History 121 Final

What was the story of 444 days about*?

Soldiers held hostage for 444 days. every day the news would close saying how many days they were held captive. pres. carter

16. During the Cold War, Americans: a. formed anticommunist groups who pressured public libraries to remove ""un-American" books from their shelves. b. were united in their outrage over the jailing of Communist Party leaders. c. fired teachers who refused to sign loyalty oaths. d. remained generally unconcerned over the prospect of communists living in America. e. A and C

a

12. What did the members of the new United Nations Security Council all have in common? a. They all were in control of nuclear bombs. b. They were all part of the allies that won World War II. c. They were the wealthiest nations at the time. d. They all had suffered the least casualties and financial losses during the war. e. They all were western industrialized nations.

b

2. What was the "final solution"? a. The Allied operation for D-Day. b. Adolf Hitler's plan to mass-exterminate "undesirable" peoples. c. The United States' plan for the atomic bombs to be dropped on Japan. d. Japan's plan to attack Pearl Harbor. e. Joseph Stalin's plan to spread communism throughout the world.

b

22. The new conservatives: a. spoke the language of personal autonomy. b. emphasized tradition, community, and moral commitment. c. supported a more centralized federal government. d. were also known as libertarians. e. wanted more federal regulation of business.

b

23. During the Eisenhower administration, U.S.-Soviet relations: a. were made worse with the introduction of the policy of massive retaliation. b. improved somewhat after the end of the Korean War and the death of Stalin. c. stayed about the same as those experienced during the Truman years. d. worsened considerably after the death of Stalin. e. improved immensely after the end of the Korean War.

b

27. Governor Orval Faubus responded to the court-ordered desegregation of Central High School: a. by urging President Eisenhower to send in federal troops. b. with defiance, refusing to comply and allowing violence to break out. c. by offering his resignation to the people of Arkansas in protest. d. by immediately closing Central High School, much like Virginia's governor had to close public schools in Virginia rather than integrate them.

b

30. Which of the following organizations does not belong in this group? a. SNCC. d. SDS. b. YAF. e. NAACP. c. CORE.

b

43. Determined to overturn the Vietnam syndrome, President Reagan: a. refused to commit U.S. troops abroad. b. sent troops to Grenada and Lebanon. c. expanded Jimmy Carter's policy of human rights. d. sent troops to overthrow a repressive dictatorship in Chile. e. refused monetary aid for the repressive governments in El Salvador and Guatemala.

b

47. How did President Clinton respond to the Republican victory in the 1994 congressional elections? a. He grew increasingly radical in his opposition to Republicans. b. He brought Republicans into his cabinet in order to build a more bipartisan government. c. He campaigned against radical Republicans and moved toward the center. d. He increasingly embraced the position of the Democratic left. e. He intensified his alliance with Democrats in the Senate.

c

49. Which of the following statements about the Internet is FALSE? a. The Internet expanded the flow of information more radically than any invention since the printing press. b. The Internet began as a high-speed military communications network. c. The Internet was always intended to be owned and operated by private telecommunications companies. d. The Internet was available to those with personal computers. e. The Internet seemed the beginning of a new democratic and public means of communication in "cyberspace."

c

50. By the year 2000, the AIDS epidemic: a. affected only homosexuals and transgender Americans. b. affected only drug users and hemophiliacs. c. was spreading less rapidly among gay Americans. d. brought an end to the gay rights movement. e. had been brought under control around the world.

c

52. The term "pay gap" refers to the difference in: a. pay differences between workers and CEOs. b. pay rates for skilled and unskilled workers. c. pay rates between men and women. d. pay gaps between new hires and senior employees. e. the difference between gross income and take-home pay.

c

8. FDR's "Economic Bill of Rights". a. included some provisions for veteran support, but did not have the funding to become law. b. would have empowered the federal government to secure education, housing, medical care, and full employment for all Americans. c. was modified to appease conservatives and pushed through Congress by Harry Truman. d. A and C

c

What was the Cold War? Is the Cold War over?

Geopolitical tension between the US and the Soviet Union

How did the American standard of living change int he 1950s, specifically with regard to the suburbs

Tv's, air conditioning, air-travel, suburbs, cars! Almost completely white, laws in south segregated people from owning homes in suburbs

28. The 1960 sit-in at Greensboro, North Carolina: a. sparked similar successful demonstrations throughout the South. b. did not end with integration of the Woolworth's lunch counter. c. encountered a harsh reaction from Greensboro's police force, which jailed the four ringleaders. d. was staged in one of the most notoriously racist cities of the South, where angry residents remained deeply committed to the racial divide.

a

29. Which of the following was NOT true of the Cuban Missile Crisis? a. The crisis was part of a dispute between the United States and the Soviet Union after a U.S. Navy vessel carrying nuclear warheads was intercepted off the coast of Turkey. b. The crisis erupted after U.S. spy planes discovered Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. c. The standoff brought the United States to the brink of nuclear war with the Soviet Union. d. Kennedy was appalled that military leaders had discussed "winning" a nuclear war, prompting him to sign an above-ground nuclear test-ban treaty with the Soviets the following year.

a

3. In the United States during World War II: a. unemployment declined, production soared, and income taxes increased. b. the economy grew only slightly. c. income taxes increased only for the wealthy. d. little was done to regulate the economy. e. the actual size of the federal government shrank as the New Deal ended.

a

32. What opened Malcolm X up to the possibility of interracial cooperation in the United States? a. The interracial harmony he witnessed among Muslims in Saudi Arabia. b. The tragedy of Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination. c. The goodwill displayed by white college students of the new left movement. d. The progressive legislation pushed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. e. The anti-war protests of college students.

a

39. The Church Committee revealed that since the beginning of the Cold War: a. the CIA and FBI had engaged in abusive actions. b. the Catholic Church had secretly channeled funds to Third World countries fighting communism. c. every administration had traded arms for hostages behind the back of Congress. d. the Ku Klux Klan had been receiving funds from the FBI to sabotage the civil rights movement. e. the draft process had unfairly drafted the poor and minorities, while white, middle-class men were often exempt.

a

41. How did the experience of the 1960s shape America's neoconservatives? a. Neoconservatives came to believe that even the best-intentioned social programs did more harm than good. b. The expense of the space race convinced them that they had to give up fighting the Cold War. c. The U.S. experience in the Vietnam War taught neoconservatives to wage wars with all available resources. d. The prosperity under the stewardship of liberal Democrats convinced them that New Deal economics were the path for the future. e. Their own exposure to drugs, sex, and rock-n-roll made them more likely to be libertarians at heart.

a

45. What contradiction did the Reagan presidency reveal about modern conservatism? a. Reagan's policies enriched investors and CEOs, but eviscerated the economies and communities of the industrial heartland. b. Conservatives promised to destroy labor unions only to depend on their political support in elections. c. Republicans brought more women into public office than any other party, but actively legislated for men's rights. d. Conservatives cut spending dramatically, only to complain about a lack of public services. e. The Republican Party was driven by young conservatives, but ruled by the oldest president on record.

a

21. To libertarian conservatives, freedom meant: a. first and foremost a moral condition. b. individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism. c. using government as a vehicle for social reform, ensuring an equal distribution of wealth. d. what it did in the late eighteenth century—the right to own property and to vote. e. racial equality and the end of a segregated society.

b

25. Why did the Soviet Union strongly support the national independence movements in the new Third World? a. Soviets were desperately trying to expand their share in foreign export markets. b. They hoped to convince new nations to ally themselves with the eastern bloc against European and American imperialists. c. Soviets feared the obvious appeal an alliance with former colonial rulers had for these new nations. d. The Soviet Union had made the right to self-determination a principle for all nations around the world. e. The Soviet Union was looking to secure reliable export markets for their consumer goods surpluses.

b

31. Which of the following statements is NOT accurate about the 1965 Voting Rights Act? a. It was partly the result of the Selma to Montgomery civil rights march where participants were brutally assaulted by police. b. It upheld the right of county officials to oversee black voter registration in cases where provided for by local statute. c. It empowered federal officials to oversee voter registration. d. It was strongly endorsed by President Johnson.

b

34. In the 1960s, Latino rights in particular were the focus of the: a. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. b. United Farm Workers. c. Mattachine Society. d. Redstockings. e. NAACP.

b

37. Why did the gay and lesbian movement become a major concern for the political right after the late 1960s? a. They understood that the popular gay movement could convert hundreds and thousands of impressionable youth. b. Thousands of new civil rights movements encouraged gays and lesbians to "come out." c. They feared that gays and lesbians might push for an end to the "don't ask, don't tell" policy. d. They suspected that many among their ranks were gay and lesbian themselves. e. They feared that the gay and lesbian movement might push for higher taxes on the wealthy.

b

42. How did trickle-down economics claim to increase government tax revenues? a. By increasing the tariff. b. By lowering tax rates. c. By raising taxes. d. By lowering wages. e. By increasing the tax burden on the poor.

b

44. Mikhail Gorbachev: a. accused Reagan of presiding over an "evil empire." b. inaugurated political openness and economic reform in the Soviet Union. c. was reviled by Reagan for his unwillingness to negotiate arms reduction. d. ensured the Soviet Union would continue as a strong ally of the United States in the future.

b

46. By the end of 1991, Soviet attempts at economic reform had created chaos, and the: a. Soviet military staged a successful coup. b. Soviet Union dissolved, ending the Cold War. c. United States had to intervene with financial aid. d. Soviets sought U.S. assistance. e. Soviets turned to the United Nations for help.

b

5. "Rosie the Riveter": a. refers to a movie star during World War II. b. was a term applied only to black women workers. c. described only single women workers. d. refers to Norman Rockwell's image of a female industrial laborer. e. refers to a type of industrial machinery.

b

57. How did the 2013 Supreme Court ruling invalidate the heart of the Voting Rights Act of 1965? a. The entire act was declared unconstitutional, since evidence of racial bias in southern election law no longer met the Court's burden of proof standard. b. The southern states cited in the original law no longer needed approval from the Justice Department before changing their election laws. c. The Court threw out the law's original provision providing federal protection for African-American voters at the polls in four southern states. d. Limitations were removed from the range of acceptable voter identification required for same-day registration at the polls.

b

1. Men like Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and Father Coughlin were members of the: a. America Now! committee, an interventionist group. b. Anti-Semitism Society, a group that blamed the Jews for the war. c. America First committee, an isolationist group. d. Lend-Lease League, a group that supported technology for the war. e. Free Paris Society, a group that advocated the liberation of Paris.

c

11. What accounts for the tension between Great Britain and the United States at the Yalta conference? a. Churchill resented Roosevelt's private meetings with Stalin over proposed divisions of conquered Japanese territory in the Far East. b. Churchill did not agree with Roosevelt's proposal to have the Soviet Union join the war against Japan. c. Churchill and Roosevelt disagreed over the future status of Britain's overseas colonies. d. Churchill resented an early suggestion by Roosevelt to allow communism in postwar Europe if the people supported it by popular referendum.

c

13. How did the Freedom Train suggest the meaning of freedom remained controversial? a. Protests erupted in a number of cities over the required recitation of the Freedom Pledge and signing of the Freedom Scroll for access to the exhibit. b. American Heritage Foundation members were unhappy the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were withdrawn from the documents to be displayed. c. The Wagner Act, the law guaranteeing workers' right to form unions, was removed from inclusion in the documents display. d. The international press criticized the spectacle accompanying the American train when millions of people were suffering amid the ruins of World War II.

c

17. How did black organizations employ the language of the Cold War? a. Most black activists shied away from any nod to Cold War language for fear of government reprisals. b. Organizations such as the NAACP used phrases such as "freedom v. slavery" to rally support for desegregation. c. They noted how the Russians could use racism to damage America's image abroad, given its hypocrisy about the meaning of "freedom" at home. d. The NAACP in particular copied the tactics of communist strategists in labor organizations such as the Southern Conference for Human Welfare.

c

20. Between 1950 and 1970, suburbanization: a. eased racial tensions in American cities. b. encouraged a revitalization of American cities. c. hardened racial divisions in American life. d. encouraged Puerto Rican immigration. e. was the theme of the Broadway musical West Side Story.

c

26. What made Elvis such a popular celebrity? a. He sang songs no one had ever heard before. b. He was one of the most gifted vocal performers of his generation. c. He brought the rhythms and sexually provocative movements of black musicians to white audiences. d. He sang openly about civil rights and equality. e. His mixed-race parentage made him popular among black and white.

c

35. The American Indian Movement: a. was in opposition to the Red Power movement. b. demanded the end of the tribal system. c. demanded greater tribal self-government. d. urged all Indians to leave their reservations. e. demanded greater federal control of the reservation system.c

c

4. How did World War II change the role of corporations in American life? a. U.S. corporations became friendly and close collaborators with the federal government. b. With the loss of its overseas affiliates in Asia and Europe, U.S. corporations once again became predominantly American. c. Technological innovation and high productivity in the war effort restored the reputation of corporations from its Depression lows. d. The heavy reliance of the Roosevelt administration on corporate leaders for its wartime agencies left U.S. corporations with the stain of government bureaucracy. e. Thin profits during the war years forced U.S. corporations to dramatically innovate for increased efficiency.

c

56. What did congressional Republicans denounce as a "government takeover" in March of 2010? a. A financial reform bill that required the breakup of big banks. b. Western state officials assuming control of national parks within their borders. c. A sweeping health-care bill that required all Americans to purchase health insurance. d. An Executive Order that mandated an expansion of Medicare and Medicaid in twenty three states.

c

58. What did President Obama do in his second term that involved historic enemies of the United States? a. He apologized to the governments of Colombia and Honduras for the use of unauthorized military force in the war on drugs. b. He moved to establish diplomatic relations with Cuba. c. His administration helped broker a nuclear energy agreement with Iran. d. He supported a military coup in Egypt that ended badly for the United States. e. A and B

c

59. How did Obama use "human rights" as a political weapon? a. He threatened to withdraw aid from Israel if it did not end its occupation of the West Bank. b. He temporarily moved the American Fifth Fleet out of its base in Bahrain, until the government agreed to stop jailing peaceful political dissenters. c. He condemned China, but said virtually nothing about human rights abuses in Saudi Arabia and other nations that were U.S. allies in the war on terror. d. He accused congressional Republicans of aiding the rise of ISIS at their refusal to fund additional ground troops in Iraq.

c

6. What did Henry Luce and Henry Wallace have in common? a. They both believed that the United States should assume an isolationist policy, leading by example, not by action. b. They were both liberals in their political beliefs and strongly supported the New Deal, which they believed should be spread to the rest of the world. c. They both put forth a new conception of America's role in the world based in part on internationalism and on the idea that the American experience should serve as a model for all other nations. d. They both believed that the best course of action for the United States after the war was fiscal conservative policies, including high tariffs and domestic taxes. e. They were both working for the Office of War Information in promoting, through books, the positions held by the group America First.

c

7. Who did publisher Henry Luce credit with the provision of "the abundant life" in his blueprint for postwar prosperity, The American Century? a. The Department of Defense. b. Returning veterans. c. Free enterprise. d. The New Deal state. e. Labor unions.

c

9. Why did Executive Order 9066 not apply to persons of Japanese descent living in Hawaii? a. In the wake of the U.S. Navy's defeat at Pearl Harbor, it was the Japanese that governed Hawaii. b. The number of Japanese Americans in Hawaii was so insignificant that the order seemed irrelevant. c. Since nearly 40 percent of the population was of Japanese descent, the evacuation order would have been impractical. d. Most persons of Japanese descent in Hawaii actually served in military units. e. At the time, the federal government did not yet have such jurisdiction over its territorial possessions.

c

10. How did the struggle against Nazi tyranny discredit racial inequality in the United States? a. Germany's Nazi leaders, it turned out, had entertained a romanticized fascination with the Confederacy. b. African-Americans had borne the brunt of the fight against German troops and demonstrated that they were the "master race." c. The exceptional cruelty American soldiers exercised against Germans had sobered Americans on the idea that they were a "master race." d. The contradictions between the principle and practice of freedom in the actual status of African-Americans came to the forefront during the war. e. American soldiers had universally demonstrated restraint and civility in their combat operations against their enemies, especially in the Pacific.

d

15. The charges against which of the following organizations led to the downfall of Joseph McCarthy in 1954? a. The Defense Department. d. The Army. b. The Voice of America. e. The Communist Party. c. The State Department.

d

18. What made the Army-McCarthy Hearings unusual for American television programming of the 1950s? a. It appeared in color. b. It was the first live broadcast. c. It was the first broadcast via satellite. d. It was deeply political and controversial. e. It included explicit sexual revelations.

d

33. What did students of the New Left movement think was missing in American liberalism in the 1960s? a. The willingness to address poverty. b. The reluctance of companies to recognize unions. c. The commitment to legislate on behalf of Social Security. d. The practice of true participatory democracy. e. A concern about the threat of monopoly in industrial capitalism.

d

36. Why did the fight over busing become so violent in Boston in the mid-1970s? a. In Boston, the racial divisions were between African-Americans and Puerto Ricans as well as whites. b. The African-American community in Boston consisted only of very recent migrants from the South. c. Boston's politicians called on local residents to fight the busing order by all means necessary. d. Boston's tightly knit Irish-American community in South Boston fought integration violently. e. Boston was widely understood to have the best public school system in the country.

d

38. Under the Nixon administration, the United States: a. supported the government of Salvador Allende in Chile. b. boycotted South Africa to protest apartheid. c. supported democratic reforms in Iran. d. continued to undermine Third World governments. e. focused its foreign policy on Southeast Asia.

d

48. Which of the following technologies had the least influential effect on American life? a. Computer games. d. Video cassettes. b. Cell phones. e. Microchips. c. Computers.

d

51. During the 1990s, twenty-three states passed laws: a. legalizing gay marriage. b. limiting the rights of gay, lesbian, and bisexual Americans. c. banning all abortions except for medical emergencies. d. making English the official language. e. raising the drinking age to twenty-one.

d

54. After the September 11 attacks, who authorized the National Security Agency (NSA) to listen to domestic telephone conversations without a court warrant? a. Defense Secretary Rumsfeld. d. President Bush. b. State Secretary Powell. e. Central Intelligence Director Tenet. c. National Security Advisor Rice.

d

55. Why did more American women hold paying jobs in mid-2009 than men? a. A significant proportion of American men were serving with the armed forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. b. The boom in the service and retail sectors of the economy at the time had significantly pushed employment among women. c. The much larger proportion of women among immigrants tipped the balance. d. Men were more likely to lose their jobs during the great recession. e. Employers were increasingly discriminating against white men.

d

60. Which of the following was a liability for President Obama as he entered his reelection campaign of 2012? a. He had authorized a constitutionally questionable raid that killed Osama Bin Laden. b. The United States Supreme Court had struck down most of the Affordable Healthcare Act. c. He had failed to provide an authentic Hawaiian birth certificate to prove the legitimacy of his presidency. d. Unemployment remained high even though the recession was officially over. e. Americans disapproved of the troop withdrawal from Iraq late in 2011.

d

14. The Truman Doctrine: a. advocated a return to isolationism. b. was an alliance between the United States and Great Britain. c. called for more cordial relations with the Soviet Union. d. committed the United States to fighting communism only in Asia. e. committed the United States to fighting communism anywhere.

e

19. During the postwar suburban boom, African-Americans: a. experienced little, if any, discrimination, especially in the North. b. were encouraged to move into communities like Levittown, New York. c. were discriminated against only in the South. d. received special treatment if they were veterans. e. were often unable to receive financing for housing.

e

24. The "Third World": a. encompassed enormous range of territory, including several tiny western European nations. b. was largely left out of the Cold War struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. c. was an invented term describing developing nations not aligned with either the Soviet Union or United States. d. included many nations newly created out of former European colonies. e. C and D

e

40. President Carter's foreign policy emphasized: a. the need to fight communism around the world. b. the policy of containment. c. the right of the United States to intervene in Latin America. d. an increased military presence in Southeast Asia. e. human rights as a diplomatic priority.

e

53. What made the United States Supreme Court case of Bush v. Gore in 2000 so unusual? a. It was decided in a 5 to 4 vote. b. The case had far-reaching implications. c. The public interpreted the justices' disagreements as political in nature. d. It involved two former vice presidents. e. This case was not meant to be a precedent.

e

Describe the Civil Rights Act of 1964

ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin

Describe the thinking behind the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education Why is this case historically and legally important?

overturn of Plessy v. Ferg. (Made separate schools illegal)

In 1968 Richard Nixon ran for President and he stressed these two words*?

silent majority

Why didn't Reagan's presidency fulfill the desires of the Christian right?

wanted the reversal of roe v. wade, decline in divorce rates (fault based divorces now) did not get these