HIST 63 2.4 Spanish Establish Colonies
The Spanish established missions in what states?
New Mexico, Arizona, California
What were people from Spain called?
Peninsulares. (or people from the peninsula)
What was the single motivating factor in colonization?
Profit. The Spanish were first to make a huge profit, but so did the Dutch, French and English, each in a different way.(at the expense of two Native American empires and countless lives)
What were privileges of the Peninsulares?
They were the only ones who could hold top government positions, vote, and enjoy other exclusive privileges.
Why did the Spanish establish colonies?
To make money, to maintain order, and to protect both the Spanish and the Native Americans.
Who was after the Creoles on the Social ladder?
Mestizos. They were people who had a Spanish parent and an Indian parent. They lacked identity because they did not belong to either the Spanish or the Indians.
What was the Council of the Indies?
A council that met in Spain and made sure the viceroy never became too powerful. They made the laws for the provinces.
What type of government did the Spanish use to govern the colonies?
A government that is similar to the current United States government.
What is a raw good?
A raw good is a product, like wood or cotton, which is in or near its natural state. Raw good would be shipped to Europe where they would be turned into finished goods. (table, skirt)
What was Encomienda?
A system in which the Native Americans could not leave their homeland, they could not own the land, and were forced to work for very little money. (Similar to slavery)
Why did the European nations profit so much from the Colonial system?
After finishing the raw goods from America, they would sell them back finished to the Americans at great profit.
Who was after the Peninsulares on the Social ladder?
Creoles. They were people born of Spanish parents in the New World. (Spanish citizens, but did not enjoy certain privileges the Peninsulares had.)
Who established the first lasting colony in North America?
Dutch. (Bought the island of Manhattan for some beads and cloth and called it New Amsterdam) English expansion drove them out. English changed the name to New York.
What were the two systems the Spanish used to get the Native Americans to work for very little money?
Encomienda and the Draft.
What took the Native American population from 25 million people down to 2 million in the 1600s?
European diseases, work conditions, (mining and farming).
What was the Draft?
Every Spanish village had a quota of workers for the mines each year. While they were paid, they were forced to work far away from their homes in terrible conditions. (Wet and cold) They had to haul out bags weighing up to 400 pounds all day long. They got sweaty, and they were exposed to cold, damp air, which led to many deaths. They also died from explosions and falls.
Which level of government is most powerful in the United States?
Federal then state, then county and city or local governments.
What is one issue with the Spanish social hierarchy?
It excluded certain people from privileges depending on where they were born and who their parents were. People Born in Spain were at the top.
What percentage of Africans went where?
Spanish colonies- 60% Brazil- 35% 13 colonies- 5%
Why did various Europeans come to North America?
Spanish- Looking for fountains of youth or cities of gold. Dutch- trading, farming, fishing French- fishing first, then trading (furs)Beaver pelt hats, English- Religious Freedom, economic advantages,
Why was colonization in New Mexico, Calif, and AZ difficult?
They faced a lot of resistance by the Apache Indians led by Geronimo and others
Which European population grew faster than any other?
The English populated North America faster than any other European country and, consequently, were able to control more of the area.
Where is Spain located?
The Iberian Peninsula.
Who had final say in everything related to the Spanish Empire?
The King or Queen.
Who was after the Mestizos on the Social ladder?
The Native Americans, whose land the Spanish invaded. They had almost no rights in their home land.
Who was at the top of the Spanish colonial government?
The Spanish monarchy.
Who were the first Europeans to explore North America (Modern day United States)
The Spanish, followed by the Dutch, French, and English.
Who did the Spanish turn to when all of the Native American workers had died or were unable to work?
They turned to the Africans.
How did the Spanish organize their colonies?
The colonies were divided into Viceroyalties (like states), and each was overseen by a viceroy. The viceroy cited as the king for that area and answered only to the king of Spain and the Council of the Indies.
What were the problems?
The viceroys could see what the people needed and did not have any power over the laws. The Council of the Indies had the power but could only guess what the people needed and did not want the viceroys to get too much power.
How did the Spanish monarchy rule the provinces?
They appointed viceroys, who lived there and oversaw the happenings there.