HISTO TB

24. The literal meaning of phrenology is a. science of the skull. b. science of the brain. c. science of the mind. d. science of shape.

[p. 182] c

9. _______ was one of the first to argue that there are vanishing forms or extinction of entire species. This was a bolder claim than it might appear to be because in that day Biblical creationists claimed that God could not make mistakes and therefore there could be no vanishing forms. a. Lamarck b. Buffon c. Erasmus Darwin d. Descartes

[p. 198] a

19. Pavlov was interested in disputing claims of a. insight learning. b. applications of classical conditioning to humans. c. operant conditioning. d. all of the above.

[p. 323] a

14. According to Hull, reactive inhibition is akin to a. reinforcement. b. fatigue. c. conditioning. d. excessive emotion.

[p. 350] b

22. The Oedipus complex most likely has its origin during the _________ stage. a. oral b. genital c. phallic d. anal

[p. 406] c

24. The idiographic orientation in psychology emphasizes a. statistical abstractions. b. individual experience. c. abnormal behavior. d. paranormal phenomena.

[p. 442] b

16. Cognitive psychology formally came into existence a. in the 1940's. b. in the late 1950's and early 1960's. c. in the 1970's d. in the late 1970's and early 1980's.

[p. 460] b

8. Which of the following is NOT a Gestalt principle of perceptual organization? a. good continuation b. proximity c. orthography d. similarity

[pp. 375-376] c

2. "The heart is a spring, the nerves are strings, the joints are wheels giving motion to the whole body." This mechanistic approach to life is encountered in the work of a. George Berkeley. b. Thomas Hobbes. c. Immanuel Kant. d. Christian von Wolff.

[p. 170] b

1. Which of the following advanced that idea that philosophy is simply the study of bodies in motion? a. René Descartes b. Francis Bacon c. John Locke d. Thomas Hobbes

[p. 170] d

4. The author of Leviathan was a. Joseph Ignace Guillotin. b. Julien Offray de la Mettrie. c. Sir Charles Bell. d. Thomas Hobbes.

[p. 170] d

5. In terms of ontology, Hobbes was a. an interactionist, believing in the reality of mind and body. b. an idealist. c. a thoroughgoing materialist. d. a pluralist.

[p. 171] c

6. According to Hobbes, the behavior of human beings can be understood a. as a complex interaction of mind and body. b. in terms of the free choices that we make. c. in the same quantitative fashion that we employ in our understanding of the physical world. d. in the context of probability. Psychology could never be an exact science.

[p. 171] c

3. According to the text, the epistemology embraced by Thomas Hobbes was a. an unqualified empiricism, since knowledge begins with the senses. b. nominalism, since the truths we know are truths about words. c. rationalism, since deduction and the geometric method provide the only basis for verifiable conclusions. d. a complicated combination of empiricism, rationalism and nominalism.

[p. 171] d

7. Philosophy to Hobbes was a. the queen of the humanities. b. essentially a social science. c. a branch of theology. d. simply science.

[p. 171] d

9. Descartes believed that a. many movements in humans and all movements in animals were of a purely mechanical and nonreflective nature. b. All movements in humans and in animals are mechanical. c. All movements in humans are of a reflective nature and some movements in animals are of a reflective nature. d. All human behavior is rational and no animal behavior is rational.

[p. 173] a

8. When theorizing about human physiology, Descartes relied heavily on the hydraulic model he observed in moving statues. In Descartes' view of humans, _____ flowing in nerves is (are) analogous to water flowing in the pipes of the statues. a. the pineal gland b. air c. animal spirits d. very fine atoms

[p. 173] c

10. According to Descartes, the soul, in humans, a. is tied to the body, but nevertheless autonomous and free. b. cannot prevent some motions (especially in cases of strong emotions). The soul is therefore not completely autonomous. c. is not really tied to the body and is completely free. d. plays no role whatever in any kind of movement.

[p. 174] b

11. A muscle with an attached nerve from a frog's leg contracts in a sealed glass tube. At one end of the glass tube is a pipette containing a drop of water. When the muscle contracts, the drop of water is not forced out. This demonstration by __________ proved embarrassing to the theory of nervous action advanced by ____________. a. Descartes . . . Swammerdam b. Swammerdam . . . Descartes c. Swammerdam . . . Hobbes d. Descartes . . . Hobbes

[p. 175] b

13. __________ was the first to clearly demonstrate a spinal reflex. a. Sir Charles Bell b. Julien Offray de la Mettrie c. Stephen Hales d. Pierre Jean-Georges Cabanis

[p. 176] c

14. __________ drew distinctions between voluntary and involuntary actions and may have been the first to use the terms stimulus and response in a manner comparable to modern usage. a. Robert Whytt b. Stephen Hales c. Johann August Unzer d. François Magendie

[p. 177] a

15. __________ was the first to employ the word reflex in connection with sensory-motor functions. a. Joseph Ignace Guillotin b. Julien Offray de la Mettrie c. Johann August Unzer d. Stephen Hales

[p. 177] c

16. _________ was the first to introduce the terms afferent and efferent. a. Robert Whytt b. Stephen Hales c. Jan Swammerdam d. Johann August Unzer

[p. 177] d

17. ________, author of Man a Machine, advanced a radical mechanistic philosophy. a. Jacques Quételet b. Francis Galton c. Hermann von Helmholtz d. Julien Offray de la Mettrie

[p. 178] d

18. In the tradition of la Mettrie, was a thoroughly materialistic physician who emphasized close connections between psychological processes, neurological activity, and environmental influences. a. Pierre-Jean-George Cabanis b. Etienne Bonnot de Condillac c. Jan Swammerdam d. Robert Whytt

[p. 179] a

19. _____ was the English researcher who discovered the motor function of the ventral root of the spinal chord. a. Robert Whytt b. Stephen Hales c. Sir Charles Bell d. Johann August Unzer

[p. 179] c

20. _____ was the French researcher who verified the motor function of the ventral root of the spinal chord and discovered the sensory function of the dorsal root of the spinal chord. a. Pierre-Jean-George Cabanis b. Etienne Bonnot de Condillac c. François Magendie d. Claude-Adrien Helvetius

[p. 180] c

21. In his work on the doctrine of the specific energies of nerves, _____ argued that a given nerve is only capable of transmitting a single, specific sensation quality a. Johannes Muller b. Sir Charles Bell c. François Magendie d. Joseph Gall

[p. 181] a

22. The doctrine of the specific energies of the nerves implies that a. experience is not totally dependent upon nervous structure. b. we are directly aware of objects in the world. c. we are directly aware not of objects, but of our nerves themselves. d. the mind is only sometimes tied directly to the machinery of the body.

[p. 181] c

23. _____ developed the conviction that mental functions and personality characteristics are located in specific areas of the brain. a. Franz Joseph Gall b. Hermann von Helmholtz c. Paul Broca d. Pierre Flourens

[p. 182] a

25. Phrenology was a "productive false start" in each of the following ways EXCEPT a. drawing attention to the brain as the central organ of intellect b. demonstrating that human nature could be scientifically studied c. spurring research into localization of function in the brain d. endorsing the method of cranioscopy

[p. 183] d

26. _____ used the method of ablation to find look for evidence to support the claims of phrenology, but he found no such evidence. a. Franz Joseph Gall b. Hermann von Helmholtz c. Edward Bradford Titchener d. Pierre Flourens

[p. 183] d

28. Electrical stimulation of the cortex is a technique pioneered by a. Franz Joseph Gall and Johann Kaspar Spurzheim. b. Julius Eduard Hitzig and Theodor Fritsch. c. Paul Broca and Pierre Flourens. d. Hermann von Helmholtz and Johannes Müller.

[p. 184] b

27. _____ discovered that articulate or spoken speech is localized in the left inferior frontal gyrus. a. Franz Joseph Gall b. Julius Eduard Hitzig c. Paul Broca d. Pierre Flourens

[p. 184] c

29. _____ developed a staining procedure that enhances the features of nerve elements a. Camillo Golgi b. Julius Eduard Hitzig c. Paul Broca d. Santiago Ramón Y Cajal

[p. 185] a

31. _____ wrote Integrative Action of the Nervous System, which laid the foundations for modern neurophysiology. a. Camillo Golgi b. Julius Eduard Hitzig c. Sir Charles Sherrington d. Santiago Ramón Y Cajal

[p. 185] c

30. _____discovered a gap between nerve cells and theorized that neural transmission proceeds from the synapse to the axon of a nerve cell a. Camillo Golgi b. Julius Eduard Hitzig c. Paul Broca d. Santiago Ramón Y Cajal

[p. 185] d

32. _____ measured the speed of a nervous impulse. a. Johannes Müller b. Hermann von Helmholtz c. Jacques Quételet d. Francis Galton

[p. 186] b

33. The original derivations of the well-known symmetrical bell-shaped curve were set forth by a. Jacques Quételet. b. Francis Galton. c. Abraham DeMoivre. d. Blaise Pascal.

[p. 186] c

34. _____ was the first to apply statistics to the moral arena. One way he did so was by studying relationships between criminal behavior and age. a. Jacques Quételet b. Francis Galton c. Abraham DeMoivre d. Karl Friedrich Gauss

[p. 187] a

35. ________ was the first to use the term co-relation (later changed to correlation). He also contributed to the technical mathematical basis of correlation's. a. Jacques Quételet b. Francis Galton c. Karl Pearson d. Karl Friedrich Gauss

[p. 189] b

36. ________ was among the first to use graphs to illustrate the importance of sanitary conditions in field hospitals a. Francis Galton b. Florence Nightingale c. Dorthea Lynde Dix d. Jacques Quételet

[p. 190] b

37. _________ was one of the first to use descriptive social statistics in campaigns to improve the treatment environments for people with mental illnesses. a. Benjamin Rush b. Jacques Quételet c. Francis Galton d. Dorthea Lynde Dix

[p. 190] d

1. Naturalism, as a philosophical perspective, is the doctrine that a. scientific procedures and laws are applicable to all phenomena. b. to be a scientist one must be an atheist. c. science is applicable to the worlds of physics, chemistry, and biology, but not necessarily to psychology. d. origins are relatively unimportant, what is important is the here and now. The present must be understood naturalistically.

[p. 193] a

3. The nebular hypothesis was a bold naturalistic account of the origin of the solar system. Two names associated with the nebular hypotheses are a. Pierre Simon de Laplace and Immanuel Kant. b. Francis Bacon and John Locke. c. David Hume and Baruch Spinoza. d. Robert Whytt and Michele de Montaigne.

[p. 194] a

2. Cosmogony refers to a. the study of the makeup of the universe b. the study of the origin of the universe c. the study of the organization of the universe d. the study of the size of the universe

[p. 194] b

5. _______, the author of Principles of Geology, is often regarded as the founder of modern geology. a. Sir Charles Lyell b. Erasmus Darwin c. Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier d. Comte de Buffon

[p. 195] a

6. _____ is the belief that changes on earth occur at a very slow pace over vast stretches of time. This view is often contrasted with _____ which promotes the idea that all changes in the earth are sudden and dramatic. a. unilateralism . . . disaster theory b. uniformitarianism . . . catastrophe theory c. catastrophe theory . . . uniformism d. linear theory . . . disaster theory

[p. 195] b

4. _______ was one of the first to actually conduct an experiment designed to estimate the age of the earth. a. Immanuel Kant b. Pierre Simon de Laplace c. Comte de Buffon d. Erasmus Darwin

[p. 195] c

7. Evolutionary theory developed a. in an intellectual vacuum. b. in the shadow of an unquestioned Biblical creation theory. c. in the midst of a theological debates about the Biblical creation theory. d. to elaborate on the details of Biblical creation theory.

[p. 196] c

8. ______ was the first to propose that evolution is driven by the inheritance of acquired characteristics. a. Lamarck b. Buffon c. Erasmus Darwin d. Charles Darwin

[p. 197] c

10. Progressionism, the idea that there is a steady, linear advance across species, was advanced by a. Lamarck b. Buffon c. Erasmus Darwin d. Charles Darwin

[p. 198] a

11. ________ argued that species are human constructions based partly on our need for convenient classificatory schemes. He held that, in nature, plants and animals are simply steps in an ongoing gradual process. a. Descartes b. Swammerdam c. Kant d. Lamarck

[p. 198] d

12. In Tierra del Fuego, Darwin speculated that "Nature by making habit omnipotent, and its effects hereditary, has fitted the Fuegian to the climate and the productions of the miserable country." The significance of this statement is that it shows that a. Darwin had the mechanism of evolution figured out in the early parts of the voyage of the Beagle. b. In his early thought, Darwin accepted the concept of the inheritance of acquired characteristics. c. Darwin was the first to elevate the importance of habit and this had a major impact on early psychology. d. it nicely summarizes the principle of natural selection.

[p. 200] b

14. The theory of evolution based on the concept of natural selection was discovered independently by a. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace. b. Charles Darwin and Charles Lyell. c. Charles Darwin and Joseph Hooker. d. Charles Darwin and Thomas Robert Malthus.

[p. 201] a

13. After returning to England following the voyage of the Beagle, Darwin continued to struggle with the mechanism of evolution. A breakthrough came when he read the work of ________ on the principle of _______. a. Kant . . . Heteronomy b. Kant . . . the synthetic a priori c. Leibniz . . . petites perceptions d. Malthus . . . population growth

[p. 201] d

15. The first essential technical point in Darwin's original theory is that a. a habit is omnipotent. b. all species produce more offspring than can possibly survive. c. change is sometimes gradual and sometimes catastrophic. d. changes are often qualitative

[p. 202] b

16. According to the text, which of the following is NOT characteristic of evolutionary psychology? a. It challenges the idea that humans are born as "blank slates" b. It emphasizes commonalities between humans and non-human animals c. It provides a balanced treatment of genetic and environmental influences on behavior d. It provides a distinction between psychology and other biological sciences

[p. 203] d

18. "In no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of the exercise of a higher psychical faculty, if it can be interpreted as the outcome of the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale." This extension of Ockham's Razor and principle of parsimony was advanced by _______ as a means of countering the anthropomorphism of early comparative psychologists. a. Conwy Lloyd Morgan b. Charles Darwin c. William Thierry Preyer d. Jacques Loeb

[p. 204] a

19. The debate between _____ and _____ centers on the nature of psychological explanations and whether such explanations should emphasize adequate or concise measurement. a. richness . . . precision b. accuracy . . . development c. fullness . . . emptiness d. description . . . prediction

[p. 204] a

17. _____ was an English biologist inspired by Darwin who wrote a number of books in an enthusiastic attempt to found a science of animal behavior based in evolutionary theory. a. Lloyd Morgan b. Herbert Spencer c. George John Romanes d. Joseph Jastrow

[p. 204] c

21. _____ wrote The Mind of the Child, a classic in developmental psychology. a. Thierry Preyer b. Sir Francis Galton c. John Romanes d. Joseph Jastrow

[p. 205] a

20. Early evolutionary theorists were captivated by the idea that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. This idea means that a. there is no qualitative difference between animal and human consciousness. b. all change is gradual. c. the offspring will always resemble the parents. d. each individual goes through the developmental stages that characterize the history of the race.

[p. 205] d

22. Following the work of Darwin, psychologists focused more of their attention on the problems of a. human consciousness b. the normal adult mind c. the pure science aspects of psychology d. adaptation

[p. 205] d

24. In the work of _______ we encounter an attempt to apply evolution to all branches of human knowledge. a. Herbert Spencer b. Comte de Buffon c. Sir Charles Lyell d. Jacob Sprenger

[p. 206] a

23. ______, the author of Hereditary Genius, emphasized the role of biology in individual differences. a. Charles Darwin b. Sir Francis Galton c. Herbert Spencer d. Ernst Heinrich Haeckel

[p. 206] b

25. Explanations based on demonological beliefs probably reached their apogee a. in the early Middle Ages. b. in the late Middle Ages, around 1200. c. in the early Renaissance, around 1400. d. in the mid-seventeenth century.

[p. 208] d

26. The Malleus Maleficarum (translated as The Hammer against Witches) was written by Dominican Friars Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger. First Published in 1486, it a. was never very popular though somewhat influential in the Spanish inquisition. b. was popular for about 50 years and then became a source of shame to those who practiced its teachings. c. was placed on the Index of Forbidden books by Pope Innocent VIII. d. was one of the most influential books of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

[p. 208] d

27. Which of the following was NOT provided in the Malleus Maleficarum a. Classification of witches and devils b. Description of methods used by witches and devils c. Procedures for bringing witches to justice d. Methods to differentiate witchcraft from natural illness

[p. 208] d

28. There is now evidence that the witch hunts in Europe, at their height, resulted in the executions of a. about 100 women. b. 800 women and a few men. c. tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of victims, largely women. d. about and equal number of men and women probably numbering around 2000 of each sex.

[p. 209] c

29. Profit was made from the witch hunts because a. the property of the suspected witch was sold to pay for trials and thus profits were often made from legal proceedings. b. the people were so grateful to be rid of suspected witches that they made enormous contributions to the inquisition. c. people were charged a fee to watch the burning of witches. d. people had to pay fees to witness trials.

[p. 211] a

31. _____ argued that belief in demons is pure nonsense because there could be only one power and that is God. a. Martin Luther b. Pope Innocent VIII c. Baruch Spinoza d. Benjamin Rush

[p. 211] c

30. As early as 1563, _____ challenged the belief in witches by suggesting that most women accused were harmless individuals with mental disorders. He was then accused of witchcraft. a. Martin Luther b. Pope Innocent VIII c. Baruch Spinoza d. Johann Weyer

[p. 211] d

32. In what ways did Descartes contribute to the demise of belief in demons? a. He denied altogether that demons exist b. He argued that God controlled all things and since God was the only real power, there was really no work left for demons c. he placed such a strong emphasis on the relationship between brain activity and psychological processes, that there was no room left for other agencies d. he pointed out that belief in demons had turned out to be sexist since most of those burned at the stake were women

[p. 212] c

33. According to the text, which of the following clinicians introduced the "idea of psychotherapy as theater?" a. William Tuke b. Phillipe Pinel c. Franz Anton Mesmer d. Benjamin Rush

[p. 213] c

34. _____ developed a treatment for various illnesses based on his belief in the role of magnetism as it interacts with the body. a. William Tuke b. Phillipe Pinel c. Franz Anton Mesmer d. Benjamin Rush

[p. 213] c

35. According to the text, what was the final ruling from the "Franklin Commission," a committee convened to investigate the medical practices of a well-known therapist? a. Benjamin Rush was found guilty of malpractice relating to his use of bloodletting. b. Franz Anton Mesmer's therapy was found to be the product of deception or the power of suggestion. c. Phillipe Pinel was found to be negligent in his release of dangerous and deranged patients from the Bicêtre Asylum. d. Sigmund Freud was found to be in violation of the bylaws of the Vienna Medical Academy.

[p. 214] b

37. According to ________, mental disorders have their origin primarily in the blood vessels of the brain. In his opinion, disturbances of circulation were involved in all disease and mental disorders were no exception. He argued for humane treatment of people with mental illnesses. a. Benjamin Rush b. René Descartes c. Baruch Spinoza d. Vincenzo Chiarugi

[p. 219] a

38. Which of the following is NOT a contribution from Benjamin Rush? a. The first psychiatrist to advocate the use of occupational therapy in the treatment of emotional disorders. b. Inventor of the "Tranquilizing Chair" and the "Gyrator." c. A famous advocate of bloodletting and the "circulation model" of mental disease d. A pioneer in the study of "doubling" (today called "Dissociative Identity Disorder") and the first person to use the phrase "phrenology."

[p. 219] a

39. Some of the most important reform movements in the care and treatment of people with mental illnesses in England were carried on at the York Retreat. Important names associated with the York Retreat are a. Franz Joseph Gall and Benjamin Rush. b. William Tuke and Daniel Hack Tuke. c. Florence Nightingale and Franz Joseph Gall. d. Florence Nightingale and Dorthea Lynde Dix.

[p. 221] b

40. One of the first to employ psychodrama in therapy, ________ set up reforms in his country remarkably similar to and sometimes more advanced than those employed by Pinel. He also published many of his views prior to Pinel's publications. He was a. Daniel Hack Tuke b. David Hartley c. Vincenzo Chiarugi d. Johann Weyer

[p. 221] c

41. Considered a founder of modern psychotherapy, _____ used therapeutic techniques such as psychodrama, music therapy, and occupational therapy in order to treat disorders he thought arose from a disunity of psychological processes. a. Daniel Hack Tuke b. David Hartley c. Vincenzo Chiarugi d. Johann Christian Reil

[p. 221] d

42. According to the text, the great reformer Dorthea Lynde Dix may have done much to create a climate friendly to the development of psychology because a. she openly advocated a science of psychology. b. of her great ability to mobilize public opinion about problems faced by people with mental illnesses. c. of her original studies on sensory processes. d. of her psychiatric work in the Civil War as Superintendent of Union Army Nurses.

[p. 224] b

44. The individual who treated the so-called "Wild Boy of Aveyron" is one of the great pioneers in the study of the care and treatment of children with cognitive disabilities. This person was a. Dorthea Lynde Dix. b. Daniel Hack Tuke. c. Jean Itard. d. Vincenzo Chiarugi.

[p. 224] c

45. Prior to the modern period, children with mental or physical disabilities were commonly attributed to a. "sinful parents" who had intercourse during menstruation. b. an evil force that had substituted a changeling for a healthy child. c. both a and b are true. d. pure chance.

[p. 224] c

46. ________ was a French pioneer in the study and treatment of individuals with cognitive disabilities. His efforts inspired the raising of funds for training facilities. a. Edouard Sequin b. Vincenzo Chiarugi c. Jules Lequier d. Phillipe Pinel

[p. 225] a

47. ________ argued that woman's health and social equality depended, in part, on the possibility of birth control a. Dorthea Lynde Dix. b. Mary Wollstonecraft c. Margaret Sanger d. Susan B. Anthony

[p. 226] c

1. The term psychophysics refers to a. the study of the relationships between readings of physical scales and readings on measures of physiological processes (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, etc.). b. the study of the effects of physical variables (e.g., atmospheric pressure, gravity, light intensity, etc.) on behavior. c. the study of physiological psychology in all of its manifestations. d. the study of the relationships between the properties of stimuli as measured on a physical scale and the psychological or subjective impressions of those stimuli.

[p. 234] d

2. Thresholds are typically defined operationally as a. that minimal or maximal (for upper thresholds) stimulus intensity that is detected 50% of the time. b. the initial appearance in consciousness of any given phenomenon. c. the theoretical doorkeeper between the unconscious and consciousness. d. mere awareness as opposed to an interpretive cognition.

[p. 235] a

3. A difference threshold is defined as a. that minimal stimulus intensity that is detected 50% of the time. b. the initial appearance in consciousness of any given phenomenon. c. the theoretical doorkeeper between the unconscious and consciousness. d. the minimal stimulus difference that is detectable 50% of the time.

[p. 235] a

4. The formal beginnings of psychophysics are found in the work of a. Wilhelm Wundt. b. Rudolph Hermann Lotze. c. Ernst Heinrich Weber and Gustav Theodor Fechner. d. Hermann von Helmholtz.

[p. 235] c

5. _____ systematically mapped the cutaneous sensitivity of the human body. a. Ernst Heinrich Weber b. Hermann von Helmholtz c. Rudolph Hermann Lotze d. Gustav Theodor Fechner

[p. 236] a

6. The just noticeable difference (difference threshold) is a constant mathematical function of the existing amount of stimulation. In its most basic form, this was first proposed by a. Ernst Heinrich Weber b. Hermann von Helmholtz c. Rudolph Hermann Lotze d. Wilhelm Wundt

[p. 236] a

7. Fechner's night view of life is found in ________ whereas his day view of life is found in ________. a. extreme materialistic positions . . . panpsychism b. beliefs in unbridled free will . . . determinism c. idealism . . . empiricism d. empiricism . . .rationalism

[p. 237] a

8. Fechner used the pseudonym "Dr. Mises" to support a. extreme materialistic positions. b. determinism. c. solipsism. d. panpsychism.

[p. 237] d

9. Elements of Psychophysics, a classic in psychology, was written by a. Ernst Heinrich Weber. b. Hermann von Helmholtz. c. Rudolph Hermann Lotze. d. Gustav Theodor Fechner.

[p. 238] d

10. You now employ a method in which comparison stimuli are simply presented with a standard stimulus in a random fashion and the subjects task is simply to report whether the comparison stimulus is equal to, greater than, or weaker than the standard. You are now using the method of a. constant stimuli. b. limits. c. average error. d. sign stimuli.

[p. 239] a

11. You wish to measure brightness discrimination. Your subject views a standard light source and attempts to match the standard by turning a knob that controls the brightness of a comparison stimulus. You use an ascending and descending series. You are using the method of a. average error. b. limits. c. constant stimuli. d. fixed intervals.

[p. 239] a

12. The first textbook claiming to be about physiological psychology was written by a German scholar who was also known for an approach to depth perception that involved a theory of local signs. He was a. Gustav Theodor Fechner. b. Ernst Heinrich Weber. c. Rudolph Hermann Lotze. d. Hermann von Helmholtz.

[p. 240] c

13. The vision of _______ regarding the unity of the sciences was so great that he hardly knew when he was doing psychology, physiology or physics. He believed there were no mysterious forces or unknowable energies that activate the organism. a. Herman von Helmholtz b. George Berkeley c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Ernst Heinrich Weber

[p. 241] a

14. The ophthalmoscope, invented by ______ made it possible to gain visual access to the retina of the eye. a. Gustav Fechner b. Ernst Weber c. Hermann von Helmholtz d. Wilhelm Wundt

[p. 242] c

17. Helmholtz explained depth perception in terms of monocular cues and binocular cues. To more adequately study binocular cues for depth perception, he invented the a. ophthalmoscope. b. aesthesiometer. c. stereoscope. d. prism.

[p. 242] c

16. Helmholtz's explanation of depth perception was based largely on a. the innate capacities of the organism. b. abstract reasoning ability of the organism. c. binocular cues. d. early associations of visual and kinesthetic cues, "unconscious inferences," and, in general, an empirical approach.

[p. 242] d

18. The trichromatic theory of color vision grew largely out of the work of a. Hermann von Helmholtz, Thomas Young, and Wilhelm Wundt. b. Gustav Theodor Fechner, Hermann von Helmholtz and Thomas Young. c. James Clerk Maxwell, Thomas Young, and Hermann von Helmholtz. d. Thomas Young, Ernst Heinrich Weber, and Hermann von Helmholtz.

[p. 243] c

19. The formal beginnings of experimental psychology are generally traced to the year _____ when _______. a. 1834 . . . Weber published his work on the Sense of Touch b. 1879 . . . Wundt established a laboratory at Leipzig c. 1881 . . . Lotze published his Outlines of Psychology d. 1873 . . . Wundt published volume I of his classic Principles of Physiological Psychology.

[p. 244] b

20. Wundt's broad interests were evident in his 10-volume work a. Völkerpsychologie. b. Elements of Psychophysics. c. Principles of Psychology. d. Handbook of Physiological Optics.

[p. 246] a

22. Hylozoism is the view that a. mind is manifested in all material movement. b. mind, per se, does not exist. It is only a manifestation of more basic material events. c. mind is restricted to human beings. Animals have no minds. d. mind is purely a formal concept, an abstraction that has a basis only in language.

[p. 247] a

21. Prior to ________, psychology was often thought of as a branch of philosophy. Following his work, psychology became a separate discipline and an experimental science in its own right. a. Helmholtz b. Wundt c. Fechner d. Weber

[p. 247] b

23. According to Wundt, the origin of mental processes dates to a. the emergence of the first human beings b. the emergence of language among early prehuminoid types c. the origin of life itself d. the emergence of human consciousness

[p. 247] c

25. The name Wundt preferred for his system of thought was a. Structuralism. b. Voluntarism. c. Existentialism. d. Functionalism.

[p. 248] b

26. Which of the following statements best characterizes Wundt's approach to methodology? a. He relied exclusively on introspection b. He relied largely on naturalistic observation c. Most of his laboratory studies employed a rigorous form of introspection, but he recognized other methods such as naturalistic observation, historical methods, etc. d. He relied exclusively on the phenomenological method

[p. 248] c

24. In terms of his mind-body position, Wundt's position is most similar to that embraced by a. Descartes. b. Leibniz. c. La Mettrie. d. Spinoza.

[p. 248] d

30. According to Wundt, perception is more _____ whereas apperception is more _____. a. passive . . . active b. intelligent . . . reflexive c. ordered . . .disorderly d. directional . . . random

[p. 250] a

29. For Wundt, an element is a. psychologically and physiologically complex. b. simple psychologically but complex physiologically. c. a simple unit both psychologically and physiologically. d. not a useful construct.

[p. 250] b

28. Wundt defined psychology as a. the science of experience and behavior b. the science that studies actions and movements c. the science that studies the facts of consciousness d. behavioral science

[p. 250] c

31. Which of the following was NOT a dimension in Wundt's tridimensional theory of feeling? a. anger and peace b. pleasure and pain c. strain and relaxation d. excitation and quiescence

[p. 251] a

32. Wundt's doctrine of creative synthesis refers to the idea that a. creativity can be learned or conditioned. b. motives can be functionally autonomous. c. there is real novelty and creativity in higher mental operations. d. creativity is entirely lawful.

[p. 251] c

33. The heterogony of ends, according to Wundt, refers to a. unconscious processes that interfere with ongoing behavior. b. the idea that there is no such thing as a pure motive or emotion. c. the emergence of new motives during the course of a chain of activities. d. the functional autonomy of motives.

[p. 251] c

34. Emil Kraepelin coined the term dementia praecox, which was later renamed to a. bipolar b. depression c. schizophrenia d. anxiety

[p. 253] c

35. According to the text, which of the following is NOT a contribution associated with Emil Kraepelin? a. One of the first psychiatrists to claim that criminal behavior should be considered a mental illness. b. One of the first psychiatrists to conduct clinical research on the disorder that would later be named (by Kraepelin) as "Alzheimer's Disease." c. One of the first psychiatrists to become a vigorous opponent of the death penalty. d. One of the first psychiatrists to conduct clinical research on individual differences in intelligence.

[p. 253] d

1. According to the text, a system can be defined as a. an organized way of envisioning the world b. a common method employed across a discipline c. an overarching theoretical construct to be studied d. a blueprint for a research program

[p. 258] a

2. Which of the following transported the scientific dimensions of Wundt's psychology to the United States? a. Franz Brentano b. Oswald Külpe c. Edward Bradford Titchener d. Georg Elias Müller

[p. 259] c

3. Frustrated with the American Psychological Association, Titchener established ______, a group of psychologists emphasizing laboratory psychology. a. the Phenomenalists b. the Experimentalists c. the Voluntarists d. the Cognitivists

[p. 260] b

5. _________ continually drew parallels between the physical sciences (physics and chemistry) and psychology a. Edward Bradford Titchener b. Franz Brentano c. Oswald Külpe d. Margaret Floy Washburn

[p. 261] a

7. The method Titchener used in most of his studies was called a. introspection. b. Objective observation. c. naturalistic observation. d. phenomenology.

[p. 261] a

6. The founder of American structuralism agreed with Wundt that psychology should study immediate experience. He was a. William James. b. Edward Bradford Titchener. c. Franz Brentano. d. Oswald Külpe.

[p. 261] b

4. The technical term employed by Titchener for his system of psychology was a. voluntarism. b. functionalism. c. radical empiricism. d. structuralism.

[p. 261] d

9. When discussing comparative psychology, Titchener believed a. only humans have minds. b. the range of mind appears to be as broad as the range of animal life. c. only humans and higher primates have mind. d. mind is only apparent in organisms with volitional movement.

[p. 262] b

12. Titchener identified three different elementary processes. They were a. sensations, affections, and images. b. sensations, affections, and behaviors. c. behaviors, reflexes, and sensations. d. behaviors, reflexes, and mental operations.

[p. 263] a

13. Titchener found that all sensations have a minimum of four attributes. The attributes were a. quality, intensity, clearness, and duration. b. source, impetus, aim, and object. c. steady state, arousal, working stage, recovery. d. force, duration, dimension, and origin.

[p. 263] a

10. Titchener believed that the first task of any science was to a. study only observable behavior. b. investigate the basic elements of the subject matter. c. consider the phenomenon of interest from an adaptive standpoint. d. all of the above.

[p. 263] b

11. According to Titchener, a true element a. is only a convenient definition of our level of analysis. b. must remain unchanged, however persistent our analysis or refined our method of study. c. is anything that is our topic of study. d. is a flexible unit of analysis.

[p. 263] b

14. The capacity to continue to study even when we are tired, or even in the face of distractions, is an example of Titchener's notion of a. primary attention. b. perseverance. c. secondary attention. d. will power.

[p. 264] c

15. Titchener believed that all associations can be reduced to the single law of a. similarity. b. contrast. c. intensity. d. contiguity.

[p. 264]d

16. ________ was Titchener's first graduate student and a pioneer in comparative psychology a. Mary Whiton Calkins b. Margaret Floy Washburn c. Margaret Sanger d. Leta Stetter Hollingworth

[p. 267] b

17. _____ believed that animals possess consciousness, and that such consciousness is an appropriate topic of investigation for psychology. a. Margaret Floy Washburn b. Edward Titchener c. Franz Brentano d. Carl Stumpf

[p. 268] a

19. _____ insisted on a psychology the accepts experience as forward looking, active, manipulative, and intentional. a. Franz Brentano b. Edward Bradford Titchener c. Hermann Ebbinghaus d. Wilhelm Wundt

[p. 269] a

18. The system of psychology associated with the work of Franz Brentano is known as a. existentialism. b. structuralism. c. act psychology. d. holistic psychology.

[p. 269] c

21. On the question of methodology, Franz Brentano favored a. naturalistic observation. b. introspection. c. controlled studies of behavior. d. a developmental and pluralistic epistemology.

[p. 270] d

20. _____ had a strong emphasis on the active, participatory, creative, and constructive aspects of experience and would prefer active approaches to psychology. He would prefer a course on "Sensing and Perceiving" over a course on "Sensation and Perception." a. Franz Brentano b. Edward Bradford Titchener c. Georg Elias Müller d. Wilhelm Wundt

[p. 271] a

22. According to Brentano, the unique feature of the mental act is its a. passivity. b. intentionality. c. judgmental quality. d. divisibility.

[p. 271] b

23. _____ had a driving interest in the psychology of music, emphasizing this topic as a tool in the holistic study of mental phenomena. a. Edward Bradford Titchener b. Carl Stumpf c. Oswald Külpe d. Georg Elias Müller

[p. 273] b

24. Consistent with his dominant interests, _____ studied the development of several musical child prodigies. a. Edward Bradford Titchener b. Carl Stumpf c. Oswald Külpe d. Georg Elias Müller

[p. 273] b

25. _____ was one of the first to conduct experiments on the issues of task perseveration. a. Franz Brentano b. Edward Bradford Titchener c. Georg Elias Müller d. Wilhelm Wundt

[p. 274] c

26. _____ was one of the first to place emphasis on psychological variables in memorial and association processes. a. Franz Brentano b. Edward Bradford Titchener c. Georg Elias Müller d. Wilhelm Wundt

[p. 274] c

28. Research on imageless thought was controversial because it challenged a. the theory of the unconscious. b. the elementary building block approach to psychology. c. the possibility of retroactive inhibition. d. all forms of holistic thinking.

[p. 275] b

27. Külpe and his co-workers at the Würzburg school were most likely to have studied a. conditioned responses. b. extinction of responses. c. imageless thought. d. elements of consciousness.

[p. 275] c

29. Which of the following would be most likely to conduct experiments on the effects of mental set? a. Oswald Külpe b. Georg Elias Müller c. Hermann Ebbinghaus d. Ernst Weber

[p. 276] a

30. After the work of _____, the study of psychology was expanded to higher cognitive functions and was no longer limited to the study of simple sensations and physiological structures. a. Hermann Ebbinghaus b. Franz Brentano c. Ernst Weber d. Gustav Theodor Fechner

[p. 277] a

31. Ebbinghaus was a pioneer in applied psychology, developing the _____ as a way to assess the cognitive capacities of school children. a. I.Q. test b. completion test c. paired-associate technique. d. metal set.

[p. 277] b

32. The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve reveals that, following initial learning, memory a. Declines rapidly then levels off b. Declines slowly at first, but at a quickening pace over time c. Declines at a constant rate d. Improves at first, then declines at a constant rate

[p. 278] a

1. Functionalism is more consistent with philosophies of _________ whereas structuralism is more consistent with philosophies of ___________. a. being . . . becoming b. becoming . . . being c. content . . . process d. being . . . process

[p. 282] b

2. According to the text, James's metaphysical ultimate is a. God. b. Reason. c. Behavior. d. Experience.

[p. 284] d

3. According to James, the greatest issue in philosophy is the a. free will and determinism issue. b. monism-pluralism issue. c. mind-body issue. d. materialism-idealism issue.

[p. 286] b

5. James's position on free will and determinism is characterized most accurately by which of the following statements? a. "God does not play dice with the universe." b. "My first act of free will shall be to believe in free will." c. "The ego is not master in its own house." d. "God is clever, but not malicious."

[p. 287] b

6. Which of the following kinds of determinism would James postulate? a. metaphysical determinism b. methodological determinism c. strict biological determinism d. theological predeterminism or predestination

[p. 287] b

9. Which of the following best characterizes James's view on the roles that definitions should play in our lives? a. Definitions are unavoidable and practical, therefore they should be absolutely prescriptive for every person. b. A word or definition does not close our quest; a definition is only a program for more work. c. Definitions are answers to the enigmas of life. d. Definitions should always be derived logically and rationally from the larger belief system.

[p. 288] b

10. Which of the following definitions of psychology would James advocate? a. Psychology is the scientific study of behavior b. Psychology is the scientific study of the elements of mental life c. Psychology is the science of mental life, both of its phenomena and of their conditions d. Psychology is the study of human action

[p. 288] c

7. According to James, human beliefs should be evaluated primarily in terms a. of their consistency. b. of how they square with sacred traditions. c. the real work they accomplish in the world. d. their general social acceptance.

[p. 288] c

12. According to James, each of the following are characteristics of the stream of thought EXCEPT a. they continually change b. they maintain continuity c. they are personal d. they remain constant

[p. 289-290] d

11. In his discussion of thought or thinking, James employed an analogy. He viewed thought as somewhat comparable to a. chemical elements. b. telephone switchboards. c. the flywheel of an engine. d. a stream.

[p. 289] d

13. Each of the following is included by James as a component of the self EXCEPT a. the social selves b. the material self c. the spiritual self d. the malevolent self

[p. 290] d

15. The James-Lange theory of emotion postulates that physiological changes ______ the experience of an emotion. a. occur before b. occur concurrently with c. occur after d. are unrelated to

[p. 291] a

14. Which of the following best characterizes James's view on emotion? a. the experience of emotion is purely mental b. bodily changes are indispensable to the experience of emotion c. bodily arousal is not a necessary condition for the experience of emotion d. the experience of emotion is dictated exclusively by the cerebral hemispheres

[p. 291] b

16. James's concept of primary memory is somewhat comparable to contemporary notions of ___________ memory, whereas his concept of secondary memory is somewhat comparable to contemporary notions of __________ memory. a. short-term . . . long-term b. long-term . . . short term c. long-term . . . sensory d. sensory . . . short-term

[p. 292] a

17. The first experimental laboratory in psychology in the United States was founded by a. Hugo Münsterberg. b. William James. c. Edward Bradford Titchener. d. James McKeen Cattell.

[p. 293] b

19. Hugo Münsterberg, is remembered, among other things, for his pioneering books on ________ and _________. a. psychotherapy . . . industrial psychology b. intelligence . . . instinct c. infancy . . . aging d. sensation . . . motivation

[p. 294] a

18. The book On the Witness Stand is the standard classic in forensic psychology. This book marks _____________ as one of the most important pioneers in the study of the relationships between psychology and the law. a. William James b. G. Stanley Hall c. Hugo Münsterberg d. James McKeen Cattell

[p. 294] c

20. His book The Psychology of Industrial Efficiency marks him as one of the pioneers of industrial psychology. a. William James b. G. Stanley Hall c. Hugo Münsterberg d. James McKeen Cattell

[p. 295] c

21. _____ earned the first Ph.D. in psychology. a. William James b. G. Stanley Hall c. Hugo Münsterberg d. James McKeen Cattell

[p. 296] b

22. ________ founded the American Psychological Association and served as its first president in 1892. a. Hugo Münsterberg b. William James c. G. Stanley Hall d. Walter Dill Scott

[p. 296] c

23. _____ brought Freud and Jung to American and helped introduce psychoanalysis to the United States a. Hugo Münsterberg b. William James c. G. Stanley Hall d. Walter Dill Scott

[p. 297] c

25. _____ was one of the first to argue for a children's institute dedicated to extensive research on children. a. William James b. G. Stanley Hall c. Hugo Münsterberg d. James McKeen Cattell

[p. 298] b

24. A radical developmental-evolutionary approach to psychology is more evident in the work of _______ than in the work of any other pioneer psychologist. a. Robert Session Woodworth b. Walter Dill Scott c. G. Stanley Hall d. James McKeen Cattell

[p. 298] c

26. "Ontogony recapitulates phylogeny." This statement is most consistent with the ideas of a. William James. b. Leta Stetter Hollingworth. c. G. Stanley Hall. d. James McKeen Cattell.

[p. 298] c

28. _______ extended many of the concepts of functionalism into the field of education. He argued that the concept of democracy is learned and that democratic ideals cannot be fostered in schools that emphasize rote learning and strict regimentation. a. John Dewey b. James Rowland Angell c. Harvey A. Carr d. James McKeen Cattell

[p. 300] a

27. In his classic article, "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology," John Dewey argued that a. the reflex should be foundational for all of psychology. b. American psychologists should pay more attention to the work of the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. c. we should not dissect experience or reflexes into artificial piecemeal units. d. the goals of structuralism and functionalism can be reconciled through the concept of the reflex.

[p. 300] c

29. The major classic exposition of functionalism was set forth in an article entitled "The Province of Functional Psychology" by a. John Dewey. b. Harvey A. Carr. c. James Rowland Angell. d. Robert Sessions Woodworth.

[p. 301] c

30. _____ argued that functionalism had been in existence since Aristotle began to investigate the operations rather than the mere stuff of mental experience. a. John Dewey b. Harvey A. Carr c. James Rowland Angell d. Robert Sessions Woodworth

[p. 301] c

31. _____ was primarily concerned with mental activity, defined as "the acquisition, fixation, retention, organization, and evaluation of experiences and their subsequent utilization in the guidance of conduct." a. John Dewey b. Harvey A. Carr c. James Rowland Angell d. Robert Sessions Woodworth

[p. 302] b

32. The term mental tests was coined by a. William James. b. John Dewey. c. James McKeen Cattell. d. Leta Stetter Hollingworth.

[p. 303] c

33. Although highly motivated by Sir Francis Galton to study measurement and to acquire a variety of measurements from many people, the data were not correlated with any meaningful measure and as a result the research career of _____ was destroyed. a. William James b. John Dewey c. James McKeen Cattell d. Leta Stetter Hollingworth

[p. 303] c

35. _____ influenced psychology through strong leadership and a series of important textbooks including Experimental Psychology, which served as the standard reference in the field for over two decades. a. James McKeen Cattell b. Robert Sessions Woodworth c. Mary Calkins d. William James

[p. 305] b

36. Functional autonomy refers to a. one of the major characteristics of biological drives. b. a neurosis of adolescence. c. the idea that the means of satisfying a motive may acquire drive properties. d. an overwhelming need to join organizations and to be part of a group.

[p. 306] c

39. _____ developed the paired-associate method for studying memory. a. James McKeen Cattell b. Leta Stetter Hollingworth c. Mary Calkins d. William James

[p. 307] c

38. Although Harvard University refused to grant her a Ph.D. _________ served as the first female president of the American Psychological Association, and she argued that the concept of the self should be a major focus in the work of psychologists. a. Leta Stetter Hollingworth b. Dorthea Lynde Dix c. Margaret Floy Washburn d. Mary Whiton Calkins

[p. 307] d

40. Briefly stated, the so-called variability hypothesis held that in all things a. men are more variable than women. b. women are more variable than men. c. humans are more variable among themselves than any other animal species. d. younger people are more variable than older people.

[p. 308] a

43. _______ explored gender differences and the consequences of dropping out of school. a. James McKeen Cattell. b. Leta Stetter Hollingworth. c. Mary Calkins. d. Helen Wooley.

[p. 309] d

44. Whereas Cattell attempted to measure intelligence by exploring differences in elementary processes such as reaction times, Alfred Binet looked for differences in a. sensory acuity. b. complex superior processes such as memories for designs and ability to solve spatial problems. c. compound reaction times. d. ability to discriminate within all sensory modalities.

[p. 310] b

45. This pioneer in testing began to gather normative data on the problem solving abilities of children and to intelligence test items directly related to daily life. a. James McKeen Cattell b. Leta Stetter Hollingworth c. G. Stanley Hall d. Alfred Binet

[p. 310] d

1. The initial reception of behaviorism within psychology was a. enthusiastic. b. cool or even grudging. c. enthusiastic, especially among the older psychologists, but the younger psychologists were guarded. d. cool in America, but enthusiastic in Europe.

[p. 314] b

2. John B. Watson wrote the classic statement of the behaviorist position in an article often referred to as the behaviorist manifesto. The actual title was a. Reflexes of the Brain. b. System of Nature. c. Animal Intelligence. d. Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It.

[p. 314] d

3. The roots of behaviorism extend back into the Greek philosophy of a. Leucippus and Democritus. b. Plato. c. Thales. d. Parmenides.

[p. 315] a

4. Each of the following individuals is an important part of the history of behaviorism EXCEPT a. Julien Offray de la Mettrie b. Etienne Bonnot de Condillac c. Claude-Adrien Helvétius d. Immanuel Kant

[p. 315] d

6. Ivan Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his work on a. conditioning. b. people with mental illnesses. c. digestion. d. reflexes.

[p. 317] c

7. On the philosophical side, Ivan Pavlov was deeply troubled by the concept of "action at a distance" because it seemed to challenge. a. the concept of purpose in behavior b. formal causation c. the theory of reinforcement d. material and efficient causation

[p. 319] d

8. The most effective conditioning is likely to take place in the procedure that Pavlov referred to as a. delayed conditioning. b. backward conditioning. c. simultaneous conditioning. d. trace conditioning.

[p. 320] a

9. The dog becomes drowsy or even falls asleep during conditioning. It is most likely, in such a circumstance, that the psychologist is employing a procedure known as a. trace conditioning. b. delayed conditioning. c. aversive conditioning. d. backward conditioning.

[p. 320] a

11. An animal has stopped salivating in the presence of the CS, but may salivate if a sudden or unexpected stimulus is presented. This is known as a. disinhibition. b. paradoxical inhibition. c. inhibition. d. spontaneous recovery.

[p. 321] a

12. Stimuli similar to the original stimulus may also elicit the CR. Pavlov referred to this as a. disinhibition. b. paradoxical inhibition. c. stimulus generalization. d. spontaneous recovery.

[p. 321] c

13. What was Pavlov's theory regarding temperamental types? a. He didn't believe in temperamental types. b. He believed in only two temperamental types, excitatory and inhibitory. c. He believed in only two temperamental types, introversion and extroversion. d. He accepted the types advanced by Galen, choleric, sanguine, melancholic, and phlegmatic.

[p. 321] d

15. Following an assault on the nervous system, a dog gives an identical response to a strong stimulus as well as a weak stimulus. Pavlov referred to this as a. the equivalent phase. b. the paradoxical phase. c. the ultraparadoxical phase. d. a paradoxical intention.

[p. 322] a

16. Following an assault on the nervous system, a dog gives a weak response to a strong stimulus and a strong response to a weak stimulus. Pavlov referred to this as a. the paradoxical phase. b. the ultraparadoxical phase. c. the equivalent phase. d. conversion.

[p. 322] a

17. Political or religious conversions might be explained by Pavlov as illustrations of a. the paradoxical phase. b. the ultraparadoxical phase. c. classical conditioning. d. the equivalent phase.

[p. 322] b

14. Pavlov's general term for the shock-like state his dogs displayed following stress was a. the psychical reflex. b. the equivalence factor. c. ultramaximal inhibition. d. the paradoxical phase.

[p. 322] c

20. A system of behavioristic thinking known as reflexology was set forth by which of the following? a. Ivan Pavlov b. Ivan Sechenov c. Vladimir M. Bekhterev d. Konstatin N. Kornilov

[p. 323] c

21. Which of the following is regarded as an important antecedent of behaviorism even though he embraced the tolerant spirit and openness of functionalism? a. John B. Watson b. Ivan Sechenov c. Vladimir M. Bekhterev d. Edward Lee Thorndike

[p. 324] d

24. In his "puzzle box" experiments, Thorndike witnessed learning that appeared to occur from a. trial and error b. higher order problem solving c. insight d. focused effort

[p. 325] a

23. _____ studied the learning behavior of cats escaping from simple "puzzle boxes." a. John B. Watson b. Ivan Sechenov c. Edward Lee Thorndike d. Robert Sessions Woodworth

[p. 325] c

22. A theory of learning known as Connectionism is associated with the work of which of the following? a. John B. Watson b. Ivan Sechenov c. Robert Sessions Woodworth d. Edward Lee Thorndike

[p. 325] d

26. If you want to know English, study English; if you want to know algebra, study algebra. Such advice would most likely come from someone who believes in a. the identical elements theory of transfer. b. the doctrine of formal discipline. c. the truncated law of effect. d. the original law of effect.

[p. 326] a

25. According to the modified law of effect or Truncated Law of Effect a. there is reason to doubt that reinforcement plays a role in learning. b. reinforcement influences performance, but not learning. c. there is reason to doubt the efficacy of punishment as a means of weakening responses. d. certain subjects such as Latin and Algebra exercise the mind in unusual ways and have a general beneficial effect on other kinds of learning.

[p. 326] c

27. The founder of American behaviorism was a. William James. b. John B. Watson. c. Ivan Pavlov. d. B. F. Skinner

[p. 327] b

28. After John B. Watson left academia, he had much success applying psychology to a. education. b. clinical practice. c. advertising. d. all of the above.

[p. 329] c

29. Which of the following definitions of psychology would be most acceptable to John B. Watson? a. Psychology is the scientific study of reactions, adjustments, movements, activities, and behaviors. b. Psychology is the scientific study of experience and behavior. c. Psychology is the science of the mind. d. Psychology is the science that studies mental activity.

[p. 331] a

30. The goal of psychology, according to Watson, is a. to understand the inner workings of cognition b. to predict and control behavior c. to understand behavior d. to find cures for all forms of mental disorder and other human adjustment problems

[p. 331] b

31. The acid test for scientific method, according to Watson, is that the method a. be truly public and that it lead to measurable results. b. be believable in terms of human experience. c. be broad enough so as not to leave out anything that is a legitimate part of human experience. d. be verifiable through introspective analysis.

[p. 332] a

11. One part of the cortex can sometimes take over the function of another part that has been injured. Thus, some functions that have been lost can be restored through appropriate relearning. This is known as a. substitution theory. b. isomorphism. c. equipotentiality. d. mass action.

[p. 332] c

32. The centerpiece concept of Watsonian behaviorism is a. sensation. b. motivation. c. habit. d. instinct.

[p. 332] c

33. Watson argued that there are only three emotional responses that can be brought forth in the infant. These are a. fear, hate, and disgust. b. excitement, melancholy, and anger. c. fear, rage., and love. d. anger, joy, and melancholy.

[p. 334] c

35. Thinking, according to Watson, is a. the highest form of mental activity. b. usually blind trial and error, but sometimes insightful. c. subvocal speech. d. the conscious manipulation of images.

[p. 336] c

36. Watson's position on applied psychology was a. that it had best be left to psychiatrists and other physicians. b. that it was premature in his day to think about it. c. that it was an extremely important part of behaviorism. d. to it could be ignored completely.

[p. 336] c

1. Which of the following topics provided the foundation for behavioral psychologies? a. sensation and perception b. learning c. imageless thought d. experience

[p. 341] b

2. Operationism refers to a. the importance of including evaluative concepts in science. b. the programmatic attempt to tie scientific terms to the measurements employed in an experiment. c. the insistence that all experimentation be derived from hypotheses which have been rigorously derived from theories. d. the attempt to conduct pure empirical research unhampered by theories.

[p. 341] b

3. _____ is the belief that a concept is without meaning unless it is explicitly verifiable. Proponents of this view hoped for a unified science devoid of ambiguous and meaningless metaphysical concepts. a. Operationism b. Logical Positivism c. Hullian behaviorism. d. Anthroponomism

[p. 342] b

6. Which of the following would be most friendly to the study of molar behavior with a strong emphasis on the purposive qualities of behavior? a. Albert Paul Weiss b. B. F. Skinner c. Ivan Sechenov d. Edwin B. Holt

[p. 345] d

8. _____ investigated delayed reactions in children and animals and was one of the first to study the human-machine problem a. Walter Samuel Hunter b. Clark L. Hull c. Edward Chase Tolman d. Edwin Ray Guthrie

[p. 346] a

12. ____________ attempted to advance a theory of behavior set forth very explicitly in terms of quasi-mathematical postulates and collieries that lent themselves very explicitly to experimental work. a. Clark L. Hull b. Edwin Ray Guthrie c. Edward Chase Tolman d. B. F. Skinner

[p. 348] a

10. The term Mass Action, in the work of Karl Spencer Lashley, refers to a. the idea that one part of the cortex can substitute for another part b. a nerve cell fires according to an all or nothing law c. the rate, efficiency, and accuracy of learning depends on the amount of cortex available d. nerve cells never fire in isolation, but always in groups

[p. 348] c

15. Hull accounted for the permanent extinction of a response with his concept of a. conditioned inhibition. b. reactive inhibition. c. central inhibition. d. contiguity.

[p. 350] a

16. Hull's position on concepts such as insight, purpose, and intention was that a. such terms are secondary principles deducible from more elementary processes. b. such terms are the appropriate topic of study for a behavioristic psychology. c. such terms are meaningless and refer to nothing. d. such terms will never be the domain of psychology.

[p. 350] a

13. Which of the following definitions of reinforcement would be most acceptable to Clark L. Hull? a. A reinforcement is any stimulus that increases the probability of a response b. A reinforcement is a confirmed expectancy c. A reinforcement is any stimulus that reduces a drive stimulus d. A reinforcement is a stimulus that prevents unlearning

[p. 350] c

17. There is only one law of learning and that is that law of contiguity. Who would embrace this position? a. Clark Hull b. Edwin Ray Guthrie c. Edward C. Tolman d. Kenneth Spence

[p. 352] b

18. Which of the following emphasized the idea that learning occurs in a single trial? a. Clark Hull b. Edwin Ray Guthrie c. Edward C. Tolman d. B. F. Skinner

[p. 352] b

19. ______ postulated that learned responses to stimuli do not become weaker due to the passage of time, but rather as the result of learning new responses to old stimuli. a. Clark Hull b. Edwin Ray Guthrie c. Edward C. Tolman d. B. F. Skinner

[p. 353] b

20. Edwin Ray Guthrie's attitude toward the application of learning theory a. was pessimistic. b. did not exist; all of his research was basic. c. was mildly appreciative. d. was very positive.

[p. 353] d

21. Tolman differed from Hull, Skinner, and Guthrie because his system reflected his belief that human and animal behavior is a. only learned in small increments. b. purposive. c. on an evolutionary continuum. d. only reflexive.

[p. 355] b

23. Tolman's experiments on _________________ called attention to the important distinction between performance and learning. a. experimental extinction b. latent learning c. stimulus generalization d. cognitive maps

[p. 355] b

22. The expression intervening variable refers to a. extraneous factors that interfere with learning. b. the problem of "action at a distance." c. psychological processes that direct behavior and that mediate between stimuli and responses. d. cognition's that are irrelevant to the task at hand.

[p. 355] c

24. "Reinforcement is little more than a 'confirmed expectancy' and, in any case, has little to do with learning as such." Who might have said this? a. Clark Hull b. B. F. Skinner c. Edwin Ray Guthrie d. Edward Chase Tolman

[p. 355] d

25. Evidence for cognitive interpretations of extinction has been provided by experiments on a. latent learning. b. latent extinction. c. punishment. d. sensory preconditioning.

[p. 356] b

26. _____ argued that the ability to navigate in a complex spatial environment results from the learning of a cognitive map a. Clark Hull b. B. F. Skinner c. Edwin Ray Guthrie d. Edward Chase Tolman

[p. 356] d

27. Which of the following, according to the text, is the most important bridge between classical behaviorism and contemporary psychology? a. Edward Chase Tolman b. Clark L. Hull c. Edwin Ray Guthrie d. Albert Samuel Weiss

[p. 357] a

29. ____________ was not only a determinist; he argued that the theory of free will is counterproductive to behavioral science and to society at large. a. B. F. Skinner b. Edwin Ray Guthrie c. Edward Chase Tolman d. William McDougall

[p. 359] a

28. Which of the following behaviorists would be most clearly within the critical inductivistic empirical tradition of Francis Bacon? a. Clark L. Hull b. B. F. Skinner c. Edward Chase Tolman d. Kenneth Spence

[p. 359] b

30. Skinner's views on cognitive psychology are best summarized by which of the following? a. Cognitive psychology is a natural outgrowth of behaviorism. b. Cognitive psychology is the legitimate offspring of operant approaches to learning. c. Cognitive psychology is an obstacle that stands in the way of scientific psychology. d. There is really nothing new in cognitive psychology -- it is behaviorism couched in a new language.

[p. 359] c

31. Skinner chose to primarily study the type of behavior he called _____ instead of _____, the type of behavior studied by Watson and Pavlov. a. environmental learning . . . situational learning b. faculty learning . . . classical conditioning c. operant behavior . . . respondent behavior d. respondent behavior . . . operant behavior

[p. 359] c

19. Isomorphism, in Gestalt psychology, refers to structural correspondence between _____ and_____. a. brain processes . . . behaviors b. brain processes . . . experience c. behaviors . . . experience d. behaviors . . . environment

[p. 364] b

1. The term Gestalt is close in meaning to a. molar behavior. b. pattern or configuration. c. dynamics. d. the unconscious.

[p. 368] b

2. The Gestalt system advanced by Wertheimer was a. concerned largely with applied psychology. b. limited essentially to the fields of thinking and perception. c. a worldview with implications for psychology, philosophy, science, and education. d. restricted to the field of philosophical psychology.

[p. 369] c

3. Some of Wertheimer's views undoubtedly grew directly out of the physical theories set forth by a. Isaac Newton. b. Albert Einstein. c. Hermann von Helmholtz. d. Thomas Hobbes.

[p. 372] b

4. _______ preceded Wertheimer in arguing that there are form qualities given immediately in experience and that the form qualities may persist even when all the elements change. a. Thomas Hobbes b. Christian von Ehrenfels c. John Locke d. James Mill

[p. 373] b

5. Michael Wertheimer stated the radical Gestalt view that the whole is not equal to the sum of its parts, but a. the whole is equal to the sum of its parts. b. no whole emerges from an aggregate of parts. c. the whole is prior to and radically other than the parts. d. the whole emerges after the parts.

[p. 373] c

6. The Phi Phenomenon provides a particularly elegant demonstration of the idea that a. short-term and long-term memory are different things. b. insight is itself conditioned. c. productive thinking can be learned. d. the quality of the whole is different from the sum of the parts.

[p. 374] d

7. The classic work on figure and ground was reported by a. Max Wertheimer. b. Wolfgang Köhler. c. Edgar Rubin. d. Kurt Lewin.

[p. 375] c

10. The earliest Gestalt orientation of Max Wertheimer is found in the psychology of a. thinking. b. learning. c. motivation. d. the unconscious.

[p. 376] a

9. Perceptual organization tends to be as good as it can under prevailing conditions. This is a statement of the a. Law of closure. b. Principle of isomorphism. c. Law of Prägnanz. d. Principle of good continuation.

[p. 376] c

11. If one went to Max Wertheimer for advice about how to become a productive thinker, Wertheimer would most likely encourage the individual to a. take a course in formal logic. b. stick with the tried and true principles of association and begin always with simple things before working to more complex problems. c. become aware of unconscious conflicts. d. work on the capacity to grasp structural organizations within the larger context and attempt to see the whole problem.

[p. 377] d

15. The Gestalt psychologist most noted for extending Gestalt principles into the field of development was a. Kurt Koffka. b. Max Wertheimer. c. Wolfgang Köhler. d. Kurt Lewin.

[p. 378] a

13. A major challenge to S-R theories of learning and to the concept of blind trial and error came out of the work done by on the Island of Tenerife. a. Kurt Koffka b. Wolfgang Köhler c. Kurt Lewin d. Max Wertheimer

[p. 378] b

12. Learning, from a Gestalt perspective, involves a. the connection of a response with an absolute stimulus value. b. connections that are "hard wired" between stimuli and responses. c. cognitive structures and the patterns of relationships. d. trial and error acquisitions of complex relationships.

[p. 378] c

14. In his book The Mentality of Apes, Kohler describes observing chimpanzees learning to solve a problem through a. trial and error b. approximation c. incremental learning d. insight

[p. 378] d

16. Three kinds of learning, according to Koffka, include a. S-R Learning, Operant Conditioning, and Insightful Learning b. Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning and Insightful Learning c. S-R Learning, S-S Learning, and S-O-R Learning d. Sensorimotor Learning, Imitation, and Ideational Learning

[p. 379] d

17. The Gestalt approach to methodology was a. pluralistic. b. based on exclusive use of field studies. c. similar to Titchener's with a powerful emphasis on introspection. d. similar to Watson's with an emphasis on wet lab studies.

[p. 380] a

18. The Gestalt view of the mind-brain problem is called a. interactionism b. isomorphism c. epiphenomenalism d. material monism

[p. 381] b

20. __________ broadened the base of Gestalt psychology into the fields of motivation, personality, and social psychology a. Kurt Koffka b. Kurt Goldstein c. Rudolf Arnheim d. Kurt Lewin

[p. 382] d

21. Kurt Lewin viewed behavior as a function of a. the individual. b. environmental effects on the individual. c. the person and the environment. d. reinforcement.

[p. 383] c

22. The expression life space refers to a. the physical area within which a social group is free to operate. b. the span of life. c. every psychological fact that is influential in the life of an individual at a given time. d. estimated time that the earth will support human life.

[p. 383] c

23. According to Kurt Lewin, the task of education is to a. reinforce a more socially acceptable repertoire of behaviors. b. build general skills by teaching specific disciplines. c. extend the life space so that we can strive for goals further and further into the future. d. increase the educator's ability to control the educated.

[p. 383] c

24. Better recall for uncompleted compared with completed tasks came to be known as the a. Zeigarnik effect b. Prägnanz effect c. illumination effect d. Koffka effect

[p. 384] a

26. The Karl Duncker's work on functional fixedness demonstrated that many people seem to have a. an inability to find productive solutions to new problems. b. the capacity for truly productive thinking. c. symptoms of minimal brain damage. d. astigmatism.

[p. 386] a

27. Isolated or unusual items in a list are typically recalled better than homogeneous items. This has been called the a. Zeigarnik Effect. b. von Restorff Effect. c. Phi Phenomenon. d. law of heterogeny.

[p. 386] b

28. _____ assisted with the editing of Productive Thinking and helped bring Gestalt theory to social psychology with his classic studies on judgment of line length. a. Muzafer Sherif b. Solomon Asch c. Kurt Koffka d. Karl Duncker

[p. 386] b

17. The ego-defense mechanism that serves as the cornerstone for psychoanalysis is a. projection. b. sublimation. c. regression. d. repression.

[p. 386] d

29. According to the text a. Gestalt therapy grew directly and logically out of Gestalt psychology. b. The Gestalt psychologists had no interest in psychotherapy. c. there is probably no conceptual relationship between Gestalt therapy as advanced by Fritz Pearls and Gestalt psychology as advanced by Wertheimer, Köhler. and Koffka. d. a true Gestalt psychotherapy would have many similarities with psychoanalysis.

[p. 387] c

30. Which of the following statements best characterizes the Gestalt position on scientific analysis? a. Analysis should never be performed. b. Analysis should only be used in extremely rare cases. c. Analysis should be used to investigate legitimate parts of a whole. d. Analysis should always be used to investigate the smallest divisions our technology allows us to create.

[p. 387] c

32. The Gestalt position with regard to clinical psychology is best characterized by which of the following statements. a. Gestalt psychology is best expressed in the system of Gestalt therapy. b. Gestalt psychology should not be applied to clinical settings. c. The Gestalt model can serve as a fruitful resource for clinical psychology. d. Gestalt psychology is primarily a clinical theory.

[p. 389] c

31. In his book Organizing and Memorizing, _____ applied Gestalt problem solving research to educational psychology. a. Solomon Asch b. Rudolf Arnheim c. Catherine Stern d. George Katona

[p. 389] d

33. According to Gestalt psychology, natural events, left to themselves a. show latent order within apparent disorder. b. produce nothing but chaos. c. show no semblance of order. d. cannot even be said to act in lawful ways.

[p. 390] a

34. The Gestalt views on science are a. most consistent with the Newtonian views. b. more consistent with 19th century thought rather than 20th century thought. c. more consistent with the recent scientific world view than with that advanced in the 1940s. d. by now largely irrelevant.

[p. 390] c

2. Joseph Breuer used the term _____ to refer to the conscious expression of disturbing memories a. catharsis b. repression c. trieb d. projection

[p. 394] a

1. The first case study in psychoanalysis, published in 1895 as Studies in Hysteria, documented the case of "Anna O." and was written by Freud and a. Ernst Brücke. b. Joseph Breuer. c. Jean-Martin Charcot. d. Carl Gustav Jung.

[p. 394] b

3. The term psychoanalysis a. was a term Freud employed while he was still in medical school. b. was employed by Freud in his first year of practice. c. was not introduced by Freud until the second half of his professional career starting about 1910. d. appeared about 10 years after Freud set up his practice, after he tried several other therapeutic methods.

[p. 395] d

4. Freud's position on the free will and determinism issue might best be summarized by which of the following statements? a. "My first act of free will is to believe in free will." b. "All vital phenomena, including physical ones, are rigidly and lawfully determined." c. "Animals are machines, but human beings have free will." d. "The free will and determinism problem is a pseudo-issue."

[p. 397] b

5. The content area that is privileged in Freudian psychoanalysis is a. learning. b. sensation and perception. c. cognition. d. motivation.

[p. 398] d

7. The most admirable defense against human suffering, according to Freud, is a. loving and being loved. b. hard work and science. c. sublimation through humor and sports. d. enjoyment of works of art.

[p. 399] b

8. Freud used the term _____ to refer to psychic energies directed toward gratification of the pleasure principle. a. secondary processes b. repression c. libido d. anxiety

[p. 400] c

9. Strategies that are engineered by the ego to help the id achieve its purposes in a socially acceptable manner are examples of a. primary processes. b. regression. c. secondary processes. d. libido attachments.

[p. 400] c

10. According to Freud, the superego a. is much more rational than the id. b. helps the ego create rational strategies for coping with the world. c. is the most primitive part of the personality. d. is as irrational as the id.

[p. 400] d

12. Although commonly translated as instinct, a preferable translation of the German word trieb would be a. "anxiety." b. "drive." c. "id." d. "unconscious."

[p. 402] b

11. According to Freud, "the ego does not look favorably upon psychoanalysis and positively refuses to believe it?" Why, in Freud's view, did the ego refuse to believe psychoanalysis? a. Psychoanalysis is too pessimistic. b. Psychoanalysis seems superficial. c. The idea that rational processes may serve unconscious motives is a blow to human pretensions. d. Psychoanalysis emphasizes sexuality to the exclusion of other motives.

[p. 402] c

13. According to Freud, there are four components to instinct or drive. They are a. source, impetus, aim, and object. b. need, valence, object, and goal. c. need, goal, arousal, homeostasis. d. arousal, working level, recovery, and steady state.

[p. 403] a

15. Neurotic anxiety, according to Freud, may occur when a. the ego is threatened by the irrational forces of the id. b. the ego is threatened by the irrational forces of the superego. c. the ego succumbs to the wear and tear of the world. d. the superego is too strong for the ego.

[p. 403] a

18. The ego-defense mechanism of attributing one's own weaknesses to another is referred to as a. projection. b. sublimation. c. regression. d. repression.

[p. 404] a

19. Freud's notion of sexuality a. was extremely narrow. b. included only genital contact with a member of the opposite sex. c. was limited to adults. d. was very broad in nature.

[p. 406] d

23. The latent content of a dream is a. what the dream appears to be about. b. what a dream is actually about. c. the dream as disguised by the ego. d. the dream as varnished by the superego.

[p. 408] b

24. The goal of therapy, according to Freud, is to a. restore happiness to the individual. b. free the individual of conflicts. c. strengthen the ego, make it more independent and widen its field of perception. d. rid the patient of all symptoms.

[p. 408] c

25. Freud's final theory of motivation emphasized a. the sex drive alone. b. the centrality of Eros broadly conceived. c. the opposition of erotic and aggressive instincts. d. power as much as sex.

[p. 409] c

27. According to the text, the current status of psychoanalysis is best characterized as a. more pluralistic and less tied to traditional orthodoxy. b. rooted primarily in early Freudian thought. c. devoid of Freud's influence. d. rooted primarily in late Freudian thought.

[p. 411] a

29. Adler believed that the most important goal in human life is a. pleasure. b. happiness. c. a striving for totality, unity, or wholeness. d. a striving for plurality.

[p. 412] c

28. The system of psychological thought advanced by Alfred Adler is known as a. Analytic Psychology. b. Cognitive Psychology. c. Ego Psychology. d. Individual Psychology.

[p. 412] d

30. Adler used the term to refer to all the unique behaviors that characterize personality and that move us in the direction of specific goals. a. style of life b. overcompensation c. fictional final goals d. all of the above

[p. 413] a

32. Which of the following strategies are most central in Adler's theory of personality? a. compensation and overcompensation b. projection and rejection c. denial and withdrawal d. identification and repression

[p. 413] a

31. The term inferiority complex is most central to the theoretical work of a. Jung. b. Freud. c. Adler. d. Allport

[p. 413] c

33. A thin, asthmatic child grows up and spends 90 days walking over 600 miles across the Alaska Range. According to Adler, this exemplifies a. rationalization. b. projection. c. displacement. d. overcompensation.

[p. 413] d

34. Adler argued that the major problems one faces in life mostly center around each of the following EXCEPT a. work b. social interactions c. sexual intimacy d. education

[p. 414] d

35. Carl Gustav Jung's system of thought is typically called a. Individual Psychology. b. Neoanalytic Psychology. c. Analytic Psychology. d. Humanistic Psychoanalysis.

[p. 416] c

37. The species has had millions of years of experience with darkness, power, death, mothers, fathers, and so forth. Jung could not believe that this vast reservoir of experience was unrepresented in experience. He thus believed that experiences from the race reside in each of us. He referred to these as a. shadows. b. complexes. c. archetypes. d. subliminal cognitions.

[p. 417] c

36. Jung believed that memories from the vast biological past may contribute to mental images and response predispositions. These memories come from what Jung called the a. personal unconscious. b. the unconscious. c. historical consciousness. d. collective unconscious.

[p. 417] d

39. Jung believed in four basic psychological functions, these were a. thinking., feeling, sensation, and intuition. b. learning, motivation, sensation, and cognition. c. action, reflection, anticipation, and meditation. d. cognitions, affection, motivation, and memory.

[p. 419] a

40. Jung believed that some events occur simultaneously and that these events cannot be explained by the ordinary principles of causality. He attempted to explain such events with his concept of a. equipotentiality. b. synchronicity. c. paracognition. d. precognition.

[p. 419] b

42. Unlike other psychoanalysts, Horney focused on _____ on personality and the shaping of neuroses. a. sociocultural influences b. developmental influences c. unconscious influences d. influences from the collective unconscious.

[p. 420] a

41. Jung's approach to psychotherapy a. is almost identical to the approach advanced by Freud. b. is much more structured than Freud's approach. c. focuses, first and foremost, on examining archetypes. d. is highly varied or pluralistic.

[p. 420] d

43. Horney described as the terrible feeling of being isolated and helpless in a potentially hostile world. It could be caused in a child through parental rejection, ridicule, or indifference. a. the personal unconscious. b. basic anxiety. c. the real self. d. womb envy.

[p. 421] b

44. Horney referred to the relentless drive for total perfection as the tyranny of the a. should. b. want. c. neurotic self. d. persona

[p. 422] a

45. Horney countered Freud's ideas of female penis envy with evidence of male a. inferiority complexes. b. collective unconscious. c. womb envy. d. superiority.

[p. 423] c

46. Horney argued that women's sense of inferiority is derived from a. women's constitution. b. female anatomy. c. masculine society and psychology. d. penis envy.

[p. 423] c

47. Anna Freud gained prominence for each of the following EXCEPT a. her work on ego defense mechanisms b. her founding of a child therapy clinic c. her contribution on advancing methods of analysis of children d. her rejection of Freud's idea of thanatos, an internal aggressive force

[p. 424] d

2. Humanistic psychologists were vocal in their criticisms a. of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. b. of structuralism and functionalism. c. of behaviorism and Gestalt psychology. d. of Gestalt psychology and psychoanalysis.

[p. 429] a

1. The doctrine of learned ignorance applied to theology refers to a. the importance of humility. b. purposeful forgetting. c. refusal to study anything that goes against dogma. d. the discipline of knowing how not to talk and think of God.

[p. 429] d

3. The humanistic viewpoint in psychology gained momentum in the a. later 1970s. b. late 1980s. c. early 1930s. d. 1960s.

[p. 430] d

4. The philosophical orientation marked by concerns for the emotional, social, and intellectual issues of life is a. existentialism. b. rationalism. c. political science. d. psychoanalysis.

[p. 431] a

5. The Spanish philosopher Miguel de Unamuno believed that science fails when it a. remains too general or fails to specialize. b. does not adopt a coherent and rigorous methodology. c. emphasizes emotion at the expense of reason. d. allows specialization to block the larger vision.

[p. 431] d

6. According to the Spanish philosopher Miguel de Unamuno, the neglect of affect in a philosophy a. should guide the larger vision of a philosophy. b. limits a philosophy to the use of models to explain behavior. c. is a requirement of any coherent system of philosophy. d. dooms a philosophy to failure.

[p. 431] d

7. According to Kierkegaard, we remain in the mode of the herd when we a. reject rational and systematic conceptual schemes. b. fail to study history. c. reject truths imposed by the intellect. d. fail to appropriate truth.

[p. 432] d

10. According to Kierkegaard, _____ is marked by a sensitivity to one's contingency and complete dependence on God. a. the aesthetic mode of existence b. the ethical mode of existence c. the religious mode of existence d. the neurotic mode of existence

[p. 433] c

8. According to Kierkegaard, the aesthetic mode of existence ultimately leads to a. optimism and a sense of well-being. b. the terror of having known we have done wrong. c. indifference, boredom, emptiness, and despair. d. a profound sense of the irony of life.

[p. 433] c

9. The ethical mode of existence, according to Kierkegaard, may collapse into a. indifference, boredom, and despair. b. a self-righteous attitude. c. religious or political fanaticism. d. a profound sense of irony.

[p. 433] d

14. _______ is commonly regarded as the founder of phenomenology. a. Edmund Husserl b. William James c. Martin Heidegger d. Soren Kierkegaard

[p. 435] a

11. Heidegger used the term _______ to refer to those conditions or forces that do not yield easily to human effort. a. factuality b. throwness c. Dasein d. Mitwelt

[p. 435] b

13. Phenomenology as a philosophical movement refers to a. appearance. b. a method for discovering what is given in experience. c. the study of common human errors. d. the study of illusions.

[p. 435] b

12. Heidegger referred to his method of understanding the way we exist or our being in the world as a. psychoanalysis. b. logotherapy. c. analytic anthroponomy. d. daseinsanalysis.

[p. 435] d

16. Which of the following best describes the position of phenomenology regarding reductionism in psychology? a. Reduction is necessary in every field of psychological study. b. What is given in experience should be broken down into component parts for study. c. What is given in experience should be studied exactly as it appears. d. Reduction is an effective research strategy that should be employed when possible.

[p. 436] c

15. Which of the following best describes the position of phenomenology regarding the use of models in psychology? a. Animal models are acceptable because animals can feel, machine models, however, are unacceptable. b. All models are regarded as helpful in one way or another. c. Computer models are especially valuable because such models may give us insight into the nature of cognitive processes. d. Since the phenomena of consciousness are not like anything else, models are only approximations and can be dehumanizing.

[p. 436] d

17. According to Maslow, a _____ psychology emphasizes methodology, techniques, orthodoxy, and measurement, whereas a _____ psychology would be open to a variety of methods. a. behavioristic . . . psychoanalytic b. means-centered . . . problem-centered c. problem-centered . . . means-centered d. methodological . . . goal-oriented

[p. 438] b

20. According to Maslow, "B-love" is a. essentially erotic. b. joyful and non-possessive. c. neurotic. d. possessive or even selfish.

[p. 439] b

21. Maslow argued the psychology should study a. neurotic individuals. b. healthy and successful people. c. biological and computer models. d. rigidly empirical data.

[p. 440] b

19. Along with the cultural anthropologist Ruth Fulton Benedict, who provided the inspiration for Abraham Maslow's idea of a self-actualizing personality? a. Albert Einstein b. William James c. Max Wertheimer d. Elenore Roosevelt

[p. 440] c

22. The Leibnizian tradition, according to Allport, is marked by a. an emphasis on an active intellect. b. belief in the so-called "blank slate" hypothesis. c. its similarities with S-R psychologies. d. a strong deterministic bias.

[p. 442] a

23. The Lockean tradition in psychology is most consistent with a. Gestalt psychology. b. S-R behavioristic psychologies. c. existentialism. d. Freud's psychoanalytic theory.

[p. 442] b

27. The founder of the person-centered approach to therapy is a. Viktor Frankl. b. Carl Rogers. c. Abraham Maslow. d. Soren Kierkegaard.

[p. 443] b

29. Unconditional positive regard, according to Carl Rogers, is a. another term for "love at first sight." b. is marked by a belief in the intrinsic worth of the individual. c. another term for conditional love. d. an orientation that emphasizes the idea that love must be earned.

[p. 444] b

28. According to Carl Rogers, the greater the congruence between the _____ and the _____ , the greater the health. a. superego . . . ego b. umwelt . . . mitwelt c. self . . . ideal self d. social conditions . . . expectations

[p. 444] c

30. Carl Rogers's view of human nature was a. highly pessimistic. b. moderately pessimistic. c. neutral. d. highly optimistic.

[p. 444] d

33. A noogenic neurosis results from a. the frustration of any basic drive. b. the failure to find a sense of worth in life. c. the frustration of the sex drive. d. deficiency in vitamin B12.

[p. 445] b

31. The term logotherapy is associated with the work of a. Carl Rogers. b. Abraham Maslow. c. Viktor Frankl. d. Gordon Allport.

[p. 445] c

32. Name the person described in the following biography: "I was born in 1905 in Vienna and earned an MD and a PhD from the University of Vienna. Several members of my family were brutally murdered in Nazi concentration camps, but I managed to survive. The experience inspired me to write my most famous book, Man's Search for Meaning." a. Abraham Maslow b. Alfred Adler c. Viktor Frankl d. Carl Rogers

[p. 445] c

35. The work of ______, with a focus on individual experience, can provide a basis for the method of autoethnography, in which one studies one's own experiences a. Abraham Maslow b. Alfred Adler c. Viktor Frankl d. Carl Rogers

[p. 446] c

36. According to psychologist Joseph F. Rychlak, psychology should be built on a model of causality that a. emphasizes correlation alone. b. material and efficient causes exclusively. c. includes material, efficient, formal, and final causes. d. includes none of the above, Rychlak believes that causality is a philosophical term and, as such, has no place in science.

[p. 447] c

37. Basic human nature, according to third-force psychologies, is a. self-serving and animal-like. b. morally neutral. c. naturally growth oriented. d. sinful.

[p. 448] c

39. According to the text, the study of human strengths and virtues refers to a contemporary discipline known as a. positive psychology b. phenomenology c. first-force psychology d. idiographic psychology

[p. 449-450] a

38. Which of the following is NOT a legitimate criticism of humanistic psychology? a. neglect of the hard work of systematic observation b. some strands of humanistic psychology are affiliated with various countercultures and spiritual-mystical groups c. therapeutic procedures are suspect in terms of effecting real change d. overly reductionistic

[p. 449] d

3. In 1988, the American Psychoanalytic Association officially recognized the right of therapists with a Ph.D. to undergo training in psychoanalysis. This landmark decision was considered to be a significant blow against the traditional psychoanalytic tenet of a. institutional psychotherapy. b. medical orthodoxy. c. group therapy. d. lay analysis.

[p. 453] b

1. According to the text, three classic schools of psychology continue to remain prominent today. The three schools are a. functionalism; neobehaviorism; psychoanalysis. b. psychoanalysis; Gestalt psychology; neobehaviorism. c. functionalism; Gestalt psychology; humanistic psychology. d. psychoanalysis; neobehaviorism; humanistic psychology.

[p. 453] d

2. Psychoanalysis was seriously damaged by which historical event? a. World War I b. World War II c. the Great Depression d. the Korean War

[p. 454] b

4. Which major psychological movement has undergone significant growth from the 1960's through the 1990's? a. psychoanalysis b. neobehaviorism c. humanistic psychology d. classical behaviorism

[p. 455] c

6. _____ advanced a social learning theory that emphasized observational learning. a. Albert Bandura b. Robert Rescorla c. Martin Seligman d. Harry F. Harlow

[p. 456] a

5. The Wisconsin General Test Apparatus, invented by _____, made it possible to objectively study form discrimination and learning sets in monkeys. This pioneering researcher also contributed to advances in the study of attachment and social isolation in primates. a. Albert Bandura b. Robert Rescorla c. Martin Seligman d. Harry F. Harlow

[p. 456] d

7. _____ applied laboratory studies of learned helplessness to the clinical study of depression. a. Albert Bandura b. Robert Rescorla c. Martin Seligman d. Harry F. Harlow

[p. 457] c

10. His work was criticized for overemphasizing associationism, artificiality, and reductionism. Despite these criticisms, __________ conducted the first quantitative study of memory and inspired generations of future researchers. a. Frederick C. Bartlett b. Edward Chace Tolman c. B. F. Skinner d. Hermann Ebbinghaus

[p. 457] d

8. The contemporary school of psychology that stresses the importance of such psychological processes as memory, attention, reasoning, problem solving and language is known as a. phenomenological psychology. b. transpersonal psychology. c. epigenetic psychology. d. cognitive psychology.

[p. 457] d

12. _____ conducted some of the first studies on false memory by having subjects attempt to remember material from unfamiliar stories. a. Frederick C. Bartlett b. Edward Chace Tolman c. B. F. Skinner d. Hermann Ebbinghaus

[p. 458] a

14. Gestalt interests in thinking and problem solving combined with the purposive behaviorism of __________ to establish foundations for the emergence of cognitive psychology. a. Frederick C. Bartlett b. Edward Chace Tolman c. B. F. Skinner d. Hermann Ebbinghaus

[p. 460] b

15. Verbal learning theory refers to a. cognitive psychology's explanation of speech production. b. the process by which people use linguistic symbols to adapt to their surroundings. c. a branch of psychology concerned with the role of associations in memory and forgetting. d. a term used to describe Jean Piaget's theory of language acquisition.

[p. 460] c

17. Some cognitive psychologist have embraced the computer model and used terms such as "input," "output," and "storage" to describe human functions. These cognitive psychologists best reflect a. the influence of behaviorism. b. the information processing metaphor. c. the humanistic approach. d. the contemporary relevance of William James.

[p. 461] b

18. Unlike the neobehaviorist, the cognitive psychologist views the human participant as a. a complex, irrational organism with little free will. b. a dynamic organizer of information. c. a relatively mindless, passive receiver of information. d. both a. and c.

[p. 461] b

19. The term ecological validity refers to a. the need for people to live in harmony with the Earth. b. a sophisticated test of accuracy for intelligence scores. c. the argument that psychology should focus on everyday, real world problems that impact the lives of all people. d. the responsibility that each individual must assume for their personal lifestyle.

[p. 463] c

20. Hippocrates, Galen, Dorthea Lind Dix, Emil Kraepelin, and Lightner Witmer contributed to the intellectual traditions of a. psychology and the law. b. cognitive psychology. c. industrial and organizational psychology. d. clinical psychology.

[p. 464] d

21. The Boulder Model recommended that doctoral programs train clinical psychologists to a. earn Psy.D. (Doctor of Psychology) degrees. b. become research-practitioners. c. emphasize research to the exclusion of therapy. d. to emphasize cognitive behavioral therapy.

[p. 466] b

22. The use of systematic desensitization in behavior therapy was pioneered by a. Aaron T. Beck. b. Marsha M. Linehan. c. Jean Piaget. d. Joseph Wolpe.

[p. 467] d

23. Cognitive therapy, a second wave of post-WWII psychotherapy was developed by a. Aaron T. Beck. b. Marsha M. Linehan. c. Jean Piaget. d. Joseph Wolpe.

[p. 468] a

24. Albert Ellis developed a therapeutic approach called a. Cognitive Therapy. b. Dialectical Behavior Therapy. c. Systematic Desensitization. d. Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy.

[p. 468] d

25. The third wave of influential psychotherapies blended Eastern mindfulness with Western behavioral therapy. This approach is called a. Cognitive Therapy. b. Dialectical Behavior Therapy. c. Systematic Desensitization. d. Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy.

[p. 469] b

26. Based on his experiments with lesions of rat brains, ________ argued that memories are distributed across the brain. He challenged the work of ________, a neurosurgeon who argued that individual memories are stored in specific locations in the brain. a. Roger W. Sperry; Wilder Penfield. b. Donald O. Hebb; Roger W. Sperry. c. Wilder Penfield; Karl Lashley. d. Karl Lashley; Wilder Penfield.

[p. 470] d

28. _______ investigated epilepsy and did extensive research on humans with surgically split brains. a. Roger W. Sperry b. Donald O. Hebb c. Wilder Penfield d. Karl Lashley

[p. 471] a

27. _______ studied the effects of learning on neural connections and provided a testable explanation of associationistic learning. a. Roger W. Sperry b. Donald O. Hebb c. Wilder Penfield d. Karl Lashley

[p. 471] b

29. _______ was an early cognitive and behavioral neuroscientist who helped launch the use of the EEG in psychology. a. Roger W. Sperry b. Donald O. Hebb c. Donald B. Lindsley d. Eric R. Kandel

[p. 471] c

30. _______ led the movement toward reductionistic physiological and genetic research on memory, particularly by pioneering the use of Aplysia (a giant marine snail) as a model for the neurobiology of human memory.. a. Roger W. Sperry b. Donald O. Hebb c. Donald B. Lindsley d. Eric R. Kandel

[p. 471] d

32. Otto Loewi was awarded a Nobel Prize for his discovery of the first a. neuron b. neurotransmitter c. glial cell d. chromosome

[p. 473] b

33. _______ is the study of the role of genes in cognition and behavior, and researchers in this subfield have investigated topics such as intelligence, altruism, jealousy, and psychopathology. a. Psychopharmacology. b. Cognitive psychology. c. Behavioral genetics. d. Psychoneuroimmunology.

[p. 474] c

34. _______ is the study of the interactions between the brain, behavior, the immune system, and social and physical environments. a. Psychopharmacology. b. Cognitive psychology. c. Behavioral genetics. d. Psychoneuroimmunology.

[p. 475] d

35. _______ is an early social psychologist whose experiences as a political prisoner helped to inspire his interests and research into prejudice and conformity. a. Muzafer Sherif. b. Solomon Asch. c. Stanley Milgram. d. Phillip Zimbardo.

[p. 476] a

36. _______ is a social psychologist whose best-known research program investigated obedience and instigated extensive debate about ethical treatment of participants. a. Muzafer Sherif. b. Solomon Asch. c. Stanley Milgram. d. Phillip Zimbardo.

[p. 478] c

38. _______ is viewed as the "Father of Applied Psychology" for his application of psychology to a wide variety of business problems such as motivation, argument, persuasion, and suggestions for improving workers' efficiency. a. Walter Dill Scott b. Frank Gilbreth c. Franz von Liszt d. Hugo Münsterberg

[p. 480] a

39. ________ is viewed as a key contributor to the emergence of industrial-organizational psychology, even though this person's work extended beyond traditional boundaries of psychology into ergonomics, safety, and efficient workplace design in industrial settings as well as the home. a. Mary Parker Follett b. Lillian Gilbreth c. Walter Dill Scott d. Hugo Münsterberg

[p. 481] b

42. Due to this person's rigorous experimental study of eyewitness testimony, the field of psychology and the law grew in size and surged in prominence. This person is a. Hugo Münsterberg b. Walter Dill Scott c. Marion Almira Bills d. Elizabeth Loftus

[p. 484] d

43. The American Psychological Society was largely founded as a result of the a. tension between professional and scientific psychology. b. demand for more specialized research in industrial settings. c. strain among cognitive researchers and humanistic psychologists. d. need for increased governmental funding for clinical research.

[p. 485] a

44. Which of the following is NOT representative of contemporary psychology? a. a substantial increase in the number of fields of applied psychology b. a proliferation of interest in clinical psychology c. general movement toward a more unified discipline d. an increase in professionalism and specialization

[p. 485] c

25. The nomothetic orientation in psychology emphasizes a. statistical abstractions. b. individual experience. c. abnormal behavior. d. paranormal phenomena.

[p.442] a

12. Descartes advanced many hypotheses about the pineal gland. Neils Stensen demonstrated that some of these hypotheses were incorrect. Which of the following were challenged by Stensen? a. the pineal gland moves from side to side b. the pineal gland is richly supplied with nerves c. animals do not have pineal glands d. all of the above

[pp. 175-176] d

36. The classic book A Treatise on Insanity written by _______ outlined a new classification system for mental disorders, discussed etiology, and gave advice on hospital management techniques and therapy. a. Benjamin Rush b. Jonathan Edwards c. Phillipe Pinel d. Dorthea Dix

[pp. 216-217] c

43. Under the leadership of _____, reform in the care of people with mental illnesses became a massive social movement in the United States a. Johann Christian Reil b. William Tuke c. Dorthea Dix d. Phillipe Pinel

[pp. 223-224] c

15. _____ possessed an intense interest in vision research, particularly in the areas of color vision, depth perception, and the physical structure of the eye. a. Gustav Fechner b. Ernst Weber c. Hermann von Helmholtz d. Rudolph Hermann Lotze

[pp. 241-243] c

27. According to the text, which of the following statements is true regarding Wundt and Darwin? a. Darwin was the major inspiration for Wundt b. Wundt was especially fond of Darwin's concept of adaptation c. Wundt openly credited Darwin for inspiring his concept of creative synthesis d. References to Darwin's work in Wundt's writings are sparse and often critical and Wundt pointed out that the concept of adaptation, as advanced by Darwin, was passive.

[pp. 248-249] d

36. Wundt made numerous references to pathological psychology, and _____, one of his students, studied special learning problems of children with disabilities, opened the first clinic headed by a psychologist, and founded the formal discipline of clinical psychology. a. Emil Kraepelin b. Lightner Witmer c. Edward Scripture d. Rudolph Hermann Lotze

[pp. 253-254] b

8. Which of the following would be more likely to be investigated in Titchener's laboratory? a. a mapping of taste sensations on the surface of the tongue b. an extinction curve in a white rat c. memory of 3 year olds versus memory of five year olds d. activity level as a function of hours of deprivation

[pp. 261-263] a

8. Each of the following are general characteristics of James' philosophy EXCEPT a. Individualism b. Moralism c. Reductionism d. Pluralism

[pp. 285-288] c

4. Which of the following quotations is NOT attributed to William James? a. "If American psychology is to persevere, it must embrace the science of behavior." b. "My first act of free will shall be to believe in free will." c. "We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble." d. "Nothing includes everything."

[pp. 287, 288, 291] a

34. Science, a periodical very important to disciplines such as physics, biology, and chemistry was edited for almost 50 years by one of the pioneers in psychology. He was a. James McKeen Cattell. b. Robert Sessions Woodworth. c. Walter Dill Scott. d. G. Stanley Hall.

[pp. 303-304] a

37. The importance of motivation had been neglected in many early systems of psychology. Which of the following did most to elevate the importance of motivation? a. G. Stanley Hall b. James McKeen Cattell c. Robert Sessions Woodworth d. Leta Stetter Hollingworth

[pp. 305-306] c

41. The person who did the most to dismantle the variability hypothesis was a. James McKeen Cattell. b. Leta Stetter Hollingworth. c. Mary Calkins. d. William James.

[pp. 308-309] b

42. Which of the following is associated with the work of Leta Stetter Hollingworth? a. She is considered a pioneer in the psychology of women and made important contributions to the reduction of prejudices that prevented equal educational opportunities for women. b. She wrote the first article to formally attack behaviorism. c. She studied "mentally defective" children as well as gifted children with IQs above 180. d. both a. and c. are correct.

[pp. 308-309] d

5. Commonly regarded as the founder of Russian physiology, _________ wrote Reflexes of the Brain, a book that argued for an objective approach to psychological problems. a. Ivan Sechenov b. Ivan Pavlov c. Vladimir M. Bekhterev d. Konstantin N. Kornilov

[pp. 314-315] a

10. The CS loses its ability to produce the CR after being repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS. Following a brief rest, the CS again elicits the CR. This is known as a. extinction. b. spontaneous recovery. c. disinhibition. d. experimental neurosis.

[pp. 320-321] b

18. In his final years (1933-1936) Pavlov became deeply interested in a. schizophrenia. b. depression. c. problem solving. d. all of the above.

[pp. 322-323] c

34. Watson's final position regarding instincts in humans was that a. there are no instincts. b. there are only two instincts, a life instinct and a death instinct. c. there are three instincts, maternal, paternal, and self-preservative. d. self-preservation is the only instinct.

[pp. 334-335] a

4. _________ employed the term hormic in his system of psychology to refer to the idea that goal seeking is a central feature in mental activity and behavior. a. William McDougall b. Clark L. Hull c. Edwin Ray Guthrie d. B. F. Skinner

[pp. 343-344] a

5. _________ preceded Watson in declaring that psychology should be a positive science concerned with conduct. However, because he championed so many unpopular causes (Lamarckianism, Extra Sensory Perception, teleology), his views were never widely accepted. a. Clark L. Hull b. Albert Paul Weiss c. William McDougall d. Edwin B. Holt

[pp. 343-344] c

7. __________ preferred the term anthroponomy to Psychology, but is best remembered for his early work on the delayed reaction test as a way to compare the problem solving abilities of various species. a. Walter Samuel Hunter b. Clark L. Hull c. Edward Chase Tolman d. Edwin Ray Guthrie

[pp. 345-346] a

9. Karl Lashley's data suggested that the brain functions in terms of a. point for point connections. b. a field theory approach. c. in a highly mechanical fashion. d. the operation of clear-cut learning centers.

[pp. 347-348] b

32. According to the text, which of the following is not an example of B. F. Skinner's applied research? a. A book on language acquisition called Verbal Behavior b. A popular textbook on learning called Principles of Behavior c. "Project Pigeon," a military project that trained pigeons to deliver bombs during WWII d. The "aircrib," a large, operant-like chamber used to raise children e. A manual on aging called Enjoy Old Age

[pp. 361-363] b

25. The expression Group Dynamics characterizes some of the social psychological work of a. Muzafer Sherif. b. Kurt Lewin. c. Kurt Koffka. d. Karl Duncker.

[pp. 384-385] b

6. In Civilization and its Discontents Freud argued that there are three great sources of pain and suffering. They are a. psychosis, neurosis, and physical disease. b. corrupt political systems, disease, and mental illness. c. social injustice, war, and illness. d. our own body, the outer world, and other people.

[pp. 398-399] d

21. According to Freud, neglect or overindulgence in a developmental stage may have consequences for later development due to the formation of a. the id. b. a fixation. c. objective anxiety. d. stage.

[pp. 403, 406] b

14. Each of the following is one of Freud's three kinds of anxiety EXCEPT a. epistemic anxiety b. moral anxiety c. neurotic anxiety d. objective anxiety

[pp. 403-404] a

16. Moral anxiety, in Freud's view a. is very rare in our society. b. occurs when the id is too strong for the ego. c. results from a weak superego. d. occurs when the irrational demands of the superego threaten to overcome the ego.

[pp. 403-404] d

26. Freud's views on human nature were a. highly optimistic. b. guardedly optimistic. c. largely pessimistic. d. neutral.

[pp. 408-409] c

38. Which of the following is NOT a concept associated with the work of Carl Jung? a. alchemy b. word association c. style of life d. individuation

[pp. 414-420] c

18. Which of the following is the correct order in Maslow's need hierarchy? a. physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization b. safety needs, biological needs, needs for erotic love, needs for acceptance, self-actualization c. dominance needs, erotic needs, hunger and thirst, religious needs, self-actualization d. religious needs, physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness, procreation, self-actualization

[pp. 438-439] a

26. _____ is well known for his work on prejudice, including his examination of social factors and conditions that can reduce prejudice a. Gordon Allport b. Carl Rogers. c. Abraham Maslow. d. Soren Kierkegaard.

[pp. 442-443] a

34. Frankl argues that a. life is without meaning. b. there is a universal meaning of life that humans can discover. c. there is a universal meaning of life, but humans cannot discover it. d. individuals must find the meaning in their own life in their own circumstances.

[pp. 445-446] d

11. Which of the following statements is most representative of Frederick C. Bartlett's research on cognition? a. learning and memory are largely the result of the mechanical laws of association. b. our memories are reconstructed based on abstract schemas. c. the phenomenon of cognition can be reduced to biochemical processes. d. past experience has little impact on our ability to recall information.

[pp. 457-458] b

9. In the last century, many notable psychologists have laid the groundwork for the contemporary study of cognition. Each of the following thinkers influenced the development of cognitive psychology EXCEPT a. Frederick C. Bartlett b. Edward Chace Tolman c. B. F. Skinner d. Max Wertheimer

[pp. 457-460] c

13. This French epistemologist argued that cognition evolved in a series of progressive stages based on the activation of schemas. In doing so, he revolutionized the study of cognitive development and became its most visible figure. He is a. John Mark Baldwin. b. Kurt Koffka. c. Lev Semenovich Vygotsky. d. Jean Piaget.

[pp. 458-459] d

31. Discoveries of the methods by which neurons communicate (i.e., via neurotransmitters) laid the ground work for the emergence of ________ as a field of psychology. a. psychopharmacology. b. cognitive psychology. c. psychology and the law. d. behavior therapy.

[pp. 472-473] a

37. Due to her work in political psychology, crowd psychology, corporate issues, and management, _________ helped lay the foundations for industrial-organizational psychology. a. Mary Parker Follett b. Lillian Gilbreth c. Marion Almira Bills d. Elizabeth Loftus

[pp. 479-480] a

40. This central figure in early applied psychology helped inspire the extension of applied psychology into both business arenas and the legal system. He or she was a. Mary Parker Follett b. Lillian Gilbreth c. Walter Dill Scott d. Hugo Münsterberg

[pp. 480, 483] d

41. Which of the following events did NOT play a significant role in the extension of psychology to the legal system? a. the trial of Daniel M'Naughton. b. the use of psychological science by Louis D. Brandeis to argue for better working conditions for women. c. the use of psychological science in the desegregation case, Brown v. Board of Education (1954) d. Theodore Roosevelt's recognition of the work of Mary Parker Follett

[pp. 482-483] d