HIST 222 Key Terms - Exam 1

Southern Colonies

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

Backcountry

considered the frontier to the west of the original colonies settled primarily by Scots-Irish from the borderlands of Britain.

College Crew

first big sport. Harvard and Yale

King Jame's "Book of Sports"

1618 declaration of what sports were and were not allowed to be played on the Sabbath. The declaration came in response to the growing influence of Puritans.

Quarter Horse

A new breed of horse in the colonies that was much smaller than the British thoroughbreds with larger hindquarters bred to race shorter distances of a quarter mile or less

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Primogeniture

British cultural tradition of the firstborn son inheriting the family fortune

George Whitefield

Charismatic English preacher who started in the Anglican Church but eventually came to the colonies and led the Great Awakening. Those who followed him became known as the "New Lights"

King Kelly

Colorful player who started his career in Chicago but was famously sold to Boston for $10,000 in 1887

William Cammeyer

First to charge admission for baseball games. --Enclose his baseball field in Brooklyn, 1862, with a fence and charged admission, in 1876 he was president of Brooklyn mutuals who voted to make the league a charter member and set a fixed rate of 50cents/game

Henry Chadwick

Former British cricket player who embraced the game of baseball and became a sportswriter for the New York Clipper writing about the game. He was credited with inventing the batting average and box score and eventually became known as "Father Baseball"

Britain's "Festive Culture"

Games played in conjunction with the gathering of large groups of people in British society celebrating religious or pagan holidays or simply celebrating life.

New England Colonies

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire

Beer and Whiskey League

Officially called the American Association, it was the early rival to the National League. It received its nickname by serving alcohol at its games (something the National League did not do)

Cap Anson

One of the earliest superstar players of baseball. He played first base for the White Sox for 22 seasons finishing with a career average of .333 and 3,418 hits

Public Schools Athletic League (PSAL)

Organized in New York City by Luther Gulik in the early 20th century to put on competitions between schools and also to keep youth especially immigrant you out of trouble after school

British Collegiate Athletics

Oxford and Cambridge were the main powerhouses. rowed on the Thames river

Benjamin Franklin

Philadelphia printer, scientist, and inventor. In his publication "Poor Richard's Almanac" he brought much of the Enlightenment thought to the colonies.

Leonard Jerome

Stevens' successor, rejuvenated horse racing for its "golden era"

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Kolven

a game introduced to the New York colony by the Dutch. It most closely resembles the modern game of golf

Pedestrianism

a phenomenon of human foot racing that was popular throughout America before and after the Civil War

Ganderpulling

a popular blood sport in the Southern colonies usually staged on the Monday following Easter in which a goose was hung by its feet from a rope tied between two trees. The bird's neck was greased and the participants attempted to pull its head off from horseback

Joust

a popular competition among the royals and the tilt-yard was where it took place

Landed Gentry

a relatively small group of landowners in Virginia who owned most of the land and became the cultural elite of the colony

Great Awakening

a revivalist (back to the Bible) movement that began in the 1730s that emphasized a closer relationship with God.

Lawful Recreation or Sport

activities allowed by the Puritan society that were designed to refresh the mind and body of the participant while being completely disassociated from Britain's Festive Culture

Needful Recreation

activities deemed to be appropriate in Pennsylvania. Similar to Puritan lawful sport, and was allowed if it benefitted the individual through exercise or providing food

Technology and Media

advancements in being able to travel to sporting events and knowing when the events were led to more crowded events

Continental Congress' Proclomation

advisement to the colonies to "discourage every Species of Extravagance and Dissipation, especially all horse racing, and all kinds of Gaming, Cock Fighting, Exhibition of Shows, Plays, and other expensive Diversions and Entertainments"

Reverse Clause

allowed clubs to reverse rights of the players for their careers. It left players with very little power when negotiating contracts and controlling their futures.

Tennis

also a popular royal sport imported to Britain from France during the middle ages

Playground movement

also designed to keep children out of trouble it began in Chicago in 1903 and was responsible for the jump of cities with supervised playgrounds from 41 to 504 in a little more than a decade

batting average

also devised by Chadwick to compare the batting success of various players not only in one's own time but throughout history. This is reached by dividing a player's hit by the number of times his at-bats

One-Old Cat

an incarnation of baseball after barn ball that replaced the barn with a base. Could be played with just two players.

May Day

annual rite of spring for British society and rite of passage for British youth. The most popular holiday of the British Festive Culture.

"Separate Spheres"

as part of the Victorian middle class, there was a separation of sexes. The public sphere (business, politics) was the domain of men and the private sector (the home, family) was the domain of women. Rarely did the two mix

Mills Commission

assigned to prove the origins of baseball.

America's Cup

award named for John Cox Stevens' yacht (the Americana) that was first awarded to the New York Yacht Club and eventually it would be the prize awarded to the winner of an international competition between America and foreign competitors

Alexander Cartwright

bank clerk and volunteer firefighter who helped form the Knickerbocker baseball club and devised the game's first rules

First Rules

baseball's original codes on how to win and how the games is played.

George Wahingtion

commander of Continental Army, claimed he abhorred gambling, but participated himself. Banned card, dice and any gambling game during the war, but many people still participated.

"Race of the Century"

considered by many the first major sporting event that received national attention and promotion in newspapers - it pitted a northern horse, Eclipse, vs southern horse, Sir Henry, in a sectional battle at Union race track on Long Island

Royal Sports

deemed acceptable by the monarchy, and the Book of Sports (ex. tennis, joust,

Foolstide

derisive term used for Christmas by the Puritans

National League of Professional Baseball Clubs

eight teams made up the original league and made sure none of the teams involved were owned by the players. Cities in the league would have to have populations of at least 75,000 and have the approval of existing clubs to join

Brotherhood of Professional Baseball Players

first ever sports labor union formed by John Montgomery Ward designed to protect the rights of players

James G. Bennett

first generation Scottish immigrant who inherited the New York Herald newspaper.

"Walking City"

first of three stages of development of the urban areas in which the edge of town was no more than two miles from the center of the city.

Cincinnati Red Stockings

first recognized all-salary team in baseball. In their inaugural season of 1869, they won 57 games while losing none and tying one

National Association of Baseball Players

formed just before the Civil War in 1858. It was the first organization that bounded players and codified rules that would be played by all

Harry Wright

former cricket player who switched to baseball and was one of the best of the early players. He was the player-manager of the Cincinnati Red Stockings.

Albert Goodwill Spalding

former star pitcher for the Chicago White Stockings who would go on to become a sporting goods magnate. He wanted to prove baseball was a uniquely American sport.

Toli

game of stickball played by Native Americans most closely resembling lacrosse.

Shinny

game played by Native Americans that resembled baseball

Sporting Spectacles

games set up by fraternities to showcase their sports and their best competitors. Victorians were against them because of the competitiveness, gambling and money paid to the participants were against their basic beliefs.

John Cox Stevens

heir to a steamboat fortune, he used his wealth to stage and promote sporting events (particularly racing) involving horses, yachts and people

First Intercollegiate sporting event

in US racing between Yale and Harvard in UK Oxford and Cambridge rowing

Horse Racing

in the 1790s this sport elevated beyond the popularity it had before it was banned during the Revolution. It was a major urban spectator sport.

Moses Fleetwood Walker

known as the last black player to compete in the major leagues before the color barrier set in the late 1880s.

Sabbatarian Laws

laws passed in the colonies to restrict recreation on the Sabbath

Oliver Cromwell

leader of the Parliamentary forces during the British Civil War. Was the titular ruler of Great Britain after the Civil War when there was no monarch

Industrialization

led to urbanization in the United States. Factories moved to cities

Counterculture of Oppositional

made up mainly of working-class men from the new industrial economy of the 19th century who were no longer taking pride in their work. Immigrants also made up a large part of this group along with members of the upper class. They were rebelling against the restraint of the Victorian middle class in many ways including competitive sports.

Enlightenment

movement away from religion and superstition and an embrace of science and reason.

Middle Class Victorianism

named for the longest serving monarch in British history, a time period in which there was a belief that there was commonality between the middle class of the western industrialized world. The common themes include evangelical Protestantism, self restraint, and hard work.

Town Ball

once three more bases were added to One-Old Cat it was called Four Old Cat and eventually this, it most closely resembled the modern game of baseball and the name derived from town fielding teams to play

Pageant of Misrule

one of the most interesting games. The "lord," a young bachelor would mock older men, married men, and even the monarch.

YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association)

one place the Strenuous Life could be practiced was here. When it was founded in England in 1851, it focused more on the Christian part of its name but by the end of the 19th century it had become synonymous with exercise and sports.

American College Baseball Association

organization formed by American colleges to govern the rules and eligibility of players

Gentlemen's Agreement

owners agreed (though never in writing) to not allow African Americans on their teams

Urbanization

people moving to cities because of Industriaization

Abner Doubleday Myth

person who supposedly invented the game of baseball. This was the person the Americans wanted to have invented the game because they did not want any connection to British games.

Strenuous Life

phrase coined by Theodore Roosevelt who believed the absence of a recent war had led to a feminization of the late 19th century male. It was designed to toughen men up through vigorous exercise and sports.

Tavern

place where men gathered to seek shelter, enjoy each other's company, and drink. One could be found in every region of the colonies

Rough and tumble

popular violent sports with no rules in the backcountry usually contested when there was a real or perceived slight to one's manhood. The ultimate goal of the sport was to gauge out the eyes of your opponent

Elysian Fields

portion of John Cox Stevens' property in Hoboken, New Jersey, that was donated for use as cricket fields and the New York Yacht Club

William Hulbert

president of the Chicago White Stockings who formed the National League in 1876

Knickerbocker Baseball Club

recognized by many as the earliest organized baseball club. The club was reserved for gentlemen and was more interested in the social aspect of the club than the competitiveness of the games. They played the first organized games in Hoboken, NJ, at the Elysian Fields in 1845

Second Great Awakening

religious revival movement of the 18th century that was more widespread and longer - lasting than the movement of the previous century

Muscular Christianity

second half of the 19th century movement that stressed a balance of physical and spiritual exercise. Writer Thomas Wentworth Higgenson was a leading proponent of the movement

Track and Field

started in Britain. Races run and once started, it was a popular sport

Intercollegiate Association of Amatuer Athletics of America (IC4A)

stepped in to oversee the running of track and field events for American colleges

Sporting Fraternities

subculture created by the counterculture for those who are interested in specific sports. It was also a place where men could find a surrogate brotherhood.

Republicanism

the belief during the American Revolution that everything done by the colonists should be separate from Europe. The people in this new republic would have to be virtuous and idle recreation had no part in this society.

Arminianism

the belief that God offered universal redemption to anyone who believed in Him as opposed to predestination which only offered salvation to a select few.

"Collegiate Way"

the belief that students would learn better in supervised environments far away from the city and evil temptations.

Middle Colonies

the colonies of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The area was settled for varying reasons.

National Association of Professional Baseball Players

the first ever professional league formed in 1871. It signified the death of the old fraternity

"Positive Sports Ideology"

the idea that sports and athletics is a positive alternative to the more negative aspects of city life.

Football

the most popular of the violent folk games - especially among the lower classes

Shrovetide

the two days before Ash Wednesday that mark the end of Carnival and the beginning of lent

Caledonian Clubs

these clubs were involved around racing and track and field. They sprang up in America in 1850s by Scottish immigrants and were responsible for setting up races all over the country

Base Ball Fraternity

this was formed by Alexander Cartwright. The Knickerbocker baseball club was formed as part of the formality for this group

Stool Ball

was a variation of baseball played by the "old world"

Luther Halsey Gulik

was an instructor at the YMCA's headquarters in Springfield, MA, and believed the importance of balancing physical and mental conditioning.

Rational Recreation

was deemed appropriate by the Victorian middle-class including reading newspapers, books, and playing musical instruments. Some sports were allowed but always under the umbrella of noncompetitiveness

"Paper Chases"

was the way cross country started. People would tear paper and leave a trail. They would run the trail left by the paper

box scores

way of showing how teams scored, first used in cricket but altered by Chadwick to be used for baseball