HISTORY 12 ID'S

Samuel Gompers

A 28 year old in 1878 leader of the American Federation of Union that only allowed skilled labors because it takes a long time to master. Struggles for freedom--> no asians or women allowed in AFL or all workers, discriminated Struggles for freedom--> Samuel economic battle to force management for better wages or conditions, made unions pay them monthly economic shift--> collective bargaining, if wage increase everyone gets it, if it doesn't work go on strike

pidgin

A Hawaiian language that emerged during the late 19th century in the sugar plantations. Struggles for freedom--> way for all workers to communicate with each other, not a language U.S. Expansion--> became evolving as a language used in schools

scottsboro trail

A group of whites and a group of blacks got in a fight on a train. They black people were defending themselves and they kicked the white group off. When the train first stopped what did they want to do to the black group? Lynch them

National Origins Act (1924)

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians struggles--> only allowed 2% of the population into nation /limited immigration especially toward Asians

FDR Fireside Chat - Emergency Banking

A series of evening radio addresses given by Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944. They were opportunities to explain his hopes for the country and to connect with the American people First fireside chat: March 12, 1933

chief joseph (indian leaders speeches)

Chief Joseph was the Nez Perce leader of Indians who in 1879 delivered speech in Washington D.C. His greatest contribution was leading his people on a 1,700 mile journey through Far West in 1877 in an effort to escape to Canada. Joseph struggled for freedom because in his speech he appealed for freedom and equal rights after the Civil War. This shows expansion of American Power because Americans came onto the West land taking over the Indians land and resources benefiting themselves off the profits, but greatly affecting Indians to the point of death. Indians were greatly affected economically because not only were they kicked out of their land, but their food resources were extinct by American killing in addition to land promises treaties being broken.

Dorthea Lange

Dorthea was a female photographer in 1937 in the city of San Francisco, CA. Struggles--> her pics were documentary photographs showing the great depression hit people of all economic levels including whites Struggles--> white migrants, trying to find work b/c dust bowl, after 1936 all her pics of migrants (ART & LITERATURE)

Subtreasury

Farmer's Alliance Plan in the 1890s for the federal government to establish warehouses where farmers could store their crops until they were sold. Struggles for freedom--> farmers trusted federal, felt the need for them to intervene, cheap rent Economic shift--> government issue loans to farmers at low interest rates ending dependence on bankers and merchants

florence kelley

Florence Kelley was a social reformer in the 1890s at the Hull House. Women were able to learn political organizing skills that would become basis of social welfare and women's suffrage movement. She exposed poverty and inequality among immigrant and poor communities.

wounded knee editorial

Frank Baum's writes an Editorial on the Sioux Nation by responding to the 1890 event known as the Wounded Knee Creek Massacre. This event was a struggle for freedom for the Indians because their innocence participation with the Ghost Dance which was seen as their only hope lead to their tragic death by the U.S. Cavalry. Americans were trying to maintain their freedom in the West by keeping Indians in reservations and for fear of an uproar they killed innocent Indians. This removal of Indians lead to expansion of American power in the West by occupying post-Indian land and using young Indians as servants for the American people.

ghost dance

Ghost Dance was a cultural response during the 1870's by the Indians in which they danced and sang for days as a method to stay hopeful under such chaotic life. Indians struggled with freedom because they were imprisoned in their own land with absolutely no freedom which is why they relied on this new ritual that eventually lead to their tribe massacre. Americans also struggled for freedom because they wanted to keep the Indians lost freedom as it was which is why they got rid of any alternative the Indians came up with. The elimination of the Indians in the Wounded Knee Massacre showed the American power expansion because it showed how powerful Americans were and how power hungry they were to take over the West in order to benefit themselves.

Ford Motor Company

Henry Ford created the first automobile named "The Quadricylce in 1896", part of the "Big 3 Car Companies". Original Model T in 1908, sells it really cheap and applied it to Automobile Industry Struggles--> took too long to built and $$$ in 1924 (15 hours) in 1912 costed $800 then 3 years later costed $300 Economic shift--> Assembly Line, faster, 1 job, productivity Struggles --> Welfare Capitalism (better treatment of workers, Ford company does this for more productivity U.S.Expansion--> (1920s)everyone began buying it, lead to more roads/gas stations/hotels/ expands tourism

CRB

Herbert Hoover founded the Commission for Relief in Belgium in 1916 in London, England. Struggles for freedom--> helping those refugees after the German war wth goods/ food/ supplies (private citizens) U.S. Expansion --> Chairman American Relief Administration Poland (1918) -feed 18 million people a day -7 billion spent in aid spent -no roads or transportation so hard to deliver but made it possible

trial of tears

How many Cherokees died in the early removals? Approximately 2,500 Cherokees died just in the diseased stockades. (1) Who were the Cherokees? A tribe of Indians (Native Americans) who called themselves the Principal People. They were hunters, gatherers, and planters that lived in the southern areas of early America. (1) Where were the Cherokees living before they were moved? Several southern states known today as Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, the Carolinas, Georgia, and Alabama. (1) Why was the path the Cherokees walked later named, 'The Trail of Tears?' Because of the hardships the people faced. The path was called by the Cherokees, nunna-da-ul-tsun-yi, which means The Trail Where They Cried, which was shortened to the Trail of Tears. (3) How many Cherokees were moved? Around 12,000. (1) When were the Cherokees moved? The 1830's. The Trail of Tears was walked in 1838, but there were some earlier removals as well. (1) What was the Trail of Tears? The long path the Cherokees were forced to follow to their relocation. (1) What were some conditions the Cherokees lived in throughout the Trail of Tears? Poorly fed, ill cared for, no cooking utensils, bedding, or extra clothing. (1) Why were the Cherokees moved? In 1829, white settlers found gold on Cherokee land, and wanted the gold for themselves. (3) Who was the president of the United States at the time? President Andrew Jackson. (1) Where were the Cherokees moved? The Indian Territory, in modern day Oklahoma. (1) How long was the Trail of Tears? approximately 1,000 miles. (1) Upgrade to remove ads Only $1/month Before the Trail of Tears, how many Cherokees agreed to leave? around 2,000 people (1) Who was the leader of the Cherokees when they crossed the Trail of Tears? John Ross (1) Who denied the Cherokees their rights? President Andrew Jackson Who escorted the Cherokees to their new land? approx. 7,000 soldiers of militias (1) What was one excuse for moving the Cherokees? That the Cherokees wouldn't fit in to the new society (2) Were any other Indian tribes moved besides the Cherokees? Yes. How many Cherokees died in the Trail of Tears? Thousands and thousands. Were there any voluntary emigrations? Yes, occasionally a Cherokee would willingly go to an Indian Territory, but most of the time they were either being tricked or bribed to leave. (1)

ida b wells

Ida B. Wells was an activist during the late 19th century that wrote her own newspaper about anti0lynching. Struggles for freedom--> charge of rape was a lie, victims of lynching accused of raping white woman too Struggles for freedom--> Wells was born a slave, her newspaper was destroyed by mob Struggles for freedom--> Wells got life threats to die, couldn't speak freely, tried having laws against lynching passed but failed U.S. Expansion--> Can't be called land of the free according to Ida b/c of southern blacks conditions, negro laws JUSTICE NOT EQUAL, keep Africans from voting

Haymarket Affair

In 1866, Anarchists conducted a huge walkout of about 35,000 workers in Chicago and after 2 strikers were killed 3 days later a protest Rally happened and officer Matthias J. Deagan was killed. Struggles for freedom--> 8 anchorists were charged (4 hanged, 1 suicide, 3 imprisoned based on weak evidence) b/c they believed in no government Struggles for freedom--> 1 police man killed, officers arrest leaders of strike because death of white man is more important "Cop killers" Expansion in U.S.--> Anarchists saw trial as opportunity to show the world working people get killed 5/8 were German, America saw union workers as immigrants/ violent/ radical ideas

John D. Rockefeller

In 1872, John D. became the richest man in the U.S. from his oil company "Standard Oil". Struggles for freedom--> wanted to become richer so he wiped out all other oil companies for his beneficial Struggles for freedom--> Many oil companies went bankrupt because of Rockefeller's growth, railroad increased prices to those companies Economic shift--> Standard Oil controlled 88% of all petroleum in the U.S. Expansion of U.S. Power--> He made decisions and wasn't even elected , public displays of wealth/ money makes powerful (inequality)

Susan B Anthony Trial for Illegal Voting

In 1873, Susan violated the law, but argues in the trial that her rights were violated and wants justice. Struggles for freedom--> is fined already owes $10,000 debt / racism inequality Struggles for freedom--> Americans wanted to eliminate all black threats, Susan published paper "The Revolution" before U.S. Expansion--> influence for all women to rebel not resist,

hymn to wealth

In 1889, Andrew Carneige writes an article that describes the responsibility of philanthropy (generosity) by the new upper class of self-made rich. Struggles for freedom--> is that rich people are superior to all others and should be allowed to use their money to help the less "fit" people. Economic shift--> Carnegie believed in Social Darwinism. He believed that the fact that a person was rich showed that he was more fit than others. This meant that the rich man was the one who knew the most about how to prosper in... Expansion of the U.S.--> Social Inequality/ social classes, rich made money because of other people therefore had to reimburse by public projects, make a better society/ civilization

kill the indian,save the man

In 1892, Captain Richard H. Pratt writes that in 1887 Americans wanted Indians to strip away from their tribal culture by Americanizing native Americans. Richard's intellectually believes that a good Indian is a dead one because everyone wants them killed. Indians struggled for freedom because of the "Land in Severalty Bill" that removed all Indians from their tribal relations. The Indians are born a blank, cultural is the problem not the DNA as Americans believed so, Indians weren't integrated in any way to the nation. Americans also struggled for freedom because they wanted gain freedom in culture and race by eliminating the Indian culture and replacing it with the american culture. -Late 19th century & early 20th century different kinds of white supremacy that existed -some believed in the quote -others like Pratt believed in cultural white supremacy

Pullman Strike

In 1892, Pullman cut wages in less than a year by 25-40% and in 1894 the workers are alliance with Eugene V. Debs (Leader of America Railroad Union) to affect Pullman economically. Struggles for freedom--> workers suffering (wages cut) Struggles for freedom--> Pullman uses new law passed so strikers go to jail after federal property interference

Queen Liliuokalani

In 1893, Queen replaces david and wants to re-write the Hawaii constitution to re-gain some power. Struggles for freedom--> Queen gives up and gives up throne because doesn't want more of her people killed by USS Boston Struggles for freedom--> Asian inequality in plantations U.S. Expansion--> 1900 Hawaii is official part of the U.S./ Asian immigration Economic shift--> needed a lot of labor with pineapple and sugar growing (Asian workers)

Lochner v. New York

In 1905, bakery owner Joseph Lochner breaks the recent 1895 Health and sanitation Laws passed and he wins the case. Struggles for freedom--> Lochner says his 14th amendment was violated, limiting working hours takes away profit for him Struggles for freedom--> His workers right being violated (14th amendment) because if they want to work more they should be able too for more money Economic shift--> Factories can't make so much money because limited hours U.S.Expansion--> companies has rights like people because government can't regulate business including child labor/hours

Preamble to Asiatic Exclusion League's Constitution

In 1905, the Asiatic Exclusion League Constitution of North America in SF was created whose goal was to stop all Japanese immigration to the United States and disrupt the lives of Japanese already residing in the United States. Struggles for freedom--> Americans trying to gain control over all Asians in North America 9Anti-Japanse legislation) /Whit supremacist organization, restrictions on ownership Struggles for freedom--> Asians aren't the same as Americans are considered inferior need to be watched and controlled by Americans (extermination) (Asians, Japanese, Koreans, Hindus/India, Chinese) Economic shift--> Asians deserve being in manual labor living under those conditions work for Americans (Wage Preservation, wanted to keep immigration at a limit) U.S. Expansion--> North America belongs to America for the future generations / Congress against any laws easing way for Asian immigration

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire- NY times article

In 1911, the Triangle Waist Company experienced the worst fire in NY killing 141 employees both men and women. Struggles for freedom--> Employees were 16-23yrs old (italians/Russains/Hungarians/Germans), burned to death unsafe, 4 prior fires in that building U.S. Expansion--> Enforcing better methods of protection for employees in cases of fire

alien land laws

In 1913, the Alien Land Law was passed to limit aliens ineligible for citizenship to any property rights guaranteed in treating with their respective countries. Struggles for freedom--> Japanese can't apply for citizenship U.S Expansion--> did not violate equal protection (14th amendment) for the Japanese -attempt to stop Japanese immigration

Clayton Antitrust Act

In 1914, it was a labor organization farmers cooperation not a Monopoly.

CA Home Teacher Act Excerpt

In 1916, the state of California passed the Home Teacher Act to teach children from home because of the volunteer overtime done by teachers in LA schools. Struggles for freedom--> woman had limited freedom, wanted more rights freedom U.S. Expansion--> educate the mother

discriminating against mother

In 1918, there was several advertisements to convince people to vote NO on Women's Suffrage Amendment to protect family. Struggles for freedom--> woman long history plus being denied criticized/ resisted U.S. expansion--> worst enemies of the female sex considered, president men not in agreement with woman being in Politics

Tulsa Race Riot

In 1921, the city of Oklahoma "Black Wall Street" was evolving until Richard was accused of raping a white woman that lead to a 60 hour race riot attack toward African-Americans. Struggles for freedom--> Rape/inequality without evidence to Richard, destroying black property, 35 blocks (10,000 left homeless, 300 killed. Economic shift--> Blacks lost their business, rights, property U.S. Expansion--> began the rape of the woman, began lynching

congressmen Jon box's anti-Mexican nativism

In 1928, john Box wrote an article about Immigration Restriction. Struggles for freedom--> Mexicans had to pay taxes/ visa fees to enter U.S plus various acts being passed to stop immigration Struggles for freedom--> America wanted to get rid of Mexicans because of their mixture like Indians etc ( infections diseases) U.S. expansion--> protect American society against crime

Selling Mrs. Consumer

In 1929, Home economist Christine Frederick published 1st book directed to those who didn't agree with modern woman consumers. Struggles--> consumers can go loss / bankrupt with no advertisement Economic shift--> advertisement highly used expanded media, boost more jobs (improve condition of life) U.S. Expansion --> "Consumptionism" greater production and distribution, consumers

Bonus Army

In 1932, American Vets from the U.S. military that served during WW1, we're promised a pension when retired until 1940s when they were a bit older. Struggles--> Vets wanted their money now during the Great Depression, but Gov had no money, protested at Washington by camping out, doing sit outs, attacked by Douglas U.S. military with cavalry and tanks, their bonus camp was burned Struggles--> Hoover gained a bad reputation because he beat up veterans U.S. Expansion--> Hoovervilles (1930s) poor people built shacks U.S. Expansion (Political Shift)--> people began to accept ideas they never liked before like socialism with Sinclair

Souls of Black Folk

In 1999, Arthur Symors wrote a poem "Of our Spiritual Strings" about American Negro History. Struggles for freedom--> doors are close no opportunities for negros/ racism/ considered a threat a problem

stephen austin

Stephen Austin was the first guy to bring 1,200 white families into Mexico in an organized first settlement in 1821. Struggles for freedom--> Mexicans wanted the whites to first convert to Catholic and secondly become a Mexican citizen Struggles for freedom--> whites migrated to Mexico because they wanted land for cotton resource into Texas, brought with them slaves U.S. Expansion--> "Texas Revolution of 1836" because whites don't agree with Mexican restrictions , Texas becomes a new country "The Republic of Texas" Economic shift--> Texas was biggest land Mexico owned, didn't want to lose it plus had land with cotton resource, everyone wanted it.

End Poverty in California (EPIC)

The End Poverty in California movement (EPIC) was a political campaign started in 1934 by famed socialist writer Upton Sinclair (best known as author of The Jungle). The movement formed the basis for Sinclair's campaign for Governor of California in 1934. The plan called for a massive public works program, sweeping tax reform, and guaranteed pensions. It gained major popular support, with thousands joining End Poverty Leagues across the state. EPIC never came to fruition due to Sinclair's defeat in the 1934 election, but is seen as an influence on New Deal programs enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

the alamo & the batle of the alamo

The Battle of the Alamo was fought between the Republic of Texas and Mexico from February 23, 1836, to March 6, 1836. It took place at a fort in San Antonio, Texas called the Alamo. The Mexicans won the battle, killing all of the Texan soldiers inside the fort. What was the Alamo? In the 1700s, the Alamo was built as a home to Spanish missionaries. It was called the Mission San Antonio de Valero. Over time, the mission was turned into a fort for Spanish soldiers who called the fort the "Alamo." In the 1820s, American settlers arrived in San Antonio and began to settle the area. Leading up to the Battle In 1821, the country of Mexico won its independence from Spain. At the time, Texas was part of Mexico and Mexico had a government similar to the United States. Many Americans moved to Texas and became Mexican citizens. In 1832, a powerful Mexican general named Santa Anna took control of the government. The Texans (called "Texians" at the time) didn't like the new ruler. They rebelled and declared their independence on March 2, 1836. Santa Anna gathered an army to march on Texas and take it back. Who were the leaders? The Mexican forces were led by General Santa Anna. He led a large force of around 1,800 troops. The Texans were led by the frontiersman James Bowie and Lieutenant Colonel William Travis. There were around 200 Texans defending the Alamo which included the famous folk hero Davy Crockett. What was the fort-like? The Alamo covered around 3 acres of land which was surrounded by an adobe wall that was between 9 and 12 feet tall. There were buildings inside the fort including a chapel, a barracks for soldiers, a hospital room, a large courtyard, and a horse corral. Cannons were placed along the walls and on top of buildings. Defend or Retreat? When the Texans heard that General Santa Anna was coming there was much debate on whether the fort should be abandoned. Sam Houston wanted the fort abandoned and the cannon removed. However, James Bowie decided he would stay and defend the fort. The rest of the soldiers decided to stay as well. This is where the famous "Line in the Sand" debate took place. The Battle General Santa Anna and his troops arrived on February 23, 1836. They laid siege to the fort for 13 days. On the morning of March 6, the Mexicans launched a major attack. The Texans managed to fend off the first few attacks, but there were too many Mexican soldiers and they managed to scale the walls and get inside the fort. The fighting was fierce, but eventually, the Mexicans won. They killed every soldier in the fort, Aftermath Although the Texans lost the battle, it galvanized the rest of Texas against Mexico and General Santa Anna. A few months later, Sam Houston led the Texans to victory over Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto. The Texans rallied to the cry of "Remember the Alamo!" during the battle. Interesting Facts About the Battle of the Alamo Between 400 and 600 Mexican soldiers were killed in the battle. Estimates on the number of Texans killed vary from 182 to 257. Not everyone in the fort was killed. Most of the survivors were women, children, servants, and slaves. The Alamo was used by Confederate forces during the Civil War. During the 1870s, the Alamo was used as a warehouse. Today, the Alamo is a popular tourist destination with over 2.5 million people visiting the site each year.

Benevolent Assimilation (1898)

The Benevolent Assimilation in 1902 was an assumption that Filipinos are savages and that it's America's job to civilize them. Struggles for freedom--> America with white supremacy "White Man's Burden", taught America was land of opportunity, filipinos fled to America to realize it was false Struggles for freedom--> Filipinos were restricted on things/ inequality/ unfair wages, Hawaii was rebuilt with schools/ hospitals to modernize like America/ professionals brought like doctors and teachers U.S. Expansion--> "We're going to make you like us" American Expansion overseas, Political Expansion, Cultural Expansion

Mississippi Black Codes

The Mississippi Black Codes were laws passed by the new southern governments that attempted to regulate the lives of former slaves by granting them certain rights like ownership, legalized marriage, and property ownership. These codes were passed from 1865 to 1866 after the Civil War. Slaves still struggled for freedom because they were denied the right to testify against whites, to vote, or serve in militias and those who denied such rules would become slaves again. There was a expansion of American power through these codes because of sharecropping that benefited the whites with money and crop production, but affected the blacks with debts and starvation

Sacco & Vanzetti

Two anarchists ( see anarchism ), Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, who were convicted of a robbery and two murders in Massachusetts in the early 1920s and sentenced to death. Sacco and Vanzetti were born in Italy but had been living in the United States for years when they were tried. struggles--> Nativism (Anti-foreigner) prejudice toward german-americans, both had participated in anarchist terror acts, focused mainly on their beliefs and foreign origins than fair justice

the Omaha platform- populist party

The Omaha Platform, adopted by the founding convention of the party in Nebraska on July 4, 1892, set out the basic tenets of the Populist movement. The movement had emerged out of the cooperative crusade organized by the Farmer's Alliance in the 1880s. (A party urging specific proposals) Struggles for freedom/ Economic shift/ U.S. (from Farmer's Alliance) Expansion --> Coinage of silver to gold, federal loans to farmers, graduated income tax, postal savings banks, civil service reform, public ownership of railroad, telegraph, telephone, prohibition of foreign land ownership, immigration restriction, ban on use of private arms by corporations, 8 hour day, single 6-year term for president, direct election of senators, right of initiative and referendum, Australian ballot

reconstruction act (radical reconstruction)

The Reconstruction Act of 1867 was a set of polices developed by the federal government to reconstruct the government after the Civil War. This attempt to bringing the nation together took place between 1860-1865. Struggles for Freedom were experienced through this act because although it emerged a new beginning for blacks like gaining freedom never obtained before, the white population became affected by losing their slaves and properties. American Power expanded with the newest developed amendments 14th and 15th that allowed blacks more power than ever by involving them into Politics, but also changing the South lifestyle.

White Man's Burden

The White Man's Burden was a poem created about white supremacy in which African Americans are seen as children that need to be guided by whites because their civilized. Struggles for freedom--> blacks are considered inferior since birth, treated as minority, given no rights Struggles for freedom--> whites are the experts, blacks don't have capacity to get to civilization like whites U.S. Expansion--> mix of christian duty (civilizing the darker races/ non-white) and white supremacy leads to Imperialism for the nation (development as racist)

Emilia Castañeda Deportation

was part of a forced deportation during the 1930's. Up to 2 million Mexicans and Mexican-Americans were used as scapegoats during the depression, and forced to leave on trains struggles--> 9 year old in railroad station *Repariation (Mexican-US)

Jourdan Anderson

Jourdan Anderson was a former slave of Colonel P.H. Anderson in Tennessee. He rejected his former master's offer in 1865 because of his better way of living in Ohio. Jourdan struggled for his freedom for 32 years back in Tennessee where he almost died and was given no money for all his work. He explains how in Ohio he gained much more freedom because he and his wife now get paid wages and his children are getting an education. Anderson's shift in the economic system was greatly affected because he seeks his previous slaves for help to maintain his land since he himself can't, but Jourdan on the other side is earning money and is beginning to be part of the nation's economy.

KKK

KKK (Ku Klux Klan) was a terrorist military arm of Democratic Party organization led by planters, merchants, & Demo politicians in the South founded in 1866 in Tennessee. Struggles for freedom--> Attacked white republicans, officeholders, teachers by brutal criminal acts (African-Americans) Struggles for freedom--> White supremacy, slaves taken away, restore past Expansion of America--> "Enforcement Acts" allowed president to use army against them & outlawed terrorist attacks

"Solidarity Forever"

"Solidarity Fever" is a song written by Ralph Chaplin in 1915 to protest WW1. Struggles for freedom--> workers how the union makes them strong, starving, organize a fight, strikes, labor conflict U.S. Expansion--> Workers need to strike/ fight the union for their rights "Bring to birth a new nation"

kracha (out of this furnace)

Black Susan Zuska. Becomes Kracha's mistress and eventually marries him after pregnancy. Steals from him and flees after he drunkenly beats her. Cripples Gang Kracha worked at homestead on Cripples Gang, a mill arrangement that allowed old timers to finish out their service to be eligible for pension. Knights of Labor Union E.R.P. Companies created their own "union" called the Employee Representation Plans. Dobie and others sign men up for the Amalgamated, a true workers' union First Ward, Braddock Immigrants first lived here when arrived in US. Dubik lived here. Slovaks from Sarisa lived her. Zemplinska Province to the N.E. of Kracha's own Abavuska. Hometown of Zuska and husband John Mihula Louis Smolinski President of Braddock local of the Amalgamated Assc. of Iron, steel and tin workers. Member of ERP at ETW and SWOC. Verbatim documentary S.W.O.C. Steel Workers Organizing Committee. Dobie helps organize at the ETW facility of US steel Bessemer Industrial equipment used to mass produce steel Joe Dubik Kracha's best friend. Dorta's husband. Died in furnace H because of steel company's negligence Captain Bill Jones General Superintendent of Carnegie's steel mills in Braddock. Died when iron splash over him during a tapping of a furnace. Andrej Sedlar Works as a cool in White Haven. Franka's husband Aldabert Thomas Thomas Bell. Son of Michael and Mary Dobrejcak (Belejcak) Tvarosc Village in the Slovakian province of Sarisa. Joe and Mike are from here. Mike Belejcak Real like Mike Dobrejack. Father of Thomas Bell, behind fictional family the Belejcaks. Frank Slick Mr. Flack Braddock, Pennsylvania Thomas Bell was born here. Joe and Dorta moved here. Captain Jones buried here. Elena Kracha's George's sickly wife. Raymond Shedlock Bell's cousin George Krachun Real life George Kracha Edgar Thomas Works Steel mill in Braddock Upgrade to remove ads Only $1/month Dorta Joe Dubik's wife Mary Kracha's first daughter. Marries Mike Dobrejcak Franka George's sister. Andrew Sedlar's wife. Lived in White Haven Sarisa Slovakian province where the village of Tvarosc is located. Dubik and Mike are from here Mike Dobrejcak Eldest son of a carpenter from Dubik's village. Boarded w/ Dorta and John to Braddock. Marries Mary. Father of Dobie Dobrejcak Ludovy Dennik Newspaper Johnny "Dobie" Dobrejcak Mike and Mary's firstborn Mr. Flack General Superintendent of Braddock Mill Hunky's Racial epithet referring to Slovaks of the steel towns

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers.American factories produced an enormous amount of weaponry, such as guns and planes. The War Production Board halted the manufacture of nonessential items such as passenger cars. It assigned priorities for transportation and access to raw materials. Took America out of the Great Depression

Sears, Roebuck, & Co.

During the early 1890s, Sears Roebuck & Company was the first store that introduced catalogs into the Industrial economy unlike Macy's. This Industrial Networking of America shifted the economic system because it brought the nation together with business, introduced the world wide railway mail service and made cities grow larger and larger in creasing wealth. American power also expanded because the railway kept expanding connecting the world geographically and globally with economic business.

Elias Hill

Elias Hill was a black preacher in South Carolina who made a testimony to Congress in 1871 after being brutally attacked by the KKK. Elias underwent struggles for freedom because even though blacks rights shifted they were not respected by white members like the KKK that attacked blacks as a tool of revenge for their hatred. Elias was a well known individual who was president of the Union League and his prestigious position put him as a target for he KKK who wanted to eliminate him because of the dangers he possessed with his new rights. American Power expanded because some thought equality was finally reaching it's peak in the South, but it was over turned with violent whites wanting to re-gain their old privileges.

Coney Island

In the early 1880s, people began going to beach Coney Island where simple snacks and entertainment lead to a revolutionized resemblance of an amusement park. In 1906, Coney Island began evolving into an amusement park, but it was until 1912 that it resembled one. Coney Island shows how women were struggling for freedom because in society they had to be with a man or else they were portrayed as loose woman, and this island allowed them to hang out freely with their friends leading to dating. Coney Island also had a shift in the economic system because it was standardization a bunch of things that already put together into a more welcoming environment that required more work and jobs to keep this park evolving. Expansion in American power was also seen because of the new culture involving dating that changed woman's place in society and created a new environment for marriage and romantic hang outs for all men and woman. (NO freedom of movement or independence) (public space for women b/c of standardization opening up to everyone)

Social Darwinism

In the late 19th century, Charles Darwin came up with "Social Darwinism" based on his theory of evolution which he applied to social relations that if you can't adapt you'll die, the only person responsible for your success is you. Struggles for freedom--> African Americans/ workers... rights?richer/ poorer than others...competition because Herbert spencer "survival of the fittest" Economic shift--> it created social classes division in wealth, competition to be better//richer U.S. Expansion--> introduced phrenology (inferiority in genetic/ scientific racism)

Big 5

In the late 19th century, The Big 5 were 5 Hawaiian families that controlled 88% of the business with pineapples and sugar cane except Political control. Struggles for freedom--> plant owners had no other choice, could no longer pay so give away their lands Struggles for freedom--> Big 5 owned most except political control threatened king of Hawaii to give up power with gunpoint toward Palace Economic shift--> King signs Baymont Constitution in 1887, new cabinet the big 5

boss tweed

In the late 19th century, William Tweed was an Irish-American who got involved with Tammany Hall to rise to power in NY politics by stealing money. Struggles for freedom--> Boss Tweed steal money to become rich Struggles for freedom--> NY people paid taxes and contributed to city's work expense that went to Boss Tweed, NY cities debt goes up to 300% Economic Shift--> Boss Tweed controls all of NY finance, controls tax revenue of NY U.S. expansion--> Tweed pays state legislatures to rewrite NY constitution, create new treasury, so he become the head (Corruption) money from tax-payers

Mike Dobrejcak (out of this furnace)

Mike Drobrejcak is a 25 year old Slovakian immigrant who has lived 11 years in America during the mid 1880s where him and his family encountered economic and racial tensions in America. Mike encounter struggles for freedom because he wants to become a full pledged American without discrimination of his original race. Even though there's many boundaries Mike faces he's able to learn how to speak English and write, but can't do nothing and Keogh tells him to think whatever he wants but keep his mouth shut to stay alive. The shifts in the economic system in America did not help Mike because he mentions unchanged wages while working in America.

Okies

Okies were how migrants to CA were called during 1930-1940 in the San Joaquin Valley, mostly families looking for better opportunities. Struggles---> 95% mostly whites/50% farmers while others came from cities, escaping natural disaster in western south (Arkansas/Texas etc.) Economic shift--> temporary poverty, whole economy was based on farming so there was a 15 year drought that ended the economy, all banks, factories, railroads went bankrupt U.S. Expansion--> New Deal Programs pulled them out of poverty

american progress

Painting by John Gast; depicts the movement of pioneers and a woman; representing America itself; destiny- Destiny is represented by the large, angel-like person in the middle, who is leading the pioneers. She is the central figure of Columbia. This symbolizes that westward expansion was their destiny. The direction is represented by how the pioneers are traveling from the east to the west. Native Americans are fleeing because of racial superiority and are traveling on horseback and travois because that was their transportation. Transportation is represented by horse-drawn stagecoaches, steamboats on rivers or canals, railroad lines, and covered wagons. Communication is represented by the telegraph line. John Gast; painter who painted "American Progress" (the picture of a giant flying woman), Believed in Manifest Destiny = bring civilization, tech, religion, land to savages American Progress painted in an 1872 painting by john gast. Painting: settlers moving west and civilizing "wild" nature and Indians. Idea or bringing light to dark land Manifest Destiny Path chosen by god. America's Manifest Destiny= to control land Atlantic to pacific, in 1800s meant that God had decided the U.S should expand West to spread religion, civilization, technology, U.S culture to savages, John Gast- illustrated John O'Sullivan- first said it, James Polk great supporter, Santa Anna + North opposed John O'Sullivan; Ny journalist, 1st to use the term Manifest Destiny Westward Expansion Manifest Destiny causes Americans to move west to gain more land to control atlantic-pacific Republic of Texas/Tejas Sam Houston led troops to defeat the mexicans, freedom was given in exchange for Santa Anna's freedom, Lone star republic, independent for 10 years Florida- colonized by spain, seminoles from Florida Colonized by Spain,Seminoles from, U.S took Oregon Cession 1846 got it from treaty with great britan, now is washington state and Oregon Mexican Cession the pieces of land the u.s bought in the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, UT CO CA AR WY TX NEW MEX 1848 Santa Ana gen.for mexico lead in the alamo, and in the mexican american war, captured by texas traded for independence James K.Polk Wanted to Annex Texas, wanted to expand, wanted cali+new mex, willing to use force, pres during mex vs american war, 11th president, 4 year term, strong believer of Manifest Destiny, 1845 elected Moses Austin Banker+businessman Dreamed of starting an American colony in TX 1821 mexicans give him a chunk of land for colony, son Stephen took over once died Mexican American War War over land, first sidel had offered to pay 30 mill, declined, after annexation of texas, had soldiers sent to texas= killed started war, America won, killed over 40,000 people Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected, Some Americans believed it was unjust-Northerners because of slavery southerners agreed ratified 38-14 Annex Add a territory onto an existing state or country U.S annexed texas Missouri Compromise "Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states in lousianna purchase and south= slave When Why and how did the U.S Expand to control from coast to coast? Late 1800's The U.S believed it was its manifest destiny to control Atlantic- Pacific, U.S tried to buy out with 30$ mill Mex denied, ended in war U.S got Mexican cession for 15$mill and had to protect the mexicans living in texas, Mex cession= UT,CO,CA,AR,WY,TX, and New Mexico What were the differing views on the Mexican-American war? Who had some of these beliefs? North thought the war was unjust, south agreed with the war. North didn't agree because of the abolitionists, new land= more slaves, south wanted the land for more farming and crops Chronology 1-U.S obtains Florida 2-MEx independence from Spain 3-Tex independence from Mex 4-Annexation of Tex 5-Mex-American War 6-Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

league of nations

Part of Wilson's 14 points around 1917 as the first point "National Self-Determination" Struggles for freedom--> international body League of Nations way to resolve issues every country becomes a member with 1 vote (Congress and people don't want it plus countries because of reparations) AMERICA is a leader shouldn't listen to no one!!! U.S Expansion--> "Euro-Zone" No reparations in the ww2 Struggles for freedom--> rise America expectations (responsibility to rest of the world ) world community, leadership role

Presidential Reconstruction

Reconstruction Period after the Civil War when the federal government took action to rebuild the South. 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments The end of slavery, equal protection, and voting for black males Presidential Reconstruction Plans In 1865 President Andrew Johnson implemented a plan of Reconstruction that gave the white South a free hand in regulating the transition from slavery to freedom and offered no role to blacks in the politics of the South. Radical Republicans Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war Congressional Reconstruction Plan Declared that the existing governments in South were illegal Freedman's Bureau Government agency created to help African-Americans adjust to their freedom Henry McNeal Turner A minister, politician, and first Southern bishop of the African Methodist church African-American State Legislators African- Americans that served in the legislature of the states during Reconstruction GA General Assembly GA legislative body Sharecropping Tenant farming, paying for rented farmland with a portion of one's crops Tenant Farming System of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter Black Codes Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves Carpet Baggers Northerners who went South for personal power and profit Scalawags Southern whites who supported Republican policy through reconstruction Redeemers Southern politicians that fought against Radical Reconstruction. Poll Tax A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote Discrimination Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group. Freedmen Freed slaves Segregate To separate groups of people White Supremacy System of racial stratification that places whites at the top of the hierarchy Convict Lease System The practice of leasing inmates to a business for a fixed annual fee

Sunkist

Sunkist was the largest marketing cooperative in the fruit and vegetable industry in the U.S. during the late 19th century. Economic shift--> Citrus growth / Gold rush lead to food demand to increase Economic shift--> railroad increase b/c of fruit transportation Struggling for freedom--> farmers saw factories/ owners get rich of citrus work they did b/c they grew them U.S. Expansion --> Red Ink

telegraph

Telegraph telegraph machines had to be connected through a series of wires in order to exchange messages. The operator would key a message in the Morse alphabet, and the receiving telegraph machine on the other side would register the message in the form of clicks made by a bar which struck another bar. Telegraph y listening to the pattern of clicks, the receiving operator could hear the message and transcribe it before passing it on to the recipient. In the late 1800s, wireless telegraphy began to emerge, and telegraph messages were transmitted over the radio waves. Telegraph The telegraph, invented in 1830, was a groundbreaking invention because it greatly increased the speed at which messages could be sent. Telegraph Before the telegraph, long distance messages could only travel as fast as the horse or ship that carried them. Messages could take weeks to travel across the country or to Europe. Telegraph Newspaper reporters used the telegraph to send their stories to newspaper offices. During the Civil War, armies used the telegraph to send military messages between units. Telegraph In 1868, Western Union Telegraph Company began sending out weather reports. By 1870, telegraph lines connected cities all over the world, from Chicago to London to Tokyo, enabling governments to communicate more quickly and efficiently. Telegraph The telegraph was important in the civil war to keep the lines of communication going. Both as an administrative agent and tactical factor Telegraph It provided a way for people to communicate when there were emergencies as well as to inform each other of important events - particularly during times of war or other crises. Telegraph By transmitting information quickly over long distances, the telegraph facilitated the growth in the railroads, consolidated financial and commodity markets, and reduced information costs within and between firms. Telegraph The telegraph was similar to many other inventions of the nineteenth century. It replaced an existing technology, dramatically reduced costs, was monopolized by a single firm, and ultimately was displaced by a newer technology. Telegraph Morse obtained a patent in the United States in 1838 but split his patent right to gain the support of influential partners. He obtained a $30,000 grant from Congress in 1843 to build an experimental line between Baltimore and Washington. The first public message over Morse's line ("What hath God wrought?") echoed the first message over Chappe's system ("If you succeed, you will bask in glory"). Telegraph Morse realized early on that he was incapable of handling the business end of the telegraph and hired Amos Kendall, a former Postmaster General and a member of Andrew Jackson's "Kitchen Cabinet," to manage his business affairs. By 1848 Morse had consolidated the partnership to four members. Telegraph Western Union's greatest threat came from a new technology, the telephone. Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876, initially referring to it as a "talking telegraph." Telegraph The period from 1866 through the turn of the century was the apex of Western Union's power. Yearly messages sent over its lines increased from 5.8 million in 1867 to 63.2 million in 1900. Over the same period, transmission rates fell from an average of $1.09 to 30 cents per message. Even with these lower prices, roughly 30 to 40 cents of every dollar of revenue were net profit for the company. Telegraph Western Union faced three threats during this period: increased government regulation, new entrants into the field of telegraphy, and new competition from the telephone. The last two were the most important to the company's future profitability.

Freedmen's Bureau

The Freedman's Bureau was an agency established by Congress in an attempt to establish a working free labor system. This agency that provided basic necessities, stability by labor contracts, and education took place from 1865-1870. Freedman's Bureau helped with struggles for Freedom for all freedmen and refugees to make sure the slaves were safe and had the resources they needed. The whites also struggled for freedom because in addition to having their slaves taken away, their post-slavery acres were given to slaves by Johnson's Reconstruction plan.

Great Strike of 1877

The Great Strike of 1877 ended the Reconstruction and created the 1st national labor walkout. Struggles for freedom--> workers not satisfied with their wages, protested, sense of solidarity, 20% cut wages in less than a year, 1 million people unemployed, "Sympathy Strike", American Dream vanishing, wage slavery, regain power they lost Struggles for Freedom--> B &O Railroad gave higher raises to top management Struggles for freedom--> Protest caused rail traffic in country, killed 20 workers, destroyed millions in property greatly affected railroad companies "President Rutherford, put down by forces" Struggles for Freedom-> hand out guns to wealthy for protection Economic shift--> burns railroad buildings, destroy railroad/ cars burning of union depot and PA railroad yards U.S. Expansion--> Federal gov contorted armies in cities to avoid future strikes, national power to guarantee rights of property, First started as the Great railroad strike of 1877, militia were sent to stop the strikes, some killed strikers while others joined them, guns were given to the wealthy to protect themselves

Kim brothers

The Kim Brothers created a Nectarine business in California in the late 19th and early 20th century. Struggles for freedom--> started their own business b/c knew had to farm Economic shift--> Railroad was a great match with their business, helped for transportation U.S. Expansion--> set the foundation for other Asians to plant new fruits

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

The program under which the US supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945.

Vaudeville Theater

Vaudeville: a theatrical genre of variety entertainment. Made up of scenes of separative, unrelated acts grouped together. Blackface: A form theatrical makeup used in minstrels shows, & later Vaudeville, in which nonblack performers put on a black face on with makeup to act as blacks.

William Bent

William Bent was an ambitious white man who along with his brother laid their fortune in the frontier by creating a trading post to sell to everyone. This business occurred during the 1820's. William experienced a shift in the economic system because the trading post location was so convenient that it would open so many doors for trade that would bring tons of money. American power was expanded because William Bent made an alliance with the Cheyenne Indian tribe which gave William access and control, but also protection thanks to the Cheyenne group.

Americanization programs

nationwide organized effort in the 1910s to bring millions of recent immigrants into the American cultural system. Mainly areas with high Mexican population like Texas & LA Struggles--> Americans trying to Americanize Mexicans, Mexicans saw it as racial discrimination, Mexicans just took shower or food from YMCA U.S. Expansion--> tried to teach them how to live like Americans, civics, hygiene, & cooking