HIST 202 Final Exam

Bacon's Rebellion

- 1676: Armed rebellion of interracial coalition led by Nathaniel Bacon in VA against colonial government led by Sir William Berkeley > Caused by economic problems, weather problems, desire for the land of indigenous' populations, and tensions between White working class and White elites/governors >September 1676: Bacon and his crew set Jamestown colony on fire >Proves the power of poor white and blacks if they join together against white elites - The need for the white elites to quell the distrust/resentment of the white lower class → racial ideologies develop and become codified....

Underground Railroad

- A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North or in Canada - several loosely organized, semi-secret biracial networks that helped enslaved escape from the border South to the North and Canada between the early 1800s through the Civil War >Use of transportation technology >Former enslaved become agents of U.R. (i.e. Harriet Tubman, Maria Weems) The Moses of the Underground Railroad: Harriet Tubman - Harriet Tubman (ca. 1822-1913): abolitionist, suffragist, civil rights activist, leader of the Underground Railroad, Civil War scout and spy >Brutal experience while enslaved in MD >Devoutly religious >1849: escaped to PA ■ 13 trips on the UG = freed 70 enslaved people > 1863: Raid on the Combahee Ferry/Combahee River Raid = freed 750+ enslaved people >Legacy: numerous museums, historical sites, artistic portrayals ■ 2016: US Treasury planned to add Tubman to the $20 ■ 2017: US Treasury deemed this "not a priority" ■ 2021: Pending, but earliest is 2030 ■ Debate: Is this the best way Tubman can be honored?

David Walker (1785-1830)

- African American abolitionist and author of Walker's "Appeal To the Colored Citizens of the World" (1829), an early and powerful call for black self-awareness and opposition to slavery. - called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt. - A Boston free black man who published papers against slavery.

The Age of Revolutions

- American Revolution: 1775-1783 >The importance of the French and Indian War in sparking the American Revolution >British try to exercise more (economic) control over the American colonies→rebellion > About 7000 Americans killed in action, 17000 dead from disease, 6000 wounded - French Revolution: 1789-1799 > Declarations of the Rights of Man - Haitian Revolution: 1791-1804 >The important impact of tensions between the US and France during this revolution > XYZ Affair > The Quasi-War African Americans in the Revolutionary War: - Fighting for their own interests = freedom >Northern Blacks = Patriots ■ Crispus Attucks: Boston Massacre martyr >Southern Blacks = Loyalists ■ Many (estimated 100,000) escape from the Chesapeake and Low Country. (Hine, 85) ■Some fight with their masters: Asaba Grosvenor, the "faithful servant" - 1775: Lord Dunmore's Proclamation >Uniforms that read "Liberty to Slaves" >Slaves do grunt work for the British military >Leads George Washington to allow Black recruits into the Army Impact of the Revolutionary War on African American Life: - Northern colonies >The end of slavery: "a slow, tortuous process" (Berlin, 2002) ■Freedom suits ■The economics of freedom: What comes after emancipation? >Early abolitionist movement: i.e. Quakers and the Society of Friends >Early segregation practices: Blacks as second-class citizens ■Cannot vote, serve on juries or in militias ■Curfews and travel restrictions > The rise of Black intellectuals (i.e. Phillis Wheatley, Benjamin Banneker, Jupiter Hammon, Olaudah Equiano) - Chesapeake >Switch to wheat and corn cash crops → no need for full-time labor force→ negotiated slavery terms + new slave jobs >More autonomous time: visit relatives, attend religious meetings, sell own goods >New slaveowners join the ranks due to the Second Middle Passage aka the Domestic Slave Trade >10% of the Black population free by 1800 (Berlin, 2002) ■ Diverse population -Low Country >Way of life destroyed during the war: ■ Shattered economy ■ Decimated labor force: thousands escaped to lowland swamps, Spanish Florida, Greater Atlantic ■Loss of markets >Slave societies come back bigger and stronger ■ New cash crop: cotton ■ Reopened African slave trade ■Expanded territory into the Lower Mississippi ■ Consolidated power and status of slave owning class - Large increase in free Black population across the country > i.e. North American colonies go from 1750: 10,000 free Blacks to 1800: 100,000+ free Blacks (Hine, 85) - New names: significant importance of last names - New addresses, for some > Others must live with (former) masters. - Family institutions: resistance and strength - African + American identity and community solidified > Includes churches, schools, fraternal orgs with "African" in their names > Different roles within the community: i.e. leadership class - First seeds of freedom & tensions planted that eventually create The Civil War

Phillis Wheatley

- American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784) - First African American female writer to be published in the United States. Her book Poems on Various Subjects was published in 1773, pioneered African-American literature. One of the most well-known poets in America during her day; first African American to get a volume of poetry published. - Told black people to adopt white culture because she lived almost exclusively among white people and absorbed their values - advocate and symbol of John Locke's ideas concerning the influence of the environment on human beings - considered her an example of what people of African descent could achieve if freed from oppression

Maria Stewart (1803-1879)

- Free African Americans in the Early US - Teacher, early abolitionist (Early Black leadership and varying ideas of freedom) - The first American black female public speaker in the United States to address male audiences. She would lecture on women's rights and slavery in public in the early 1830s in Boston. Encountered vocal opposition and violence. Garrison published some of her lectures in The Liberator. - leader of the Philadelphia female anti-slavery society, a biracial abolitionist organization. Mostly made of quaker women but also a good amount of black women. she publicly addressed the black men about acting against slavery. She had lost hostility coming from the black community because of that. - controversy because she was a young black woman who presumed to lecture publicly - Strong-willed and spoke without qualification what she believed to be the truth. At times she angered both black and white people.

Richard Allen ( 1760 - 1831)

- Free African Americans in the Early US - clergymen - An African American preacher who helped start the free African society and the African Methodist Episcopal church - opened a school in Philadelphia for black children, wrote against slavery and racial prejudice, and made his home refuse for fugitive slaves - Year before his death, presided over the first national black convention - believed that the egalitarian principles of the American Revolution would prevail if black people insisted on liberty

Edmonia Lewis (1844-1907)

- Free Black artist - Free Black life = second class citizenship - rarely achieved great wealth and have not become famous but were still apart of the northern African-American elite. - supported the anti-slavery movement throughout their artistic work. - studied sculpture in Rome and emerged as one of the more prolific American artists of the late nineteenth century - works emphasizes African-American themes, came into wide demand after the Civil War

William Wells Brown (1814-1884)

- Free Black author - escaped from slavery in Kentucky and became the first African American novelist - Free Black life = second class citizenship - Wrote an antislavery play and an antislavery novel called "Clotel" which used the affair between Jefferson and Hemings to explore in fiction the moral ramifications of slaveholders who fathered children with their bondwomen

Martin Delany (1812-1885)

- Free Black professional - Free Black life = second class citizenship - practiced medicine in Pittsburgh after having been expelled from Harvard Medical School at the instance of two white classmates - Black abolitionist and advocated of relocating freed blacks to Africa, even visiting West Africa's Niger Valley in search of a suitable location in 1859.

Jupiter Hammon

- Slave living in Long Island. He was a poet and orthodox Calvinist preacher who enjoyed the support of his master and never sought his freedom. - helped shape the lives of black people during America's early years as an independent republic - accommodated slavery and racial oppression. Condemned slavery and lauded human liberty, but was not an activists - Believed that god would eventually end injustice

New Spain

- Spanish colonies: societies with slaves - African slaves arrived in the Spanish colonies as early as 1526. > In 1565 Africans helped construct the Spanish settlement of St. Augustine in Florida > The number of slaves remained small in Florida > Black men served more frequently as soldiers than as fieldworkers > As members of the Catholic Church, they acquired social status > A safe haven for runaways from Carolina - British takeover in 1763 pushed back Floridians to Cuba > Plantation slavery began to grow in Florida under the British - 1521 - 1821: New Spain = Texas, California, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, etc. > First Africans who entered this region were members of Spanish expeditions > Employment as sailors, soldiers, tradesmen, cattle herders, and day laborers > People of African and Indian descent could more easily acquire status than they could in the British colonies > Caste system: "racial purity" determined social status, with Spaniards of "pure blood" at the top and Africans and Indians at the bottom.

Stono Rebellion (1739)

- The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period; inspired in part by Spanish officials' promise of freedom for American slaves who escaped to Florida. -Historical Significance: Led to the Negro Act of 1740 prohibiting slaves from growing their own food, assembling in groups, earning money, or learning to read and making it more difficult to free slaves. - South Carolina slave revolt that prompted the colonies to pass stricter laws regulating the movement of slaves and the capture of runaways. - A slave uprising in 1739 in South Carolina that led to a severe tightening of the slave code and the temporary imposition of a prohibitive tax on imported slaves. - Resistance: a way of gaining concessions, not dismantling a slavery system (yet to be developed/ understood as a system) > Resistance ranged from shirking assigned work to sabotage, escape, and rebellion > day-to-day obstruction = most common form on resistance once slaves become more acculturated, slavery system develops > malingered, broke tools, mistreated domestic animals, destroyed crops, poisoned their masters, and stope - Stono Rebellion (1739) and the overarching White fear of rebellion

Jean Baptiste Pointe DuSable

- Was born in San Domingo, Haiti. Founded a settlement that later became the City of Chicago in 1779. - established himself in Chicago, making him the first non-native permanent settler in the city.

cash crop

- a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower. - 2 historical changes/moments paved the way for modern constructions of race and slavery. >Atlantic slave trade = chattel & racialized slavery >Rise of the cash crop ■ Cotton, sugar, coffee, tobacco = $$$ - Slavery in the Americas became increasingly based on race as the demand for cash crops increased. >The justification to back up the need for a large labor force > From indigenous slavery to African slavery

Alethia Tanner (1781 - 1864)

- black female Abolitionist leader - 1810-1820s: purchased freedom for herself and 16 relatives. > purchased freedom for herself, her sister, her sister's 10 children, her sister's 5 grandchildren, and seven more slaves - saved their meager earnings to purchase freedom for themselves and their loved ones.

The Sahara Savannah

- first location of early African societies (4800 BCE-4200 BCE) - A lush, green savannah = perfect for human life - Humans transition from hunter-gatherer clans to farming/livestock societies (sedentary/stationary to one place) - Cave art survives and provides a glimpse of early life in the Sahara (ie animals, livestock, water) -4000 BCE: Climate change turns the Sahara Savannah into the Sahara Desertàhumans migrate to the Nile River (fertile soil) - These are the ancestors of the Egyptians and Nubians

Jamestown, VA

- first permanent English settlement in mainland America, established in 1607 by the Virginia Company and named in honor of King James I. - British colonies: slave societies and societies with slaves - 1st NA colony: Jamestown, VA (1607) > By early 1619, there were 32 people of African descent living at Jamestown > "unfree, but not slaves" (Hine,48) - Britain's Caribbean sugar colonies set a precedent for enslaving Africans - 3 British colonies (by geography) > Northern colonies: societies with slaves > Chesapeake colonies: societies with slaves -> slave societies > Low country: slave societies

Toussaint L'Ouverture

- led the black rebellion in the French colony of St. Domingue on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola that led to the creation of the independent black republic of Haiti in 1804. Became an inspiration for black rebels in the United States. - Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator. -Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. -Haitian patriot and leader of the Haitian Revolution slave rebellion

Missouri Compromise

- problems arose when Missouri wanted to join the Union with Slavery, threatening the balance between free and slave states - "Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. - an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories - Sectional differences exacerbated after the War of 1812 >2 political parties form: Federalists (abolitionist tendencies) versus Democratic-Republicans (proslavery) - 1819: Missouri Territory applied for admission to the Union as a slave state - Henry Clay's Missouri Compromise of 1820: MO enters as a slave state and ME enters as a free state > banned slavery north of the 36° 30 line of latitude in the old Louisiana Territory

Sally Hemmings (1773 - 1835)

- spent thirty years as Jefferson's slave because if Jefferson freed her, she'd have to leave. - long sexual relationship that produced 4 children who survived into adulthood. - presents an interesting case of contradiction for Jefferson, as he could write a great document that promotes the equality of man, but could not marry or live with his lover and mother of some of his children. - she was considered black although she was 7/8 white - Demonstrates what life was like in the cotton kingdom as a slave who was a black woman > Violence: physical and sexual > Sexual exploitation

Louisiana Purchase

- territory in the western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million - 1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, doubled the size of the US. - one of the Long-Term Consequences of the Haitian Revolution in the US - accelerated the westward expansion of slavery and the domestic slave trade, as the purchase nearly doubled the area of the United States - Brough under American sovereignty those black people, both free and slave, who lived in the portion of the territory that centered on the city of New Orleans. - Tremendous growth, involving an extremely harsh form of slavery in a huge region, constituted a warning to all opponents of that institution. With the termination of the external slave trade, the notorious slave markets of New Orleans became the dreaded destination of thousands of African Americans "sold south" by their masters in the domestic slave trade

The Domestic Slave Trade

- the trade of enslaved people among states of the United States - The Second Middle Passage ■ The domestic slave trade created by: >1808: the end of the Atlantic Slave Trade >Decrease in slavery in the Chesapeake and Upper South - 1820-1860: 50% of enslaved people sold from the Upper to the Lower/Deep South - Similarities to 1st Middle Passage - Capture - Slave pens/jails - Coffles - Defined by loss and survival - Resistance - occurred during the rise of the cotton kingdom ■ Slavery expanded into the Deep South due to several factors: >Indigenous removal from the land: i.e. the Trail of Tears (1838) ■ Teaching Hard History podcast: Why do historians call these inseparable separations? >Technological advances: cotton gin, railroads, steamboats >The domestic slave trade >The increasing demand for cotton in Britain and New England region ■ 3 states formed: - 1812: Louisiana - 1817: Mississippi - 1819: Alabama

The Middle passage

-A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies -the middle leg of the triangular journey from Europe→Africa→the Americas→Europe The process: - Kidnapped/sold from Africa - Placed in factories/holding areas - Packed onto ships - Journey across Atlantic - Landing and sale - First stages of the seasoning process

seasoning

-An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. -"You can't buy a slave, you make a slave." (Roots Part 1) -A traumatic disciplinary process intended to modify the behavior and attitude of slaves and make them effective laborers → Making African peoples into slaves & property > Lasted up to 2 years > Included new names, learning European languages, adapting to new working conditions >A dehumanization process that required violence - Old Africans and Creoles taught new Africans how to adapt to their new condition. - deemed successful if the slave survived the brutal changes, ate the new foods, and spoke the new language.

Slave Codes

-Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights. -Laws began to codify racial difference and hierarchy in the late 17 century >1662 VA law declared slavery based on the status of the mother >1664 MD law deemed that any white woman who marries a slave must serve her husband's master for the duration of the slave's life > Children must serve the master until they are 30. > 1691 VA law outlawed miscegenation, right to bear arms, and imposed travel restrictions on enslaved Black people - These laws spread across the colonies during the 18th century >1712 SC law made slavery hereditary > 1739 SC law prohibits a slave from learning to read or write - These laws include violent consequences for those who break them and/or resist them. >LA 1724 law makes violence against slave master punishable by death >NC 1791 law makes it ok to kill a slave who is resistant

Mitochondrial Eve

-The first female ancestor shared by all living humans, who was identified by analysis of mitochondrial DNA. - The "Parents" of the World - the common maternal ancestor to all people - Contemporary of Idaltu -Birthed enough daughters in succession which ensured the survival of her DNA

Racial Capitalism

-the process of deriving social and economic value from racial identity -captures the sense that actually existing capitalism exploits through culturally and socially constructed differences such as race, gender, region, and nationality and is lived through those uneven formations -the process of deriving value from the racial identity of others, harms the individuals affected and society as a whole. -Capitalism: an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state > Modern capitalism born during the colonialism of the Americas -Cedric Robinson's theory of racial capitalism: Capitalism and racism did not break from the old order but rather evolved from it to produce a modern world system of "racial capitalism" dependent on slavery, violence, imperialism, and genocide. (Kelley, 2017) > From feudal societies to racial capitalism, racialization within Europe was very much a colonial process involving invasion, settlement, expropriation, and racial hierarchy. - Matthew Desmond: "In order to understand the brutality of American capitalism, you have to start on the plantation." (2019) >Legacies of slavery seen in business practices today and racial wealth gap

In what year did African slaves first appear in the "New World?"

1502

How long did the first black newspaper, Freedom's Journal, last?

2 years

How many free blacks lived in Illinois in 1830?

2,000

How many black loyalists departed with the British troops after the American Revolutionary War?

20,000

By 1846, the AME Church had _______ congregations across the US and Canada with approximately 17,000 members.

296

How many border states were loyal to the Union?

5

Approximately how many African Americans died in the Civil War?

50,000

How many people of African descent lived in Jamestown by the end of 1619?

52

Who was Gullah Jack?

A "conjure-man" from East African who distributed charms and cast spells he claimed would make black revolutionaries invincible

What was the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation?

A proclamation issued on September 22, 1862, declaring that slaves residing in Confederate states would be freed on January 1, 1863.

James McCrummell, Robert Pervis, and James G. Barbadoes, 3 African Americans helped found the _____________ in 1833.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Who was the first black civilian employee of the US government?

Benjamin Banneker

What is the name of this infamous slaver that depicts how tightly Africans were packed aboard slave ships?

Brookes

How did African American women maintain their cultural fashion sensibilities once in colonial America?

By creating African-style head wraps, hats, and hairstyles

What was the key to trade in Ancient Ghana?

Camels

Where was the ultimate destination for African Americans on the Underground Railroad?

Canada West

Abraham Lincoln first attempted to free slaves but forced them to settle in the ______, Latin America, and _______________.

Caribbean, West Africa

Which city was the leading port of entry for Africans into colonial America during the 18th century?

Charleston, Carolina

_____ was the black sailor who died during the Boston Massacre in 1770 and became a martyr among Americans who were dissatisfied with British rule.

Crispus Attucks

In his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, _________ urged African American men to redeem themselves by defending their loved ones from abuse.

David Walker

What type of resistance was not typical on slave ships?

Dysentry

Black people recognized long before most white southerners that the fate of the Union was inextricably tied to the issue of slavery and the future of slavery was tied to the outcome of the war.

False

Mary Ann Shadd Cary (1823-1893) was an advocate of Black migration to Canada and was against racial integration.

False

The original draft of the Declaration of Independence included a passage that denounced the Atlantic slave trade as cruel war against human nature, but it was removed by Congress because delegates from South Carolina and Virginia objected to it.

False

The voyage across the Middle Passage usually lasted anywhere from 60 days to 1 year.

False

In what ways did African Americans preserve their ancestral ways of life from West Africa once in America?

Family structures, Religious beliefs

The Combahee River Raid

Harriet Tubman, under the command of Union Colonel James Montgomery, became the first woman to lead a major military operation in the United States when she and 150 African American Union soldiers rescued more than 700 slaves during the Civil War.

In Roots Part 2, we see Fiddler sacrifice himself for Kunta and Kizzy's lives? What was Fiddler's real name?

Henry

Who was the first African American to patent an invention, a horse-drawn mechanized corn seed planter?

Henry Blair

What were the 2 major religious traditions in 15th century West Africa?

Islamic and indigenous

What is the Yoruba culture best known for?

Its fine sculptures

Who is recognized as America's first published black poet?

Jupiter Hammon

Who took over as the most important empire after the Egyptians declined during the first millennium BCE?

Kush

What were black laws?

Laws passed in states of the Old Northwest during the early 19th century banning or restricting black settlement and limiting the rights of black residents

What are freedom suits?

Legal cases in which slaves sued their master or master's heirs for freedom

What is the name of the ancient Mali ruler who is known as one of the wealthiest rulers in the world?

Mansa Musa

____ is the act of freeing a slave by the slave's master.

Manumission

Which African American woman became the first American woman to publicly address male audiences?

Maria Stewart

Who was the first black female public speaker in the United States?

Maria W. Stewart

What was the name if Kizzy's best friend in Roots Part 2?

Missy

Which 2 Northern states did not undertake immediate or gradual abolition in the period after the American Revolution?

New Jersey and New York

The _____ draft riot took place in early July 1863 in opposition to the forthcoming military draft and targeted black men, women, and children.

New York City

Elizabeth Clovis Lange, who was of Haitian descent, established the _______ in Baltimore in 1829 to provide a free education to the children of French-speaking refugees from the Haitian Revolution.

Oblate Sisters

Despite recent evidence that suggests _____________ was a boon in South Carolina rather than West Africa, his vivid account of a West African's capture, sale to traders, and voyage to America in 1755 is respected as an accurate account.

Olaudah Equiano

How were lineages determined in West African cultures?

Patrilineal, Matrilineal

Where was the the first Black National Convention held in 1830?

Philadelphia

Which religious group was one of the first to oppose slavery in colonial America?

Quakers

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r.1312-1337 CE) who made a hajj to Mecca; on the way there, he spread enormous amounts of gold showing the wealth of Mali; on the way back, he brought back education and Islamic culture. His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. - Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East. - Mali: 1230-1468 - Gold mines - Large population controlled by family and personal ties of rulers to local chiefs - Timbuktu: most important city

What is an Afrocentrist?

Someone who regards ancient Egypt as an essentially black civilization closely linked to other indigenous African civilizations to its South

In 1565, Africans helped construct the Spanish settlement of ____ in Florida, which is now the oldest city in the United States.

St. Augustine

Which Civil War battle earned the 54th Massachusetts Regiment fame and glory despite their loss?

The Assault on Battery Wagner

What was the difference between the First and Second Confiscation Acts?

The First Confiscation Act freed all slaves used by their masters to benefit the Confederacy while the Second Confiscation Act freed all slaves of rebel owners.

The profits from the Atlantic slave trade largely helped fund the ___________ during the 18th century.

The Industrial Revolution

In what region did African-English creole/pidgin languages last the longest?

The low country

What was the Middle Passage?

The middle leg of the journey from the Americas to Africa, The voyage of slave ships from Africa to the Americas across the Atlantic Ocean

Which factor pushed George Washington, Congress, and state governments to recruit black soldiers into the Continental Army?

Troop shortages

African women on slave ships were given more freedom to move about the ships which made them more vulnerable to sexual violence.

True

Because of segregation, African American leaders and white abolitionists created private schools for black children in the North.

True

Before the spread of ideas about natural human rights and universal liberty associated with the American and French Revolutions, slave resistance and revolt did not aim to destroy slavery as a social system.

True

In 1860, there were an equal proportion of free blacks in the North and Lower South.

True

Indigenous nations provided refuge to escaping black slaves but also owned slaves in some instances.

True

More African Americans became active Loyalists (Americans loyal to the British empire) then Patriots (Americans who favored independence) during the Revolutionary War.

True

Most of the labor black people did for the Confederacy was involuntary; however a few free black men and women offered their services to the Confederate cause in a desperate attempt to gain white acceptance before they lost their freedom and property.

True

The 54th Massachusetts Regiment was the first official black military unit during the Civil War.

True

The slave power conspiracy was a key concept in abolitionist and northern antislavery propaganda that depicted southern slaveholders as the driving force in a political conspiracy to promote slavery at the expense of white liberties.

True

Women in Ancient Egyptian culture held high status compared to women in much of the rest of the ancient world.

True

How long did seasoning, the process by which newly arrived Africans were made into slaves in the Americas, take?

Up to 2 years

Where did the American Colonization Society have its greatest influence?

Upper South

Where is the ancestral homeland of most black Americans?

West Africa

Where did the term Jim Crow come from?

a blackface minstrel act

President Andrew Jackson followed a ____________ agenda, promoting states rights, economic localism, and the territorial expansion of slavery.

pro-southern

Slavery in the Americas was different than slavery in Africa, Asia, and Europe, because it was based on ____ and made individuals _______, or personal property.

race, chattel