History 120 Exam 1

Timurid Empire

-Islamic rulers were intolerant of other faiths -muslims were in control and wealthy -When Timur dies in 1405, indian part of empire breaks apart

A. (Off the coast of Asia)

At the time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were _______. A. Off the coast of Asia B. Settled by a civilization of vast wealth and sophistication C. Part of new continent D. Isolated from any other land mass

The Reconquista

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.

D. (Enlightenment Philosophies)

In England, what type of people spearheaded the effort to end the slave trade? A. Religious Leaders B. Large landowners C. Textile Workers D. Enlightenment Philosophies

Tycho Brahe

(1546-1601) established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572.

Cesare Beccaria

(1738-1794) Believed that punishment should fit the crime, in speedy and public trials, and that capital punishment should be done away with completely.

European Renaissance

A "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy in the period 1350-1500 and that included not just a rediscovery of Greek learning but also major developments in art, as well as growing secularism in society.

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)

D. (Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end)

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history? A. Central Europe Emerged as an Economic Powerhouse B. Religious toleration was adopted throughout France and the Holy Roman Empire C. German Lands were finally unified under the German Emperor D. Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end

D. (produced a musical and numerical harmony of heavenly bodies.)

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets A. Was interspersed with Ptolemaic epicycles and deferents B. Demonstrated the presence of Satan's disruptive influence in the universe C. Caused each planet to move at a uniform speed D. Produced a musical and numerical harmony of heavenly bodies

France

Main example of Absolutism

England

Main example of Constitutional Monarchy

C. (Military Dictatorship)

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a _________. A. Popular Democracy B. Constitutional Monarchy C. Military Dictatorship D. Parliamentary Government

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations in 1776, a precursor to modern Capitalism. Market driven, Laissez Faire. "Self-interest" governed.

3rd Estate

The estate that contained all the non-clergy and non-nobles

1st Estate

The estate that contains the Clergy (2%)

Thomas Jefferson

U.S. foreign minister to France from 1785-1790. Wrote the American Declaration of Independence in 1776. Deist.

D. (Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly)

What occurred during the Hundred Days in France? A. Napoleon was driven from Russia. B. The sans-culottes committed the September Massacres. C. The Reign of Terror executed 30,000 people. D. Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

War of Spanish Succession

a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France.

Zheng He

(1371-1433) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death.

Ptolemy

(90-168) Roman geographer-astronomer and author of Guide to Geography which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

(August 26, 1789) French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens

Storming of the Bastille

(July 14, 1789) the medieval fortress and prison contained only seven prisoners, its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution and it subsequently become an icon of the French Republic

Estates General

(May, 1789) An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France. Meet to air grievances, impasse over voting procedure

James II

(r. 1685-1688) a Catholic king who greatly angered Parliament nobles and whose actions led to the *Glorious Revolution*

Sir Isaac Newton

1643-1727. English physicist, mathmetician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian. Published work in 1687 describing universal gravitation, and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Jean Bodin

A writer in 16th century England who wrote The Six Books of the Commonwealth (1576), which strongly supported the divine right of kings.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

Mongol Sack of Baghdad

Event in 1258 which saw the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate and the end of the Golden Age of Islam

2nd Estate

The estate that contains the Nobles (2%)

C. (Spain)

Which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions A. England B. Italy C. Spain D. Austria

C. (Apprenticeships)

Which of these historically has not been considered to be a justification or factor for human enslavement? A. Race B. Debt Bondage C. Apprenticeships D. Prisoner of War

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

A. (The dynastic, political, and romantic concerns of Henry VIII)

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of _______. A. The dynastic, political, and romantic concerns of Henry VIII. B. Efforts by Luther and his followers C. The terrible conditions then existing in the English churches D. The missionary activity of the Lollards

C. (To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within)

What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety? A. To investigate the army in order to weed out disloyal officers and ensure its obedience to the Legislative Assembly B. To establish a secret police force in order to institute the Reign of Terror C. To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within D. To build a coalition of provincial leaders in order to suppress rebellions in France

D. (James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s)

What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution? A. The development of the internal combustion engine B. The use of running water to power cotton-spinning machinery C. Thomas Newcomen's 1705 steam engine D. James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s

1835

What year was the International Slave trade made illegal?

Yuan Dynasty

(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.

Ibn Battuta

(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.

Political Fragmentation

(1400) After the end of the Gupta Dynasty, India divided into political cultural regions the regions further subdivided into several units ruled by hereditary or aristocratic leaders

Nicolaus Copernicus

(1473-1543) A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.

Philip II

(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

English Act of Supremacy

(1534) Law passed by Henry VIII that made him the head of the Church and State. He did this after the Pope refused his divorce of Catherine of Aragon.

Galileo

(1564-1642) An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and ended up on house arrest for the rest of his life.

Rene Descartes

(1596-1650) French protestant (After the Edict of Nantes). Father of modern philosophy. "I think therefore I am". Also father of modern mathematics.

James I

(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings. Absolutionism. Parliament rises against him, he is eventually beheaded.

Thirty Years War

(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

John Locke

(1632-1704) Political theorist who defended the Glorious Revolution with the argument that all people are born with certain natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Reform OLD government

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Montesquieu

(1689-1755) Wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government. Believed in separation of powers. Reform OLD government

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Mary Astell

(1696) Wrote Serious Proposal to the Ladies that said women were to be better educated. She also argued for the equality of the sexes in marriage.

Frederick the Great

(1712-1786), King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. Consolidated Prussian domain through war and partitioning of Poland. Militarism. Serfdom and agriculture. Enlightenment interest

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

(1713-1830) A trading system in which goods and humans moved between the colonies, Africa and England. Provided labor on colonial plantations.

War of Austrian Succession

(1740-1748) A series of wars in which various European nations competed for power in Central Europe after the death of Hapsburg emperor Charles VI

Denis Diderot

(1751) Philosopher who edited a book called the Encyclopedia which was banned by the French king and pope.

Discourse on the Origin of Inequality

(1755) Written by Rousseau, this blamed much of the evil in the world on the uneven distribution of property.

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) First truly world war. Known as French and Indian War in America. Political War (not religious), Prussia and Britain v everyone else. Sets stage for American revolution (French mad at England, Washington is a commander)

Haitian Revolution

(1791) A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

La Marseilles

(1792) French national anthem

Committee of Public Safety

(1792-1794) Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Nat Turner

(1830) Rebellion in which ________ led a group of slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

Aristotle

(384-322 B.C.) A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato

Islamic Renaissance

(800-1300) Scholars translated ancient texts from Greece and spread knowledge throughout Europe

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (June 1789) Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

A. (Everyone who was not a noble a member of the clergy)

The legal definition of the composition of the pre-revolutionary third estate included A. Everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy B. All commoners C. Members of the nobility D. Members of the clergy

B. (The universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion)

The most influential aspect of Rene Descartes's theories of nature was that A. Mind and matter could be reduced to the same substance B. The universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion C. True knowledge required the use of inductive reasoning D. Spiritual forces were infused throughout nature

B. (clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs)

Thomas Jefferson was a deist who viewed God as a akin to a A. Loving father who intervened when necessary in human affairs. B. Clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs C. King who required Christians to be intolerant of any who did not worship him correctly. D. Farmer who carefully tended his crops from planting through harvest.

A. (Intellectual interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished)

What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement? A. Intellectual interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished. B. The Jewish community sought to create an independent state that would not be subject to Christian laws C. The Jewish community isolated itself from the Christian community as racial thinking emerged. D. Jews increasingly converted to Christianity as Judaism demanded faith over reason.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

The First Republic

Government established in France from 1793-1804, French republic springing from Jacobin party and the Convention. more rights to women than ever before (does execute Olympe Gouges).

Sally Hemmings

Slave of Thomas Jefferson's who federalists said that he had children with.

D. (Empiricism)

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe, Galileo, and other astronomers into a theory of reasoning known as A. Mercantalism B. Dualism C. Naturalism D. Empiricism

B. (The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities)

How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era? A. The Catholic Church was again recognized as the state religion, which all citizens had to embrace or face prosecution under the law. B. The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities. C. The Catholic Church promised to promote French nationalism, while the French state agreed to abandon efforts to control church doctrine. D. The Catholic Church reclaimed full authority over the appointment of church officials, while the French state gained the right to oversee church finances.

Principia Mathematica

In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton wrote this. It was filled with contributions to many areas of science, and included the three well-known laws of motion.

Louis XVI

King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. He and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

A. (Equality before the law)

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed A. Equality before the law B. Elimination of all barriers to trade within France C. Religious toleration to French Jews and Protestants D. The abolition of monopolies, guilds, and workers' associations

C. (Granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns)

The Edict of Nantes ______. A. Ordered all French Huguenots to convert to Catholicism or leave France B. Required all Catholic priests in France to swear an oath of loyalty to the king C. Granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns D. Permitted French Huguenots to worship wherever they wished as long as they continued to pay taxes to the Catholic Church.

A. (Great commercial and artistic revival in Italy)

The most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the _______. A. Great commercial and artistic revival in Italy B. Decline of religious feeling C. Political disunity of Italy D. Creation of powerful, centralized monarchies.

A. (James Hargreaves)

Who invented the spinning jenny? A. James Hargreaves B. Samuel Crompton C. Richard Arkwright D. Andrew Ure

Treaty of Utrecht

1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire

Tacky's Revolt

1760 an uprising of Black African slaves that occurred in Jamaica in May, June, & July 1760. Most significant slave rebellion in the Carribbean. The leader, and a group of supporters moved inland killing the white plantation owners. Plan was to overthrow British rule and establish an African kingdom in Jamaica.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

The Great Fear

A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789. Uprising of peasantry. Fear of nobles, brigands, and beggars.

Emilie du Chatelet

A woman who was educated in the sciences. She was trained as a mathematician and physicist. She helped stimulate interest in science in France by translating Newton's work from Latin to French.

C. (Change the general way of thinking)

According to its editor Diderot, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to: A. Improve the material life of Europeans B. Popularize the Scientific Revolution C. Change the general way of thinking D. Undermine French absolutism

C. (St. Petersburg)

After his victory over Sweden in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called __________. A. Moscow B. Leningrad C. St. Petersburg D. Narva

B. (Jean-Jacques Dessalines, L'Ouverture's lieutenant, led the resistance to a crushing victory over the French and later declared Haitian independence)

After the arrest and deportation of Toussaint L'Ouverture, how was the war of Haitian Independence resolved? A. A rival to L'Ouverture, André Rigaud, defeated the French forces and declared Haitian independence B. Jean-Jacques Dessalines, L'Ouverture's lieutenant, led the resistance to a crushing victory over the French and later declared Haitian independence. C. The Spanish invaded from their colony of Santo Domingo, defeated the French, and allowed the formation of the sovereign nation of Haiti. D. The British invaded Saint-Domingue and, after defeating the French, allowed the Haitians to form the sovereign nation of Haiti.

D. (The first translation of Newton's Principia into French)

Although perhaps best known as the long-time companion of Voltaire, Emilie du Châtelet, published: A. The Social Contract B. The Theory of Moral Sentiments C. The Persian Letters D. The first translation of Newton's Principia into French

A. (Postulated a sun-centered view of the universe)

Copernicus's theory of the universe A. Postulated a sun-centered view of the universe B. Used epicycles to explain planetary motion C. Was endorsed by the Catholic Church D. Strengthened the Ptolemaic theory of the universe

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

Fall of Constantinople

Finally overcome by the Ottoman turks in 1453 after constant attack by Germanic/European tribes, Persians and Muslims

D. (Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed previous ones, demonstrating the possibility of a new idea - "human progress")

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance? A. Enlightenment thinkers relished artistic production, while the Middles Ages and Renaissance focused on penance and prayer. B. Enlightenment thinkers drew inspiration from classical antiquity, whereas the Middle Ages and Renaissance focused only on the Bible. C. Enlightenment thinkers rejected the basic tenants of Christianity and embraced a vision of a world without God. D. Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed previous ones, demonstrating the possibility of a new idea - "human progress."

A. (He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservists)

How did Frederick "The Great" of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army? A. He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservists. B. He required monks, priests, and other clerics to perform agricultural work when needed by local nobles. C. He purchased African slaves to sustain agricultural production while Prussian men trained for the military. D. He required women to work in the fields when their husbands served in the military.

C. (They presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class but seemed more like foreign invaders as they requisitioned food and supplies and plundered local treasure)

How did French armies during the French Revolution offer a mixed message to the people they conquered? A. They promised to retain local tradition and institutions but removed all of the older nobility and eliminated the power of the Catholic Church B. They spoke of peace and prosperity but instituted harsh purges of all political opponents and high new taxes to pay for the army C. They presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class but seemed more like foreign invaders as they requisitioned food and supplies and plundered local treasure D. They chose not to seize territory permanently for France but began to appoint French military commanders as new nobles in conquered lands

B. (It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.)

How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity? A. It proved that the workings of nature could be understood without reference of God. B. It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system. C. It provided evidence that proved the existence of God. D. It demonstrated that the biological and physical properties of nature operated by different principles.

D. (He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility and offered them high posts in the expanding centralized state)

How did Napoleon consolidate his rule? A. He expanded certain civil rights, such as freedom of speech and freedom of the press B. He imposed harsh martial law that permitted no expression of dissent. C. He presented himself as a true Son of the Revolution in contrast to the corruption of the Directory D. He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility and offered them high posts in the expanding centralized state

A. (Maize and potatoes became a staple crop through Central Africa)

How did agriculture in Central Africa change in the centuries following Columbus's voyages? A. Maize and potatoes became a staple crop through Central Africa. B. Central Africans expanded production of cassava to supply slave communities in the Americas. C. The tsetse fly was introduced into Africa, causing the death of livestock and the loss of fertilizer the livestock provided to agricultural fields. D. Sugar cultivation expanded into the tropical climates of the highlands.

A. (Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united)

How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of 18th century succession to the Spanish throne? A. Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united. B. The German Habsburg Duke of Austria was placed on the throne after the death of his cousin, the Spanish Habsburg Charles II. C. The monarchy was abolished and Spain declared a republic. D. The leader of the Spanish House of Alva was placed on the throne by the nobility on offering guarantees that he would protect noble rights.

A. (It forced Europeans to search for alternate trade routes to China, bypassing the overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire)

How did the Turks' expansion of the Ottoman Empire and their conquest of the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople in 1453 influence European exploration? A. It forced Europeans to search for alternate trade routes to China, bypassing the overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire. B. It opened new trade routes to China over Central Asia C. It enhanced the trade routes with China and East Asia through the Middle East D. It enhanced the influence of the Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa in the Eastern Mediterranean.

B. (Abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges)

In the wake of the Great Fear in the summer of 1789, the National Assembly restored order by A. Reducing taxes on agricultural products B. Abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges C. Promising to reestablish the control on bread prices D. Calling up army and militia units to suppress the rebellious peasants

A. (10 to 20 percent)

It is estimated that what percentage of slaves died during the Middle Passage from Africa to the Americas? A. 10 to 20 percent B. Less than 10 percent C. 20 to 30 percent D. 30 to 40 percent

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

D. (Aspire to a life of the mind through education)

Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies encouraged women to: A. Concentrate on their roles as wives and mothers B. Reject the masculine world C. Consider alternatives to Christianity D. Aspire to a life of the mind through education

C. (The power of the ruler was absolute and its exercise prevented disorder and civil war)

The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that_____. A. Mankind is inherently good and requires no formal government B. A constitutional monarchy was possible only in England. C. The power of the ruler was absolute and its exercise prevented disorder and civil war. D. Kings ruled by divine right

A. (It was drawn into a series of unwinnable wars in Iraq)

The Ottomans Empire entered a period of prolonged decline beginning in the 1700s because ________. A. It was drawn into a series of unwinnable wars in Iraq B. It kept Russian influence out of the Black Seat trade C. It reconquered territory once lost in Egypt and North Africa D. It's efforts at colonizing in the Indian Ocean were destroyed by the Portuguese.

B. (The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work)

The attack on the Bastille had what political effect? A. The peasantry revolted in the Great Fear and attacked noble manors across France B. The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work C. The Parliament dissolved the National Assembly until the people of Paris returned the Bastille to royal control. D. The National Assembly dissolved the monarchy and arrested the king for treason against the nation

D. (Acquisition of literacy by the masses)

The concept of the "Reading Revolution" refers to the: A. Shift from reading Greek texts aloud as a family to reading religious texts individually. B. Spread of literacy among women. C. Invention of the printing press D. Acquisition of literacy by the masses

A. (Fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe)

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on A. Fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe B. The application of ancient philosophy to theological questions. C. Specific natural laws that governed all matter in the material universe. D. Theological principles that can be discovered in the study of nature.

Delhi Sultanate

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

D. (An idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues)

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to A. The marketplaces at which peasants gathered to gossip and share news. B. The practice of legislatures to permit citizens to make addresses before deputies C. A government bureau that regulated the work of the philosophes. D. An idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.

C. (The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property)

What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code? A. The ideal of nationalism and the guarantee of civil rights to all people B. The abolition of slavery and the recognition of freedom of religion C. The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property D. The rejection of monarchy and the adoption of republicanism

C. (An enlarged France, a number of satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia)

What was Napoleon's Grand Empire? A. An enlarged France and several satellite kingdoms, on the thrones of which Napoleon placed members of his family B. An enlarged France and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia C. An enlarged France, a number of satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia D. An enlarged France, parts of northern Italy, and German territories on the east bank of the Rhine

C. (A cosmopolitan network involving Philosophes in western Europe, its colonies, as well as eastern Europe, and Russia)

What was the Republic of Letters A. An organization established to assist with Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Encyclopedia B. A source of funding for philosophes developed by Catherine the Great C. A cosmopolitan network involving Philosophes in western Europe, its colonies, as well as eastern Europe, and Russia D. A governmental system advocated by Rousseau in The Social Contract

A. (Sickle Cell Anemia)

What was the West African's best defense against both malaria and further European development the slave trade? A. Sickle Cell Anemia B. Unified African Kingdoms C. Islamic Clerics D. The lack of excellent coastal ports

C. (To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur)

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method? A. To uncover the hidden forces that directed nature and that humans could manipulate B. To produce benefits for humankind rather than seek abstract knowledge C. To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur D. To expose how the workings of nature demonstrated the presence of God

B. (The Portuguese abandoned slave trading in South Africa due to the long travel distances but expanded slave trading in West Africa due to the availability of slaves from Islamic merchants.)

Which correctly characterizes the Portuguese development of the slave trade in Africa? A. The Portuguese were displaced from slave trading in West and northern West Central Africa by other European powers but remained dominant in the southern portions of the continent as well as regions on the Indian Ocean coast. B. The Portuguese abandoned slave trading in South Africa due to the long travel distances but expanded slave trading in West Africa due to the availability of slaves from Islamic merchants. C. The Portuguese never established a primary slave trading region but consistently obtained slaves from many regions by moving along the coast. D. The Portuguese remained the dominant slave trading power in the northern African regions closest to Portugal, such as the Senegambian region, but were forced out of slave trading in Central and Southern Africa by the other European powers.

A. (Europe was a minor trading power that produced few products desired by other civilizations)

Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus? A. Europe was a minor trading power that produced few products desired by other civilizations. B. Europe was the major western node of the trading system that produced high-quality textiles and metalwork desired by others. C. Europe served as the most important market for products because it produced few goods. D. Europe provided the banking and financial services that sustained the world trading system.

B. (Protestants initially rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, then accepted it. The Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century)

Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis? A. Protestant clerics rejected Copernicus, while Catholics embraced the interpretation as a new foundation for the heavens. B. Protestants initially rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, then accepted it. The Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century. C. Lutheran and Catholic officials rejected Copernicus's hypothesis as heretical to a literal interpretation of Scripture, while Protestants recognized a more modern approach to truth and adopted it. D. The Catholic Church declared Copernicus a heretic, while Protestant faiths believed that the hypothesis had no bearing on Christian teaching.

A. (He won brilliant victories in Italy in 1796 and 1797)

Which of the following was true of Napoleon Bonaparte? A. He won brilliant victories in Italy in 1796 and 1797 B. He came from an impoverished Sardinian family C. He trained as a lawyer before joining the military D. His campaign in Egypt was a great military success

D. (The emergence of scientific racism)

Which of these in part helped to justify the growth of African slavery in the eighteenth century? A. The defense of social inequalities between men and women by certain philosophers B. The common philosophical belief that the masses were like children in need of firm guidance C. The bureaucratic reforms of practitioners of enlightened absolutism D. The emergence of scientific racism

C. (Several thousand Parisian women)

Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris A. The peasants involved in the Great Fear B. The rioters of Bastille C. Several thousand Parisian women D. The National Assembly

A. (Mary Wollstonecraft)

Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), the latter a founding text of the feminist movement? A. Mary Wollstonecraft B. Olympe de Gouges C. Abigail Adams D. Émilie du Châtelet

C. (Pierre Bayle)

Who wrote the influential Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)? A. Margaret Cavendish B. John Locke C. Pierre Bayle D. Baruch Spinoza

C. (Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry)

Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood? A. The vast expansion of the British navy in the wars against France led to a problem of deforestation. B. The new industrial pollution began to destroy traditional old-growth forests. C. Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry. D. The widespread building of canals and roads required large amounts of wood and had caused many forests to be cut through.

A. (They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed)

Why did members of the National Convention and Committee on Public Safety turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor? A. They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed B. They believed that Robespierre intended to extend the ideas of the Revolution so that slaves would be freed and Jews accepted as full citizens C. They believed that Robespierre was soon to proclaim himself the new king of France D. They believed that Robespierre had betrayed the revolution by accepting bribes from Great Britain

C. (They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island)

Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery in 1793? A. The British and Spanish had already outlawed slavery; the French commissionaires feared a rebellion if they did not do likewise B. They were required by the Committee of Public Safety to apply the principles of liberty and equality to all French lands. C. They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island. D. They were captured by slave armies and forced to issue the edict abolishing slavery.

B. (It was a source of international competition involving many states)

Why is the slave trade one of the most thoroughly documented activities of the early modern era? A. It was a highly profitable yet also a logistically complex activity B. It was a source of international competition involving many states C. Governments played the principle role in the trade as opposed to private businesses D. Its questionable morality led those opposed to it to collect information to use against it

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Wrote the Social Contract in 1763. A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy. Create NEW democracy.