hist 236 final exam

Civil Rights Act of 1964

1964; banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal DID NOT: it did not abolish literacy tests that prevented blacks from voting

E.D. Nixon

Head of the Montgomery Improvement Association and local Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Union Chose Rosa Parks as the poster child of the Montgomery Bus Boycott and chose MLK to be the spokesperson of the Boycott

The Detroit Race Riot of 1967

In Detroit, Michigan in the summer of 1967 One of the most violent urban revolts in the 20th century Immediate response to police brutality but underlying conditions including segregated housing and schools and rising black unemployment helped drive the anger of the rioters. Detroit Police raided an after hours unlicensed bar. The party at the bar was to celebrate the return of two black servicemen from Vietnam. 82 people arrested and 200 people gathered agitated by rumors that police used excessive force 5 days and nights of violence, 33 blacks and 10 whites killed

The End of the Great Depression

It came to an end in 1941 when the U.S. entered into World War II

March from Selma to Montgomery, 1965

MLK organized this major demonstration in Alabama to press for the right of blacks to register to vote. Peaceful participants of the march were met by Alabama state troopers who attacked them with night sticks, tear gas, and whips after they refused to turn back Selma sheriff led local police in a televised brutal attack on demonstrators. The outrage that came after helped LBJ pass the Civil Rights Act of 1965.

KKK in the 1960s

Over the course of the summer of 1964, members of the Klan burned 20 black Mississippi churches.

White Democrats

The monopoly that the Democratic Party held over most of the South first showed major signs of breaking apart in 1948 Created the States Rights Democratic Party, which nominated South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond for president. The "Dixiecrats" won most of the deep South (where Truman was not on the ballot). The new party collapsed after the election, with a return to the Democratic Party The Civil Rights Act of 1964, ultimately signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, a Democrat, was filibustered by Democratic Senator and KKK member Robert C. Byrd which led many Southern Democrats to vote for Barry Goldwater at the national level. In the ensuing years, with the passing of the Civil Rights Act and the increasing conservatism of the Republican Party compared to the liberalism of the Democratic Party (especially on social and cultural issues) led many more southern Democrats in the South to vote Republican.

Lowndes County Freedom Organization (1965)

Under the direction of SNCC activist Stokely Carmichael. In 1965, Lowndes County in Alabama was 80% black but not a single black citizen was registered to vote. Carmichael arrived in the county to organize a voter registration project and from this came the LCFO. Party members adopted the black panther as their symbol for their independent political organization.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on August 6, 1965, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment (1870) to the Constitution of the United States. Banned the use of literacy tests

Effects of the Great Migration

1. Increased population in northern cities. 2. African Americans had to find work in factories, slaughterhouses, and foundries where conditions were arduous and dangerous. 3. Increased competition for employment and living spaces. 4. Whites in northern cities took advantage of African Americans fleeing the South. 5. Racism was widespread in the North due to prejudices. 6. Nostalgia and homesickness. 7. Increase of crime rate and drug and alcohol abuse.

Little Rock Nine

1957 - In Little Rock, Arkansas Nine black students enrolled in a previously all-white high school Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

Fannie Lou Hamer

A SNCC organizer and former sharecropper who had been evicted from her farm after registering to vote & thrown in jail for urging other African Americans to register to vote Helped organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party & challenged the legality of the segregated Democratic Party at the Democratic Convention

Women's Political Council (WPC)

A groups of black women working for civil rights, began circulating flyers calling for the boycott of the bus system on Dec. 5, 1955, the day Parks would be tried in Municipal Court With NAACP, strategized against segregated buses in Montgomery after Brown decision

Fred Shuttlesworth

A head preacher in the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, who convinced Martin Luther King, Jr. and his SCLC to visit Birmingham. With King's help, he was able to plan boycotts and demonstrations to rid "the most segregated city in America" of its hate and prejudice.

March on Washington (1963)

A large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march. Widely credited as helping lead to the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the National Voting Rights Act (1965). 80% of the marchers were black. Organized by union leader A. Philip Randolph. 200-300k participants

Executive Order 8802

A response to Randolph's threat to MOW in 1941 if the federal gov did not address racial discrimination in the defense industry It banned discrimination in the defense industry and established the Fair Employment Practices Commission An agreement which led to the cancellation of the 1941 MOW

The New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression. Encouraged coalitions to form between white working people, African Americans, and left wing intellectuals. Brought together labor unions and sought to create jobs.

A. Philip Randolph

A socialist and a pacifist, Randolph founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first successful black trade union, and the Negro American Labor Council (NALC). In 1941 Randolph threatened a march on Washington, D.C., if the federal government did not address racial discrimination in the defense industry. In response, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 In 1959 Randolph founded NALC in an effort to effectively present the demands of black workers to the labor movement. Randolph and NALC helped initiate the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, during which King delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

Impact of WWII on Civil Rights Movement

According to McManus, "World War II led to an explosion of racial reform, issues that the Civil War failed to solve and that had been festering for nearly a century. In my opinion, World War II was the most significant event in American history, to a great extent because of the racial change it helped foster."

The Talented Tenth

According to W. E. B. DuBois, the ten percent of the black population that had the talent to bring respect and equality to all blacks

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

An interracial group founded in 1942 by James Farmer to work against segregation in Northern cities

Democratic Party Becomes Party of African Americans

Black people had been Republican in the past for historical reasons. The Democratic Party had been the party of white supremacy and the South was thoroughly Democratic Eventually, it became the party of the big city, of labor unions, and black folk

Black Veterans after the War

Blacks returned home from the war to a life of bigotry and injustice. The blatant injustice motivated blacks and unprejudiced whites to fight discrimination. Many blacks moved to large cities to find jobs using skills they'd learned in the military.

Ida B. Wells

Born in Holly Springs, Mississippi (1862-1931) African American journalist who published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride or shop in white owned stores. Involved in altercation w. railroad conductor, won her case in lower court but decision reversed in appeals court. Fired from her job as a teacher and went on to become full time journalist. Wells wrote many pamphlets exposing white violence and lynching and defending black victims. In 1895 she married Ferdinand Barnett, a prominent Chicago attorney. The following year she helped organize the National Association of Colored Women. She was opposed to the policy of accommodation advocated by Booker T. Washington and had personal, if not ideological, difficulties with W.E.B. Du Bois. In 1909, she helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

Marcus Garvey

Born in Jamaica and leader of the Pan-Africanism movement African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927. Garvey believed he and the K.K.K. shared similar views on segregation, given that he sought a separate state for African Americans. W.E.B. Du Bois of the NAACP famously said, "Marcus Garvey is the most dangerous enemy of the Negro race in America and in the world."

Malcolm X

Born in Omaha, Nebraska in 1925 Joined the Nation of Islam while serving time in Massachusetts on burglary chargers After his release in 1952, he moved to Chicago and became a minister under Elijah Muhammad, abandoning his "slave name," and becoming Malcolm X (Malcolm X, "We Are Rising"). By the late 1950s, Malcolm had become the NOI's leading spokesman. Although Malcolm rejected King's message of nonviolence, he respected King as a "fellow-leader of our people" In the spring of 1964, Malcolm broke away from the NOI and made a pilgrimage to Mecca. When he returned he began following a course that paralleled King's—combining religious leadership and political action. Malcolm's primary concern during the remainder of 1964 was to establish ties with the black activists he saw as more militant than King. He met with a number of workers from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), including SNCC chairman John Lewis and Mississippi organizer Fannie Lou Hamer. On 21 February 1965, just a few weeks after his visit to Selma, Malcolm X was assassinated

Stockely Carmichael

Born in Trinidad, he immigrated to New York City in 1952. In the 1960s originated the black nationalism rallying slogan, "black power." While attending Howard University, he joined the SNCC and was jailed for his work with Freedom Riders. He moved away from MLK Jr's nonviolence approach to self-defense. Carmichael joined SNCC as a newly minted college graduate, using his eloquence and natural leadership skills to quickly be appointed field organizer for Lowndes County, Alabama. When Carmichael arrived in Lowndes County in 1965, African Americans made up the majority of the population but remained entirely unrepresented in government. In one year, Carmichael managed to raise the number of registered black voters from 70 to 2,600 300 more than the number of registered white voters in the county. Carmichael founded his own party, the Lowndes County Freedom Organization. To satisfy a requirement that all political parties have an official logo, he chose a black panther, which later provided the inspiration for the Black Panthers By the time he was elected national chairman of SNCC in May 1966, Carmichael had largely lost faith in the theory of nonviolent resistance As chairman, he turned SNCC in a sharply radical direction, making it clear that white members, once actively recruited, were no longer welcome. In June 1966, James Meredith, a civil rights activist who had been the first black student to attend the University of Mississippi, embarked on a solitary "Walk Against Fear" from Memphis, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi. About 20 miles into Mississippi, Meredith was shot and wounded too severely to continue. Carmichael decided that SNCC volunteers should carry on the march in his place, and upon reaching Greenwood, Mississippi on June 16, an enraged Carmichael gave the address for which he would forever be best remembered. "We been saying 'freedom' for six years," he said. "What we are going to start saying now is 'Black Power.'" In 1969, Carmichael quit the Black Panthers and left the United States to take up permanent residence in Conakry, Guinea, where he dedicated his life to the cause of pan-African unity. "America does not belong to the blacks," he said, explaining his departure from the country. Carmichael changed his name to Kwame Toure

Rosa Parks

Born in Tuskegee, Alabama in 1913 Secretary of NAACP, spurred the Montgomery Bus Boycott by refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama), triggering the national Civil Rights Movement Worked closely with E.D. Nixon who helped after she got arrested on Dec. 1, 1955

Booker T. Washington

Born into slavery in VA in mid to late 1850s In 1881, he founded the Tuskegee In his speech, Washington stated that African Americans should accept disenfranchisement and social segregation as long as whites allow them economic progress, educational opportunity and justice in the courts. Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

Martin Luther King Jr.

Born: Atlanta, Georgia in 1929 Attended segregated public schools and at the age of 15 was admitted to Morehouse College The King family had been living in Montgomery for less than a year when the highly segregated city became the epicenter of the burgeoning struggle for civil rights in America, galvanized by the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954. Chosen as the leader and official spokesman of the Montgomery Bus Boycott Heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin to become proponent of organized, nonviolent resistance. Founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) In 1960 King and his family moved to Atlanta, his native city, where he joined his father as co-pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church. Arrested for his involvement on April 12, King penned the civil rights manifesto known as the "Letter from Birmingham Jail," an eloquent defense of civil disobedience addressed to a group of white clergymen who had criticized his tactics Worked with a number of civil rights and religious groups to organize the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, a peaceful political rally designed to shed light on the injustices African Americans continued to face across the country. The March on Washington culminated in King's most famous address, known as the "I Have a Dream" speech, a spirited call for peace and equality that many consider a masterpiece of rhetoric. The speech and march cemented King's reputation at home and abroad; later that year he was named "Man of the Year" by TIME magazine and in 1964 became the youngest person ever awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The events in Selma deepened a growing rift between Martin Luther King, Jr. and young radicals who repudiated his nonviolent methods and commitment to working within the established political framework. On the evening of April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated.

1954

Brown v. Board of Education Reverend Brown won a three year battle to allow him to send his child to a white school. This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement.

Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)

Chicago non-violent protest organization that founded CORE Pacifist Christians in England and Germany founded FOR at the outbreak of World War I as a way of working toward peace while their countries were at war. After the war, the organization expanded its mission to work for labor rights and an end to racism. FOR members helped create other organizations dedicated to anti-racism and national self-determination work, including the Congress of Racial Equality

Paid Commodity Farmers

Congress passed a bill that paid wealthy farmers during the Great Depression. They paid them to stop growing commodity goods in order to end agricultural surpluses and boost prices.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Eisenhower passed this bill to establish a permanent commission on civil rights with investigative powers but it did not guarantee a ballot for blacks. It was the first civil-rights bill to be enacted after Reconstruction which was supported by most non-southern whites.

Civil War and Reconstruction Period (1863-1877)

Emancipation Proclamation (1862) 13th Amendment - Abolishment of slavery and involuntary servitude (1864) Black men across the South obtained the right to vote in 1867 15th Amendment - Prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on a citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude (1870) Black Codes - Laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War with the intent and effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages. Defining feature of the vagrancy law which allowed local authorities to arrest the freepeople and commit them to involuntary labor. Civil Rights Act of 1875 - Gave blacks the privilege of American citizenship and denied states' the right to restrict blacks of their property, testify in court, and make contracts for their labor.

Problems with the Social Security Act of 1935

Excluded many African Americans If one had a job with unorganized paychecks or unofficial ways of payment, there is no way for money to be held back Many African Americans were agricultural or domestic workers making them unable to qualify There was a conscious decision made not to mention race but it was de facto known it would exclude black people

Early 60s/Early Civil Rights Period

Executive Order 9981 -Integrated armed forces and ended discrimination of hiring US employees. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Freedom Summer (1964) March on Washington (1963) The Birmingham Campaign of 1963

Bayard Rustin

Founder of CORE One of Martin Luther King's aids though most of his involvement in the movement was kept secret because of his morals arrest and supposed homosexuality. He was very involved in the planning of the March on Washington (1963) after being appointed as the youth organizer by A. Phillip Randolph Introduced King to the ideas of Gandhi Life-long commitment to nonviolence began with his Quaker upbringing and the influence of his grandmother, whose participation in the NAACP Former affiliation with the Communist Party, involved in the Young Communist League Instrumental in the formation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), proposing to King in December 1956 that he create a group that would unite black leaders in the South

Sit-Ins (1960)

Greensboro, NC - 4 students defy segregation (known as the Greensboro 4), sat at segregated lunch counters in department store, then more show up, 4th day 300 show up; continues until they allow it..it spread to other cities By the end of April, more than 50,000 students had participated

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal. Lasted 381 days, ended in Dec. 20, 1956 Mass movement of 50,000 African Americans who participated

Homes and Public Housing

Many who could buy homes were white Originally, housing projects were built to be inhabited by both white and black folk Public housing was focused on the inner city, concentrated in one area and in poverty

Random Voting Info

March to Aug SNCC managed to register 50-60 black people who had not been able to vote After the Voting Rights Act, more than 3,000 black people registered to vote under federal protection in Lowndes County 9,000 registered to vote in one county of Alabama in 1966 None of this would have happened without the black power folk

1934 Housing Act

Met the needs of existing homeowners and Americans who were financially able to purchase homes but did little to address the housing needs of the poor and African Americans

Montgomery Improvement Association

Organization formed by African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955 to strengthen the bus boycott and to coordinate protest efforts of African Americans; led by Martin Luther King Jr. The MIA was instrumental in guiding the Montgomery bus boycott, a successful campaign that focused national attention on racial segregation in the South and catapulted King into the national spotlight.

Birmingham Campaign (1963)

Organized in 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and led by Martin Luther King Jr., and others, this was a major non-violent civil rights campaign that culminated in widely publicized confrontations between young black students and white civic authorities. When King had thousands of black schoolchildren march through town, the police chief, Eugene "Bull" Connor unleashed his forces against them. The images, broadcast on TV, of children being assaulted with nightsticks, high-pressure fire hoses, and attack dogs produced a wave of revulsion throughout the world and led to President Kennedy's endorsement of the movement's goals as well as the municipal government's overturning of the city's discrimination laws.

In what two periods did a large number of African Americans who had been deprived on the right to vote get the right?

Reconstruction and Early 60s/Civil Rights Period Reconstruction: Fifteenth Amendment Civil Rights: The Voting Rights Act of 1965

Black Power

Term created by Malcolm X follower, Stokely Carmichael. The term means that blacks should use their economic and political power to gain equality. Many whites felt threatened by the term because they associated the term with black violence. Repudiated the nonviolence movement and embraced separatism with Black power as objective Central Idea: a black community led by black people, movement organizations should be led by black people Opposed by SCLC and NAACP In his 1968 book, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation, Carmichael explained the meaning of black power: "It is a call for black people in this country to unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community. It is a call for black people to define their own goals, to lead their own organizations."

Birmingham Bombing 1963

The 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama was bombed on Sunday, September 15, 1963. The explosion at the African-American church, which killed four girls, marked a turning point in the U.S. 1960s Civil Rights Movement and contributed to support for message of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

WWI, WWII - 1950s

The Great Migration Marcus Garvey and Garveyism The Harlem Renaissance (1910s - 1930s) Pan Africanism and the 'New Negro' - both ideas supported by Garvey and emerged during Harlem Renaissance, New Negro by Alan Locke The Great Depression The New Deal Double V Campaign Rosa Parks/1955/Bus Boycott Rise of MLK SCLC SNCC Brown v Board

The Great Migration

The Great Migration was the mass movement of about five million southern blacks to the north and west between 1915 and 1960. During the initial wave the majority of migrants moved to major northern cities such as Chicago, Illiniois, Detroit, Michigan, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and New York, New York. The first large movement of blacks occurred during World War I, when 454,000 black southerners moved north When the migration began, 90 percent of all African-Americans were living in the South. By the time it was over, in the 1970s, 47 percent of all African-Americans were living in the North and West. From 1910-1940 - 1.5 million black people moved from the South to the North. It continued for three decades after that, much faster. The migration stopped in the 1960s Motivations: economic prosperity and desire to escape oppressive economic conditions in the south. When WWI created a huge demand for workers in northern factories, many southern blacks took this opportunity to leave The northern demand for workers was a result of the loss of 5 million men who left to serve in the armed forces Migration slowed dramatically in the 1930s, then soared during World War II and the two decades following, a period sometimes called the Second Great Migration.

African Americans and the New Deal

The New Deal did provide some relief for African Americans, who found low-paying jobs with the WPA and the CCC (even though these jobs were often segregated). African Americans also received moral support from Eleanor Roosevelt. She was deeply into the racial cause and was loved by the black community. Over one hundred African Americans were appointed to middle-level positions in federal departments by President Roosevelt.

1965 to Present

Voting Rights Act of 1965 March from Selma to Birmingham 1968 - MLK Assassinated

Goals of the Montgomery Bus Boycott

When it first began, it was to demand courtesy, hiring of black drivers, and a first come first serve seating policy, with whites entering from the front and blacks from the back But then, five women, represented by Fred Gray and the NAACP sued the city in the U.S. District Court to have the bus segregation laws invalidated

# of black people in the Armed Forces during different times

about 4,000 blacks served in the armed forces before WWII over 1.2 million by the end of WWII

Murder of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner

involved three activists that were abducted and murdered in Neshoba County, Mississippi in June 1964 during the Civil Rights Movement. In 1964, Mississippi was the only state without a central FBI office, but on June 22, agents from the New Orleans office arrived to begin a kidnapping investigation Prosecutors brought the charges before a federal grand jury, which indicted 18 men in January 1965. The presiding judge dismissed the charges In February 1967 another federal grand jury indicted the men once again, and in October the trial began in Judge Cox's courtroom. Cox was known as a segregationist

1929

stock market crash leading to the great depression

Freedom Rides

1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses

Pan-Africanism

A movement that stressed unity among all Africans Marcus Garvey and Du Bois

A.J. Muste

A renowned Christian pacifist and a leading member of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), Abraham Johannes Muste was one of the foremost proponents of nonviolence in the United States. Muste was a strong supporter of the civil rights movement, as well as a leader in the anti-Vietnam War movement.

W.E.B. DuBois

Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts in 1868 Co-founded the NAACP to help secure legal equality for minority citizens. First Black PHD graduate of Harvard and published his landmark study — the first case study of an African-American community — The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study (1899) Rose to national prominence when he very publicly opposed Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise," an agreement that asserted that vocational education for blacks was more valuable to them than social advantages like higher education or political office. Du Bois criticized Washington for not demanding equality for African Americans, as granted by the 14th Amendment. Du Bois fought what he believed was an inferior strategy, subsequently becoming a spokesperson for full and equal rights in every realm of a person's life. Died in Ghana in 1963 (one day before MLK's Speech I have a dream)

Before the Great Migration, African Americans constituted 2 percent of _________ population By 1970, they were 33 percent

Chicago

Out of the three, which state had the smallest black population? Chicago, Mississippi, SC

Chicago

Freedom Summer (1964)

Effort by civil rights groups in Mississippi to register black voters during the summer of 1964

MFDP (Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party)

Formed by the SNCC Party established in Mississippi in 1964 as a rival to the regular Mississippi Democratic Party because the regular Democratic Party in Mississippi would not allow Blacks to participate. Challenged the regular Mississippi Democratic Party for seats at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. The Compromise: Two MFDP members were going to be seated as delegates. The idea was that if you even admitted two, the whites would leave. Limited representation from the MFDP; they wanted all of them to be admitted

1960

Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-Ins

April 15-17, 1960

Leaders from various sit in campaigns gathered at a conference held by the SCLC This meeting became the founding conference of the SNCC

1957

Little Rock Nine

Tennessee, 1968

MLK assassinated

New York, 1965

Malcolm X assassinated

Bloody Sunday in Selma, Alabama

On "Bloody Sunday," March 7, 1965, some 600 civil rights marchers headed east out of Selma on U.S. Route 80. They got only as far as the Edmund Pettus Bridge six blocks away, where state and local lawmen attacked them with billy clubs and tear gas and drove them back into Selma.

Period Before WWI and After Reconstruction (1878-1913)

Plessy v. Ferguson - Supreme Court upheld 'separate but equal' racial segregation as constitutional (1896) Beginning in 1890, starting in Mississippi, southern states passed new constitutions and law disenfranchising most blacks and excluding them from the political system 1905 - NAACP founded by WEB. Du Bois, first established in Chicago

Lyndon B. Johnson

Signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families. He also created a Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Which three states had a black majority before the 20th century?

South Carolina Louisiana Mississippi

White Citizen's Council, 1954

established to coordinate intimidation efforts towards blacks who petitioned equal treatment and traitor whites who supported the effort

By _____, a majority of South Carolinians were white

1930 SC lost the most amount of black people

1963

A quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial in Washington to hear Martin Luther King Jr. 'I have a dream' speech. After multiple campaigns including sit-ins, Freedom Riders on interstate buses and bloody civil rights marches, the speech called for an end to racism in the United States and called for civil and economic rights. Birmingham Demonstrations

The Great Depression

A time of utter economic disaster; started in the United States in 1929. Slowed down the Great Migration

1965, Alabama

Bloody Sunday

Jo Ann Robinson

Civil Rights activist and educator in Montgomery; head of Women's Political Council

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

Civil rights organization formed in 1957 by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and other leaders. Church based/MLK leadership; non-violent

The Greensboro Four

Four college students who sat at Woolworth's lunch counter and were refused to be served; first 4 Greensboro sit-inners Inspired by the nonviolent tactics of Gandhi and the Freedom Rides organized by CORE Spurred to actions after the murder of Emmett Till

For the first half of the 20th century, majority of black residents lived where?

In the South

1955

Montgomery Bus Boycott begins (ends in 1956) This was the first large scale demonstration against segregation.

Four Elements of Success for the Montgomery Bus Boycott

The actions of individuals making crucial decisions Great leadership but also great followership The tactical stupidity of the other side, rooting in their degeneracy (they arrested 90 people and gave us the picture of MLK arrested in a preacher suit) The mass media *These elements came together to start the mass movement for Civil Rights and that began with Montgomery

Social Security Act of 1935

The greatest victory for New Dealers; created pension and insurance for the old-aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents by taxing employees and employers.

KKK in the 1920s

dramatic expansion due to nativism and The Birth of a Nation; favored White supremacy and restrictions on immigration; hostile towards immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and African Americans

Problem w/ Paying Commodity Farmers

less jobs for people who depended on picking crops