History 10-3 The Protestant Reformation

What is predestination?

The Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation.

How did the Catholic Church pay for the projects?

The Church increased fees for services such as marriages and baptisms. Some clergy also promoted the sale of indulgences.

What settlement did Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and German princes reach about religion?

The Peace of Augsburg, signed in 1555, allowed each prince to decide which religion—Catholic or Lutheran—would be followed in his lands. Most northern German states chose Lutheranism. The southern German states remained largely Catholic.

Wittenberg

A city in northern Germany, where Luther drew up his 95 Theses

Diet

Assembly or legislature

Where did Calvinism spread to? What was a result of this?

By the late 1500s, Calvinism had taken root in Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland. This new challenge to the Roman Catholic Church set off bloody wars of religion across Europe.

How were John Calvin's ideas similar to Luther's ideas?

Calvin believed that salvation was gained through faith alone and regarded the Bible as the only source of religious truth.

What were some of Calvin's other ideas?

Calvin taught that God was all-powerful and that humans were by nature sinful. Also, God alone decided whether an individual achieved eternal life.

What did Calvinists in Geneva come to believe?

Calvin's followers in Geneva came to see themselves as a new "chosen people" and stressed hard work, discipline, thrift, honesty, and morality.

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

Charles V

Charles V (1500-1558) was the Holy Roman emperor during the time of Martin Luther's reformation efforts. His immense empire included large areas of Europe. A staunch Catholic, he rejected Luther's doctrines. The Protestant upheaval, along with political pressures, led Charles to voluntarily give up his throne. He divided the empire between his son and his brother. Charles entered a Catholic monastery where he remained until his death.

Theocracy

Government run by religious leaders

What arguments did Luther make in his 95 Theses?

He argued that indulgences had no basis in the bible, that the pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory(where sinners atoned for their sins), and that Christians could be saved only through faith.

Summarize Luther's teachings:

He argued that salvation could be achieved through faith alone. He rejected the Church doctrine that good deeds were necessary for salvation. Luther declared that the Bible was the sole source of religious truth. He denied other traditional authorities, such as Church councils or the pope. Luther rejected the idea that priests and the Church hierarchy had special powers. He talked, instead, of the "priesthood of all believers."

After entering the monastery and leading a holy life, what doubts did Martin Luther have?

He believed he was a sinner, doomed to eternal damnation. He also grew increasingly disillusioned with what he saw as the corruption and worldliness of the Church.

What did Luther do after he refused to give up his views (recant)?

He developed even more radical doctrines. Before long, he was urging Christians to reject the tyranny of Rome and wrote that the Church could only be reformed by secular, or non-Church, authorities.

What other changes did Luther want?

He rejected five of the seven sacraments because the Bible did not mention them. He banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints. He simplified the elaborate ritual of the mass and instead emphasized the sermon. Luther permitted the clergy to marry.

How were indulgences distributed differently by the late 1400's?

In the Middle Ages, the Church granted indulgences only for good deeds. By the late 1400s, indulgences could be bought with money or a gift to the Church.

Indulgence

In the Roman Catholic Church, A type of pardon that lessened the time of punishment a soul faced for sins committed during a person's lifetime.

John Calvin

John Calvin (1509-1564) was a French theologian and lawyer. Influenced by the humanist philosophy of Erasmus, Calvin became involved with the Protestant movement while a student at the University of Paris. He later moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where he set up a theocracy and wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion. Calvin's interpretation of Christian doctrine is called Calvinism.

Name two early church reformers who questioned church doctrines:

John Wycliffe and John Hus.

Why did Luther oppose the Peasants' revolt in Germany?

Luther strongly favored social order and respect for political authority.

What did Christians do about this?

Many Christians protested the practice.

Why did Luther's ideas win widespread support?

Many clergy saw Luther's reforms as the answer to corruption in the Roman Catholic Church.

Martin Luther

Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a German monk and theologian who was the catalyst of the Protestant Reformation. Trained to become a lawyer, he changed his path, joined a strict order of Roman Catholic monks, and studied theology. Seeking to reform abuses within the Church, Luther challenged Church teachings with his 95 Theses. This led to his ex-communication and the development of Lutheranism, the first of several Protestant sects.

Describe how the Church become increasingly more caught up in worldly affairs in the late Middle Ages:

Popes competed with Italian princes for political power and fought wars to protect the Papal States against invasions by secular rulers. They plotted against monarchs who tried to seize control of the church within their lands.

Describe how popes were like other Renaissance rulers:

Popes, like other Renaissance rulers, led lavish lives. Like other Renaissance rulers, popes were patrons of the arts. Hired painters/sculptors to beautify churches and spent vast sums to rebuild the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome.

According to Calvinists, what two kinds of people was the world divided into?

Saints and Sinners.

Why did some German Princes like Luther's ideas?

Some saw Lutheranism as a way to throw off the rule of both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor. Others welcomed a chance to seize valuable Church property in their territories. Other Germans supported Luther because of feelings of national loyalty. They were tired of German money going to support Churches and clergy in Italy.

Geneva

Swiss city-state that became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500s; today a major city in Switzerland

How were Luther's ideas spread?

The new printing presses spread Luther's writings throughout Germany and Scandinavia.

How did people react to Luther after being excommunicated and declared an outlaw?

Throughout Germany, thousands hailed him as a hero. They accepted his teachings and, following his lead, renounced the authority of the pope.

What did John Tetzel do that made Luther act?

With the approval of the pope, he sold indulgences to any Christian who contributed money for the rebuilding of the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. Tetzel claimed that purchase of these indulgences would assure entry into heaven not only for the buyers but for their dead relatives as well.