hist244

Biltmore program

- Zionism meeting in NYC - Biltmore - may 1942 - news of holocaust began to seep into western culture -when news of the Holocaust began to filter in, demand took hold that the allies create a Jewish state--first time the Zionist organization had ever called for a Jewish state (even though they did not know the full extent of the Holocaust)

First Intifada

-Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza. The uprising lasted from December 1987 until the Madrid Conference in 1991, though some date its conclusion to 1993, with the signing of the Oslo Accords. -Although ultimately did not have dramatic success, was watershed. SHowed Israelis, Westerners, Arab leaders that status quo was intolerable. Had messages to three different constituencies -To Israelis: We have political rights, no peace until our demands are accommodated. Occupation will cost heavily in world opinion, treasure, lives. Caused radical rethinking in Israel. For the first time, saw the frustration and pain of Palestinians. Some soldiers refused to serve in occupied territories. Green line now rematerialized. Growing course of doubt on right and left. Generals declared territories were more of a burden than an asset. IDF urged gov't to negotiate with PLO. Message hit home. -To America and Europe: Most Westerners had assumed Palestinians were invisible or undeserving of sympathy. Now, TV and newspapers showed IDF soldiers being aggressive, provoked outrage and criticism. Mini struggle has always been about controlling the narrative and pictorial image. Weaker side captures world sympathy. As long as PLO continued posture, played into the aggressive stereotype. After 1967, many saw Palestine as David, Israel as Goliath. Intifada gave boost to narrative of Palestinian victimization. From 1967-1980 Palestinians were victims. Intrusion prompted by European anti-semitism for which they had no responsibility. Defended themselves against unwanted intrusion. In medium term, Palestinians were their own worst enemies. In seeking to defend themselves, rejected all compromises, insisted on eliminating Jewish community completely. Found themselves worse off than last round of hostilities. -Arab Regimes: Palestinians declared be careful. If you aren't then the same anger will topple your governments. Arab governments got the message. In emergency meeting, decided to support intifada with money and political cover. King Hussein said that Jordan was relinquishing all claims to West Bank, said Gaza and West Bank should become Palestinian states under PLO leadership. -Likud's plans for the future were in tatters. By 1990, Palestinians were under tremendous, growing pressure. As pressure mounted, time for negotiation and compromise was approaching.

Druze Arabs

9% of whole arab population but make up a larger portion than jews as officers in IDF, very loyal to Israel

White Paper of 1939

In may, 1939, London issued 3rd and last white paper to impose a solution on Palestine — by far the most sympathetic to arabs - britain promised to replace the mandate with a single, independent state in 10 years with jews and arabs, but jewish population would never be able to grow above 1/3, and in 5 years, all jewish immigration would have to stop London issued 3rd and last white paper to impose a solution on Palestine — by far the most sympathetic to arabs - britain promised to replace the mandate with a single, independent state in 10 years with jews and arabs, but jewish population would never be able to grow above 1/3, and in 5 years, all jewish immigration would have to stop completely. It severely restricted jewish land purposes. It finally ended support for a jewish national home that had begun in 1917. This white paper met zionist cries of anguish.

White Paper of 1930

author was a well known anti zionist who said Palestine had too many people - coming after the other white paper, this was the second in a series of 3 white papers. Each white paper was more sympathetic to zionism and more open to arab demands. This one declared in effect that jews would never get a state of their own and should stop dreaming about it, and jewish land purchases/immigration should be severely curtailed if not stopped entirely. This time, zionist dismay was much more profound than in 1922. As nazi and polish anti semitism sent more and more jews to palestine, number of jews rose (5th aliyah)

Haj Amin al-Husayni

head of the supreme muslim council, sided with Hitler, was part of the most important arab family in Jerusalem, british were using him to help keep the peace in Palestine in exchange for him having power

Theodore Herzl

highly assimilated austrio-hungarian jew, founding father of Zionism, devoted his life to establishing a jewish state, organized the first Zionist conference in 1897 in Switzerland, wrote "the jewish state"

General Assembly Resolution 194

in 1948 when war was coming to a close, it was clear that there were going to be a large number of Palestinian refugees, UN said refugees should be allowed to come back to israel asap and compensation should be paid for those who don't want to go back for loss of their property - government should take responsibility for their losses, specifically deals with Palestinian refugee crisis

Etzion Bloc massacre

justification for Israeli aggression, jews surrendered really quickly, attack on jewish settlements by Palestinian guerilla forces

Haganah

labor party, mainstream defense, became serious military force, a Jewish paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine (1921-48), which became the core of the Israel Defense Forces, Following the 1929 Palestine riots, the Haganah's role changed dramatically. It became a much larger organization encompassing nearly all the youth and adults in the Jewish settlements, as well as thousands of members from the cities. It also acquired foreign arms and began to develop workshops to create hand grenades and simple military equipment, transforming from an untrained militia to a capable underground army

Ayans

land owners, dominated land until 1948, monopolized national and regional politics, feared popular masses may threaten them, were more sympathetic to the Zionists than the Palestinians, wanted control over the land but were pushed aside by the PLO and British

Ottoman empire

major empire that collapsed after WWI in 1922, with this collapse, arabs had to ask themselves how they defined themselves - leads to a rise of palestinian and arab nationalism

Yishuv

name of the jewish group before they were a state, because they were more organized and had better communication (due to education and literacy) they were able to be successful during wars in which they were objectively outnumbered, good for economic and population growth, protected by Britain

Arab Revolt of 1936-1939

nationalist uprising of Palestinians against british policy, negotiation devolves into violence which ends up hurting citizens

General Assembly Resolution 181

resolution passed by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 1947 that called for the partition of Palestine into Arab and Jewish states, with the city of Jerusalem as a corpus separatum (Latin: "separate entity") to be governed by a special international regime. The resolution—which was considered by the Jewish community in Palestine to be a legal basis for the establishment of Israel, and which was rejected by the Arab community—was succeeded almost immediately by violence.

Vladimir Jabotinsky

revisionist Zionist, BG denied any basic conflict between jews and arabs, but jabotinsky said from the start that they were incompatible. Arabs were attached to Palestine just as much as jews. Jabotinsky saw militarism and an independent state as the jews' only hope, more aggressive, more supportive of an aggressive policy, says that it doesn't matter if the Palestinians are temporarily displaced - jews existence is in danger - Palestinians can find refuge in other arabs countries and essentially end up fine, in contrast to Ben Gurion

Plan D

sought to dry up the water to drain the lake in which the guerrilla fish were swimming to destroy population base from which guerrillas were operating

Abu Agheila

the fortress in the Sinai peninsula that Egyptians had that was built to soviet specifications, wanted to lure Israel to attack that because they thought it couldn't be beat, but Israel had spies and broke through pretty easily which led to the loss of the whole Sinai peninsula

White Paper of 1922

this document came in direct responses to arab riots on jews in Jerusalem and jaffa, balfour - permitted settlements on both sides of the Jordan river, but the white papers said that land east of the Jordan river was off limits (80% of the original Palestine mandate) was immediately closed to jews. It also denied explicitly that the are of Palestine left of the river would become "as jewish as England is English". 1922 white papers said jews would not be allowed to set up a jewish state, merely a center in which the jewish people may take "interest and pride". Jabotinsky - revisionist organization to revise the white paper.

Deir Yassin massacre

village of deir Yassin was attacked by 125 irgun

Kfar Qassem

village where there were arab citizens were massacred by Israeli forces, used as an argument against Israeli aggression, "border control"

Balfour declaration

written statement for the national home for the jews, initially gave jews hope for a home in Israel, but also showed Britain's finicky policy toward israel

Yasser Arafat

• He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1969 to 2004 and President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) from 1994 to 2004.[3] Ideologically an Arab nationalist, he was a founding member of the Fatah political party, which he led from 1959 until 2004. • • Arafat brought together as many groups as possible under the PLO umbrella. Loose confederation with a mix of parties and military groups. Many had their own military organizations and armed units. Could be a source of weakness, besides Fatah the other groups within the PLO were Marxist. 2 explicitly Marxist groups--PFLP and Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine. • According to Hamas, Israel used Oslo to relieve national pressure to continue settlements. Blamed Arafat for falling into Israeli trap. Rabin's policy on Jerusalem reaffirmed Palestinian bitterness. Excluded East Jerusalem from any type of settlement freeze at all. • Arafat did not use powers he did have to curb Hamas. Rashid Khalidi: Arafat never made up his mind about terrorism. Strategic incoherence. • Cracking down too hard on Hamas could make Arafat look like Israel's policeman--antagonize population of Palestinians that were sympathetic to Hamas. • Said Arafat was like a terrorist. Camp David: The Issues 1. Borders a. Israel at first proposed surrenedered all of Gaza but keeping 14% of the West Bank i. Plus two East-West corridors ii. Wanted to lease 10% of West Bank in Jordan Valley iii. Wanted to retain 24% of West Bank in total b. Arafat refused to consider these proposals . Palestinians lost 70% of palestine in 1949 1. Were not about to lose 24% of what is left c. Clinton proposed compromise . Israel gets 9% of the West Bank 1. Give up land from Israel proper i. No east-west corridors ii. Israel allowed to keep small outposts in Jordan valley for 12 years d. Israel accepts Clinton's proposal - PA rejects 1. Jerusalem a. Israel demanded undivided city under complete Israeli sovereignty b. Muslims would have custodianship of holy sites in E. Jerusalem i. Jews would retain sovereignty c. PA wanted 2 separate parts of Jerusalem . W Jerusalem = capital of Israel i. E jerusalem = Palestinian 1. Jews would have access to holy sites d. Swiss cheese compromise . Arab neighborhoods under Palestinian sovereignty i. Jewish neighborhoods under Israeli sovereignty ii. Muslims control noble sanctuary iii. Jews control western wall iv. Sovereignty over both holy sites = to Israel v. Each state establish capital in own part of Jerusalem e. Barak accepts this compromise . Major concession bc all Israeli gov'ts had pledged to keep Jerusalem f. Arafat refuses

Green Line

• armistice border between Israel/Jordan and Israel/Egypt. •

King Hussein

•"America's little Hashemite *****" -Palestinians, because they wanted support •Israel radio kept silent, didn't say anything about the fighting. Prevent the great powers from putting pressure on the Israelis. Hussein had no information to contradict what Nasser was feeding him. •On the morning of June 5th, Israelis warned King Hussein to stay out of the fighting (3x) •At this point, Israel had no intentions to take over the West Bank. •Hussein wanted to show his Palestinian subjects that he was not a stooge of the West or of Egypt. Seemed like not going to war was more dangerous than going to war. Openeed fire in West Jerusalem. Israel promptly retaliated. Turned its entire might against Jordan. Nasser had told them that Israeli air force had been destroyed, but destroyed all of Jordan's air force within hours, seized Jerusalem and West Bank. •During intifada, In emergency meeting, decided to support intifada with money and political cover. King Hussein said that Jordan was relinquishing all claims to West Bank, said Gaza and West Bank should become Palestinian states under PLO leadership.

Mizrachim

•Asian and African jews, Jews descended from local Jewish communities of the Middle East from biblical times into the modern era •Early founders of Zionism had assumed that most newcomers would be Europeans. Ashkenazi. After Hitler destroyed European Jewry, Asian and African Jews became essential to Israel. Mizrahi. •By 1955, Mizrahi represented 92% of all immigrants to Israel. •When they entered Israel, only 5% had past an elementary school education. Higher unemployment and crime rates and lower income. Also had European prejudice. Many reacted with bitterness. Did not come to Israel to be humiliated by their own people. •Emphasis on assimilating people to European, gave up idea of assimilating Mizrahi--cultural pluralism. Israel was not seen as a single Ashkenazi based culture but as a mosaic. •Mizrahi income rose more than Ashkenazi income--still remains a gap today. Inter-marriage further reduced the sense of difference. Today, 40% of Israeli Jews married people not of their ethnic identity. •As much as Palestinian refugees hated Israel, Mizrachi hated Arabs with a passion. ANy willingness to trust Arabs was wrong. Voted Conservative, right wing. •Many Mizrachi hated patronizing attitude towards them.

Ashkenazim

•European jews •Elite

Menachim Begin

•His entire family had been killed by Nazis, was in Soviet POW camp, tormented by anti-semites, defeated people in fist fights. Entered Israel in 1942. Became leader of the organization, Irgun. Jewish militia/terrorist organization. Pre-disposed him to a military perspective on the world. •Leader of the Likud party with Ariel Sharon

Gulf of Aqaba

•In 1956, Egypt agreed to open the Gulf of Aqba to Israeli shipping, and to allow UN military forces to stay in Sinai. Egypt agreed to limit its forces in Sinai to accept a partial halt to immigration.

Allon Plan

•Labor policy said they wanted to trade most of the lands in return for peace and recognition. Qualified commitment because they even ruled out return to pre-1967 boundaries. Said E. Jerusalem had become a permanent part of Israel. •"Allon Plan": Became semi-official doctrine. Envisioned permanent Israeli defensive perimeter in Jordan valley and Judean desert. •June 19, 1967 offered this deal to Damascus and Cairo. •Labor sensed that lasting peace would never be achieved without major territorial withdrawals. Arab states would never accept loss of significant territories. Holding on to most of the land would increase the likelihood of future wars. Peace was more important than sovereignty. 2nd reason was moral: saw if it annexed great Arab population blocks, could not remain both democratic and Jewish. Arabs would immediately become 40% of electorate. Make it difficult to fund the army, would support return of Arab refugees •Israel couldn't simply hand back the territories.... Couldn't put Egyptian and Jordanian forces with easy reach to population centers. Only way was if they agreed to make peace. Labor leaders kept hoping this would be possible. Radical states led by Egypt, Syria, Iraq dominated Arab consensus. Wanted to keep struggle going until Israel had to yield all of the lands. Rejected Israel's offer to return lands for peace.

green line

-The Green Line is often referred to as the "pre-1967 borders" or the "1967 borders" by many international bodies and national leaders -armistice border between Israel/Jordan and Israel/Egypt. -the demarcation line set out in the 1949 Armistice Agreements between the armies of Israel and those of its neighbors (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria) after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. It served as the de facto borders of the State of Israel from 1949 until the Six-Day War in 1967. -The name comes from the green ink used to draw the line on the map while the armistice talks were going on. After the Six-Day War, the territories captured by Israel beyond the Green Line came to be designated as East Jerusalem, the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights, and Sinai Peninsula (the Sinai Peninsula has since been returned to Egypt as part of the 1979 peace treaty). These territories are often referred to as Israeli-occupied territories.

Khartoum Declaration

-The Khartoum Resolution of 1 September 1967 was issued at the conclusion of the 1967 Arab League summit convened in the wake of the Six-Day War, in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan. The summit lasted from 29 August to 1 September and was attended by eight Arab heads of state: Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Algeria, Kuwait, and Sudan. The resolution called for: a continued state of belligerency with Israel, ending the Arab oil boycott declared during the Six-Day War, an end to the North Yemen Civil War, and economic assistance for Egypt and Jordan. It is famous for containing (in the third paragraph) what became known as the "Three No's": "no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with it..." -

Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni

-a Palestinian Arab nationalist and fighter who in late 1933 founded the secret militant group known as the Organization for Holy Struggle which he and Hasan Salama commanded as the Army of the Holy War (Jaysh al-Jihad al-Muqaddas) during the 1936-39 Arab revolt and during the 1948 war. -Husayni was born to the influential al-Husayni family of Jerusalem, son of Musa al-Husayni and the nephew of Amin al-Husayni. He graduated in chemistry at the American University in Cairo, and organized the Congress of Educated Muslims. -Initially, he took a post in the settlement department of the British Mandate government, but eventually moved to the Hebron area during the 1936-39 Arab revolt in Palestine to lead the struggle against the British. A member of the Palestine Arab Party.

UNRWA

-administered a lot of refugee camps in West Bank, East Bank, Syria, Gaza. Provided medical care and education. Reduced need for Palestinians to create a new life for themselves. Deliberately refused to promote integration of Palestinians into community. Only refugee population which is defined as including the descendants of the refugees. Hope was to return to their homes in Israel -Created in December 1949, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is a relief and human development agency which supports more than 5 million registered Palestinian refugees, and their descendants, who fled or were expelledfrom their homes during the 1948 Palestine war as well as those who fled or were expelled during and following the 1967 Six Day war. Originally intended to provide jobs on public works projects and direct relief, today UNRWA provides education, health care, and social services to the population it supports. Aid is provided in five areas of operation: Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem; aid for Palestinian refugees outside these five areas is provided by UNHCR. •It also provided relief to Jewish and Arab Palestine refugees inside the state of Israel following the 1948 conflict until the Israeli government took over responsibility for Jewish refugees in 1952.[6] In the absence of a solution to the Palestine refugee problem, the General Assembly has repeatedly renewed UNRWA's mandate, most recently extending it until 30 June 2017. •UNRWA is the only agency dedicated to helping refugees from a specific region or conflict and is separate from UNHCR.[7] Formed in 1950, UNHCR is the main UN refugee agency, which is responsible for aiding other refugees all over the world. Unlike UNRWA, UNHCR has a specific mandate to aid its refugees to eliminate their refugee status by local integration in current country, resettlement in a third country or repatriation when possible.[8] Both UNRWA and UNHCR allow refugee status to be inherited by descendants.

Law of Return

-anyone of Jewish ancestry, or anyone who converted to Judaism has an automatic right to come to Israel. -At least 33 other countries which have a law of return to dominant ethnicity.

Harry Truman

-christian Zionist that believed that Israel belonged to the jews -Magnified view from Nazi atrocitieshe had nightmares for weeks -Wanted to be new Cyrus (not Miley lol) -Overrode the demands of state department, and supported by liberal left wing Americans (Zionism was a left-wing cause), African leaders, and American Jews -. He demanded that 10,000 Jewish refugees be admitted into Israel. 10 minutes after Israel's declaration of independence, Support critical for UN voting in favor of Jewish state post WW2

irgun

1937 founded and led by Menachem Begin in 1941. Terrorist group committed to Zionism and Jewish state. Carried out a series of attacks against British interests, blowing up British military headquarters in King David hotel. The Irgun was dissolved by the Israeli gov in 1948.

Peel Commission

1937, reconciliation was impossible, surgical partition was the only solution. Called for creation for small independent Jewish state on 18% of the mandate's territory, Arabs got 75% of the land, remaining 7% - jerusalem, under british control. Arab state would be able to affiliate with Jordan to not feel isolated and frightened. Peel commission argued that most arabs who live in the jewish state should move to the arab state. Jews were unhappy with the small 18%, but welcomed the idea of partition because it promised to fulfill the zionist goal of a separate, jewish state. Leaders of the arabs rejected idea of partition completely. therefore, after peel commission had been inaugurated in attempt to pacify the revolt, it ended up doing the opposite. third white paper

Irgun

Zionist paramilitary organization that operated in Mandate Palestine between 1931 and 1948, jewish terrorist group that bombed arab civilians, arabs retaliated — initial arab attackers and irgun/stern gang are all terrorists. By the end of 1947, fighting raged, war (to last for 20 months) began. Current Palestinian president says rejecting partition plan was a mistake. but, palestinians feel that jews will never be satisfied.

Ben Gurion

•On May 14, 1948--Ben Gurion declared the creation of Israel. •Labor Party was most popular. Led by David Ben Gurion. Always got a plurality. •Ben Gurion was a big visionary. •the primary national founder of the State of Israel and the first Prime Minister of Israel. •Ben-Gurion's passion for Zionism, which began early in life, led him to become a major Zionist leader and Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization in 1946.[1] As head of the Jewish Agency from 1935, and later president of the Jewish Agency Executive, he was the de facto leader of the Jewish community in Palestine, and largely led its struggle for an independent Jewish state in Mandatory Palestine. On 14 May 1948, he formally proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel, and was the first to sign the Israeli Declaration of Independence, which he had helped to write. Ben-Gurion led Israel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and united the various Jewish militias into the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Subsequently, he became known as "Israel's founding father".[2] •Following the war, Ben-Gurion served as Israel's first Prime Minister and Minister of Defense. As Prime Minister, he helped build the state institutions, presiding over various national projects aimed at the development of the country. He also oversaw the absorption of vast numbers of Jews from all over the world. A centerpiece of his foreign policy was improving relationships with the West Germans. He worked very well with Konrad Adenauer's government in Bonn, and West Germany provided large sums (in the Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany) in compensation for Nazi Germany's confiscation of Jewish property during the Holocaust.[3] •In 1954 he resigned as both Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, although he remained a member of the Knesset. However, he returned as Minister of Defense in 1955 after the Lavon Affair resulted in the resignation of Pinhas Lavon. Later in the year he became Prime Minister again, following the 1955 elections. Under his leadership, Israel responded aggressively to Arab guerrilla attacks, and in 1956, invaded Egypt along with British and French forces after Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal during what became known as the Suez Crisis. •He stepped down from office in 1963, and retired from political life in 1970. He then moved to Sde Boker, a kibbutz in the Negev desert, where he lived until his death. Posthumously, Ben-Gurion was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Important People of the 20th century

Likud Party

•Right wing, secular political party founded by menachim begin and ariel Sharon •Likud gov't decided to impose its will on the East and North of the region. •Israel invaded Lebanon to expel PLO from there. •At the same time, tried to absorb West Bank and Gaza into "Greater Israel" •Arab world/Likud was not interested in peace •Likud projects failed •Israel had to leave Lebanon, West Bank had popular uprising against Israeli control: First intifada. •Labor had been naive when it thought compromise would persuade Arabs. •Sadat was assassinated, which increased Israel's sense of vulnerability, which led to the rise of the right wing parties •In 1977, landslide electoral victory for Menachem Begin and Likud party. First time Labor had lost an election. •1977-1992: Likud dominated most Israeli government. Began to implement its more muscular vision. •1982: Ariel Sharron--defense minister. And Begin decided on full-scale invasion of Lebanon. Had several goals •Wanted to stop PLO attacks on Northern Israel •Wanted to destroy PLO political credibility. •Thought they could destroy PLO in Lebanon, could destroy their influence in West Bank. •Israel wanted to destroy Syrian influence in Lebanon. •Syria sent in large numbers of troops, increased its influence in the country. •Israel could now invade Lebanon because it no longer had to worry about Egypt. •US secretary of state said invading Lebanon was a bad idea. Begin disagreed. •Sent 80,000 troops into Lebanon. Circled West Beirut. Mauled Syrian army units in Eastern Lebanon. After initial successes, things went south. Sharron decided to subject parts of Beirut to a prolonged seige. Cut off water to PLO dominated parts, blew up cars, reduced much of Beirut to rubble. Killed many civilians. Forced Arafat and units to quit Lebanon, PLO forced to leave. •Seige of Beirut generated terrible publicity for Israel. American Jewish leaders condemned brutality in siege of Beirut. Criticism intensified. •Israel turned a blind eye to the massacres, facilitated massacres. Israeli domestic opinion turned hostile to Begin and Sharron. Most previous wars had been wars of necessity. Lebanon was a war of choice •Likud had to see its plans for West Bank and Gaza were no more realistic than their plans in Lebanon. Sought to obliterate the green line: armistice border between Israel/Jordan and Israel/Egypt. •Likud's "Greater Israel" project. Heir to revisionist party of Javitinski. Jews had right to settle anywhere and everywhere. In entire former British mandate. •Likud leaders made 3 fundamental assumptions: •1. even if Israel wanted compromise, in the E no partner for peace. No one willing to recognize Israel •2. Economic integration w Israel would improve Palestinian living standards; would be content to live indefinitely to live under Israeli rule •3. Israel's occupation of Gaza and W Bank would be cost free. No serious Pal opposition, wouldn't have to pay high political or military price to keep control of Gaza and West Bank •First assumption was probably true, 2nd and 3rd were very naive. Likud leaders were not dissuaded by these assumptions. •Goal was to eliminate any kind of Palestinian state on the West Bank. Wanted to make the most of this opportunity. Sought to expand Jewish population in West Bank and Gaza. Assumed territories would be returned to Jordan. Only 4000 settlers in territories. •By 1993, many more settlers. Designed to protect narrow waist and Jerusalem. Most settlements were in these areas. Most gov'ts said that these settlements went against Geneva Convention.

Gamel Abdel Nasser

•Second president of Egypt •Wanted to nationalize the suez canal •Supported Algerian rebels •US was outraged by France and Britain's aggression towards Egypt. Forced Britain and France to withdraw from Egypt before they had accomplished any of their goals. Nasser emerged stronger and more powerful than before. Upheld the dignity of the Arab people. •Nasser was cautious in dealing with Israel. Did not forget his forces had been mauled in 1956, urged caution. Once Israel left Sinai, agreed to have limited forces in Sinai, worked with peace-keeping troops there. •Within 10 days of the Soviet announcement, Nasser took 3 faithful steps: first, relieved the alleged threat to Syria by moving the bulk of his army into Sinai. 2, rejected UN peacekeepers from Sinai. Stationed since '56, but ejected them. 3rd: Nasser closed Gulf of Aqqaba. •Nasser knew what he was doing was extremely dangerous. •People chanted "slaughter the Jews" in Cairo. •Although Nasser pushed the region to war, refused to take the first move and strike Israel. Despite his claim that war was certain, hoped to gain a propaganda victory and revive his reputation. War is always risky, hoped Israel would not respond. Would've given him great prestige and a great propaganda victory without combat. •Branded Israel the agressor, which would give Soviets ability to attack and destroy the nuclear facility. •Nasser wanted to lure the Israelis to attack the fortress of Abu Ageila. Built to Soviet specifications, believed it was impregnible. Hoped to use it as an anvil to hammer Israeli army to death. •If Arab armies entered Israel, would immediately be near key population centers. Listening to promises of their imminent demise, Israelis were scared that this was another war of annihilation.

Fedayeen

•Self sacrificers, •During Cross-border attacks. 1949 armistice lines were often ill-defined and hard to police. There was travel into Israel by Palestinians. Many sought to regain lost property, but many of these movements were guerilla raids (fedayeen = self-sacrificers) designed to kill Israelis and sabotage their economy.

Transjordan

•The region, known as Transjordan, was controlled by numerous powers throughout history. During the early modern era, the region of Transjordan was included under jurisdiction of Ottoman Syrian provinces. During World War I, Transjordan region was taken by the British, who had temporarily included it in OETA. Initially, the area was directly governed by the British •shortly the Hashemite ruler Abdullah was granted nominal rule over all districts.[2] Central government was established in Transjordan in 1921 and in 1922 the region became known as the Emirate of Transjordan, receiving full autonomy in 1929. In 1946, the Emirate achieved independence from the British and in 1952 the country changed its name to the "Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan". •Egypt considered TransJordan a rival, frustrated them at all stages. Wanted to take land for themselves to annex. Syria also feared TransJordan, sided with Egypt against TransJordan and Iraq. •Of the palestinians who fled Israel, ¼ went to the Gaza Strip, half went to TransJordan. •The age of Palestinian dependence were neighboring Arab regimes. In 1950, TransJordan annexed the West Bank. •TransJordan becomes Jordan in 1950. Israel and Jordan split the land between them the land set aside for a Palestinian state.

King Abdullah

•king of Jordan, played a key role as architect and planner of the Great Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule, leading guerrilla raids on garrisons, Palestinians dreamed that Abdullah would destroy Israel. No rulers had any interest in these schemes. Abdullah's support for Palestinians was largely rhetorical. Worked out a division of territory with Israel that was completely satisfactory, did not want any more. Jordan wanted national unity above all. Meant assimilating Palestinians to a Jordanian identity and suppressing Palestinian identity. Had to refer to West Bank as such, not allowed to be called Palestine. All political parties were banned, feared that Palestinians would start their own political party. Jordanian police tried to stop Palestinians from listening to radio broadcasts, could not celebrate al-nakba. Made sure loyal Bedouins completely dominated the security forces. •assassinated by a supporter of the Muslim Brotherhood •wanted to achieve something practical on Palestinians' behalf. Jordan would get a port to Haifa, flickers of optimism persisted until 1955 when Israel and Jordan and Syria seemed ready to have a plan to divide waters of Jordan river between the three of them. •saw leader of Palestine as a threat to his annexation of West Bank