HIST 222 Exam 1
Great Awakening
A "back to the bible" Called for a closer relationship with God Not a good time for sports and games
America's Cup
A cup that would be raced between American and foreign yachts
Rational recreation
Activities that seemed important like reading, playing music, or exercise. Only sports that were seemed as "noncompetitive" were allowed Victorians believed it would strengthen their minds and bodies Victorians saw athletics as a way to toughen up boys Football was a way to let out aggressiveness Keep them out of trouble Sports could foster good values like personal responsibility, reliability, and character
Book of Sports
Also known as the declaration of sports James issued it No work or recreation on any kind of Sundays Blood sports weren't allowed like bull and bear baiting The question remained who the "meaner sort of people" were No offensive weapons would be carried or used Charles I ordered that the book be read from every pulpit in the country One minister said the people have heard the word of God
Kranks
Another name for fans Anything you can do to win is getting more into the game
games
As the number of teams grew, so did the number of _______________
single
Back then a ground rule double was a ______________
Sabbatarian Laws
Banned recreation of virtually any kind, proscribed activities that were deemed acceptable like sexual intercourse, etc. The laws provided more severe penalties Went as far as advocating the death penalty for Sabbath-breakers
Prizes for target shooting winners
Beef Quart of whiskey Or other alcohol
America's National Game
Book about the history of baseball Published in 1911 Written by Chadwick and Spalding Most of it is Chadwick's writing, but it has Spalding's stamp all over it
North America
Britain branched their ideas off to ______________________
Henry Chadwick
British immigrant who wrote an article in 1903 linking baseball not only to rounders but also to cricket. Spalding later published an article disputing this claim
Royal Sports
British kings and queens participated in these types of games Joust was the most popular Tennis was also created later on
American League
Cincinnati didn't want to follow the rules so they made the __________________________ They sold beer at games $0.25 per game ticket They encouraged NL players to come over and they did
Pedestrian Racing
Contestants were known as "peds" They would try to cover as many miles as they can in a set time
New York Clipper
Covered all sports and entertainment Followed all the emerging New York clubs It was the ________________ and other publications that referred baseball as the "national game"
Knickerbocker Base Ball Club
Created by Alexander Cartwright and his friends They played baseball informally and for fun, but they wanted to make it more official than just "meeting up" They seemed more interested in socializing than perfecting the craft of the game It was more important to be a gentlemen than to be a good player Most of these workers weren't appreciated for their original craft so they were looking for a place where they could be Only 40 members in the club at one time One way to lose membership was to join another club or to be blackballed There were ballots if people disliked a member Played in what is often billed as the first ever organized game (lost 23-1 in four innings)
The New York athletic club (1870)
Devoted to sports Multi-million dollar clubhouse By the mid-1880's they break off and create their own committee They overtake the NAAA Still exists today
Assembly Line System
Each worker would fashion only a small part of the finished product, thereby lessening the price in one's work
Cincinnati Red Stockings
First announced all-paid team Went 57-0-1 in their first season Led by Harry Wright
Revolutionary War
First ever recorded game of baseball may have taken place during the ______________________________
William Cammeyer
First one who charged for the use of his baseball fields Charged people to watch games People say it's the birth of the professional game
Positive sports ideology
Good, clean sports could serve as an alternative to those undesirable elements of the city and serve to promote morality, build character, enhance public health, and serve as a substitute for the lost world of small town America and its values.
National League
Had to have the okay from other teams to get it in the league No games on Sunday No alcohol at games $0.50 per game ticket If you don't follow the rules, then you get out
American children
If baseball was going to evolve from any children's game, Spalding believed, it would be a game played by ____________________.
James Gordon Bennett
Invented the New York Herald Newspaper Introduced polo and tennis Didn't play by the rules Later moved to Europe
Abner Doubleday
Invented the game of "base ball" in Cooperstown, New York in 1839 Came up with the position names, rules, regulations for the playing field, and for the first time got them all down on paper Hailed as the "father" of the American pastime for most of the 20th century Military hero Led the defense of Fort Sumter in the opening days of the Civil War and also distinguished himself at Gettysburg
knothole games
Kids would look through knotholes to watch games
Cricket Clubs
Mainly British Surpasses baseball 10 or 12 clubs in New York during the 1800's 25,000 people would show up Disappeared by the 20th century Replaced by baseball later on
Rounders
Many believed that the game evolved from the British game of _______________
Town ball
Many examples and variations played throughout the colonial period and during the Revolution It is unclear if the game was taken place in the new or old world Another variation of the game was known as stool ball It was originally played by milkmaids after their job was done and to pass the time while they were waiting for the men to return from the fields Believed it was more a forerunner for cricket than baseball Very popular with Dutch settlers in early New York
The discipline committee
Monetary fines were most popular Amounts were different per offense committed First ever baseball fine was given to Knickerbocker J. W. Davis In 1899, baseball players could say whatever they wanted on the fields
Black Communities
Not a lot of history prior to the Civil War New Orleans Thriving black sports community Big sports was raquett After the civil war, African Americans started to play more baseball Boxing and baseball was the most popular Lacrosse was made by Native Americans
how they run the bases
Only difference between baseball and rounders is _____________________________
American invention
Opening chapter of America's National Game is basically saying that baseball is an _______________________________, but he does compare cricket and baseball with each other
throw a ball at someone
Others at the time, you can _______________________ to get them out Not knickerbockers
Negative parts to urbanization
Overcrowding Crime Disease
Big rules changed
Overhand pitching Have to catch a ball on the fly Had regular umpires that would call every pitch Couldn't wait to get the pitch you wanted 1885 - everybody had to wear a glove Pitching mound was 45ft. but they moved it back to 60ft. And 60in. 9 innings, not 21 aces They developed a pitching rotation so people wouldn't destroy their arms People consider it modern baseball
Gambling
Pay players off Very rampant by the 1860's Players began to get paid, but could make more money off _________________ Big part of the game Victorians hated it Baseball was the first sport to pay players
New Rich
People who became wealthy with the new economy in the United States They wanted to separate themselves by yachting, horse racing
clean up its act
Racing was making a major comeback in society because to the industry making attempts to "__________________________."
May Day
Represented fertility of the soil and of the youth Most popular of the British Festive Culture It would happen on the midnight on May 1st and kids would go into the woods and cut down trees that would be erected in the town. Puritans tried to stop this ritual because of "loose rituals"
Bleachers
Seats getting bleached by the sun
No-nothings
Secret group Anti-catholic and anti-immigrant
Second Great Awakening
Seemed to last longer Spanning much of the first half of the century (1800-1860) Seemed to have more depth and stridency The Puritans were considered a "moderate" denomination Evangelicals believed all gambling and drinking to be "utterly sinful" Not a good time for sports Dr. John Jeffries linked a healthy body with a healthy mind and believed them to be inseparable
Abraham Mills
Served as master of ceremonies before a star-studded crowd that included Theodore Roosevelt and Mark Twain.
Caledonian Clubs
Set up early 19th century Sporting club Play different sports in Scotland Known for track and field They had a big effect on students and schools They disappeared later on, but their influence stuck around and made track & field big
Walking city
Settled areas that were no more than two miles from the center of town Lead to larger populations Which encouraged profit-minded entrepreneurs to establish sports businesses to cater to sportsmen
Nicholas Young
Soldier who later turned out to be the president of the National League later in the century
Type of Law Enforcement
South and backcountry- ignored New England- enforced with vigor Massachusetts- prosecuted the highest number of prosecutors Pennsylvania- ^ and they tended to concentrate more on policing the taverns
barn ball
Spalding mentioned that "_________________" started it all
Horseracing
Sport made a major comeback in the early republic after being banned during the Revolution Started to emerge in the 1820's (1823) 75,000 people packed around the the mile-long track Newspaper advertising was the main reason of the great turnout of the race The papers dubbed it the "Race of the Century"
Albert G. Spalding
Sporting goods magnate and former star pitcher for the Chicago White Stockings He wanted to prove that baseball was truly an American sport In 1888 he had sponsored an around-the-world tour promoting baseball as well as Spalding sporting goods
hotels and saloons
Taverns were later replaced by ________________________
Cincinnati
Team that didn't follow the rules of the NL
National Association of Base Ball Players
The 1858 convention created the _________________________________________ First organization of its kind that bound the players together
trailblazers
The Knickerbockers were the ___________________ when it came to the baseball fraternity
national pastime
The New York Mercury called baseball the "___________________________"
war
The __________ could be credited for spreading the game and indeed making it more of a national game
Civil War
The __________________ restored the American Union but also made baseball the national pastime
British culture
The ______________________ is a sporting culture dating back to the Middle Ages and before Monarchs would come and go Ant-sports proclamations would constantly be made Yet the people continued to play their games
upper class
The ________________________ have always been involved in sports Billiards, fox hunting, etc.
Massachusetts game
The biggest competitor to the New York game was the ___________________________ There were differences in their game though That game died in the early 1860's
North / South
The growing rift between the ____________ and the ______________ played a key role in the popularity of horseracing $20,000 was put up as stakes by both sides $250,000 was wagered on the race
Pennsylvania
The only colony that contemplated outlawing the tavern altogether was _________________________
old baseball fraternity
The war hurt the ____________________________ It was becoming more a competitive game postwar People were starting to get paid to play a boys game
Brooklyn Clubs / New York Clubs
There was a challenge by the _______________________ to the _______________________- 1,500 spectators This is believed to be the first time anyone was charged to watch a baseball game (50 cents a ticket)
stronger stadiums
They built _____________________ with steel, metal, etc.
Victorian counterculture
They kept on with their traditional ways and put a much higher value on their leisure time than their work time Made up of most of the working class
strangers
They would ask __________________ if they didn't have enough people to play
professional gamblers
Turf enthusiasts later banned ______________________________ from attending races
drinking / gambling
Victorians worried about ________________ and __________________ the most
Leonard W. Jerome
Wall Street investor Made his fortune selling short in the country's second major economic panic in 1857 A flamboyant playboy who liked to throw some of New York's most lavish parties (theater, opera, etc.) and engage in love affairs Known as New York's "pavernu", who decided to revive the struggling race industry
Turners
Wanted to combine education and gymnastics Tended to be socialistic, idealistic Succeed in bringing gymnastics to the United States
Arminianism
Was a change from absolute predestination Preached universal redemption and a savior that died for all mankind, not just the elect
Enlightenment
Was an embrace of science and reason and a departure from religion and superstition Was good for sports and other entertainment
Tennis
Was believed to be imported to Britain from France after it gained popularity with the French royal family during the Middle Ages Known for a time as royal tennis
The Great Race
Was hosted 12 years earlier before the Race of the Century Henry Stannard was the only contestant to finish under an hour (59:48) The race kicked off a movement that became known as pedestrianism Pedestrian racing would be popular up to and following the Civil War
Players League
Wasn't geared toward lower classes Good players did go to their league Dissolved very shortly after their creation
John Cox Stevens
Wealthy heir to a steamboat fortune who wagered a small fortune on Eclipse He won enough from the races that he bought both horses By the 1820's, he was widely known as the premier horseman of the North Started the New York Yacht Club because he was a fan of boats Could be credited with the creation of human racing Was the premier Antebellum sports promoter in the country
Country clubs
Were originally cricket clubs Once cricket died, they brought in tennis and golf A lot of cities started to put in country clubs 1890's- a depression sets in They start to fade
Tavern
Where men went to seek shelter, company, most of all drinks Centered around alcohol In Puritan New England, alcohol was accepted as common practice
Victorians
_________________ couldn't accept baseball Too violent Money involved Gambling Salaries Others accepted it though Popular with the public Going into the new century, the future of baseball was unsure
Telegraph
__________________ changed communication in its day It would revolutionize how the outcomes of sporting events could be recorded
42 paces (90 ft.)
___________________ between bases
Robert Carey
___________________ carried a very important message across the English countryside. ___________________ traveled 400 miles in less than 60 hours People say it's it the fastest for that distance traveled with that mode of transportation.
British sports
___________________ wouldn't die When a large group of citizens wants to do something, especially with games, they'll do it, regardless of laws passed against it.
Football
____________________ was the most popular violent game throughout the British countryside It was primarily known as a Shrove Tuesday tradition VERY violent Broken legs, etc. (maybe even death)
Steamboat racing
______________________ was a very common and dangerous practice By the middle of the century, the train was replacing the steamer as the primary means of transportation through Antebellum America
Andrew Jackson
_________________________ was called the most roaring, rollicking, game-cocking, horse-racing, card-playing, mischievous fellow, that ever lived in Salisbury (NC).
Old cat games
_________________________ were played by children well into the 20th century and beyond when there were not enough participants to play a full game of baseball
Henry Chadwick
_______________________________ started a campaign to change the rules of the game Wanted the game to be more scientific and manly Not surprising He believed in the importance of science and the importance of statistical research Wanted to introduce stats into the game Recorded the first published box score Created a one letter scoring system (ex: f for "fly")
Middle Class Victorianism
belief that there was a commonality between the middle classes of the rapidly industrializing Western world
Lawful recreation or sport
games that refreshed the mind, body, and spirit were allowed It could have no association with the British festive culture Had to refresh the participants so they could perform their worldly duties
Shooting the tin cup
literally shooting the cup off the target's head at thirty paces
Shrovetide
monday and tuesday before ash wednesday Starts the season of Lent and final two days of Carnival
Festive Culture
people would play games in large groups in celebration of religious or pagan holidays or simply celebrating everyday life.
Muscular Christianity
stressed a balance of physical and spiritual exercise
Oliver Cromwell
wanted to bring back the power of parliament, lessen the power of the king, and reform the Church of England.
Toli
was called stickball and people say it was an earlier version of lacrosse Extremely physical and dangerous / caused serious injuries Number of players would range on a team (few dozen to a few hundred) Very popular with the original tribes from the American Southeast Game was later diffused to Mexico and the Southwest was very popular with native peoples by the turn of the 18th century Matches were often scheduled by chiefs of villages They would schedule when tensions would rise between two towns Explains why the players took the games so seriously The fights could spark wars Intertribal wars in the 18th and 19th century were sparked
