Hist63 Final Exam

What was the long-established customs union among the German states? A. Zemstvo B. Zollverein C. Reichstag D. North German Confederation

B

How did German Social Democrats recover their losses in the 1907 election and become the largest party in the Reichstag in 1912? B. They accepted trade unions' call for evolutionary rather than revolutionary socialism. A. They endorsed Marx's call for a violent revolution. C. They took on a more patriotic tone and broadened their base. D. They began courting Catholics in southern Germany.

C

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century? C. Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests. D. The size of armies decreased as they professionalized and became more efficient. B. Improvements in artillery made the use of cavalry obsolete. A. Gunpowder technologies were used for the first time in field operations.

C

What was the result of the Berlin Conference of 1884-85? A. It set the terms for the division of China into economic zones of influence. B. It declared Africa off-limits to colonization. C. It set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers. D. It established high tariffs to protect German industry.

C

How did Louis Napoleon believe that the people should be represented in government? C. By parliaments freely elected by universal male suffrage A. By special citizens' committees that would watch over the work of political officials B. By special interest groups that presented the ideas and views of people to government officials D. By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people

D

The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included A. everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy. C. all commoners B. members of the clergy. D. members of the nobility.

A

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method? C. To uncover the hidden forces that directed nature and that humans could manipulate A. To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur D. To produce benefits for humankind rather than seek abstract knowledge B. To expose how the workings of nature demonstrated the presence of God

A

Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia? B. Indentured servants D. Aboriginal people A. Convicted prisoners C. Slaves

A

How were governments able to use empires to ease social tensions and domestic political conflicts in the nineteenth century? D. They presented imperialism as part of a Social Darwinist competition with other nations. A. They turned the empires into dumping grounds for Europeans who were misfits or failures. C. They emphasized that imperialism would bring civilization and Christianity to native peoples. B. They encouraged the masses to savor foreign triumphs as examples of national glory and prestige.

B

In Eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the A. growth of a class of small landowners. C. establishment of an independent peasantry. B. consolidation of serfdom. D. establishment of many privileged towns as market centers.

B

What was the result of the Mexican War of 1848? E. It left the South devastated and weakened. B. It exacerbated tensions between the northern and southern halves of the United States as debate erupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico. A. It reduced tensions between the northern and southern halves of the United States by generating an atmosphere of renewed patriotic unity. C. It provided a crucial stimulus to the development of cotton culture in the Southwest.

B

Which of the following is an accurate characterization of a socialist party in Europe prior to 1914? A. Russian socialists tended to be the most moderate of all the parties. C. The British socialists, although not Marxist in orientation, were formally committed to revolution. D. The powerful French labor unions controlled the French Socialist Party. B. The German socialist party talked revolution but practiced reformism.

B

Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade? C. As a result of the Meiji Restoration D. To reduce its dependence on China A. To enter the world economy B. As a response to U.S. military pressure

B

Great Britain chose to seize land in Africa and Asia in the late nineteenth century because it C. feared that France and Germany would seal off their empires with high tariffs, causing it to lose future economic opportunities. A. believed that it was the best and most experienced country to aid in the development of local, native people. B. wished to establish a land corridor of colonial territories stretching from Africa across Asia. D. believed that it needed more land in order to be able to compete with the United States for world power.

C

How did labor unions in Germany change in the early 1900s? B. They sought to organize white-collar workers rather than industrial laborers since white-collar workers had more political clout. A. They became more radical as resistance to their demands by industrialists grew. C. They increasingly focused on bread-and-butter issues rather than dissemination of socialist doctrine. D. They began to establish independent, worker-owned businesses to compete with those of the industrialists.

C

In the nineteenth century, what country dominated the three-thousand-mile archipelago that is now Indonesia? D. Portugal A. Spain C. The Netherlands B. Great Britain

C

The Russian Marxist Vladimir Lenin asserted that imperialism C. signaled the coming decay and collapse of capitalist society. D. was a sign of the strength of industrial capitalism. A. violated Christian morals and ethics. B. diverted attention from needed domestic reforms.

C

What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code? A. The ideal of nationalism and the guarantee of civil rights to all people D. The abolition of slavery and the recognition of freedom of religion B. The rejection of monarchy and the adoption of republicanism C. The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property

C

In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France? C. English laws would be strengthened to protect the property of French nobles in England. D. English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized. A. England would lift trade restrictions against French products. B. England would provide troops to France in the event of war with Austria.

D

The international military tribunal organized by the four Allied powers to try the highest-ranking Nazi military and civilian leaders was held in the city of A. Munich. D. Nuremberg. C. Weimar. B. Berlin.

D

Why did socialist parties become more moderate by the late 1800s? B. The increasingly radical and aggressive trade union movements frightened socialist parties and turned them in a more moderate direction. A. Socialist leaders saw revolution as a threat to their increasingly respectable social positions. C. Socialist leaders, like so many of their followers, became ardent patriots and grew as nationalistic as conservatives. D. As socialist parties attracted larger numbers of members, they looked more toward gradual change and less toward revolution.

D

What was the goal of the new imperialism of the late nineteenth century? D. To convert native populations of new imperial lands to Christianity A. To create large political empires B. To achieve economic exploitation without direct political control C. To support large migrations of Europeans to new imperial lands

A

In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that A. the rights of the nobility over land needed to be reinforced, since until that time only nobles could force through innovations. D. farming should be strictly separated from herding for sheep and cattle, as herds diminished the lands' productivity by trampling and flattening loose soil. B. landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently. C. the key to agricultural innovation was to provide support for the peasants against the lords, as the lords resisted innovation that they feared would diminish

B

Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf refers to his D. 1864 war against Denmark. A. drive to make German workers more cultured. B. attack on the Catholic Church in the German Empire. C. attempt to stamp out anti-German attitudes in France following the Franco-Prussian War.

B

Stalin's theory of socialism in one country B. argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own. C. maintained that the success of socialism depended on world revolution. A. revised an original theory by Leon Trotsky. D. proposed that the Soviet Union should give up trying to catalyze the world proletarian revolution.

B

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also B. gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies. D. prevented the American colonists from building ships. C. created an alliance with the Dutch against the French. A. restricted English banks from making foreign loans.

B

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was D. the 1640 uprising in Ireland. B. a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II. A. conflict between Charles II and Parliament over taxation. C. defeat suffered in the War of the Spanish Succession.

B

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a A. loving father who intervened when necessary in human affairs. C. king who required Christians to be intolerant of any who did not worship him correctly. D. farmer who carefully tended his crops from planting through harvest. B. clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.

B

What was the Boxer Rebellion? B. A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China C. An uprising of militant Muslims against British rule in Sudan A. A revolt of Chinese military officers who supported westernization against the Qing Empress Dowager D. A revolution made by patriotic samurai who overthrew the Japanese shogun

B

What was the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"? A. It linked the work of the traditional military with the work of the SA and the SS. D. It combined the German public school system with Nazi propaganda programs. C. It forced German society to conform to National Socialist ideology. B. It integrated German manufacturing of commercial goods with its production of munitions in order to hide the effort to rebuild the German military.

C

What was the all-important goal of the architects of the Meiji Restoration? B. To expand trade with the West A. To bring an end to imperial rule D. To form an alliance with China C. To meet the threat posed by outside powers

C

In nineteenth-century Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi was a A. hardline socialist. C. visionary industrialist. D. romantic nationalist. B. liberal technocrat.

D

The ultimate goal of the plan for an international organization to coordinate coal and steel production in Europe in the 1950s was to B. create a single, competitive market in Europe. D. bind the six members of the European Coal and Steel Community so closely that war would be impossible. C. reduce the influence of the United States. A. rebuild the European economy.

D

The "cult of the Duce" (leader) promoted the image of Mussolini as A. a powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the Italian people. C. an intellectual and scholar. B. a defender of Catholic values. D. a strong supporter of democracy.

A

In the twentieth century, what was John Maynard Keynes known for? A. He advocated minimal government intervention in the economy. C. He denounced the Treaty of Versailles for economic reasons. D. He broke new ground in the study of genetics. B. He was avowedly hostile to Germany.

C

Ottoman reformers launched a series of radical reforms in the nineteenth century known as the B. Duma. C. Tanzimat. A. October Manifesto.

C

Rudyard Kipling's "white man's burden" referred to A. the social costs of industrialization. B. the difficulties of reaching consensus in a democratic society. C. the white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races. D. the high costs of maintaining colonial rule.

C

The Homestead Act, enacted during the Civil War, gave western land to settlers and reinforced the idea B. that the United States was a land of immigrants. D. that the United States was destined to become a major power. A. that the United States was primarily an agricultural economy. C. of free labor in a market economy.

C

Unlike other political parties, Marxist socialists C. organized themselves into an international organization. B. rejected all forms of patriotism. D. consistently sought the violent overthrow of national governments. A. refused to seek electoral office.

C

What did the British use to break China's self-imposed isolation? C. Opium D. Diamonds A. Cotton textiles B. Steam engines

C

What was China required to do in the Treaty of Nanking (1842) that ended the first Opium War? C. Open up four large cities to unlimited foreign trade with low tariffs A. Cede the port city of Guangzhou (Canton) to the British D. Pay an indemnity of $500 million B. Allow the British to oversee the collection of customs duties

C

Why did the conservative Bismarck pioneer the creation of an expansive system of social welfare? A. He sought to blunt the attraction of socialism to the working classes and give them a small stake in the existing political system. D. He believed that social welfare programs were a government's moral responsibility. B. He sought to undermine the power of the landed aristocracy by building a political movement based on support from the masses. C. He was compelled to offer greater social benefits so that German workers would not migrate to France and Great Britain, where such programs already existed.

A

Why was West Germany allowed to build an army after 1955? B. A German army would permit Germany to assist in the defense of Europe from attack by the Soviet Union. A. The agreements preventing Germany from building an army expired in 1955, a decade after the war ended. C. France and Great Britain were convinced that Germany had embraced democracy and abandoned militarism. D. The United States decided to withdraw troops from Germany in order to shift them to the growing conflict in Asia.

B

As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity? B. They permitted women to participate as passive citizens, without the right to vote but allowed to participate in public debate and gatherings. A. They banned all women's political activity, which they believed to be disorderly and a distraction from women's proper domestic duties. C. They permitted women who agreed with Jacobin principles the right to full participation in political life. D. They welcomed women as full political actors in their own right and with full civil liberties.

A

How did the Nazis manage the northern European states that they conquered? A. They established puppet governments with collaborators willing to rule the states in accord with German needs. B. They allowed independent governments to rule the conquered regions as long as they remained allied with Germany. C. They placed German governors over the lands with full authority to manage local populations. D. They created a German bureaucracy staffed by professional diplomats to rule over the conquered peoples.

A

How did the Western powers react to the declarations of independence by Syria and Iraq shortly following the First World War? B. They pointed to the declarations as models of national self-determination. C. They reinforced the ability of the Ottoman Empire to reclaim the territories. D. They placed the regions under the protectorate of the League of Nations. A. They invaded the two regions and defeated the independence movements.

A

The spinning of thread for the loom A. required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages. B. was established as a unique craft in which communities and even regions specialized, especially sheepherding regions. D. marked a new type of industry in which the merchants created unambiguous standards for spun thread that reduced conflicts between merchants and spinners. C. was quickly turned into a mechanized process, which freed more women to take up operation of the loom.

A

What event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs? A. Russian defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-56 B. The revolution of 1905 D. The assassination of Alexander II in 1881 C. The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905

A

What was the first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia? A. Abolition of serfdom C. Nationalization of church property D. Modernization of the legal system

A

A striking feature of the salons was that A. clerics were banned. B. philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled. C. they were often sponsored by the government. D. members of the working classes often attended.

B

According to Hitler's New Order, which European race was considered subhuman along with the Jews? C. The Nordic race A. The Latin race D. The Anglo-Saxon race B. The Slavic race

B

Copernicus's theory of the universe A. was endorsed by the Catholic Church. B. postulated a sun-centered view of the universe. C. strengthened the Ptolemaic theory of the universe. D. used epicycles to explain planetary motion.

B

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as B. empiricism. C. naturalism. D. materialism. A. dualism.

B

How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies? A. They undertook massive genealogical research in order to demonstrate that different races derived from different ancestors. C. They sponsored studies of cultures in order to prove that certain cultures were intellectually superior to others and that German culture was superior to all. B. They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science. D. They provided vast funding to both Catholic and Protestant churches in order for those churches to promote a racialized understanding of Christianity.

B

How did the expanding right to vote in the late nineteenth century affect national politics across Europe? A. Radical parties lost nearly all support as the working classes followed their middle-class employers into liberal parties. B. Politicians and parties became more responsive to the people they represented. C. Nearly all political parties sought to establish international parties that moved across borders to unite people of similar wealth and status. D. The number of political parties decreased as a few major parties gained dominating positions in the political system.

B

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state? A. They adopted French coronation rituals. B. They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans. C. They eliminated all taxes. D. They claimed to be both political and religious leaders.

B

The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to A. move to the cities to seek work. C. join the army or navy. B. become landless rural wage earners. D. emigrate.

B

What happened to Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire during World War I? B. The Ottoman Empire ordered their mass deportation from their homeland, resulting in about a million Armenian deaths from murder, starvation, and disease. D. Most found ways to leave the Ottoman Empire during the war and make their way to the United States. A. Having lived on both sides of the border between the Ottoman and Russian empires, they left the former in large number to seek sanctuary in Russia. C. They largely remained within their homeland in the Ottoman Empire but were criticized for not contributing more to the war effort.

B

What part of Otto von Bismarck's alliance system did William II abandon? A. Germany's alliance with Austria-Hungary to resist Russian expansion into the Balkans B. Germany's non-aggression pact with Russia D. Germany's mutual defense agreement with France C. Germany's alliance with Great Britain to control the North Sea

B

Why did the possibility of a federation of Italian states under the presidency of a progressive pope disappear after the Revolutions of 1848? A. Pius IX sought to remove the Catholic Church entirely from the political arena and to take a position of complete neutrality regarding modern political trends. B. The cautious support for unification that Pius IX had offered before 1848 turned into hostility after he was temporarily driven from Rome during the Revolutions of 1848. D. The rulers of several Italian states wanted the position of president themselves and blocked any possibility of offering Pius IX the position. C. The College of Cardinals vetoed the idea of the pope assuming the position of president of a federation of Italian states as unworthy of the dignity of the papacy.

B

As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was B. an American policy that favored isolation from European quarrels. A. a French policy that avoided any controversial foreign policy actions that might provoke a civil war in between Republicans and Fascists. C. a British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to avoid war. D. a Soviet policy that emphasized the need to concentrate on internal matters like the five-year plan and ignore European issues.

C

By 1890, how had Japan met the challenge of Western expansion? C. It selectively adopted those elements of Western society that were in keeping with Japanese tradition. B. It isolated itself from the Western world, banning most foreign travel and foreign visitors. A. It completely adopted Western forms and traditions, imposing them on the poor and uneducated. D. It united East Asia under its leadership to repel Western military activity.

C

Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-53, known as the B. Vendée. D. Levée en Masse. C. Fronde. A. Jacquerie.

C

Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis? B. Protestant clerics rejected Copernicus, while Catholics embraced the interpretation as a new foundation for the heavens. C. Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century. A. The Catholic Church declared Copernicus a heretic, while Protestant faiths believed that the hypothesis had no bearing on Christian teaching. D. Lutheran and Catholic officials rejected Copernicus's hypothesis as heretical to a literal interpretation of Scripture, while Protestants recognized a more modern approach to truth and adopted it.

C

How did the war on the eastern front differ from the war on the western front? D. The war on the eastern front remained more mobile, with Germany in a more dominant position. C. The war on the eastern front lacked the use of modern technologies and, therefore, led to less loss of life. A. The war on the eastern front immediately became immobile as both sides established vast trench networks. B. The war on the eastern front included a more significant naval component with competition for the Black Sea.

D

In 1954, Vietnam obtained independence from A. China. D. France. B. the United States. C. Great Britain.

D

What did the "war guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles declare? A. All of the Great Powers involved in the war were equally responsible for starting the war. D. Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations. C. The Russian Empire was primarily responsible for starting the war, and the Soviet Union was obligated to pay reparations. B. All of the Great Powers with the exception of the United States were equally responsible for starting the war.

D

What was Britain's decisive advantage in its war with China? B. Britain had superior military leadership. D. Britain had control of the seas. C. Britain had greater financial resources. A. Britain had superior military technology.

D

What was the goal of the Prussian parliament in the 1850s and 1860s? A. To establish a radical program of land redistribution in favor of the peasantry B. To undermine the authority of the customs union that controlled trade policy C. To form a Prussian alliance with France as a counterweight to growing Russian power D. To establish that it held final political authority and that the army was responsible to it

D

What was the purpose of the Enabling Act in 1933? A. It required all Jews to wear identifying badges. D. It gave Hitler dictatorial powers for four years. B. It outlawed all socialist and Communist political parties. C. It mandated a new civil requirement that forbade Jews from holding public office.

D

Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery in 1793? A. They were required by the Committee of Public Safety to apply the principles of liberty and equality to all French lands. D. They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island. C. They were captured by slave armies and forced to issue the edict abolishing slavery. B. The British and Spanish had already outlawed slavery; the French commissionaires feared a rebellion if they did not do likewise.

D

How did the moderate Social Democrats in Germany put down the radical Communist Spartacist Uprising? C. They called for a labor strike against the Communists until their movement collapsed. D. They accused the Communists of being Russian spies and had them arrested on counterespionage charges. B. They had the Catholic Church condemn the Communists and authorize parishioners to join in a revolt against them. A. They called on bands of demobilized soldiers called Free Corps to crush the uprising.

A

In the early twentieth century, why were extensive social welfare programs slow to form in Great Britain? C. Great Britain's tradition of low taxes provided no income for such programs, which would require a restructuring of government finances and additional taxation. A. The conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs. B. Social welfare programs violated the broad idea of liberalism that was powerfully supported by the middle class in Great Britain. D. Great Britain lacked the administrative system to organize such programs and the data needed to implement them.

A

Louis XV damaged the sense of his sacred authority by A. allowing his common-born mistress to exercise tremendous influence culturally and politically. C. refusing to take Holy Communion because the Catholic Church claimed that he had illegally seized church property. D. granting freedom of worship to Protestants and Jews, in violation of Roman Catholic law. B. attempting to remove his rightful son as his successor and name one of his illegitimate children as heir to the throne.

A

The October Manifesto in the Russian Revolution of 1905 granted full civil rights and promised B. broad-based land reform. D. a new alliance with the German Empire. A. a popularly elected Duma or parliament. C. an expansion of the Russian Empire in the Far East.

A

The attack on the Bastille had what political effect? B. The National Assembly dissolved the monarchy and arrested the king for treason against the nation. C. The peasantry revolted in the Great Fear and attacked noble manors across France. A. The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work. D. The Parlement dissolved the National Assembly until the people of Paris returned the Bastille to royal control.

A

What issue contributed to tensions between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 1900s? A. Germany's decision to build a large fleet of battleships B. Commercial rivalry in world markets C. Germany's pursuit of colonies D. British ambitions in the collapsing Ottoman Empire

A

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system? D. The workers purchased the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capitalist money. A. The rural poor worked for low wages B. Production in the countryside could be carefully supervised by merchant capitalists C. Rural workers were highly skilled in a number of crafts

A

What was the February Revolution in Russia in 1917? A. An unplanned uprising of hungry and angry people in the capital B. A military coup in which the tsar was forced to abdicate in the midst of a mutiny C. A planned and coordinated Communist takeover of the government D. Originally a peasant rebellion that moved from the provinces to the cities

A

What was the core concept of the Enlightenment? A. The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life. B. Understanding nature requires an equal balance of science and faith. C. Human beings are inherently corrupt. D. All of reality can be reduced to mind and matter.

A

What was the effect of Lenin's 1921 New Economic Policy (NEP)? D. It emphasized an agricultural revolution that would feature a mechanization of the production process. A. It encouraged peasants to sell their surpluses in free markets and allowed private traders and small manufacturers to do business again. B. It permitted heavy industry, banks, and railroads to reappear under private ownership. C. It established five-year plans under which the state would direct the capitalist economy.

A

What was the greatest impediment to nation building in the United States? A. Regional differences exacerbated by slavery D. Religious conflict C. The intellectual legacy of the American Revolution B. The lack of common ancestry among its citizens

A

What were the duties of the German Einsatzgruppen (Special Task Forces)? C. They served as Hitler's personal guard who protected him from a coup by the military and who oversaw the work of the SS. A. They followed the German army into Central Europe, systematically murdering "undesirables" as they moved from town to town. B. They requisitioned supplies for the Germany army so that the blitzkrieg (or lightening war) would not be slowed by the need to secure supply lines. D. They were Hitler's representatives to Mussolini, ensuring that the Italian leader pursued policies to support the war. Score: 0 of 1

A

In On the Inequality of the Human Races (1854), Count Arthur de Gobineau divided humanity into the white, black, and yellow races and C. claimed that eventually the different races would become a single race. D. stated that nationalism eliminated any problems of ethnic minorities. B. championed the "Aryan race" for its supposedly superior qualities. A. called for a new era of racial harmony.

B

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that B. women were best suited to a passive role in social relations. C. civilization was the foundation of freedom. D. without rational thought, human society would crumble. A. women should play an active role in public life.

B

What did the Petrograd Soviet Army Order No. 1 state? A. All troops were free to return to their homes and farms and to abandon the war effort. B. Military officers were stripped of their authority and power was placed in the hands of elected committees of soldiers. C. Soldiers who abandoned their positions were to be shot on sight as deserters. D. Military authority was placed under the control of the Bolshevik Leon Trotsky.

B

What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century? A. He demonstrated that slow oxen that produced more manure were preferred for plowing than swifter-moving horses. D. He paved the way for peasants to own land—after he became the first non-noblemen to be England's largest landowner. B. He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research. C. He caused a rural rebellion and ultimately the demise of the enclosure movement after burning his fields rather than enclosing them.

B

What was the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916? A. An agreement between Germany and the Bolsheviks by which Germany funded Lenin's effort to overthrow the monarchy in Russia D. An agreement between Germany and France to abandon the use of mustard gas B. An agreement between Great Britain and France to divvy up parts of the Middle East after the war C. An agreement between France and Belgium to establish a new German border after the end of the war

B

What was the immediate cause of British entry into the First World War? A. The sinking of the Lusitania C. The Austrian ultimatum to Serbia D. The Algeciras Conference B. The German invasion of neutral Belgium

B

What was the result of breaking the Berlin blockade in 1948-49? A. The formation of the Warsaw Pact B. The creation of two separate German states: West Germany and East Germany C. The establishment of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance D. The announcement of the Truman Doctrine

B

How did the Nazi Party seek to promote the idea of the Volksgemeinschaft? A. They argued that the German people needed more room to expand in Eastern Europe. D. They took control of German industry in order to provide employment for the poor. C. They created mass organizations such as the Hitler Youth and held mass rallies to spread Nazi ideology and enlist volunteers. B. They established colonies in regions of Africa and Asia in order to establish German authority across the globe.

C

In Stalin's Soviet Union, women B. shared family duties equally with men. C. could enter the ranks of specialists in industry and science. A. were relegated to agricultural and domestic labor. D. lost the right to vote.

C

The Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or B. Estates. D. Moriscos. C. millets. A. Cossacks.

C

What did the Marshall Plan accomplish? A. It demonstrated to Americans the futility of foreign aid, which enriched the rulers but rarely benefited local people. B. It established the foundations of socialist policies throughout Europe. C. It prevented economic collapse in Western Europe. D. It undermined the ability of free-market capitalism to develop in Europe.

C

What did the Schlieffen Plan call for in 1914? B. A quick defeat of Russia before turning on France A. Support of Austria-Hungary in its attack on Serbia and an invasion of Russia D. An invasion of Russia together with diplomatic reassurances to France C. A lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia

C

What was the political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in late-nineteenth-century France? B. To prepare children for work in the industrial setting and promote obedience to managerial authority D. To create a uniform base of knowledge that all children would be able to use in their professional lives A. To prepare children to serve the state in wartime, either in the battlefield or on the home front C. To act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values

C

Which countries in August 1939 signed a nonaggression pact that led directly to war? C. Germany and the Soviet Union D. Poland and the Soviet Union B. Britain and Germany A. Germany and Italy

C

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era? A. Forced to sell their land following enclosures, most of the nobility left the countryside and moved to the cities. C. The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners. D. While enclosure affected some land usage, most land remained deeply tied to traditional feudal structures. B. The large pools of urban laborers were forced to work in the countryside, for the growing agricultural innovations required more workers for the land.

C

Who were the Red Shirts in nineteenth-century France? C. Giuseppe Garibaldi's guerrilla army involved in the invasion of Sicily in 1860 A. Union supporters of the German Social Democratic Party B. Confederate irregulars who came close to winning the American Civil War D. Russian peasants who rallied to the defense of the Russian Empire in the Crimean War

C

Why did Austria-Hungary deliberately choose war in July 1914? B. It believed Russia would not intervene. C. It hoped to stem the tide of hostile nationalism within its borders. D. It hoped to seize Italian territory. A. It was prompted by the urging of Serbia's enemies in the Balkans.

C

Within the family, the operation of the loom A. was somewhat dangerous, and children were forbidden from helping with it. D. was considered a woman's job, as were most of the sewing crafts. B. generally only occupied one person, leaving other family members to farm or seek outside employment. C. was reserved for the male head of household.

C

After the Second World War, the Soviet Union D. reestablished a harsh dictatorship. B. underwent a consumer revolution. A. experienced a period of general freedom. C. reintroduced Lenin's New Economic Policy.

D

Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he B. occupied Austria. D. used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland. C. took the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. A. remilitarized the Rhineland.

D

How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks' view of the Marxist party in Russia differ from the Mensheviks' view of the party? C. The Bolsheviks wanted a populist party that emerged from below, while the Mensheviks wanted a party that was hierarchically shaped by its leadership. D. The Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplined party, while the Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership. A. The Bolsheviks wanted a militaristic party, while the Mensheviks wanted a party that promoted peace and an end to the war. B. The Bolsheviks wanted a party that focused on electoral victory, while the Mensheviks wanted a party that focused on a military coup.

D

How did the British obtain the opium that they smuggled into China? B. Opium was widely grown in the recently seized lands of Australia. C. The British seized opium that was illegally grown in the Middle East. D. Opium was grown legally in British-occupied India. A. British landlords in Ireland forced Irish peasants to abandon potato fields and grow poppies.

D

How did the National Assembly respond to the hopes and expectations of Saint-Domingue's different social groups? A. It granted free people of color political enfranchisement and equal status with whites. C. It responded to the wishes of the 90 percent of the population who were enslaved by abolishing slavery. B. It granted the Creole elite a representative form of government that offered them the chance to gain control of their affairs. D. It frustrated the hopes of all the different social groups.

D

How did the process of Italian unification survive the French betrayal of Sardinia in its effort to unify Italy? B. Count Cavour gained the support of the papacy and used pro-Catholic French to pressure Louis Napoleon to withdraw his support of Austrian claims in northern Italy. C. The industrialists building railroads in Italy needed unified states to manage the railroad system and financed and provided logistical support to the nationalists. D. The nationalist leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia, despite the displeasure of the Great Powers. A. Count Cavour publicly exposed the betrayal by the French, and French public opinion forced Louis Napoleon to re-establish its support of Italian unification.

D

In the 1890s, how did Sergei Witte seek to transform Russia? B. He believed that Russia needed to forge a new path to economic success and adopt the radical land redistribution proposed by the socialists. C. He believed that Russian agriculture was the key to its future success and collectivized land in order to apply modern, rational farming methods. D. He believed that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening its power and greatness and implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West. A. He believed that Russia had lost its roots in Slavic culture and sought to reestablish those roots in order for Russia to return to greatness.

D

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the D. shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually. A. acquisition of literacy by the masses. B. spread of literacy among women. C. invention of the printing press.

D

The industrious revolution was a result of A. the reduction of holidays and festivals by the state in order to create more workdays during the year, combined with laws requiring the closing of taverns two hours past sunset. B. efforts by Protestant and Catholic churches to combat sin by promoting a gospel of prosperity and industry that would keep workers productively at their labors. D. poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods. C. merchant capitalists gaining greater authority over workers and forcing them into factories, where their work activity could be more closely monitored and controlled.

D

What was the principle of national self-determination promoted by Woodrow Wilson? A. People should be able to choose their own nationality and form whatever borders they find most convenient. D. People should be able to choose a national government through a democratic process and live free from outside interference. C. People should be able to choose a structure of government within the framework of the League of Nations to ensure that individual rights are sustained. B. People should be able to select their form of government, whether authoritarian or democratic, and establish their own place in the international order

D

Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder? A. The murder of Poles during the invasion of Poland D. The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war C. The murder of Communists following the burning of the German Reichstag (Parliament) B. The murder of gypsies in Germany prior to the war

D

Which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era? A. As a consequence of the Reformation, the number of schools for common people declined. B. Under the absolute monarchies, national school systems were created to educate nearly all of the children of commoners. C. Schools remained largely unpopular because of their requirements that all children learn Latin. D. Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls. Correct. Section: Children and Education

D

Which six Western European countries formed the European Economic Community, or Common Market, in 1957? A. Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Italy C. Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, West Germany, and Spain D. France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, and West Germany B. France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, and Spain

D

Who were the Young Turks? B. Supporters of the Imperial Rescript of 1856 that called for equality before the law regardless of religious faith C. Liberal Ottoman statesmen who launched the era of radical reforms known as Tanzimat A. Religious conservatives who supported Sultan Abdülhamid II in rejecting European liberalism D. Fervent patriots who seized power in the revolution of 1908 in the Ottoman Empire

D

Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler? A. It was more concerned about the activities of the Japanese in the Pacific than about German activities in Europe. C. The French government demanded that Britain adopt appeasement in its relationship with Hitler. D. British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler. B. It believed that the United States would step in if Hitler became too aggressive.

D