History 1020 Exam 2
The overthrow of the Hausa landlord class was initiated in what year?
1804
Wahhabism gains political ally with _________ ___ _________ in the Arabian peninsula. Who were they?
House of Saud a leading family whose followers, inspired by the Wahhabis' religious zeal, undertook a militant religious campaign in the final years of the 18th century.
__________ and other leaders forged new states and built new ethnic and kinship ties using long-standing religious and cultural symbols.
Shaka Zulu
eAn enduring decentralized state structure, which became known as the __________ caliphate in 1809, developed into a stable empire that helped spread islam throughout the region. Thanks to ______ __________'s military and prowess and success in creating a stable political structure, in northern __________, __________ had become the religion of the vast majority
Sokoto Dan Fodio's Nigeria Islam
belief in tradition and order, linked belief that revolutions promote anarchy and that liberty must develop gradually?
conservatism
_______________ and _______________; 19th century economic liberals believe in economic "laws" of supply and demand drawn from Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations
liberals and classical economics
________________ could be developed in folk culture, as with the Grimm Brothers fairy tales
nationalism
the question of how to address the overwhelming poverty became known as "________ ________ ___________," and societal preoccupation with poverty in Britain led to a series of scholarly developments and societal reforms
the social question
in the ________s and ________s, British reformers turned their attention to some of the harshest features of the industrial revolution, addressing matters such as ________ and ___________?
1830s and 1840s child labor and urban sanitation
The British acquired the island of Hong Kong and the right to trade directly with the Chinese in five treaty ports to reside there. They also forced the Chinese to repay the costs that the British had incurred in the war. What was this called?
1842 Treaty o fNinjing
_____ _______ __________ believe in "invisible hand" of the market, believe government regulation of the economy to be avoided at all costs as it impedes the function of "natural" economic laws?
19th century liberals
What did the House of Saud represent?
A pure islamic faith that attracted clerics and ordinary people throughout the Muslim world.
The emergence of these charismatic African clan leaders were expected to provide political leadership.
Big Men
Who did the British accuse and what kind of ports were established?
British acquisition of Hong Kong and establishment of treaty ports,
___________ ______________ (1772-1837) represented a sharper socialist critique of capitalism than Saint-Simon • in some areas he was decidedly out of step with the age in which he lived • along with a critique of most marriage as a form of "prostitution" and his call for sexual freedom and free unions based only on love," Fourier envisioned a socialist utopia of mathematically precise, selfsufficient communities - "phalanxes" - each made up of 1,620 people
Charles Fourier
why did China not become the epicenter of the industrial revolution?
China did not foster experimental science of the kind that allowed Watt to sstumbl eonto the possibility of steam, or Whittney the cotton gin. They used an old agrarian system based on peasant exploitation and tribute. #2: Chinese, Mughal, and Ottoman rulers did not support overseas expansion and trade that helped create the commercial revolution in the Atlantic world.
review textbook discussion of egalitarian / millenarian nature of China's history of peasant revolts on WTWA page 579
China experienced an explosive popular rebellion that incorporated Christian beliefs into its long tradition of peasant revolts. The Opium War opened more social instability and financial crisis. Searching for an alternative present and future, hundreds of thousnads of disillusioned peasnats joined what becmae know as the Taiping Rebellion. Beginning in 1850, the uprising drew on China's long history of oeasant revolts. Traditionally, these rebellions ignited within popular religious sects whose visions were efalitatian or millenarian, which meant: convinced of the imminent coming of a just and ideal society.) Women played important roles. These sects threatened the established order.
In 1815 , the Austrian prime minister Clemens von Metternich took the lead in drafting a peace settlement that would balance power among the states of Europe.
Congress of Vienna (September 1814 - June 1815)
_____________ ____________'s Reflections on the Revolutions in France (1790); Burke argued increase in __________ rights does not lead to order; tradition preferable to "reason"
Edmund Burke's individual
As the Egyptian's made their way to the Arabian peninsula they defeated the _________ in what year?
Egypt defeated the Saudis in 1818.
British India Company and Monopoly Europe's most important colonial possession in Asia between 1750 and 1850 was British India. Unlike the North America, the changes that the British fostered in Asia did not lead to political independence. -Instead, India was increasingly dominated by the East India Company., which the crown had chartered in 1600. -The Company's control over India's imports and exports in the 18th and 19th centuries, however contradicted British claims about their allegiance to a world economic system based on free trade. - In enforcing the East India Company's monopoly on trade, the British soon took control of much of the region. Initially, the British tried to control India's commerce by establishing trading posts along the coasts without taking complete political control.
Europe's most important colonial possession in Asia between 1750 and 1850 was British India. Unlike the North America, the changes that the British fostered in Asia did not lead to political independence. -Instead, India was increasingly dominated by the East India Company., which the crown had chartered in 1600. -The Company's control over India's imports and exports in the 18th and 19th centuries, however contradicted British claims about their allegiance to a world economic system based on free trade. - In enforcing the East India Company's monopoly on trade, the British soon took control of much of the region. Initially, the British tried to control India's commerce by establishing trading posts along the coasts without taking complete political control.
the ____________ ____________ , as we have seen, swept away the special legal privileges of the nobility [just as the American Revolution had struck a blow against the notion of hereditary privilege a decade earlier] • the idea that all men were free and equal with rights was one of the profound contributions of the American and French revolution and the period of the ______________________.
French Revolution Enlightenment.
role of Fulani women in religious and military revolt
Fulani women made critical contributions to the success of the religious revolt. Although dan Fodio and other male leaders of the purification movement expected women to obey the sharia (Islamic law), they also expected women to be modest in the way they dress and their association with men outside the family, as well as to support the communities military and religious endeavors.
_____________'s poem Faust, on which the German worked for 60 years, centered around the belief "that the quest for knowledge was the essence of man's being and that good and evil could not be disentangled from it" • ________________ Faust and an earlier novel, The Sorrows of Young Werther were tremendously influential during this time period; Napoleon was a huge fan, and his poetry inspired musicians, artists, and writers.
Goethe's
advocates of socialism include ____________ and ______________; Fourier's concept of "phalanxes" [units in a communally-organized utopian world]
Henri de Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier
an early French socialist thinker, proclaimed the tremendous possibilities of industrial development with the phrase: "The age of gold is before us!" • industrial society in his view "represented the highest stage in history" • ____________ wanted to restructure society totally, envisioning a world led by elite intellectuals who would provide the ideas and principles to keep society working for the benefit of the workers • -beneath them would be the "captains of industry," the "doers" discussed above.
Henri de Saint-Simon advocate for socialism
_______________ can be defined as the body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual, group, class, or culture
Ideology
the _______________ Era also witnessed important changes in the class structure of societies, both in Great Britain and on the European continent.
Industrial
but the _______________ ________________ itself struck a huge blow to the dominance of the nobility in England and elsewhere because of profound shifts in the nature of the economy and basis of wealth • where agriculture and landholding had been the basis of power before, now _______________ power increasingly was tied to _______________ and __________________.
Industrial Revolution economic power manufacturing and commerce
the nobility was still certainly prominent in government, but its position was not nearly as strong as it had been in the 17th and 18th centuries • in the era of the ______________ ______________, power - especially economic power - increasingly rested with the growing "____________ ___________"
Industrial Revolution middle class
Movements to revitalize __________ took place on the ______________ -- at a certain remove from trade networks and the changes wrought by global capitalism.
Isalm peripheries
Islamic Revitalization looked back to ___________ ___________ and modeled their revolts on the life of __________. But even as they looked to the past they attempted to establish something new: ____ -_______ _____________.
Islamic traditions Muhammad full-scale theocracies
__________________________________, the Romantic Spirit, and the idea of the Romantic Hero
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
romanticism in the musical realm met its master in the form of ______ ______ ________________, a contemporary of Beethoven wrote that "Beethoven's music sets in motion the lever of fear, of awe, of horror, of suffering, and awakens just that infinite longing which is the essence of Romanticism" • romantic composers, artists, poets, and novelists often turned for inspiration not only to nature, but also to the past
Ludwig van Beethoven
others argued against the ______________, reasoning that new varieties of poverty were a byproduct of the industrializing society, and thus society had a moral obligation to attempt to ameliorate the conditions of the poorest members of society.
Malthusians
_________________, those who came to adapt ______________'s theory to current circumstances in mid-19th century Britain, believed that only through the grim calculus of famine and starvation could rampant population growth be controlled; for government to interfere in these seemingly "natural" processes would only create greater chaos; "________________________________," Malthusians argued
Malthusians Malthus's poverty was a social necessity
("crushing") revolt and changes to political map of southern Africa?
Mfecane
It's epicenter was a large tract of land lying east of tge Drakensberg Mountains, an area where growing populations and land resources existed in a precarious balance.
Mfecane Movement
Egypt's Muhammad Ali and the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire
Muhammad Ali won a chaotic struggle for supreme power in Egypt and aligned himself with influential Egyptian families. - he looked to revolutionary France for a model of modern state building. As with Napoleon. the key to his hold on power was the army. - He made reforms in education and agriculture. He established a school of engineering and opened the first modern school in Cairo under the supervision of a French military doctor. And his efforts in the countryside made Egypt one of the world's leading cotton exporters. -The Ottoman Empire, the janissary class had grown powerful, providing the main resistance to change. Ottoman authority depended on clerical support, the muslim clergy also resisted change.
___________ _____ _____ ____ ____________, and the growth of Wahhabism; believed _______ _____ ________ into degraded state, advocated for return to "pure" Islam.
Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab Islam had fallen
When were the Opium Wars and what did it open up?
Opium Wars (1839-1842) and "opening" of China's Qing Empire;
A desire to know the culture of India. If we really get to know the people of India, then we can better control the economy.
Orientalist scholarship
_____________ sultan's perception of Wahhabism as threat to ___________ ________ leads to his enlisting Egypt army under Muhammad Ali to suppress Wahhabist movement?
Ottoman Ottoman empire
Ottoman empire modernization Pressure from Egypt and Europe forced the Ottoman Empire to reform • Sultan Selim III tried to reduce the power of the janissaries in 1805 and create a modern army, but they overthrew him in response Clerics resisted efforts to modernize the empire - Sultans did not want to appeal to common people for support in light of the multiethnic and multireligious nature of the empire • Mahmud II ended this political deadlock during his reign; his reforms and those of his successors were known as the Tanzimat - In 1826, eliminated the janissaries with clerical support - Used European advisers to create a modern army - Schools began to teach European languages and sciences • These reforms were not revolutionary - Landowners resisted land reform - Merchants resisted financial reform Throughout the nineteenth century, the empire fell further behind Europe in terms of military and economic power, and the dynasty became financially dependent on Europe for survival
Pressure from Egypt and Europe forced the Ottoman Empire to reform • Sultan Selim III tried to reduce the power of the janissaries in 1805 and create a modern army, but they overthrew him in response Clerics resisted efforts to modernize the empire - Sultans did not want to appeal to common people for support in light of the multiethnic and multireligious nature of the empire • Mahmud II ended this political deadlock during his reign; his reforms and those of his successors were known as the Tanzimat - In 1826, eliminated the janissaries with clerical support - Used European advisers to create a modern army - Schools began to teach European languages and sciences • These reforms were not revolutionary - Landowners resisted land reform - Merchants resisted financial reform Throughout the nineteenth century, the empire fell further behind Europe in terms of military and economic power, and the dynasty became financially dependent on Europe for survival
population growth in Qing China and growing trade with Europe, especially British East India Company
Qing China had a talent for extending the empire's boundaries and settling frontier lands. Like their euopean counterparts, chinese peasants were on the move, But migration occured for a different reason. Peasants recived promisies of land, tools, seed, adn the loan of siler and a horse - all with the dual objectives of producing enough food to supply the troops and relieving pressure on the poor and arid northwestern part of the country. These efforts brought so much land under cultivation by 1840 Qing China wa over populated and they did not deal wiht it till the late 18th century. Their population tripled with a population of over 300 million. Qing China's growing trade was a by product of the intoxicants "opium." The East India COmpany established a monopoly over the export of opium from India in 1773 to help pay for a rapid growth in the company's purchase of tea from China. Europe began to want cotton adn opium and then they only wanted opium. This was devastating for China. Silver began to flow out of China instead of into China.
European Balance of Power after 1815 - Politics, Alliances, and ReDrawing the Map of Europe
Quadruple Alliance => Quintuple Alliance [composed of England, Russia, Prussia, and Austria (France joins, making it the Quintuple Alliance) 2. Holy Alliance led by Tsar Alexander I [composed of Russia, Prussia, and Austria]
the revamping of the Russian monarchy; Tsar Alexander I and his successor, Tsar Nicholas; Nicholas's attempts to prevent rebellion
Russian rulers responded to the pressures by strengthening their traditional authority through modest reforms and the suppression of domestic opposition. - Napoleon's presence presented an alternative to the absolutist system and serfdom that sustained the Romanov dynasty - When Alexander I died in 1825, some elites (Decembrists) called for a constitutional monarchy modeled on Britain and France or even a republic - The new tsar, Nicholas I, suppressed this reform movement - To avoid further dissent, Nicholas projected the image of tsar as the head of the family and created a secret police force to root out opposition • Revamping the Russian monarchy - In the 1830s, Nicholas preached a conservative philosophy stressing "faith,hierarchy,and obedience"
The __________ _________ Resolutions called for women to have the right to _______ and for full participation in public life [arguing against the notion of "separate gendered spheres" as discussed above] • the Resolutions noted that "all laws which prevent woman from occupying such a station in society as her conscience shall dictate, or which place her in a position inferior to that of man, are contrary to the great precept of nature, and therefore of no force or authority" • in essence, these reformers were arguing that __________ possessed the same "natural rights" that men had claimed in the ____________ and ______________ Revolutions
Seneca Falls vote women American and French
many of the women who gathered at_________ _________, _________ ________ in 1848 to agitate for full female equality with men were also involved in other reform movements such as the ___________ movement [those committed to ending slavery in the United States and elsewhere] and the __________ movement [those who believed alcohol should be eliminated from public life because of its contribution to vice, domestic violence, etc.]
Seneca Falls, New York abolitionist temperance
He drilled his military relentlessly, He built a new Zulu state around his military and organizational skills and the fear that his personal ferocity produced.
Shaka Zulu
emergence of _________ __________; military and organizational skills help _____________ create a ruthless warrior state which assimilates a number of conquered peoples.
Shaka Zulu Shaka
______ _______, used terror to intimidate his subjects, adversaries, and his ______ ________. Following the death of his mother, he executed those who were not properly contrite and did not weep profusely. He took 7,000 lives of his own people.
Shaka Zulu own people
Drawing on a largely rural social base and asserting allegiance to Christianity, the __________ __________ (1850-1864) claimed to herald a new era of economic and social justice.
Taiping Rebellion
This meant Great Peace?
Taiping Rebellion
Colonial reordering in India
The English East India Company monopoly • Officials extracted a 1765 proclamation from the Mughal emperor allowing the company to collect tax revenue in Bengal and other places and to trade freely throughout the empire In return, the company paid the emperor a fixed fee • To know the culture as a means of control, Orientalist scholarship arose -The company adopted a government structure to rule the territory, which included wide taxation • The company used Hindu kings and Muslim princes in its administrative structure • Maintained a large standing army, one-third of them native recruits (sepoys) -Company rule altered urban geography • Its policies promoted private property and undercut village autonomy - Colonial cities such as Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay grew, and populations surged - Europeans lived in isolated enclaves - Indian rural migrants lived in crowded "black towns" -In Britain, the company's position in India generated calls for an end to its monopoly on trade with the subcontinent - In 1813, Parliament ended its monopoly
as the 19th century wore on, their culture, values, and way of life would in Great Britain and elsewhere often become the cultural ideal, replacing the previously dominant value system of the nobility?
The Middle Class
members of the middle class typically believed strongly in individualism and the concept of "the selfmade man" • they valued hard work and discipline (at least as it contrasted with the leisurely, aristocratic life) • they glorified education • they often saw themselves as the standard bearers of Enlightenment values such as equality
The Middle Class Values
Ottoman reforms The Ottoman Empire was also shaken by Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. In the wake of the French invasions, reformist energies swept Egypt and the Ottoman Empire Muhammad Ali enacted a series of widespread reforms • He looked to France as a model for Egypt - The key to stability was a strong army - Hired French advisers to develop a modern army He pursued educational and agricultural reforms - Established schools of medicine and engineering - Made Egypt a major cotton exporter His reforms altered the lives of the common people • Eventually, his threat to Ottoman rule compelled Europeans to force him to reduce the size of his military and allow unimpeded access to Egyptian markets
The Ottoman Empire was also shaken by Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. In the wake of the French invasions, reformist energies swept Egypt and the Ottoman Empire Muhammad Ali enacted a series of widespread reforms • He looked to France as a model for Egypt - The key to stability was a strong army - Hired French advisers to develop a modern army He pursued educational and agricultural reforms - Established schools of medicine and engineering - Made Egypt a major cotton exporter His reforms altered the lives of the common people • Eventually, his threat to Ottoman rule compelled Europeans to force him to reduce the size of his military and allow unimpeded access to Egyptian markets
Describe poverty as the "Social Question," notions of the "deserving" or undeserving poor
The social question was, "What was to be done about the inequalities so powerfully magnified by industrial capitalism?" The socialists worried about two things: 1) The growing gap between impoverished workers and newly wealthy employers. 2) The division of labor. that is, the dividing up and simplifying of tasks so that each worker performs most efficiently - might make people into soulless, brainless machines.
Before the industrial revolution there had certainly existed a poor working class; but this group of workers in the industrial economy became a unique contribution of the Industrial Revolution, and some contemporaries began to use the term proletariat to describe this new group • they led lives distinct from the rest of Europeans • typically they lived in slums, the most filthy, crowded parts of cities • in general, their lifestyle consisted of every day going to factory work before dawn, with the whole family [women and children] at many times involved as workers in the industrial economy.
The working class
example of this cultural shift was calling for the halting of the practice of sati
This was led by evangelical Christians and liberal reformers, the British did more than alter the India economy, they also advocated far reaching changes in Indian culture.
Who believed that the government should not intervene when famine struck down large numbers of people - as was the case with Irish famine - because "the 'natural' means of famine and death would keep population from outgrowing available resources and food supplies"
Thomas Malthus
among the most influential thinkers on questions of poverty and overpopulation was ___________?
Thomas Malthus
Fulani Islamic cleric __________ ___ _________ and the Fulani empire in area of modern Nigeria; successful overthrow of ___________ _______ class.
Usman dan Fodio Hausa landlord class
the middle-class value system is often identified with the reign in Great Britain of Queen ____________, who came to power in _________ at the age of 18 and reigned until her death in 1901.
Victoria 1837
One of the most powerful reformist movements arode on the Arabian Peninsula, the birthplace of the Muslim faith. What was this movement called?
Wahhabism
Fulani followers of Usman dan Fodio sought to recreate __ _______ ________ past, attacked _________ _________ and urged followers to wage _______ _______ (jihad) against unbelievers?
a purer Islamic false belief holy war (jihad)
the _______________ , in most European nations, was the small, landholding elite whose members had maintained privilege because of their status as a landholding elite; their power derived from their control over large amounts of land
aristocracy
definition of ideology
body of ideas reflecting the social needs and aspirations of an individual, group, class, or culture
the middle classes are sometimes referred to as the _________________ (a French word which essentially translates as "city dweller") • true to its name, the __________________ was an overwhelmingly urban phenomenon • the dominant group in the modernizing industrial world, the ranks of the ___________ ___________ were composed of economic actors like ____________,______________, ________________, and _________________.
bourgeoisie bourgeoisie middle class merchants, factory owners, bankers, and professionals
for example, modern liberalism in the United States usually favors more government programs to meet social needs and to regulate the economy; this is very different from the "___________ liberalism" espoused by economic liberals in England in the 19th century, who thought that the government should play as small a role as possible in the economy
classical
socialists champion_____________ vs. _______________; call for collective ownership of means of production; many socialists believe in ________________ change
cooperation vs. competition revolutionary change
liberal belief in the corruptibility of authority and principle of equality before the law, but belief in the world as essentially a "______ _____ _______" environment; liberals emphasize any change should come through _______, not ____________.
dog eat dog reform not revolution
some critics of the new industrial economy [socialists and later Marxists prominent among them] argued that the proletariat was effectively "____________," the new economic system binding them to poverty through invisible "chains" every bit as powerful as those that had bound earlier generations of __________'s poor to manorial relationships and agricultural serfdom
enslaved Europe
Hong's followers rejected much of the Qing Empire's emphasis on ______,________, and ________ instead adopting a Taiping doctrine with Christian influences
hierarchy, patriarchy, and religion
the nobility's wealth had been tied up in ownership of ________; some nobles successfully made the shift into the ranks of the industrial elites, but others saw their power erode as they clung to _______________ that were less relevant in the shifting economic landscape.
land traditions
The shift from Orientalism to emphasis on European culture was led by who?
led by evangelical Christians and liberal reformers
Human beings basically good and reasonable, they need freedom in which to flourish; 19th century liberals favor freedom of the individual?
liberalism
___________ tended to be an ideology associated with the rising middle class, or bourgeoisie. ___________ rejected the notion of special privilege for certain groups in society based only on social station at birth or tradition
liberalism liberals
_____________ also strenuously believed in unrestricted private enterprise and the ability of the market to regulate itself through mechanisms Adam Smith collectively discussed as the "invisible hand" of the market • ____________ and ____________ persuaded by his writings argued that the economy operated under laws like the rest of world, natural laws of business and economics, market forces such as supply and demand
liberals Smith and liberals
members of the ____________ ___________ celebrated a domestic form of life, championing ideas like "a man's home is his castle," and dividing the world into a "public sphere" (dominated by men) and a "private sphere" (where women waged more influence, and where the home was a refuge sheltering family members - especially women and children - from the dangers and the indignities of the public world) • the role of women changed under this new value system; they became the keepers of the sacred home, protectors of the refuge from the horrors of life
middle class
early advocates of the "__________ idea" argued that each people had its own genius and its own cultural unity, typically manifested in a common language, history, and territory
national idea
political doctrine that glorified the people, can unite people against absolutism of kings or tyranny of foreign oppressors; nationalism rooted in history and culture
nationalism
on top of that, of course, women and children could be _________ __________ than men according to the wage structures in place at the time, and they were seen as less likely to organize and cause labor unrest • the children of the proletariat typically did not attend school; instead, they often worked as much as 14 hours each day alongside their parents.
paid less
Movements to revitalize Islam took place on the ______________?
peripheries
at a certain remove from trade networks and the changes wrought by global capitalism.
peripheries
while some argued that women workers were leading to a breakdown in social order, some turned this argument into a rationalization for child labor; with so many women working, the alternatives were either "to have children running wild in the streets and unsupervised at home or in the disciplined environment of the factories"
rationalizations in favor of child labor
in part _________________ a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment; movement is at once escapist and focused on anxiety in the midst of change
romanticism
___________ in music, art, and literature often perceive growth of modern industry as ugly, a brutal attack on their beloved nature
romantics
call for collective ownership of means of production; has a working class constituency, but leaders and chief proponents usually members of bourgeoisie
socialism
concerns about working class women's entrance into the workforce and corresponding concerns about women's absence from the home?
the movement of large numbers of women into the industrial workforce led to grave concerns about the impact of absent mothers on the lives of children and the family unit in general
nationalism would later play an important role in the ___________ of Italy and Germany, topics that we'll soon be addressing. nationalism, particularly as the 19th century developed, stressed a strong sense of "we" and "they"
unification
social effects of the Industrial Revolution on European Society?
urbanization and urban miseries; massive waves of internal migration from rural to urban areas; growth of prostitution and urban crime
________________ and _______________ were seen as desirable employees in the textile industry [and often in the mining industry as well] because of their small hands and bodies; women were perceived to have greater manual dexterity, and the ability to do finer stitching; women's and children's hands could reach into machines to unjam them; and in mining children could go into smaller crevices to look for ore
women and children
