Hist 202- Unit 12

All of the following are Cold War-era quotations or phrases of Ronald Reagan

"Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall." "We begin bombing in five minutes." "Evil Empire." "We win and they lose."

Nikita Khrushchev

1956 was the year that Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev gave his famous secret speech, in which he denounced the cult of personality and the brutal oppression of the late Joseph Stalin.

How did the Berlin Blockade end?

Convinced by the Berlin Airlift of the Western commitment to Berlin, the Soviets lifted the Blockade in 1949.

Western Bloc

Tied to the U.S. embraced parliamentary political systems and capitalist economic structures and adjusted their foreign policies to the U.S. vision of the postwar world.

Eastern Bloc

Under the watchful eyes of Soviet occupation armies, the governments of eastern European states adopted Soviet political and economic institutions and supported Moscow's foreign policy goals

Lenoid Brezhnev

Was leading the Soviet Union.

Detente

A reduction in hostility, trying to cool the costly arms race and slow their competition in developing countries.

Who wrote The Wealth of Nations and is often considered the founder of modern capitalism?

Adam SMith

Which Eastern European nation formed an unlikely friendship with the People's Republic of China largely due to the fact that both had left their alliances with the Soviet Union?

Albania

Match the following nations with their Cold War bloc or coalition:

Australia Western Bloc Japan Western Bloc Bulgaria Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Eastern Bloc United States Western Bloc North Korea Eastern Bloc Czechoslovakia Eastern Bloc Great Britain Western Bloc

· Thermonuclear weapon (H-Bomb)

Because the United States was determined to retain military superiority and because the Soviet Union was equally determined to reach parity with the United States, both sides amassed enormous arsenals of thermonuclear weapons and developed a multitude of systems for deploying those weapons. These thermonuclear, hydrogen or H-bombs, are considerably more powerful and destructive than the fission bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II

Soviet-Afghan Conflict

But the war in Afghanistan, which turned out for the Soviets, much like the Vietnam War had turned out for the Americans. Those resisting the Soviets used guerrilla tactics that in many ways negated the technological advantages that the Soviets had. Months of fighting turned into years with little progress and no end in sight.

Berlin Wall

By 1961 the communist East German state was hemorrhaging from a steady drain of refugees—nearly 3.5 million since 1949—who preferred life in capitalist West Germany. To counter this embarrassing problem, in August 1961 the communists erected a fortified wall—replete with watchtowers, searchlights, and border guards—between East and West Germany. In subsequent years several thousand East Germans escaped to West Germany, and several hundred others died trying. Meanwhile, the Berlin Wall accomplished its purpose of stemming the flow of refugees, though at the cost of openly demonstrating that the regime lacked legitimacy among its own people.

Which country experienced the largest genocide during the Cold War as measured in per capita terms?

Cambodia/Kampuchea

According to Kenneth Pomeranz in his work, The Great Divergence, which two factors were critical in Britain's first-ever development of industrialization?

Coals and colonies

Mao Zedong

Communist leader in China. In October of 1949, Mao Zedong and the Communists announced the creation of the People's Republic of China or PRC, after more than a century of turmoil and humiliation that had begun with the First Opium War, China had, in the words of Mao, stood up.

Japanese Peace Constitution

Declared that the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation.

Cuban Revolution

Denouncing American imperialism, Castro seized foreign properties and businesses, most of which were U.S. owned. He also accepted assistance from the Soviet Union. The U.S. government promptly retaliated by cutting off Cuban sugar imports to the U.S. market and imposing a severe export embargo of U.S. goods on Cuba. U.S. officials also cut diplomatic relations with Cuba and secretly began planning an invasion of the island

Korean War

Determined to unify Korea by force, the Pyongyang regime ordered more than one hundred thousand troops across the thirty-eighth parallel in a surprise attack, capturing Seoul on 27 June. Convinced that the USSR had sanctioned the invasion, and armed with UN support, the U.S. military went into action. Within two weeks U.S. forces pushed North Koreans back to the thirty-eighth parallel. After two more years of fighting that resulted in three million deaths—mostly of Korean civilians—both sides finally agreed to a cease-fire in July 1953.

Doomsday Clock

During the Cold War, a group of scientists created the Doomsday Clock, which they regularly updated and published in their journal, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. The closer to midnight, the closer the world was to nuclear Armageddon.

Space Race

During the nuclear arms race, cold war tensions accelerated when it seemed that one superpower gained a critical technological edge over the other.

Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev was responsible for, or associated with, all of the following

Engaging in the "Kitchen Debate" with Richard Nixon A "secret speech" denouncing Stalin's cult of personality Negotiating the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis with John F. Kennedy Declaring "We will bury you!"

Match the following Cold War events with their correct position in a chronological list (i.e. first, second, third, etc.).

First Berlin Blockade Second Korean War Third Hungarian Uprising Fourth Berlin Wall constructed Fifth Prague Spring

Jawahrlal Nehu

Founder of the Nonalignment Movement, from India.

For whom was the massive American aid program designed to shore up Europe's economies in 1948 named?

George Marshall

What happened to Hirohito, the Japanese Emperor, after the Allied occupation of Japan?

He was shielded from prosecution by General Douglas MacArthur but was forced to renounce his divinity.

Which nationalist figure resisted foreign imperialism in Indochina and became the first leader of North Vietnam?

Ho Chi Minh

Khmer Rouge

However, in Vietnam's neighbor, Cambodia, Communist revolutionaries known as the Khmer Rouge took power and declared the establishment of Democratic Kampuchea. Pol Pot, the leader of the Khmer Rouge, was hailed as the forefront of this new wave of communism. However, back home, he presided over what has become known as the killing fields, the deliberate emptying of Cambodia cities and the systematic execution of 1.5 to two million Cambodians, nearly one quarter of the country's population. This makes the genocide committed by the Khmer Rouge the largest per capita genocide in modern history. Only the invasion of Cambodia by Vietnam in 1979 toppled the Khmer Rouge regime and ended the killing.

All of the nations of Eastern Europe saw their Communist regimes end peacefully

Hungary East Germany Czechoslovakia Poland

· North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

In 1949 the United States established NATO as a regional military alliance against Soviet aggression. The original members included Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United States. The intent of the alliance was to maintain peace in postwar Europe through collective defense.

John F. Kennedy

In 1963, in a show of solidarity with the people of West Berlin, US President John F. Kennedy visited the beleaguered city, touring as near to the wall as was feasible and safe. He also gave a famous speech in which he declared, "I am a Berliner." Such symbolic acts gave the West German people hope for continued American support

Brezhnev Doctrine

In 1968, he had declared, "When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern for all socialist countries." This was in many respects the mirror image of the earlier Truman Doctrine, which had pledged American support to antiCommunism across the world. [00:09:26] Invoking the Brezhnev Doctrine, the Soviets sent troops to Afghanistan to put down resistance to the communist government there.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

In April 1961 a force of 1,500 anti-Castro Cubans trained, armed, and transported by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) landed on Cuba at a place called the Bay of Pigs. The invasion, however, was a com-plete failure and actually strengthened Castro's position in Cuba as well as his commitment to communism. It also likely encouraged Castro to accept and the Soviets to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba as a deterrent to any future invasion.

Tet Offensive

In January of 1968, the North Vietnamese Army combined with the Viet Cong to launch the Tet Offensive, a multipronged attack that attempted to seize the upper hand in the war. The offensive was beaten back with heavy losses on both sides, and while the Tet Offensive might have been seen as a massive failure on the part of the North Vietnamese, because the American government had repeatedly declared that the enemy forces in Vietnam were on the ropes and were nearing defeat before the Tet Offensive, the fact that they were able to muster such a large-scale operation signaled to many that the United States government was not being forthright about the actual conditions on the ground.

Nicolae ad Elena Ceausescu

In Romania, by contrast, the regime of dicta-tor Nicolae Ceauşescu (1918-1989) savagely repressed demonstrations, setting off a national uprising that ended within four days and left Ceauşescu and his wife dead. Together, they had developed a cult of personality that rivaled that of Stalin, Mao Zedong, or North Korea's Kim II Sung. To make matters worse, the Ceausescu economic mismanagement dramatically reduced standards of living in Romania in the 1980s. When Romanians took to the streets and protest, much like their counterparts across Eastern Europe, Ceausescu ordered his soldiers to fire on the crowds. The result was the violent overthrow of Ceausescu regime and the execution of the hated couple on Christmas Day, 1989.

Harry S. Truman

Initiated a precapitalistic, prodemocracy stance in the U.S. He wrote the Truman doctrine that crystalized the new U.S. perception of the world divided between the free and enslaved peoples. As Truman explained to the U.S. Congress: "I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting at-tempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." Thus the United States committed itself to an interventionist foreign policy dedicated to the "containment" of communism, which meant preventing any further expansion of Soviet influence. Received the NSC-68.

Mujahideen

Islamic warriors, who gradually gained control of most of the countryside. The mujahideen were aided by weapons and money from the United States, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, and China—all of whom wished to block Soviet influence in the area.

NSC-68

It called for something unprecedented in American history, a military buildup in peacetime. Its summary declared, "We must, by means of a rapid and sustained buildup of the political, economic, and military strength of the free world, and by means of an affirmative program intended to rest the initiative from the Soviet Union, confront it with convincing evidence of the determination and ability of the free world to frustrate the Kremlin design of a world dominated by its will. Such evidence is the only means short of war, which eventually may force the Kremlin to abandon its current course of action and to negotiate acceptable agreements on issues of major importance."

Which world leader visited Berlin in 1963 and declared "Ich bin ein Berliner" (I am a citizen of Berlin)?

John F. Kennedy

Overall, what effect did industrialization have on economies around the globe?

Larger and more developed economies in the Northern Hemisphere as compared to the Southern Hemisphere

Augusto Pinochet

Leader of Chile. Famous for disappearing thousands of his opponents. Another capitalist client.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Leader of Egypt. Joined forces with the heads of Ghana and Indonesia to organize the Non-Aligned movement.

Daniel Ortega

Leader of Nicaragua- a prominent example of a communist client state during the Cold War. ] Interestingly, after losing power in 1990, Ortega remained an important political figure in Nicaragua and has actually served as president from 2007 until today.

Park Chung Hee

Leader of South Korea. Example of a capitalist client state. Authoritarian dictator, anti-communist, sufficient justification for American support.

Josip Broz Tito

Leader of Yugoslavia. Joined forces with the heads of Ghana and Indonesia to organize the Non-Aligned movement.

Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos

Leader of the Philippines- example of a capitalist client state. Authoritarian dictator, anti-communist, sufficient justification for American support. In the Philippines, after Marcos was ousted by popular protest, treasure seekers dynamited a large Mount Rushmore-like image of Marcos.

Fidel Castro

Led the Cuban Revolution. Denouncing American imperialism, Castro seized foreign properties and businesses, most of which were U.S. owned. He also accepted assistance from the Soviet Union.

Hirohito

MacArthur went to great lengths to shield Hirohito from accusations of complicity in the war. He did, however, force the Emperor to renounce his claim to divinity.

Boris Yelstin

Mayor of Moscow. Yeltsin, you may recall, was one of the visiting Soviets impressed by the abundance he saw in a Houston grocery store. He later said, "I think we have committed a crime against our people by making their standard of living so incomparably lower than that of the Americans." In the aftermath of the failed coup, the Soviet Union broke apart

Which group fiercely resisted the Soviets in Afghanistan?

Mujahideen

Chiang Kai-Shek (jiang Jieshi)

Nationalist leader in China. Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists retreated to the island of Taiwan, where with American support, they maintained the claim that they were the actual government of all of China

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

Nehru's strategy for grappling with decolonization in the midst of a cold war. Nehru called his strategy nonalignment, arguing that "each country has not only the right to freedom but also to decide its own policy and way of life." The movement's primary goal was to maintain formal neutrality. However, although theoretically nonaligned with either cold war superpower, many member states had close ties to one or the other, and this situation caused dissension within the movement.

Cuban Missile Crisis

On 22 October 1962 President Kennedy went on national television to inform the public about the U.S. discovery of offensive nuclear missiles and launch sites in Cuba. He told the public that the deployment of nuclear missiles so close to the United States represented an unacceptable threat to U.S. national security. Kennedy also called on the Soviet leadership to withdraw all missiles from Cuba and stop the arrival of additional nuclear armaments. To back up his demand, Kennedy imposed an air and naval quarantine on the island nation that went into effect two days later. The superpowers seemed poised for nuclear confrontation, and for a week the world's peoples held their collective breath. The Cuban missile crisis revealed the dangers of the bipolar world—especially the ways in which cold war rivalries so easily drew other areas of the world into their orbit.

Berlin Blockade

On 24 June 1948 the Soviets announced that the western powers no longer had jurisdiction in Berlin and blockaded road, rail, and water links between Berlin and western Germany.

Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)

Once the major Cold War competitors developed intercontinental ballistic missiles or ICBMs, literally nowhere on earth was beyond the reach of nuclear attack.

Kitchen Debate

One of these exchanges took place while the two gazed at the depiction of an American home, complete with dishwasher, washing machine, refrigerator, and stove. Nixon noted, "there are some instances where you maybe ahead of us, for example, in the development of the thrust of your rockets for the investigation of outer space; There may be some instances, for example, color television, where we're ahead of you. This was a telling moment. Nixon was expressing the Western capitalist belief that one way to measure the success of a society is in the material benefits it brings to its citizens.

Which of the following is credited with bringing about the unification of Germany in 1871?

Otto Van BIsmark

Kim II Sung

President of North Korean of the People's Democratic Republic of Korea. A revolutionary communist. More recently available historical sources support the idea that it wasn't Stalin, forcing the North Koreans to do his bidding, but rather the North Korean leader Kim Il-sung who eagerly wanted war and who begged and cajoled his great power benefactors, both Stalin's Soviet Union and Mao's China for support and help.

Marshall Plan

Proposed to rebuild European economies to forestall influence in the devasted nations of Europe. It provided more than $13 billion to reconstruct western Europe.

Strategic Defense Initiative ("Star Wars")

Reagan also sought to expand the potential theaters of war, advocating for the Strategic Defense Initiative, often known as Star Wars. This was opposed to develop of effective space-based anti-missile technologies. A huge amount of resources was devoted to this project, with Reagan goading the cash-strapped Soviets to try to keep up

Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP)

SCAP proved instrumental in the drafting of a new Japanese constitution. SCAP also oversaw the trials and punishments of Japanese leaders for war crimes. Initially, SCAP was also intent on breaking up Japanese industrial conglomerates in the hopes of preventing any future military buildup.

Shah Mohammad Raza Pahlavi

Shah of Iran who was brought into full power after CIA-supported coup toppled Iran's anti- Western government in 1953.

Francis Fukuyama and the "end of history"

Soon after the Soviet collapse, the American political scientist Francis Fukuyama declared, "What we may be witnessing is not the end of the Cold War, but the end of history as such. That is, the endpoint of man's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Sought both economic and political reforms in the Soviet Union. Gorbachev desperately tried to save the Soviet Union from disintegration by restructuring the economy and liberalizing society. Caught between the rising tide of radical reforms and the opposition of entrenched interests, however, there was little he could do except watch as events unfolded beyond his control. , Gorbachev's leadership brought new hope to many. Indeed, in light of Soviet economic stagnation and political discontent, Gorbachev had already committed him-self to a restructuring of the Soviet Union and to unilateral withdrawal from the cold war.

Stanislaw Petrov

Such was the case in 1983 when the Soviet officer Stanislav Petrov perhaps single-handedly saved the world. Petrov dilemma was this: if he was disregarding a real attack, then the Soviet Union would be devastated by nuclear weapons without any warning or chance to retaliate, and he would have failed at his duty. On the other hand, if he were to report a non-existent attack, his superiors might launch an equally catastrophic assault against their enemies. In either case, millions of people would die. Understanding that if he were wrong, nuclear missiles would soon be raining down on the Soviet Union, Petrov decided to trust his intuition and declare the system's indications a false alarm. After a short while, it was apparent that his instincts were right.

Apollo Project

That came to fruition on 20 July 1969 when Apollo XI gently set down on the moon's Sea of Tranquility and thereby ensured that Americans were the first to make this "great leap for man-kind." During the cold war, critical technological and scientific breakthroughs were achieved on both sides of the iron curtain as a result of intense competition between the superpowers.

Douglas MacArthur

The American General, Douglas MacArthur, was named the Supreme Commander of Allied Powers or SCAP, and oversaw the occupation of Japan and other former Japanese territories in Asia.

First World

The First World was made up of nations whose economies had industrialized and who had maintained some degree of an open market. (Western Bloc)

What was the chief result of the British Macartney Embassy sent to the Qing Empire (China) in 1792-1794?

The Qianlong Emperor rejected Macartney's requests that relations between Britain and the Qing Empire be based on Westphalian principles.

Second World

The Second World had also industrialized, but it leaned more towards socialist state-run economies. (Eastern Bloc)

Osama Bin Laden

The Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan was a victory for the United States and the West, but it bears noting that among the Mujahideen fighters supported by the United States was a wealthy Saudi by the name of Osama bin Laden. In fighting one war, United States was laying the foundation for another.

Sino-Soviet Split

The Soviets provided technical assistance to Chinese modernization and industrialization programs. But beginning in 1956, there began to be signs of cracks in the Alliance.

Sputnik

The Soviets took the cold war into space by announcing, on 4 October 1957, the launching into space of the first satellite, Sputnik.

All of the following are true of the Space Race

The Soviets were the first to put a man-made object into orbit. The Americans benefited from the assistance of former Nazi scientists brought out of Germany in Operation Paperclip. The Soviets were the first to put a human into space. The Americans and the Soviets cooperated in the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.

Marshall Mission

The United States sent George Marshall, later the architect of the Marshall Plan in Europe, to China to seek for some form of peaceful agreement between these two dueling Chinese groups

"Killing Fields"

The deliberate emptying of Cambodia cities and the systematic execution of 1.5 to two million Cambodians

Velvet Reovultion

The disintegration of communism continued elsewhere in eastern Europe. In Czechoslovakia a "velvet revolution"—so called because it entailed little violence—swept communists out of office and restored democracy in 1990. In 1993 disagreements over the time frame for shifting to a market economy led to a "velvet divorce," breaking Czechoslovakia into two new nations, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Chinese Civil War

The divisions between the two groups was too great and they Chinese plunged into civil war. Many thought the nationalists who controlled the cities and had the support of the United States would triumph in this bloody conflict. But it was the Communists who had greater support among China's massive numbers of peasants in the countryside who would emerge victorious.

Which of the following best describes the results of the Tet Offensive?

The limited victory of the South Vietnamese and the Americans was overshadowed by the propaganda victory of the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong who had proven that, contrary to American declarations, they were far from being on their last legs or "on the ropes."

Hungarian Uprising

The most serious challenge to Soviet control in eastern Europe came in 1956 from nationalist-minded communists in Hungary. When the communist regime in Hungary embraced the process of de-Stalinization, large numbers of Hungarian citizens demanded democracy and the breaking of ties to Moscow and the Warsaw Pact. In the wake of massive street demonstrations joined by the Hungarian armed forces, communist Imre Nagy (1896-1958) gained power and visibility as a nationalist leader who announced Hungary's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact.

Geneva Conference

The peace conference, held in Geneva in 1954, deter-mined that Vietnam should be temporarily divided at the seventeenth parallel; North Vietnam would be controlled by Ho Chi Minh and the communist forces, and South Vietnam would remain in the hands of non-communists.

Third World

The so-called Third World included all the rest of the economies, those that had yet to industrialize. Most of these were located in what is sometimes now called the Global South. (Central and South Americas, most of Africa, much of the Middle East and South Asia)

Lech Walesa

The voters favored Solidarity candidates, and Lech Walesa (1943-), the movement's leader, became president of Poland. However, once released from prison in the late 1980s, Walesa continued to push for more liberalization and a greater voice for the people.

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

This agreement sought to at minimum prevent the spread of nuclear weapons any further than had already taken place. But it also put the existing nuclear weapons powers on record, declaring that they too would work toward disarmament and the elimination of their own nuclear arsenals.

Nuclear Triad

This is a set of differing delivery systems whose dispersion, mobility, and redundancy increase the likelihood of successful delivery even after suffering an enemy attack. The elements of the triad are delivery by airplane, delivery by land-based ballistic missile, and delivery by missiles launched from submarines.

IndoChina

This region in Southeast Asia saw the processes of imperialism, nationalism, revolution, and war come together time after terrible time. In the nineteenth century, much of the region was colonized by France during the age of high imperialism. During World War II, the region was overrun by the Japanese. Local Vietnamese and others organized resistance to the Japanese, often with assistance from the allies. Many expected to achieve full independence after the war ended, but were disappointed when the French returned and attempted to reclaim all of their former Southeast Asian colonies.

· De-Stalinization

This was part of a larger process of de-Stalinization, which included the release of many political prisoners who were imprisoned during Stalin's Reign of Terror; taking Stalin's name off of places and buildings including Stalingrad, the hero's city of World War II, which is renamed Volgograd; toppling a number of statues and monuments dedicated to Stalin; and even moving Stalin's body out of the mausoleum in the Red Square.

Prague Spring

Twelve years after the Hungarian uprising, Soviets again intervened in eastern Europe, this time in Czechoslovakia. In 1968 the Communist Party leader, Alexander Dubcek (1921-1992), launched a liberal movement known as the "Prague Spring" and promised his fellow citizens "socialism with a human face." But Khrushchev's successor, Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (1906-1982), fearful that such reforms might undermine Soviet control in east-ern Europe, sanctioned military intervention by the Soviet army and brought an end to the Prague Spring.

Berlin Airlift

Two days later, in the first serious test of the cold war, the Americans and British responded with an airlift designed to keep the city's inhabitants alive, fed, and warm. For eleven months, American and British aircrews flew around-the-clock missions to supply West Berlin with the necessities of life.

Yuri Gagarin

U.S. panic only intensified in April 1961 when the Soviets rocketed cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin (1934-1968) into space, where he became the first man to orbit Earth.

Ronal Reagan

U.S. president Ronald Reagan who insisted on massive military spending, which in turn forced the Soviets to spend lavishly on defense when they could least afford it. Prior to being elected president, Reagan had declared, "my idea of American policy towards the Soviet Union is simple, and some would say simplistic. It is this: We win and they lose." As president, he frequently spoke of the Soviet Union as an evil empire. One time, before a recorded radio address, Reagan joked that he had signed legislation that had outlawed Russia forever and stated, "We begin bombing in five minutes." Reagan backed this rhetoric with concerted action. He sought to outproduce, outspend, and outcompete the Soviets.

Match the following nations with the primary Cold War alliance

United States NATO Poland Warsaw Pact German Democratic Republic NATO Turkey NATO Italy NATO USSR Warsaw Pact Bulgaria Warsaw Pact Canada NATO

All of the following successfully developed nuclear weapons

United States USSR People's Republic of China France

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnam's nationalist communist leader, Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969), had been struggling for autonomy from French imperialism for two decades when World War II broke out in Europe. Thus the Japanese invasion of his homeland after the fall of France in 1940 seemed to Ho like the replacement of one imperialist power with another. During the war, Ho fought against the Japanese and in the waning days of the war helped oust them from Vietnam altogether. With both the French and the Japanese gone, Ho took the opportunity to establish himself as leader of an independent Vietnam.

Warsaw Pact

When NATO admitted West Germany and allowed it to rearm in 1955, the Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact as a countermeasure. A military alliance of seven communist European nations, the Warsaw Pact matched the collective defense policies of NATO.

Taiwan

Where, with American support, the Chinese Nationalists maintained the claim that they were the actual government of all of China.

Which Eastern European nation maintained a socialist government but split with the Soviets in 1948?

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia and Albania also implemented socialist governments, but both broke with the Soviet Union and forged a more independent or non-aligned course.

Ernesto "Che" Guevara

o Alberto Korda's 1960 photograph of Ernesto "Che" Guevara titled Guerrillero Heroico (Heroic Guerilla Fighter) is one of the most well-known and iconic images of the 20th century. It has been reproduced more than any other image in photography, appearing on t-shirts, hats, handbags, posters, tattoos, and a host of other media.Guevara himself was a romantic and inspiring subject to many. His youthful motorcycle trip across South America and his subsequent account of it, earned him international acclaim. His participation in the Cuban Revolution, his attempts to foment revolution in places like the Congo and Bolivia, and his consistent advocacy for world revolution as a solution to the oppression and suffering in the world further endeared him to those on the left side of the political spectrum.