HIST
Germany's initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at the Battle of Verdun. the Somme. the Marne. Ypres.
the Marne.
Which of the following describes the new industrial system that developed in early nineteenth-century America? It brought workers together under one roof in a factory. The new system quickly replaced the rural outwork system. It eliminated any possibility that unions could organize to defend workers' interests. The system was bitterly opposed by the many critics of industrial pollution.
It brought workers together under one roof in a factory.
Why was Hamilton's financial plan so controversial? It lined the pockets of wealthy investors and speculators. It required Congress to recompense those who originally owned Confederation securities. The plan neglected the growing importance of manufacturing internationally. Its proposed national bank was blatantly unconstitutional.
It lined the pockets of wealthy investors and speculators.
In the nineteenth century, Edwin Chadwick gained fame as a trade union leader. an advocate of improved public sanitation. a proponent of mass migration to the countryside. an influential follower of Karl Marx.
an advocate of improved public sanitation.
Walter Rathenau is remembered for his May Day rally in opposition to the German war effort. assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. role in Germany's total war mobilization. advocacy of violent revolution against the German government.
role in Germany's total war mobilization.
As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class tended to merge with the old aristocracy. formed tighter bonds with the rest of the middle class. retained its frugal attitudes. increasingly turned toward socialism.
tended to merge with the old aristocracy.
What percentage of the average American colonists' income in the 1760s was typically spent on taxes? 5 percent 10 percent 20 percent 25 percent
25 percent
What new model for European expansion did Britain establish in Egypt? A combination of financial manipulation, indebtedness, and exploitation A combination of military force, political domination, and an ideology of beneficial reform A combination of trade, educational support, and technological assistance A combination of economic collaboration, political alliances, and mutual respect
A combination of trade, educational support, and technological assistance
The critical disagreement that led to the emergence of political parties in the mid-1790s was based on which of the following issues? Jay's Treaty Hamilton's financial plan Interstate trade Slavery
Hamilton's financial plan
What did the Schlieffen Plan call for in 1914? Support of Austria-Hungary in its attack on Serbia and an invasion of Russia A quick defeat of Russia before turning on France A lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia An invasion of Russia together with diplomatic reassurances to France
A lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia
England had a clear advantage at the outset of the Revolutionary War, but Americans had which of the following factors operating in their favor? A much larger population A more motivated military Newer weaponry Experienced and well-trained recruits
A more motivated military
What was the Boxer Rebellion? A revolt of Chinese military officers who supported westernization against the Qing Empress Dowager A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China An uprising of militant Muslims against British rule in Sudan A revolution made by patriotic samurai who overthrew the Japanese shogun
A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China
What was the first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia? Abolition of serfdom Granting of a constitution Nationalization of church property Modernization of the legal system
Abolition of serfdom
What did the middle class generally agree was the correct attitude toward behavior and morality? Always adhere to a strict moral code. Whatever is fashionable is acceptable. Those who fall into poverty or crime are not responsible for their circumstances. Morality is based on natural law, not on Christianity.
Always adhere to a strict moral code.
The Panic of 1819 caused which of the following outcomes? American cotton and wheat prices plummeted over 50 percent. State banks instituted more generous lending practices. The Bank of the United States revoked state banks' charters. The U.S. government moved to increase economic regulations.
American cotton and wheat prices plummeted over 50 percent.
Approval by Congress and ratification by the states of the Bill of Rights had which of the following outcomes? The establishment of a clear formula for balancing state and federal power A guarantee of all men's right to vote for their political leaders An easing of Americans' fears of an oppressive national government The Constitution became the nation's legal and political foundation
An easing of Americans' fears of an oppressive national government
Which of the following served as a catalyst for the 1794 domestic insurgency known as the Whiskey Rebellion? Farm foreclosures High interest rates An excise tax The Panic of 1793
An excise tax
In which of the following lists is the emergence of American financial institutions placed in the correct chronological order? Land banks, Bank of North America, Second Bank of the United States Bank of North America, Second Bank of the United States, land banks Second Bank of the United States, Bank of North America, land banks Bank of North America, land banks, Second Bank of the United States
Bank of North America, Second Bank of the United States, land banks
Which of the following statements describes the American Revolution's impact on civilians in areas that saw military conflicts? Wartime violence was limited to the battlefield and nearby civilians were left unharmed. British troops frequently attacked civilian targets despite Patriots' efforts to protect them. British troops followed the laws of war, but Americans frequently targeted Loyalist civilians. Both British and American troops were known to loot farms and harass and rape civilian women.
Both British and American troops were known to loot farms and harass and rape civilian women.
What was Britain's decisive advantage in its war with China? Britain had superior military technology. Britain had superior military leadership. Britain had greater financial resources. Britain had control of the seas.
Britain had control of the seas.
What was the primary consequence of the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905? The United States chose to withdraw from European affairs. The French Empire in northern Africa began to collapse. The Ottoman Empire abandoned its claims throughout most of the Middle East. Britain, France, and Russia began to see Germany as a threat to dominate all of Europe.
Britain, France, and Russia began to see Germany as a threat to dominate all of Europe.
Which nations joined the war on the side of the Central Powers? Bulgaria and Greece The Ottoman Empire and Spain Spain and Greece Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire
How did Louis Napoleon believe that the people should be represented in government? By special citizens' committees that would watch over the work of political officials By special interest groups that presented the ideas and views of people to government officials By parliaments freely elected by universal male suffrage By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people
By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people
How was the flow of goods directed around the globe in the nineteenth century? By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port By letters sent between merchants and captains as ships waited in ports By letters of transit that were given to ships' captains before leaving, which directed their routes and activities By networks of carrier pigeons that carried directions for ships across the seas
By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port
How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment? Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing. The wealthy and middle classes could isolate themselves since the streetcar was too expensive for the poor. Urban dwellers adopted the practice of returning home for lunch, diminishing the sense of attachment one felt to the workplace environment. Cities abandoned efforts to control urban growth as the boundaries of cities expanded.
Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing.
Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864? Denmark sought to establish trade tolls along the narrow passage that linked the Baltic Sea with the North Sea. Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belonged to the German Confederation into a more centralized Danish state. Denmark established a series of laws that limited the civil rights of German-speaking people in Danish territory. Denmark sought to form a political alliance among the Scandinavian nations as a counter to growing Prussian power.
Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belonged to the German Confederation into a more centralized Danish state
What was the breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work? Human dietary habits affected immunity to diseases. Diseases passed to humans through airborne agents that could be eliminated by moving sources of filth and decay away from humans. Diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled. Most human diseases were the result of molds that occurred naturally in human environments.
Diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled.
Which statement was true of George Washington's 1793 Proclamation of Neutrality? Earnings from shipping rose spectacularly as a result of it. Jefferson and Hamilton disagreed over the need to issue the proclamation. It resulted in France barring American shippers from the West Indies sugar trade. It prevented American merchants from trading with any European country at war.
Earnings from shipping rose spectacularly as a result of it.
Louis Napoleon's great success with the economy included which of the following? Encouraging new investment banks and railroad construction Developing plans for the rebuilding of Paris that ultimately were never carried out Increasing the size of the army to counter rising unemployment Passing laws forbidding the formation of labor unions
Encouraging new investment banks and railroad construction
Why did a national market emerge in the United States between the 1780s and about 1820? The United States erected high tariff barriers to keep out British goods, thereby encouraging local capitalists to build factories. Entrepreneurs mobilized the large rural workforce to manufacture and distribute goods throughout the United States. The entire United States became a market for British manufacturers who tended to displace local American producers. The U.S. government systematically encouraged national self-sufficiency by discriminating against European manufacturers and traders.
Entrepreneurs mobilized the large rural workforce to manufacture and distribute goods throughout the United States.
The largest share of European foreign investment went to sub-Saharan Africa. Asia. European states and North America. Latin America.
European states and North America.
What was a central component of the improvements in sanitation in the nineteenth century? Horses carried many of the diseases that afflicted humans. Communal baths would reduce the spread of dangerous bacteria. Excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost. Most diseases were carried into cities by rural laborers who came into the cities for work.
Excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost.
In which of the following ways did the growth of rural manufacturing affect New Englanders in the early eighteenth century? Farmers expanded their grain crops to provide food for nonfarmers. Newly available labor-saving devices decreased the number of hours needed for work. Farm families became more dependent on market forces beyond their control. Increasingly reliant on wages, most farm families' standard of living declined.
Farm families became more dependent on market forces beyond their control.
The growth of the textile industry in New England in the early nineteenth century negatively affected which of the following occupations? Farming Fishing Tanning Tree cutting
Fishing
John Jacob Astor, a prominent New York merchant of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, made his fortune in which trade? Slave Fur Cloth Cotton
Fur
Which of these events occurred at the Battle of Long Island in August 1776? General Howe and his British troops forced the Americans to retreat to Manhattan Island. General Washington and the Continental army won their first major victory over British forces. The Continental troops quickly surrendered and General Washington barely escaped. Benedict Arnold surrendered a strategic fort to the British, helping them to win the battle.
General Howe and his British troops forced the Americans to retreat to Manhattan Island.
Which of the following statements describes actions the first congressional government undertook in 1789? The Judiciary Act of 1789 established thirteen district courts whose decisions would not be subject to review by the Supreme Court. George Washington asked Congress to abolish the departments of foreign affairs, finance, and war. The Judiciary Act of 1789 gave state courts jurisdiction over federal issues. George Washington established a cabinet--or body of advisors--and an administrative bureaucracy under the president's control.
George Washington established a cabinet--or body of advisors--and an administrative bureaucracy under the president's control.
What issue contributed to tensions between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 1900s? Germany's decision to build a large fleet of battleships Commercial rivalry in world markets Germany's pursuit of colonies British ambitions in the collapsing Ottoman Empire
Germany's decision to build a large fleet of battleships
What part of Otto von Bismarck's alliance system did William II abandon? Germany's alliance with Austria-Hungary to resist Russian expansion into the Balkans Germany's non-aggression pact with Russia Germany's alliance with Great Britain to control the North Sea Germany's mutual defense agreement with France
Germany's non-aggression pact with Russia
In the 1890s, how did Sergei Witte seek to transform Russia? He believed that Russia had lost its roots in Slavic culture and sought to reestablish those roots in order for Russia to return to greatness. He believed that Russia needed to forge a new path to economic success and adopt the radical land redistribution proposed by the socialists. He believed that Russian agriculture was the key to its future success and collectivized land in order to apply modern, rational farming methods. He believed that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening its power and greatness and implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West.
He believed that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening its power and greatness and implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West.
How did Muhammad Ali reorganize the Egyptian army? He established the army as a permanent religious organization, launching jihad against the infidels. He instituted requirements that all soldiers be educated in mathematics so that they could understand and effectively use modern armaments. He abandoned the draft and adopted a volunteer army of highly paid recruits. He drafted illiterate peasants and hired French and Italian army officers to train the recruits and their Turkish officers.
He drafted illiterate peasants and hired French and Italian army officers to train the recruits and their Turkish officers.
How did Muhammad Ali finance his modernization of Egyptian society? He forced farmers to become tenants of large, private landowners who adopted commercial agriculture. He invaded the Sudan to the south and established a trade in slaves from the Sudan to the Middle East. He instituted a high tax on all foreign firms and business in Egypt. He seized control of the Suez Canal and established transit fees for passage.
He forced farmers to become tenants of large, private landowners who adopted commercial agriculture.
How did Ismail transform Egypt in the nineteenth century? He refused to borrow money from Western banks. He promoted large irrigation networks for cotton production and export. He appointed British and French commissioners to oversee Egyptian finances. He moved the capital to Alexandria and rebuilt it as a modern Western city.
He promoted large irrigation networks for cotton production and export.
What was the flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution? His assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring by heredity His denial that human beings had evolved from other primates His claim that genetic mutations were random His belief that God intervened to push evolution in the direction of greater complexity
His assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring by heredity
George Grenville designed the Sugar Act of 1764 to accomplish which of the following? Improve colonial merchants' compliance with customs laws Increase the tax rate on American sugar imports Prohibit colonists from importing molasses from the West Indies Shut down the production and sale of rum in the American colonies
Improve colonial merchants' compliance with customs laws
What was the result of the Berlin Conference of 1884-85? It set the terms for the division of China into economic zones of influence. It declared Africa off-limits to colonization. It set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers. It established high tariffs to protect German industry.
It set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers.
Which of the following took place after the Bank of the United States' charter expired in 1811? Congress chartered the Second Bank of the United States later that same year. Federalists urged the bank's dissolution on the grounds that it was unconstitutional. President James Madison began to invest his own funds in the Bank of the United States. It was not renewed, but a Second Bank of the United States was chartered five years later.
It was not renewed, but a Second Bank of the United States was chartered five years later.
Which of the following statements characterizes the American reaction to the French Revolution? Only American politicians welcomed the French Revolution and the creation of a more democratic republic in 1792. Many Americans praised the egalitarianism of the French republicans and began to address one another as "citizen." The majority of Americans ignored it, thankful that they were separated from European turmoil by the Atlantic Ocean. Strongly religious Americans praised the new French government because of its embrace of traditional Christianity.
Many Americans praised the egalitarianism of the French republicans and began to address one another as "citizen."
What was a result of improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century? More job opportunities for women outside the home More women remained single Married women were not expected to work outside the home Extension of the vote to women in much of Europe
Married women were not expected to work outside the home
Which of the following describes the Continental army during the Revolutionary War? Although it grew slowly, the force numbered 75,000 men at its peak. It consisted mainly of yeomen farmers and well-to-do young Patriots. Most of its recruits were poor native-born youths and older foreign-born men. Its morale and discipline exceeded the British army's because it was fighting for a patriotic cause.
Most of its recruits were poor native-born youths and older foreign-born men.
Who assassinated Grigori Rasputin in 1916? Bolshevik revolutionaries Agents of the tsarist police force German mercenaries Nationalistic aristocrats
Nationalistic aristocrats
Which of the following characterizes early-nineteenth-century British cities? Overcrowding in cities inhibited population growth. City officials demolished row houses in order to build more efficient apartment complexes. New laws limiting capacity in buildings eased overcrowding. Nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant parks or open areas were almost nonexistent.
Nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant parks or open areas were almost nonexistent.
How did the British obtain the opium that they smuggled into China? British landlords in Ireland forced Irish peasants to abandon potato fields and grow poppies. Opium was widely grown in the recently seized lands of Australia. The British seized opium that was illegally grown in the Middle East. Opium was grown legally in British-occupied India.
Opium was grown legally in British-occupied India.
Which of the following statements characterizes the British government's attempts to meet its war debt following the Great War for Empire? The British Parliament raised the taxes on land throughout North America. To cut costs, Britain decreased the size of its bureaucracy, especially the customs department. Parliament decreased the import duties on consumables to increase both sales and revenue. Parliament increased import taxes on items used by the poor and middling classes such as sugar and beer.
Parliament increased import taxes on items used by the poor and middling classes such as sugar and beer.
To win votes for his financial plan, Hamilton made which of the following concessions? Raising the price of western lands sold by the government to settlers Agreeing to support Jefferson in the 1796 presidential election Supporting a high tariff on foreign cotton Proposing that the nation's new capitol be built in the Upper South
Proposing that the nation's new capitol be built in the Upper South
How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests? Railroad lines connected resource-rich inland cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade but did not link inland cities to each other. Local economies had no need for railroads since they already had extensive trade networks. Railroad lines destroyed regional trading patterns by offering more profitable trade with Western markets. Local political leaders accepted huge bribes to permit Western railroads to build across their land regardless of the economic damage caused by the building process.
Railroad lines connected resource-rich inland cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade but did not link inland cities to each other.
How did wages change in the late nineteenth century? Real wages decreased for the mass of the population, and the gap between the rich and the poor increased. Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease. Real wages decreased for the mass of the population, but so did prices thanks to industrialization, leading to an increase in living standards. Real wages increased for the mass of the population, but prices rose even more dramatically, leading to a decrease in living standards.
Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease.
What was Georges Haussmann's contribution to nineteenth-century life? Developing the antiseptic method Rebuilding Paris His realistic novels of lower-class life Pioneering the use of electric streetcars in Europe
Rebuilding Paris
Which of the following spurred the Panic of 1819 in the United States? Significant inflation of agricultural prices Excessive government spending on canal-building Reckless practices pursued by shady state-chartered banks Overly restrictive lending policies of the Second Bank of the United States
Reckless practices pursued by shady state-chartered banks
What were the two-front wars that military planners had anticipated prior to the First World War? Russia had assumed a two-front war against Germany and the Ottoman Empire, and Germany had assumed a two-front war against France and Italy. The Ottoman Empire had assumed a two-front war against Russia and Austria-Hungary, and France had assumed a two-front war against Germany and Spain. Germany had assumed a two-front war against France and Russia, and Italy had assumed a two-front war against Austria-Hungary and France. Russia had assumed a two-front war against Germany and Austria-Hungary, and Germany had assumed a two-front war against Russia and France.
Russia had assumed a two-front war against Germany and Austria-Hungary, and Germany had assumed a two-front war against Russia and France.
What event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs? Russian defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-56 The revolution of 1905 The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 The assassination of Alexander II in 1881
Russian defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-56
Who was the English immigrant who secretly brought the design of the most advanced British machinery for spinning cotton to America in 1789? Francis Cabot Lowell Samuel Slater Paul Moody Eli Whitney
Samuel Slater
Which of the following was an outcome of the division of labor in early American shoe factories? Shoe production increased. Shoe production slowed. Shoe prices doubled. The supply of shoes dwindled.
Shoe production increased.
By the 1830s, coal and metal manufacturers increasingly used which of the following to run machinery? Water wheels Windmills Steam engines Hand power
Steam engines
Ottoman reformers launched a series of radical reforms in the nineteenth century known as the October Manifesto. Duma. Tanzimat Reichstag.
Tanzimat
Which of the following statements characterizes the relative military strengths of the British and Patriot forces during the Revolutionary War? The Patriots could count on more help from Indians than could the British. The Americans relied mostly on a standing army of about 48,000 men. Due to American shipbuilding, American naval strength roughly matched that of the British Navy. The British could expect support from thousands of Loyalists in the colonies and many Indian tribes.
The British could expect support from thousands of Loyalists in the colonies and many Indian tribes.
Which of the following was one reason the British sent 7,500 troops to North America after the end of the Great War for Empire in 1763? Military reinforcements were needed to protect the colonies from the Spanish. The British government sought to prevent future Indian uprisings on the frontier. The new era of peace in Europe required Britain to contrive another purpose for its troops. Britain deployed new troops to America to rebuild the areas destroyed during the war.
The British government sought to prevent future Indian uprisings on the frontier.
Which of the following statements describes British military strategy during the first two years of the Revolutionary War? The British were content to demonstrate their superior power and tactics in the hopes of convincing the rebels to surrender. The British harassed the Continental army ruthlessly, but with great luck, Washington and his troops repeatedly escaped. With the Atlantic standing between them and their country, the British relied on the Loyalists for supplies. The British used guerrilla tactics instead of conventional warfare, attempting to outmaneuver the rebels and force their surrender.
The British were content to demonstrate their superior power and tactics in the hopes of convincing the rebels to surrender.
What was the immediate cause of British entry into the First World War? The sinking of the Lusitania The German invasion of neutral Belgium The Austrian ultimatum to Serbia The Algeciras Conference
The German invasion of neutral Belgium
George Grenville conceived the Sugar Act of 1764 to replace which of the following acts? The Currency Act of 1764 The Proclamation of 1763 The Excise Act of 1756 The Molasses Act of 1733
The Molasses Act of 1733
Why were the Balkans considered the "powder keg of Europe"? Russia had destabilized the region by claiming control over the straits to the Black Sea. The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism. The region had failed to begin the process of modernization, leaving it backwards and extremely poor. Famine caused by Austro-Hungarian trade restrictions had left the region struggling for survival and furious at Austrian policies.
The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism.
Which of the following statements characterizes the operations of the Bank of the United States in the twenty years after its 1791 chartering? The national bank was so successful that Jefferson Republicans embraced it and helped secure a new charter after the original charter expired. The bank had branches in eight major cities to respond to demands for commercial credit, and its profits averaged 8 percent annually. Serving as a central clearinghouse, the bank was able to prevent states from issuing much paper currency that wasn't backed by gold or silver. In most years, the bank did not make a profit, and operating subsidies from the federal government were required to keep it afloat.
The bank had branches in eight major cities to respond to demands for commercial credit, and its profits averaged 8 percent annually.
On what basis did the American colonists object to the vice-admiralty courts in which violators of the Sugar Act were tried? They were administered by the British Navy rather than civilian officials. These courts were located in Britain and defendants were required to pay for travel. The courts were run by British-appointed judges and did not involve juries. Colonists did not believe they should be prosecuted by the same courts as British criminals.
The courts were run by British-appointed judges and did not involve juries.
How did Bismarck structure the North German Confederation in order to secure the authority of the Prussian emperor? The parliament was permitted only a minor role in the enforcement of legislation, while all new bills had to originate from the emperor himself. The parliament had no right to override an imperial veto over legislation, while the emperor had independent control of the army and the bureaucracy. The emperor controlled the army and foreign affairs, and universal male suffrage permitted him to go directly to the people if middle-class liberals resisted his bills in the legislature. The emperor's edicts could be reviewed by the legislature but could not be overridden without agreement of the high law court, which was comprised of individuals appointed by the emperor.
The emperor controlled the army and foreign affairs, and universal male suffrage permitted him to go directly to the people if middle-class liberals resisted his bills in the legislature.
Around the 1830s, what new form of manufacturing emerged in America? The rural outwork system Water-driven textile mills The first use of interchangeable parts The fabrication of metal products
The fabrication of metal products
Alexander Hamilton's 1789 financial plan for the United States included which of the following items? The federal government's assumption of state war debts The elimination of the U.S. national debt A progressive system of personal income taxes The eradication of paper currency
The federal government's assumption of state war debts
The colonists' real objections to the Sugar Act stemmed from which of the following? The high taxes, which would bankrupt many merchants Its strict penalties, which discouraged smuggling and raised prices The growing administrative power of the British government over the colonies Britain's intention to make the colonists pay for their own defense
The growing administrative power of the British government over the colonies
Which of the following factors posed a major problem for the colonies during the American Revolution? The absence of allies Slave insurrections The high price and scarcity of goods A depressed economy
The high price and scarcity of goods
Which of the following describes the textile industry that was emerging in New England and the Middle Atlantic states in the 1780s? Textile manufacturers built their mills on cheap land near the growing seaport cities. The industry relied on an outwork system that combined mills and household labor. Textile manufacturers converted most of their mills from water to coal and steam power. Animals supplied the power to run the machines used to manufacture textiles.
The industry relied on an outwork system that combined mills and household labor.
What was the Russian zemstvo? The new Russian parliament established after the revolution of 1905 The institution for local government established by the Great Reforms The name of the currency issued when Russia adopted the gold standard The state-run investment bank set up to promote railroad construction
The institution for local government established by the Great Reforms
What did the Western world hope to achieve through the global economic system? It would control and determine the national economic policies of nations across the globe. The largest share of gains from trade, technology, and migration would flow to the West and its propertied classes. Non-Western merchants could connect with the global economy and develop their own nation's wealth. The wealth of the Western world would spread to rest of the world.
The largest share of gains from trade, technology, and migration would flow to the West and its propertied classes.
How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the work life of the middle class? The middle class increasingly used their ownership of businesses to distance themselves from active roles in the economy. The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education. Increasingly undermined by wealthy industrialists, the middle class turned into wage laborers with a standard of living barely above that of the laboring poor. The middle class left management positions in large private and public organizations, believing them to be beneath their dignity.
The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education.
How did the process of Italian unification survive the French betrayal of Sardinia in its effort to unify Italy? Count Cavour publicly exposed the betrayal by the French, and French public opinion forced Louis Napoleon to re-establish its support of Italian unification. Count Cavour gained the support of the papacy and used pro-Catholic French to pressure Louis Napoleon to withdraw his support of Austrian claims in northern Italy. The industrialists building railroads in Italy needed unified states to manage the railroad system and financed and provided logistical support to the nationalists. The nationalist leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia, despite the displeasure of the Great Powers.
The nationalist leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia, despite the displeasure of the Great Powers.
How did Britain's skyrocketing national debt affect its government in England and America in the 1760s? The need for higher taxes spurred Britain to increase the size and power of its bureaucracy in England and America. Britain's debt crisis led the Parliament to suspend the colonies' royal governorships and decrease its subsidies to the monarchy. Americans' cooperation with the new tax code allowed Britain to transfer government officials from the colonies back to London. In response to the fiscal crisis, Parliament reduced the size of its domestic and colonial tax bureaucracies, but it increased their power dramatically.
The need for higher taxes spurred Britain to increase the size and power of its bureaucracy in England and America.
How did the Ottoman Empire's efforts at reform in the latter half of the nineteenth century undermine the empire's stability? The reforms created equality before the law for all citizens, which increased religious disputes and split Muslims into secularist and traditionalist camps. The reforms undermined the position of the Ottoman nobility by emphasizing industrialization over agricultural concerns. The reforms undermined the growth of nationalism, which the Ottomans had planned to use as the basis of political loyalty and social stability. The reforms permitted each region of the empire to establish its own laws, which destroyed the coherence of the empire as a whole.
The reforms created equality before the law for all citizens, which increased religious disputes and split Muslims into secularist and traditionalist camps.
Which of the following was part of British Parliament's effort to govern the colonies after the Great War for Empire ended in 1763? The seizure of American vessels carrying supplies from the mainland to the French West Indies The practice of turning a blind eye when colonial merchants ignored trade regulations Leasing jobs in the royal customs departments in the colonies in order to raise more money Replacing the Navigation Acts with free-trade reforms to promote rapid economic growth
The seizure of American vessels carrying supplies from the mainland to the French West Indies
How did the urban working class change in the latter half of the nineteenth century? It increasingly formed a unified, coherent culture that became the basis of class unity. The sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent. Skilled artisans increasingly joined the middle class, leaving the working class largely unskilled. The labor aristocracy disappeared as their positions were replaced by mechanized factory labor.
The sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent.
Why was the Battle of Saratoga historically significant? It lulled the British into a false sense of security. The victory ensured the French would join in an alliance with the Americans. The British captured more than 5,000 American troops. The loss showed the need for better training for the Patriot troops.
The victory ensured the French would join in an alliance with the Americans.
How did the war on the eastern front differ from the war on the western front? The war on the eastern front immediately became immobile as both sides established vast trench networks. The war on the eastern front included a more significant naval component with competition for the Black Sea. The war on the eastern front lacked the use of modern technologies and, therefore, led to less loss of life. The war on the eastern front remained more mobile, with Germany in a more dominant position.
The war on the eastern front remained more mobile, with Germany in a more dominant position.
Throughout the First World War, what mistake did military commanders repeatedly make? They attempted to mount massive offensives designed to break through entrenched lines. They failed to recognize that armies could move faster than they could be supplied. They adopted new technology that had not previously been tried in battle. They failed to properly prepare defensive positions after seizing new territory.
They attempted to mount massive offensives designed to break through entrenched lines.
Why did the German military command recommence submarine warfare in the Atlantic despite knowing that it would lead the United States to enter the war against them? They believed that the United States had already decided secretly to enter the war and wanted to inflict as much damage as possible on Britain before U.S. troops arrived. They believed that the war was already lost and wanted to inflict as much damage as possible on Britain so that it would be weakened in its victory. They believed that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to Britain's rescue. They believed that Britain would abandon its war effort once the power of the new German submarines was recognized.
They believed that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to Britain's rescue.
Why did middle-class families spend considerable portions of their income on food? The price of food skyrocketed as farm labor became more scarce. They had to feed not only their families but their large staff of servants and assistants. They developed a habit of purchasing expensive and exotic colonial products. They gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity.
They gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity.
What was the goal of the Prussian parliament in the 1850s and 1860s? To establish a radical program of land redistribution in favor of the peasantry To undermine the authority of the customs union that controlled trade policy To form a Prussian alliance with France as a counterweight to growing Russian power To establish that it held final political authority and that the army was responsible to it
To establish that it held final political authority and that the army was responsible to it
Upon his election as president, why did Louis Napoleon sign conservative legislation increasing the power of the Catholic Church and depriving poor men of the right to vote? He knew that the legislation's wide popularity would secure his authority for the foreseeable future. To get the National Assembly to pay his personal debts and change the constitution so he could run for a second term To obtain control over the military, which he could then use to overthrow the National Assembly He needed to curry favor with the Catholic Church in order to convince the papacy to accept Italian unification.
To get the National Assembly to pay his personal debts and change the constitution so he could run for a second term
What was one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy's strict moral code? To create a strong barrier against socialist influences To maintain their unstable social and economic position To prevent their children from joining the supposedly morally corrupt middle classes To serve as an example to lower-paid, unskilled workers
To maintain their unstable social and economic position
How did Sardinia and its monarch, Victor Emmanuel, gain the reputation of a liberal, progressive state? Victor Emmanuel retained the liberal constitution—and its substantial civil liberties—that was forced on his father in 1848. Victor Emmanuel instituted a series of reforms designed to strip the Catholic Church of most of its land and power in the region. Victor Emmanuel passed legislation that seized land from nobles and redistributed it more equitably to the peasantry. Victor Emmanuel established the first systems of nationwide childhood education and free university education for those admitted.
Victor Emmanuel retained the liberal constitution—and its substantial civil liberties—that was forced on his father in 1848.
Why were Jewish immigrants in the nineteenth century unlikely to return to their native land? Violent anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe The success they enjoyed in their new homes Laws against such repatriation The high cost of travel back to Europe
Violent anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe
What was significant about George Washington's leading of his troops across the Delaware River on Christmas night in 1776? It was the first time Washington had shown decisive leadership and it saved his job. Washington's action surprised the enemy and gave the Americans their first real victory. His failed effort to cross the frozen river resulted in the deaths of 200 American troops. The event allowed the Continental Army to retake New Jersey and most of Long Island.
Washington's action surprised the enemy and gave the Americans their first real victory.
Thomas Jefferson's vision for the future of the United States included which of the following ideas? Industrialized urban centers at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution Expansion of the institution of slavery to the West Western territories populated by independent yeomen farm families A rejection of scientific farming in favor of agricultural traditionalism
Western territories populated by independent yeomen farm families
Which of the following was an outcome of the rural outwork system of manufacturing in the 1820s and 1830s? Workers' wages decreased. Workers' autonomy increased. Employers lost control over their workplaces. Women were shut out of the manufacturing process.
Workers' wages decreased.
The typical European immigrant was a middle-class professional. an urban factory worker. a small farmer or rural craftsperson. a landless peasant.
a small farmer or rural craftsperson.
Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf refers to his drive to make German workers more cultured. attack on the Catholic Church in the German Empire. attempt to stamp out anti-German attitudes in France following the Franco-Prussian War. 1864 war against Denmark.
attack on the Catholic Church in the German Empire.
Patriot women contributed to the war effort in the 1770s by increasing production of homespun cloth. joining the women's regiment. working as government officials. working in army offices to free men to fight.
increasing production of homespun cloth.
Bismarck's alliance system was designed to isolate France and to expand German territory eastward. challenge Britain's dominant world position. maintain peace between Russia and Austria-Hungary. control the Balkans.
maintain peace between Russia and Austria-Hungary.
The Stamp Act was instituted by Parliament in the colonies in 1765; it was part of England's plan to create a more centralized imperial system in America. barely passed by a divided Parliament deeply concerned about American opposition. problematic because it bore heavily on the poorest colonists and exempted the rich. supported by Benjamin Franklin and other prominent colonial leaders as a reasonable tax.
part of England's plan to create a more centralized imperial system in America.
Rudyard Kipling's "white man's burden" referred to the social costs of industrialization. the difficulties of reaching consensus in a democratic society. the white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races. the high costs of maintaining colonial rule.
the white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races.