HIST 2111 CH. 2
How did the Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony differ from the Pilgrim Plymouth Colony? The Massachusetts Bay Colony followed Calvinism. The Massachusetts Bay Colony's society was based on gender hierarchies. The Massachusetts Bay Colony grew different crops. The Massachusetts Bay Colony considered the Bible as its legal guide.
The Massachusetts Bay Colony considered the Bible as its legal guide.: While the legal code of the Plymouth Colony contained a separation of church and state, the Puritans constructed a religious commonwealth--the Massachusetts Bay Colony--with the Bible as the legal as well as spiritual guide.
Why were French migrants not drawn to the colony of New France? They preferred the Church-dominated feudal system of the home country. They had no taste for the fur trade. They preferred the tobacco plantations of the Chesapeake. They enjoyed strong rights to their lands back home.
They enjoyed strong rights to their lands back home.: The French legal system gave peasants strong rights to village lands. In contrast, New France offered an oppressive feudal system dominated by aristocrats and the Church.
After Metacom's War, what happened to many of the surviving Wampanoag, Narragansett, and Nipmuck peoples? They migrated into the backcountry, where they intermarried with Algonquian tribes. They mostly assimilated into New England's Puritan society. They eventually died out because of widespread famine and disease. They were enslaved by the Puritans.
They migrated into the backcountry, where they intermarried with Algonquian tribes.
How did diseases like malaria and yellow fever affect family and community life in the Chesapeake during the seventeenth century? The threat of disease discouraged migrants from coming to the region. Infirmities forced Europeans to settle in small, disease-free pockets, which later developed into towns. Illnesses often killed European women, making families and communities scarce. Disease killed Indians, leaving room for European community and family centers.
Illnesses often killed European women, making families and communities scarce.
Why did Bacon's Rebellion occur? Escaped African American slaves banded together and led an insurrection against wealthy planters. Virginia colonists revolted over James I's decision to make Virginia a royal colony. Impoverished white freeholders and tenants who wanted land were opposed by wealthy planters. French attempts to dislodge English colonists from Virginia sparked unrest among lower-class whites.
Impoverished white freeholders and tenants who wanted land were opposed by wealthy planters.
Why was the Columbian Exchange so important? It signaled the beginning of the transatlantic slave trade. It made England the dominant nation in Europe. It spread diseases from the New World to Europe, decimating the population throughout the continent. It stimulated the growth of population in Europe and Africa.
It stimulated the growth of population in Europe and Africa. As a result of the Columbian Exchange, food products of the Americas—maize, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, potatoes, and manioc—became available to the people of Europe and Africa, increasing agricultural yields and thus stimulating population growth.
Why did James I decide to revoke the Virginia Company's charter and turn the settlement into a royal colony in 1624? James I strongly opposed the English consumption of tobacco, which he considered an unhealthy habit. Virginians had failed to establish their own local government. James was aghast at the Indian uprising and wanted to take charge himself. Virginians had failed to establish a profitable cash crop.
James was aghast at the Indian uprising and wanted to take charge himself.
Why did Maryland grow so quickly after 1634? A growing number of young men fled the English civil war. The colony received a number of privileges from the Catholic king Charles I. Lord Baltimore imported many artisans and offered ample lands to wealthy immigrants. A growing number of Virginians fled from Indian attacks into Maryland.
Lord Baltimore imported many artisans and offered ample lands to wealthy immigrants.
How did indentured servitude in New France differ from indentured servitude in the English plantation colonies in the middle of the 1600s? Terms for French indentured servants were more generous than terms offered to their English counterparts. French indentured servants were Africans, while English servants were overwhelmingly European. Protestantism characterized French indentured servants, while English indentured servants were Catholic. English indentured servants had to deal with a much more frigid climate than their French counterparts.
Terms for French indentured servants were more generous than terms offered to their English counterparts.
In which place did the Portuguese locate sugar plantations prior to doing so in Brazil? The Azores Mexico Portugal Haiti
The Azores
How did some Puritans deal with the uncertainty of divine election? They created elaborate, ceremonial worship. They attempted to convert Indians and therefore win favor with God. They developed an elaborate hierarchy headed by bishops. They placed an emphasis on the conversion experience.
They placed an emphasis on the conversion experience.: The notion of predestination, in which God has already chosen a few men and women for salvation, burdened Puritans with a great sense of anxiety. Worried that God had not placed them among these "elect," they hoped for a conversion experience in which they would receive God's grace and be "born again."
New Netherland was similar to New France because both were composed of people largely from one nation. based on the trade of animal pelts for fur. ruled as a royal colony from their respective European capitals. in partnership with all the Indian tribes around them.
based on the trade of animal pelts for fur.
Why did the Pilgrims face little opposition from the local Wampanoag Indians when they arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620? A smallpox epidemic had killed most of the local Wampanoags two years before. The Pilgrims happened to arrive at the Wampanoags' annual Thanksgiving ceremony. The Wampanoags were fighting a vicious war against the Narragansetts at the time. The Wampanoags were in awe of the English settlers' mastery of horses and steel weapons.
A smallpox epidemic had killed most of the local Wampanoags two years before.
New France succeeded as a colonial experiment in what role? As a fur-trading center As a farming settlement As a cluster of prosperous cities As a missionary project
As a fur-trading center
How did the Spanish colonizers manage to tap the enormous wealth of Mesoamerica and the Andes? By recruiting skilled laborers from all over Europe By using the rulers of the Aztec, Mayan, and Inca Empires as royal governors By capitalizing on preexisting systems of tribute and labor discipline By embracing local religions and exploiting the credulity of natives
By capitalizing on preexisting systems of tribute and labor discipline
Why did Charles I grant the colony of Maryland to Cecilius Calvert in 1632? The king feared that the Chesapeake Bay might otherwise fall to the French. Charles I was hoping that Cecilius Calvert would entice fellow Dutchmen to settle there. Charles I had sympathies for Catholics who were persecuted in England. Charles I was paying back a debt he owed Calvert for his support in the English civil war.
Charles I had sympathies for Catholics who were persecuted in England.: King Charles I was secretly sympathetic toward Catholicism, so he granted lands bordering the vast Chesapeake Bay to Catholic aristocrat Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore, who made Maryland the refuge for Catholics because they were being persecuted in England.
Which statement characterizes the social structure of the Chesapeake colonies? Few women settlers A relatively long life expectancy An equal ratio of men and women A strong sense of community
Few women settlers: Few women settled in the Chesapeake colony, which resulted in a scarcity of families there. Marriages there were often disrupted by early death from disease—the malaria that flourished in the mild Chesapeake climate—to which all, but especially pregnant women, were vulnerable. Despite the economic boom there, life in the Chesapeake colonies remained harsh, brutish, and short.
Why did few Europeans migrate to New France throughout the seventeenth century? Land was poor for farming. French policies discouraged migration. Indentured servants labored under very harsh terms. The colony lacked royal colony status.
French policies discouraged migration.: More intent on expanding France's boundaries in Europe than encouraging colonial growth, Louis XIV drafted tens of thousands of men into military service; he also banned Huguenots from migrating to New France.
Why did Philip II send the Spanish Armada against England in 1588? With his country in serious economic decline, he hoped to gain wealth in a war against mighty England. He wanted to avenge the English military campaign against Catholic Ireland. He demanded the return of gold that Sir Francis Drake had stolen in 1580. He wanted to restore Catholicism in England.
He wanted to restore Catholicism in England.
Why did the English mariner Henry Hudson in 1609 travel up the river that now bears his name? He was hoping to establish a colonial alternative to the Puritan settlements of New England. He was looking for a colony far away from the Dutch settlements in New York. He was looking for a navigable route to Asia. He was looking for new fur-trading opportunities with Native Americans.
He was looking for a navigable route to Asia.
In what way did the Caribbean plantations mirror those in Brazil starting in the middle of the seventeenth century? They were overseen by the Portuguese. The plantation masters were largely Catholic. Tobacco was grown by Indians. Sugar was grown by Africans.
Sugar was grown by Africans.
Which of the following describes how indentured servitude differed from slavery? Indentured servants had term limits; slaves were enslaved indefinitely. Indentured servants were often Indians; slaves were often Africans. Indentured servants were often male; slaves were often female. Indentured servants were often Africans; slaves were often Indians.
Indentured servants had term limits; slaves were enslaved indefinitely.
Why was the Columbian Exchange so important? It devastated the Native populations of the Americas. It signaled the beginnings of the transatlantic slave trade. It resulted in the assimilation of European culture by Native American peoples. It led England to become the dominant nation in Europe.
It devastated the Native populations of the Americas.
What was an important result of the Columbian Exchange? It led France to become the dominant nation in Europe. It spread horses from the New World to Europe. It eventually caused the population of China to triple. It signaled the beginnings of slavery.
It eventually caused the population of China to triple.: Foods of the Western Hemisphere significantly increased agricultural yields and population growth in other continents. Maize and potatoes, for example, reached China around 1700; in the following century, the Chinese population tripled from 100 million to 300 million.
What was one consequence of the slump in tobacco prices in the 1660s? It damaged the planter-merchant elite and allowed yeoman farmers to increase their political power. It slowed the growth of African slavery. It brought William Berkeley into office as governor. It forced many former indentured servants to sign new indentures.
It forced many former indentured servants to sign new indentures.: The decline in tobacco prices from 24 pence a pound in the 1620s to one penny a pound in the 1670s prevented many freed indentured servants from gaining their own land, forcing them into additional years of indentured servitude. Prices dropped largely because of overproduction and English colonial policies that planters sell only to English merchants.
Which reason at least partially explains the failure of the Virginia Company in the Americas? Attacks from nearby Spanish settlements Tension between Natives and Europeans The Catholic Church's influence Failure to find a profitable cash crop
Tension between Natives and Europeans
Why did the French decide to fight a war against the Iroquois? The Iroquois refused to convert to Christianity. The Iroquois had attacked French trading posts in New York. Many Iroquois raids came at the expense of French-allied Algonquian Indians. The Iroquois refused to trade with them, preferring trade with the Dutch instead.
Many Iroquois raids came at the expense of French-allied Algonquian Indians.: The Iroquois waged a series of devastating wars against the Hurons (1649), Neutrals (1651), Eries (1657), and Susquehannocks (1660)—all Iroquoian-speaking peoples. They razed villages, killing many residents and taking many more captive. Many victims were also Algonquian Indians, who were allied with the French. In the 1660s, New France committed to all-out war against the Iroquois.
Which Indians did the Puritans decimate in a war between 1636 and 1638, ultimately opening their lands up to settlement? Iroquois Aztecs Pequots Mohegans
Peqots
Which New Amsterdam governor rejected the demands of settlers for a representative system of government, alienating the colony's diverse population? Samuel de Champlain Peter Stuyvesant Robert de La Salle Sir Humphrey Gilbert
Peter Stuyvesant: Stuyvesant ruled in an authoritarian fashion and rejected the notion of a representative government, which alienated New Amsterdam's diverse colonial population. As a result, the population showed little loyalty to New Netherland when England invaded the colony in 1664 and readily embraced the transformation of New Amsterdam into New York.
What happened after Bacon's Rebellion? English settlement on Indian lands was greatly restricted to prevent future conflict. Planters turned away from African slavery and instead used greater numbers of indentured servants. Planters shifted away from using indentured servitude and toward using African slaves. There was more equality between the landed planters and yeomen.
Planters shifted away from using indentured servitude and toward using African slaves.
Why did the Portuguese establish sugar mills on each plantation they established in Brazil? The Brazilians had the skill to process sugar, not the Europeans. Sugarcane is too heavy and perishable to transport long distances. Customs duties in Europe were lower for refined sugar than for raw sugarcane. Plantation owners wanted to reap the value-added that came from processing the sugar.
Sugarcane is too heavy and perishable to transport long distances.: Each large plantation had its own milling operation because sugarcane is extremely heavy and rots quickly. It must be processed on site, which made sugar plantations look like Industrial Revolution-era factories. By 1590, more than a thousand sugar mills had been established in Pernambuco and Bahia.
Which explorer in the employ of France first traveled down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico in 1681? Samuel de Champlain Robert de La Salle Jacques Cartier Jacques Marquette
Robert de La Salle
What did the Chinese export to Spain in return for Spanish silver? Silks Steel and wood Cotton and woolen clothing Furs and leather goods
Silks
Why did the Portuguese not draw on local populations for the labor needed on Brazilian plantations? Local Indian tribes demanded wages that were too high. Portuguese planters feared the hostility of local Indian tribes. Smallpox and other diseases had ravaged the local Indian populations. Indians were too small and weak to cut sugarcane.
Smallpox and other diseases had ravaged the local Indian populations.: Initially, Portuguese planters hoped that Brazil's indigenous peoples would supply the labor required to operate their sugar plantations. But, beginning with a wave of smallpox in 1559, unfamiliar diseases soon ravaged the coastal Indian population.
Why had the Dutch and Flemish provinces of the Spanish Netherlands grown so prosperous by the middle of the sixteenth century? Dutch mercenaries were paid well in the Spanish army and Armada. Cash crops from the New Netherland colonies created many "tobacco kings." The Dutch and Flemish had specialized in textile manufacturing and trade with the Portuguese. They allied themselves with the English, who were wealthy.
The Dutch and Flemish had specialized in textile manufacturing and trade with the Portuguese.
Why was it difficult for the Spanish to protect their transatlantic shipping routes? The English controlled the Canary Islands. Philip II lacked the desire to take on the Protestant states of Europe. The Spanish government lacked funds to arm and equip its navy. The Lesser Antilles provided safe haven for their enemies' pirates.
The Lesser Antilles provided safe haven for their enemies' pirates.: The small eastern Caribbean islands sheltered many pirates from the Protestant states of Europe, especially England.
In what way were Virginia and Maryland very much alike? They were both founded at the same time. They both focused on the cultivation of tobacco as a cash crop. They both had autonomous representative assemblies. They both embraced Catholicism as their official religion.
They both focused on the cultivation of tobacco as a cash crop.: Both Maryland and Virginia quickly focused on the cultivation of tobacco as their main crop, and it was this similarity, rather than any religious difference, that ultimately made the two colonies very much alike in their economic and social systems.
Why did Maryland settlers challenge Lord Baltimore in the 1630s and 1640s? Lord Baltimore tried to prohibit the cultivation of tobacco, which he considered unhealthy. Settlers resisted mandatory militia service against Indians. The settlers insisted on the right to a representative assembly. They insisted on the exclusion of Protestants.
The settlers insisted on the right to a representative assembly. The growing number of settlers in Maryland disputed the powers of Lord Baltimore and elected a representative assembly, insisting that it was their right to initiate legislation. Grudgingly, proprietor Lord Baltimore granted this right.
On what grounds did the Massachusetts Bay leaders defend colonists' seizure of Indian lands? Freed indentured servants had bought Indian lands, and the colonial elite feared their anger. They saw their own population growth and the demise of Indian communities as a signal of divine favor. They claimed to have bought the land from the various Native American chiefs. Citing the Bible, they argued that the Indians had laid waste to their land.
They saw their own population growth and the demise of Indian communities as a signal of divine favor.: Initially, New England colonists pondered the morality of acquiring Native American lands. But John Winthrop detected God's hand in events like a smallpox epidemic that destroyed Native populations: "If God were not pleased with our inheriting these parts," he asked, "why doth he still make roome for us by diminishing them as we increase?" Experiences like the Pequot War confirmed New Englanders' confidence in their enterprise.
Why did the first migrants to Virginia settle in the pattern visible on the map? They spread out to minimize the risk of total annihilation at the hands of local Indians. They settled closely together to defend against Natives and the elements. They settled along the James River in order to ship their tobacco more easily. They settled inland to avoid detection by marauding Spanish galleons on the Atlantic.
They settled along the James River in order to ship their tobacco more easily.
When John Winthrop spoke of the Puritans founding a "City upon a Hill," what did he mean? They should seek high ground as the most secure location for settlements. They should live concentrated in towns rather than in scattered settlements. Their religious devotion would cause God to raise their city above all others. They should be an example to England.
They should be an example to England.: Winthrop and other Puritans traveled to America, in part, to provide an example of a just Christian society that would inspire religious change in England.
Why did Puritans favor local control of government? Local governments ensured a greater level of social control. They wanted to avoid oppressive taxes levied by a distant government. They wanted to place the Church at the center of society. Local government allowed natural hierarchies to control government.
They wanted to avoid oppressive taxes levied by a distant government.: Wanting to avoid the oppressive taxes of a distant government, Puritans placed town meetings in control of taxation and other governmental functions.
Why did the Virginia Company of London dispatch only a group of men to Virginia in 1607? The first dispatch consisted entirely of male indentured servants who were supposed to build a pioneer farm. At this time in English history, it was hard to find farming families willing to emigrate. They were interested only in quick profits through trade with the Native population. At this time, women were considered too refined for such an undertaking.
They were interested only in quick profits through trade with the Native population.: For the Virginia Company, trade with the Native population was the primary goal, which is why it dispatched only a group of male traders rather than including women, farmers, or ministers. It was the colonists' job to procure their own food and to return with gold, exotic crops, or Indian goods.
Which statement characterizes Dutch ambitions in the Americas in the seventeenth century? They were hoping to convert Native tribes to the Dutch Reformed Church. They were trying to locate new gold resources to replenish their dwindling currency. They were looking for little more than trading opportunities. They were looking to find new fertile lands for settlement.
They were looking for little more than trading opportunities. The Dutch Republic was too small to support much immigration; its migrants sought riches from Southeast Asia to North America through trade routes.
What was the primary motivation that led to the settlement of colonies by England, France, and Holland in the West Indies? To spread Protestantism To provide an outlet for population surplus To compete with Spain To profit from the Atlantic slave trade
To compete with Spain: English, French, and Dutch sailors began looking for a permanent toehold in the Caribbean, where Spain was well established.
What was one major difference between the royal colony of Virginia and the proprietary colony of Maryland? Virginia had an elected assembly, the House of Burgesses, while Maryland did not. Virginia permitted chattel slavery, while Maryland did not. Virginia's economy relied on tobacco, while Maryland grew a variety of crops. Virginia had an official church, while Maryland did not.
Virginia had an official church, while Maryland did not.: Virginia supported the Church of England with a tax on all property holders, while Maryland, founded as a refuge from persecution for English Catholics, enacted legislation that granted freedom of religion to all Christians in order to prevent conflict between Protestants and Catholics.
Francis Drake is most well known as an ardently anti-Protestant king of Spain in the late 1500s. the sailor who explored North America for the Dutch in 1609. the founder of the French colony of Quebec in 1608. an English pirate of the late 1500s.
an English pirate of the late 1500s.
The island at the center of the image is Roanoke Island. This island is important in the context of European settlement in the Americas because it was the initial permanent English settlement in the Americas. largest French pirate base. first Spanish attempt to colonize North America. inaugural attempt at English settlement in the Americas.
inaugural attempt at English settlement in the Americas.: Roanoke Island was the first attempt at English settlement in the Americas. Nonetheless, it failed, with the fate of the 117 settlers unknown to history.
The English colony of Virginia was run between 1607 and 1624 as a joint-stock corporation. proprietary colony. royal colony. large plantation.
joint-stock corporation.
The Catholic Church in Spanish America lost adherents to the Protestant Reformation. only existed briefly, supplanted by Native faiths. was transformed by Indian practices and ideas. remained unaltered from its presence in Europe.
was transformed by Indian practices and ideas.: Catholic parishes took their form from Indian communities; indigenous ideas and expectations reshaped Church practices; and new forms of Native American Christianity emerged.