witchcraft?

they believed beforehand that they had been marked as targets for attack. Their fearful expectation became, at some point, incapacitating—and yielded its own directly feared result. Thus the idea of witchcraft served both as the ad hoc cause of the victim's troubles and as the post hoc explanation. The process was neatly circular, for each explanation created a further cause—which, in turn, required additional explanation

What was the fatal flaw in the British colonial system?

they treated the Americans as second class citizens, which spurred a rebellino

Why is the accidental death of Henry Stiles in 1651 Connecticut a good example of the way colonial Americans viewed witchcraft and power of the Devil in their lives?

they used it to explain the unexplainable, to manufacture certainty so they didn't have to live in the uncertainty

Why did the British encourage general prosperity in the colonies and protect American shipping and commerce?

they were taking over America and making money in the process

Why did some Americans disagree with the Louisiana Purchase?

they were upset about the amount of money that was spent on more land when they had little money but already had more land than before the purchase.

Did Jefferson mean all people when he wrote "all men are created equal?"

this passage says unmistakably that the Africans captured into slavery were not a separate category of beings but men, with the sacred rights of life and liberty that are said in the prologue of the Declaration to be the natural endowments of all men. It is precisely in having these same rights that the prologue asserts that all men are created equal. This deleted passage also provides an answer to a question often raised in the twentieth century: Did Jefferson mean to include women in the phrase "all men are created equal"? Implicit in the passage is that "men" is being used in the broader sense of "mankind," for those who were cruelly transported to be "bought & sold" on the slave market were certainly female as well as male.

Contrast the image of Washington with the reality of the man.

those who knew him well and talked with him were often disappointed. He never seemed to have very much to say. He was most certainly not what we would today call an "intellectual."/not a learned man, especially in comparison with the other Founding Fathers. He was very ill at ease in abstract discussions/

In what ways might contemporary America disappoint the Founders?

timid and paralized, unable to amend and adjust the government to fit the day, we simply just fight over wording and don't actually change anything

Why did the first settlers in British America come?

to farm tobacco/ a cash crop

Why did the Indians take captives?

to have them be sold or to raise them in their tribes

What did Eunice Williams and several other female captives of the Indians decide in the end?

to stay in canada and spend the rest of their lives among the indians

Why was capturing Ft. McHenry so important to the British?

to take Baltimore they had to take it by land (the fort) and the sea

What were contemporary criticisms of such Founders as Washington, Adams, and Jefferson?

too haughty, created the party separation,

What problems did the Pilgrims have in escaping England for the Netherlands?

under a statute passed in the reign of Richard II, no one could leave England without a license the captain betrayed them to the authorities

What were possible solutions to the French control of New Orleans?

war or treaty

What was Columbus' "genius"?

we can take off from Europe and sail west and encounter Asia over there on the other side of this round world

What did Jefferson propose to do about slavery?

while firmly in favor of general emancipation, held out no hope for racial integration. Believing that an amalgamation of the races was not desirable and would not work, he advocated a plan of gradual emancipation and resettlement.

What factors probably brought Napoleon to his decision to "renounce Louisiana?"

without colony of saint domingue, it is less useful. getting money for the war with Britain

Who was usually accused in the Salem witch trials?

woman of middle age widows and childless women were also suspected, perhaps to an extent disproportionate to their numbers in the population at large.) Some of the accused were quite poor and a few were given to begging (Most seemed conspicuous in their personal behavior: they were cantankerous, feisty, quick to take offense, and free in their expression of anger. As such they matched the prevalent stereotype of a witch, with its emphasis on strife and malice and vengeance. It was no accident, in a culture which valued "peaceableness" above all things, that suspected witches were persons much given to conflict)