HIST 366 Final Exam Study Guide
• Kehukee Association
An association of Baptist Churches
• Federalists
Hamilton Commercial interests Stronger federal government
• Jeffersonians/ Democratic-Republicans
Jefferson and Madison Agrarian interests Weaker federal government o Most southerners eventually began siding with the Jeffersonians
• Shubal Stearns (1706 - 1771)
Originally from New England; became a Baptist; started a church in Randolph County (near a place called Sandy Creek)
• Key Sectional Issues in US Politics, 1846-1860
Mexican War, 1846-1848 • Started a controversy about slavery in the West o Wilmot Proviso: would ban slavery in all the territory taken from Mexico o Southern Rights vs. the "Slave Power" o Compromise of 1850: Admits California as free state, strengthens Fugitive Slave Act o Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854: Potentially opens the entire West to slavery
State v. Mann (1830)
decision in which the Supreme Court of North Carolina ruled that slaveowners had absolute authority over their slaves and could not be found guilty of committing violence against them slave: Lydia Joseph J. Daniel's ruling overturned Written by Thomas Ruffin, who agreed legally (because of the "safety of the state") but not morally
• The Economics of Ad Valorem Taxation
o "Ad Valorem" = Latin for "on the value." Would tax all property (including slaves) by assessed value. o State expenses rose dramatically in the 1850s, as many Democrats joined Whigs in supporting state funded railroads, plank roads, public schools, state banks, and state charitable facilities like the school for the blind. State taxes rose accordingly.
• Class and Slavery in NC Politics, late 1850s o In much of the south, slavery bound the population together; in NC, people found ways to disagree about it • This is not because of pro-slavery factions v. abolitionists (abolitionism was illegal in the state), but over issues related to slavery
o "Free suffrage:" abolishes property requirement for right to vote for state senator. Debated 1848-1857; enacted 1857 o "Ad valorem" taxation • Taxation on value; some people wanted to extend this tax to slaves • Whigs were more likely to favor extending it o "white basis" for legislative representation • Wanted to remove the (NC) Constitutional 3/5 representation on the basis of slave population
• Plank Roads
o "The Farmer's Railroads" • Centered in Fayetteville
• Professor Benjamin S. Hedrick of UNC
o (one of Watson's personal heroes) o Fired from UNC for endorsing Republican Presidential candidate, 1856
• Tobacco
o ...
• Free backs
o 1% of the population in 1790 - about 3% in 1860
• Constitutional Amendments of 1835 (Made so many significant amendments that it might as well have been a new constitution)
o 1. House of Commons apportioned by "federal population" (3/5 compromise) giving a slight advantage to the West o 2. Senate apportioned by a county's tax payments (gave the East a slight majority) o 3. Governor given a 2-year term and popularly elected (still extremely weak) o 4. Required the poll tax on slaves to be equal to free white men, so that non-slaveholders could not raise the tax on slaves without also raising the tax on themselves o 5. Gave Catholics the right to vote • Largely because of William Gaston o 6. Stripped free black men of the right to vote
• NC and the Interstate Slave Trade: Net Slave Entrances and Exits (1790-1860)
o 1790s • Trending slightly positive o Early 1800s • Began to go negative during the early 1800s o 1830s • Decreased substantially o After the 1830s • Still negative, but not as much as during the 1830s
• Railroads
o A good (but expensive) alternative to canals o Three big eastern cities (New Bern, Fayetteville, and Wilmington) all wanted railroads to go through their cities o They decided to start voting in favor of them o The big railroad companies were not totally public or private companies; they were more like public-private partnerships o Because of the Panic of 1837, the railroads did not make money immediately, but the banks did
• Slave life outside the workplace
o A mixed bag o Some slave owners were conscientious about building housing for slaves; others were not o Since slaves usually got Sundays off, they could try to catch food in the woods
• The Religious Landscape in the late 1790s
o About ¼ of southern whites were church members, and about 1/5 were evangelicals o Many were Deists o By the time of the US Constitution, the majority of churchgoers in NC went to evangelical churches, but they were not a majority overall
• Andrew Jackson
o Claimed to represent the will of the people o Held office 1829-1837 o Policies: fought the bank of the United States; Indian Removal Act o Resistance to Jackson
• Steamboats
o Contributed to by the state; mostly helped the east (could only go up to the fall line)
• Types of jobs for slaves
o Cotton Picking o The most laborious part of cotton cultivation o Naval Stores had not disappeared in NC o Cultivating corn and hogs still important
• Women
o Could work in the fields (hoeing) o Picking tobacco, cotton, etc. o Housework: cleaning, cooking, caretaking, etc.
• David L. Swain
o Did not do much to expand the school's library
• William W. Holden (1818-1892)
o Editor, (Raleigh) North Carolina Standard • Anti-convention • Political highlights: Whig Democrat Secessionist Anti-secessionist Conservative Peace Candidate Republican Reconstruction Governor Impeached for opposition to KKK and removed from office, 1871
• John Chavis
o Educator, Preacher, Free Man of Color o Taught white children in the daytime, and black children in the evening
• Aspects of Evangelicalism
o Emphasis on conversion o Discouraged "vices" (especially those reminiscent of the aristocracy) - church members would watch out for misbehavior by other members • Dancing, gambling, (later) drinking, etc. o People who were not entitled to spiritual authority/dignity were welcomed into these churches (women, blacks, the poor, etc.) o Disliked the aristocrats and the licentious non-churchgoers o Some evangelicals originally criticized slavery; over time, this message began to fade away o Large numbers of African-Americans began to embrace evangelical churches • Often worshipped with whites (on separate floors) before the Civil War
• Middle Class
o Farmers with fewer than 20 slaves, or townspeople whose status approached those of planters (lawyers, etc.)
• Thomas Day
o Free Man of Color: Workshop in Caswell County, NC
• Hinton Rowan Helper (1829-1909)
o From western NC; went to find gold in CA, and wrote a book about it, which included some anti-slavery passages • His publisher rejected it for this reason o Helper wrote another book, arguing against slavery • The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It (1857) • He was racist, but he argued that NC slaveholders needed to emancipate their slaves - "or we will emancipate them for you!"
• Cotton Slavery
o Gang system • Using supervision to make sure slaves worked • May have two gangs - whoever gets to the middle of the fields first got some sort of reward o Quota system?
• Slaves
o Growing, relative to the white population (from about ¼ in 1790 to about 1/3 in 1860) • Watson believes that white people were moving away (to the west) in greater numbers than African-Americans o NC and other upper southern states had more slaves than proper work for them to do, while the deep southern states wanted more slaves to cultivate cotton; this resulted in a slave trade, which often separated families
• Distribution of Slavery (percent of population
o Highest in the Roanoke River Valley o High in the southeast (near Wilmington) o Fairly common up to the fall line; less common (but still present) past it
• Railroads (2)
o Important Railroads Built • Wilmington and Weldon Railroad From Wilmington up to the Roanoke River; through plantation land • Raleigh and Gaston Connected Raleigh to Gaston o Other railroads were eventually built • North Carolina Railroad Goldsboro to Charlotte • Western North Carolina Railroad Salisbury to Asheville (made it to Morganton by the Civil War) • Et al.
• Denominations organized - creating their own superstructures, newspapers, colleges, etc.
o In 1833, Wake Forest was founded to train Baptist missionaries o In 1837, the Presbyterians founded Davidson o In 1830, Methodists from NC and VA founded Randolph-Bacon College o Trinity College was founded in Randolph County by Methodists (it later became Duke) o Primitive Baptists - opposed this superstructure - became popular in some parts in the east and west of the state o By 1860, Baptists and Methodists significantly outnumbered other denominations o Widespread conversion of African-Americans • Ring Shouts - incorporated African dance into revivals (did not consider them "dances")
• Reform Movement
o In order to make infrastructure better, you would have to change the political composition of the General Assembly • The first thing you could do is agitate
• Revivals in Log Cabins (part of the Second Great Awakening)
o James McGready (1763-1817) • Sparked a revival among backcountry Presbyterians • Frustrated some local prominent families; received a death threat and (claiming to have received a call from God) went to Kentucky His revival on the frontier later bounced back to the east o Attendees were seized by twitching spells - "the exercises" (physical manifestations of the spirit) o A burst of revivalism (planted by Kentuckians) began in Alamance County, and began to diffuse in the Piedmont, and eventually around the South
• Judge William Gaston (1778-1844)
o Made an address (on June 20, 1832) to the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies, saying that slavery was evil and hindered improvement • "Disguise the truth as we may, and throw the blame where we will, it is Slavery which, more than any other cause, keeps us back in the career of improvement. It stifles industry and represses enterprize--it is fatal to economy and providence--it discourages skill--impairs our strength as a community, and poisons morals at the fountain head."
• McCorkle v. Davie
o McCorkle wanted students to study Biblical languages (Greek and Latin), etc. o Davie wanted a more practical education (moral philosophy, etc.) o Davie's curriculum was adopted and McCorkle quit o McCorkle's curriculum was more or less eventually adopted, so that the Greek and Latin focus continued until the Civil War
• Elisha Mitchell
o Measured the height of Mt. Mitchell o Wrote polemics in favor of slavery
• Camp meetings
o Most of the converts were women, at least at first o In many ways, the revivals upended the social order, in some sense (e.g., a black woman at one revival ministered to her mistress)
• David Walker
o NC-born free man of color living in Boston, who called for revolution, if necessary
• Emergence of the Whig Party
o Opposed Jackson o Pro-bank o Pro-federal improvements o Some were anti-expansion
• Poor whites
o Owned neither land, nor slaves, and did not have the tools to set themselves up as artisans o 30% were laborers? - definition is a bit murky, because some could have been young workers
• There was an audience for anti-slavery literature in NC, especially in the western part of the state
o Professor Benjamin S. Hedrick of UNC o Hinton Rowan Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It (1857) o Rev. Daniel Worth
• Naval Stores
o Quota system o If you finished your task, you can use your time the way you wished
• Rice Cultivation
o Quota system o If you finished your task, you can use your time the way you wished
• Nat Turner
o Rebellion: August 21-23, 1831, in Southampton County, VA
• Gov. John W. Ellis (1820-1861)
o Secession governor of NC (Democrat) o The state election of 1860 was fought on state issues (white basis for apportioning the General Assembly, etc.)
• Whigs and Democrats Converge in North Carolina (on some issues that were once contentious - like using state government to improve the state)
o Several railroads built in the late 1840s and early 1850s o Common Schools o State Hospital for the insane o State School for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind o State Bank Charters o State Investment in Plank Roads, Navigation Companies
• Views on Slavery
o Slavery is not explicitly condemned in the Bible, and was justified as a means of converting Africans; this conflicted with the increasingly abolitionist views of northern churches • This caused splits between denominations • The southern and northern Methodist denominations later combined (United Methodist Church) • The southern and northern Baptist organizations remain separate (Southern Baptists and American Baptists); in recent years, the Southern Baptist Convention has apologized for its previous support for slavery and segregation
• Planters
o Sometimes defined as 20 slaves, or more o Sometimes defined as 50 slaves, or more - these people could hire an overseer - about 18%
• Fort Sumter
o State governments seized many forts as states seceded o Fort Sumter was a conspicuous holdout in Charleston o When Lincoln decided to reinforce the fort with food and water (but not weapons), SC fired on the ship o Fort Sumter was a US fort attacked by the Confederacy (the South fired the first shot)
• Cotton (2)
o The English had a high demand for cotton; thus, cotton became the road to wealth for southern states o Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, which made it easier to separate seeds o Slavery was thought to be dying out in the Upper South, but the cotton gin brought new life to slavery
• Cotton
o The English learned how to make clothing in a profitable way during the industrial revolution o Cotton was originally grown in the Caribbean/tropics o Long staple cotton (black seed cotton; relatively easy to separate from seeds) only grew in the tropics (the Caribbean, SC and GA coasts, etc.) o Short staple cotton (stick very closely to its green seeds; very hard to separate); would grow everywhere in the American south (roughly south of the VA border and west, to Texas)
• Educational Reform
o The goal of the university was not to give students good "jobs" • Most people in pre-Civil War America did not have "jobs" that paid wages • Instead, Murphey, et al. wanted them to contribute to society
• The election in NC
o The only effective campaigning in the National Election of 1860 were Breckinridge (who gained the vote of many future secessionists), Bell, and Douglas (to some extent) • However, support for Breckinridge was more widespread than support for Secession
• Slavery at UNC
o The university generally did not generally own slaves itself, but UNC's buildings were built by enslaved men (slaves of local farmers) o Wilson Caldwell, George Moses Horton (poet) o Among the escheated property that NC inherited were slaves (the university would sell them) • Therefore, the university was involved in the domestic slave trade
• "The Second Slavery"
o This type of slavery was different from the tobacco slavery in VA, NC, and MD o The new slave migration patterns were not from Africa to North America, but from the Upper South to the Deep South • Slavery was common on the SC coast and GA coast because of rice, but it was not as popular in the inland areas of the Deep South until the advent of cotton • Cotton also made slavery more common in the Piedmont of NC
• Rev. Joseph Caldwell
o Tried to ensure that UNC would not be a Federalist or a Presbyterian stronghold
• Rev. Daniel Worth, 1795-1862
o Wesleyan Methodist minister in Guilford and Randolph Counties o Convicted in 1860 of distributing The Impending Crisis o Sentenced to one year in jail, but escaped to become an anti-slavery lecturer in NY
• Geography
o Whigs in the central Piedmont, west, and immediate coastal areas o Democrats in most of the coastal plain
• Slave Culture
o a way of resistance (asserting that one is a person) o Family o Church (emphasized emancipation)
North Carolina's Response
• "watch and wait" o Convention vote (February 28, 1861) • Secession: 42 • Conditional Union: 28 • Unconditional Union: 50 • Takeaways: unionists outnumbered secessionists, but conditional unionists could flip the vote if there conditions were met
North Carolina Secession Timeline
• 1856: Republican Party's first presidential election campaign • 1857: Hinton Rowan Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South • 1857: Dred Scott decision by US Supreme Court • 1859: John Brown leads raid on Harper's Ferry, Va. • Nov. 1860: Election of Lincoln • Dec. 1860: Secession of South Carolina • Feb. 1861: Formation of CSA in Montgomery, Alabama • Feb. 28, 1861: NC defeats referendum to call a state convention • March 4, 1861: Inauguration of Lincoln • April 12, 1861: CSA attacks Fort Sumter • April 15, 1861: Lincoln calls for troops, Gov. Ellis refuses • May 20, 1861: NC convention repeals its ratification of US
Final Exam Format
• 2 sets of discussion questions (each will be 40%) o 1 will pertain to material since the midterm; the second set will be comprehensive o In both sets, you will have at least a couple of questions, and be able to decide what you want to answer • IDs (20%) o Material since midterm
o Rip Van Winkle:
• A character in a Washington Irving story. He was a lazy ne'er-do-well, who fell asleep and did not wake up for 20 years. He woke up to find that the government had changed (after the American Revolution) • NC was called the Rip Van Winkle State • NC was always handicapped by its coastline • After the war, other states began to use new technology to fulfill their economic potential • NC's leaders did not favor such improvements, and it's economy had stagnated • NC began to be compared to Rip Van Winkle
The Spread of Evangelicalism
• A. widespread conversion of whites and blacks • B. efforts to institutionalize the revival experience • C. Tightened social discipline • D. Whites accept slavery as divinely-ordained
Slaveholders, Large and Small
• Accounted for about 23% of the population in 1790 and about 19% in 1860 • Small slaveholders lived like yeomen and worked alongside slaves • As the number of slaves increased, lifestyle increased; more supervision of slaves o Nicer house, books, potential to enter politics, etc. o Could eventually hire overseers • NC's wealthiest planters o Duncan Cameron (1777-1853) o Paul C. Cameron (1808-1891) • Lived in Orange County; Donated to the university • Namesake of Cameron Avenue • Plantation Belles
Joseph Caldwell
• Advocate of railroads (for wagons) and public schools
Terms (10/15)
• As described in notes: o Lower Towns, Middle and Valley Towns, Overhill Towns, Outer Towns • As described in PowerPoint: o Lower Towns, Middle Towns, Valley Towns, Overhill Towns • Deerskin Trade • Treaty of Holston, 1791 • Sequoyah, John Ross, Elias Boudinot • Cherokee Constitution, 1827 • Indian Removal Act, 1830 • Yonaguska, Ocunaluftee River, Qualla Town • William Holland Thomas
Archibald DeBow Murphey
• Began to advocate for transportation reform (internal improvements) and public schools • His transportation ideas did not go anywhere, because of logistical and political difficulties
Terms
• Emigration • Internal Improvements Fund, 1819 • Literary Fund, 1823 • Joseph Caldwell: o "The Numbers of Carleton" (1828); o "Letters on Popular Education" (1832) • Wilmington and Weldon Railroad • Raleigh and Gaston Railroad • North Carolina Railroad • Calvin H. Wiley
o George Moses Horton
• Enslaved poet of Chatham County and Chapel Hill • White people helped him find a publisher
Defeat
• Eventually... o Richmond was surrounded o Wilmington was captured o Sherman's March o Confederate troops surrendered
• Gen. William Richardson Davie
• Founder of the University of North Carolina • Graduated from the College of New Jersey (Princeton) • Left the Presbyterian Church and became a Deist • Briefly served as governor
To the Trail of Tears, 1819-1837
• Georgia signed a treaty with the federal government, giving up its western lands in exchange for the removal of all natives from its land (under the condition that they were willing to leave) • Gold was discovered on Cherokee land o Georgia proclaimed the abolition of the Cherokee state and the confiscation of all Cherokee lands • President Andrew Jackson said that he could not stop the state • The Indian Removal Act authorized the removal of the Cherokees
Traditional Cherokee Society
• Homeland centered on the southern Appalachian Mountains • Four main clusters of towns o Lower Towns, Middle and Valley Towns, Overhill Towns, Outer Towns • Houses made of logs, covered with mud; eventually began to live in log cabins • Cherokees had seven clans • Matrilineal • Mostly governed by consensus; women were much more influential in decision-making than they were in European societies
Politics and Social Class
• However, as counties in the West were created, more counties in the East were divided, which caused the east to be disproportionately represented WEST: • 1830 white population: 279,000 • 31 senators, 64 commoners EAST: • 1830 white population, 194,000 • 37 senators, 79 commoners • The east was wealthier and had more slaves Thus, the east did not favor higher taxes/more infrastructure improvements, and wanted to protect slavery
The Politics of War (2)
• Interior Civil War o Anti-Confederate southerners fought Confederate Southerners o Especially in the Piedmont and in the mountains • Conscription o Those who owned 20+ slaves were exempt (the belief being that they needed to supervise their slaves) o Could hire a substitute o This led to tensions
Key Terms
• Kehukee Baptist Association • Sandy Creek Baptist Association, Rev. Shubal Stearns • "Log College," Rev. David Caldwell • Rev. Francis Asbury, Methodist evangelist • Rev. James McGready, Hawfields Presbyterian Church • Cane Ridge, Kentucky • Rev. Samuel E. McCorkle
NC by the numbers
• Land ownership o 70% in 1775, 50% in 1860 • Farm Size o 41% of 1860 farms were less than 50 acres • Farm Price o NC farms in 1850 were between 1/3 and 1/4 cheaper than the average US farm • Wages o 1860: NC last or next to last in all wages collected by the US Census: monthly laborers, day laborers, carpenters, female domestics
North Carolina's Military Role
• Mobilization o It was much harder to obtain weapons than men o The state seized the arsenal at Fayetteville o Mobilized cotton and woolen mills • Initial Fighting o The Battle of Big Bethel • Many NC troops defeated Union troops in Virginia
Institutions:
• NC Bible Society (1819), • Baptist Benevolent Society (1829), • Biblical Recorder (1830), NC Baptist Convention (1830), • Wake Forest College (1834), • Davidson College (1837), Trinity College (c. 1838; rechartered 1859)
Struggles on the Homefront
• NC grew much of the food for the Confederacy • Little fighting occurred in NC, but it carried much of the supply burden • This created an interesting political situation
Antebellum Public Policy: the "Two Track Problem"
• NC was essentially a 1 party state from Jefferson to Jackson • The guiding principle was "virtue," and policy positions were vague
State Politics in the 1850s
• NC was occupied by internal debates
Traditional Cherokee Society (2)
• No private land ownership • Captives in war could be killed for revenge or sold for slavery o Their slavery was different from that of the whites, in that they were not involved in a capitalist economy, so their goal was not necessarily to accumulate as many slaves as possible o Possessions were destroyed after death
The Election of 1860:
• Northern Democrats: Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois • Southern Democrats: John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky • Constitutional Unionists: John Bell, Tennessee • Republicans: Abraham Lincoln, Illinois
o Artisans
• Often did not own slaves - the urban equivalent of yeomen
US Indian Policy and Cherokee Adaptation, 1791-1819 (2)
• Options (from the viewpoint of the white settlers): 1. They could try to "civilize" them • Institute private property, get rid of clans, etc. • Would live among the whites 2. Get them to move west • Their population was already dwindling o Eventually, the two policies were combined
o Yeomen
• Owned land, but not slaves • Largest group of the NC population (50% in 1790, 45% in 1860) • Often viewed as the ideal American citizens • Many yeomen rented land - about 45%, in 1860
• Rev. Samuel E. McCorkle
• Presbyterian minister • Also a Princeton graduate • Feared the masses as well • But, wanted a godly elite
The Politics of War (3)
• Seizing food o A tax in kind (stuff, rather than money) o A certain percentage of food farmers grew was taken by the state • Big Government o Not what people thought they were signing up for • Women o In the non-slaveholding regions, women had to farm o Bread riots in Richmond and Salisbury, 1863
o Worcester v. Georgia
• The Supreme Court ruled against Georgia, but could not enforce it
o Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
• The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was not a state, and could not sue
US Indian Policy and Cherokee Adaptation, 1791-1819 (3)
• The Treaty of Holston (1791) encouraged Cherokees to assimilate o The US would give them farming tools o The Cherokees were enthusiastic • They had already adopted many aspects of white culture • The elite were using African slave labor • Receptive to Christian missionaries • Boudinot used the printing press to make the Cherokee Phoenix • Experimented with new forms of government • Created a Cherokee Republic, with a legislature • Elected a Principal Chief, John Ross Declared that no land would ever be surrendered again (on penalty of death)
US Indian Policy and Cherokee Adaptation, 1791-1819
• The deerskin trade between Cherokees and Europeans became popular • The Cherokees were generally allies of the English against the French and Spanish; they sided with the English in the Revolutionary War • Cherokee women often married English traders • After the Revolutionary War, many continued fighting the Americans o In 1785, the Treaty of Hopewell gave much Cherokee land to SC o In 1791, the Treaty of Holston ended the last major war • The whites considered the natives a bit better than the African slaves
Stagnation of Population and Economy
• The population stalled in the 1830s; many people (including slaves) were heading west o Many thought that the way to solve this problem was to make improvements to the state
Common Schools
• The state had some extra money to spend; voters approved a public school system o The first southern state to create a statewide system of schools o One-room schoolhouses o The school system was not very effective at first, but after 1850, the state appointed someone to oversee it (Calvin Wiley) • NC's illiteracy rate dropped • Even in 1860, it was among the most illiterate states in the country
Other Evangelical Forerunners
• There were many Evangelical Presbyterians (including David Caldwell, who created a "log college" in Greensboro that taught Greek) • Methodist Evangelists • Sectionalism within churches between evangelical and non-evangelical members
To the Trail of Tears, 1819-1837 (2)
• Treaty of New Echota (1835): A small group of Cherokees decided that it would be best to abide by the act; they signed a treaty with the government • Trail of Tears o Not enough resources had been allotted o As a result, some 4,000 (out of the 16,000) died on the way • The other southeastern tribes were expelled, as well • Those who had signed the treaty were later killed
Federal Occupation of the Coast
• Union Strategy: Winfield Scott's "Anaconda Plan" o The Union would blockade ports • Blockading Wilmington o Because of the shifting sandbars, etc., local pilots were needed to navigate as one approached Wilmington • The Union did not have them, so they had to keep their ships relatively far out o The Wilmington-Weldon railroad became an important supply line for the Confederacy • The Union occupied the outer banks around the Albemarle, but did not go further inland
The Politics of War
• Union troops (generally) did not fight slavery directly o Any slave that could escape the Confederacy and come to the Union would be treated as contraband • Created an exodus of slaves to Union lines, whenever they could get away Camps were created for them, where they worked on the Union war effort, and were given clothes, an education, etc. • The Union later allowed former slaves to fight • Trial runs for reconstruction
Resistance
• Violence/Running away
The Origins of the Eastern Band of Cherokees
• Where does this leave the NC Cherokees? They hadn't been affected by this o Their leader was Chief Yonaguska o Very traditional o Qualla Town (500-1,000 Cherokees in the area) • William Holland Thomas was an orphan boy, who worked at a Cherokee trading post, and became de facto agent of the Qualla Town o He helped secure a reservation for them, which still exists
o Wilson Caldwell (owned by David L. Swain)
• enslaved at UNC; did janitorial work, like maintaining dorms • Helped convince Union soldiers not to burn the university
