History 124A Final Terms

Battle of Little Bighorn

-fought on June 25, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory, - federal troops led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (1839-76) against a band of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. -Tensions between the two groups had been rising since the discovery of gold on Native American lands. -When a number of tribes missed a federal deadline to move to reservations, the U.S. Army, including Custer and his 7th Calvary, was dispatched to confront them. Custer was unaware of the number of Indians fighting under the command of Sitting Bull (c.1831-90) at Little Bighorn, and his forces were outnumbered and quickly overwhelmed in what became known as Custer's Last Stand.

Second Ku Klux Klan

-founded in 1915 by William J. Simmons, an ex-minister and promoter of fraternal orders -new Klan had a wider program than its forerunner, for it added to "white supremacy" an intense nativism and anti-Catholicism (it was also anti-Semitic) closely related to that of the Know-Nothing movement of the middle 19th cent. -At its peak in the mid-1920s its membership was estimated at 4 million to 5 million.

3/5th clause

-founding fathers created the clause at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 -Southern States wanted slavery while other states did not. So the framers created the 3/5th clause to count slaves as 3/5 a person for voting. -Allowed Southern States to get more power in Congress as well as ratify the constitution -South thus has more representation

Four Minute Men

-group of volunteers authorized by the US President Woodrow Wilson, to give four-minute speeches on topics given to them by The Committee on Public Information.

US v. Cruikshank

-he Supreme Court decided United States v. Cruikshank, one of the worst Supreme Court decisions in American history. The Court annulled the convictions of three men growing out of a massacre in Colfax, Louisiana, in which a white mob killed almost 300 African Americans who were defending a local courthouse, many after the freedmen had surrendered.

Social Darwinism

-herbert spencer -1820-1903 -"survival of the fittest" -individualism -People "should be left free to do the most for himself that he can, and should be guaranteed the exclusive enjoyment of all that he does." -Says laissez faire in which everyone should be able to do what they want, btu the government shouldn't provide welfare because it would cause people to be idle and allow unfit people to survive

Jacob Riis

-how the other half lives -photographer who took pictures of immigrants and the lives that they were living

The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862

-legislation authorized two railroad companies, the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific, to construct the lines. Beginning in 1863, the Union Pacific, employing more than 8,000 Irish, German, and Italian immigrants, built west from Omaha, NE; the Central Pacific, whose workforce included over 10,000 Chinese laborers, built eastward from Sacramento, CA. Each company faced unprecedented construction problems—mountains, severe weather, and the hostility of Native Americans. On May 10, 1869, in a ceremony at Promontory, UT, the last rails were laid and the last spike driven. Congress eventually authorized four transcontinental railroads and granted 174 million acres of public lands for rights-of-way.

Wounded Knee

-located on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in southwestern South Dakota,was the site of two conflicts between North American Indians and representatives of the U.S. government. An 1890 massacre left some 15 0Native Americans dead, in what was the final clash between federal troops and the Sioux. In 1973, members of the American Indian Movement occupied Wounded Knee for 71 days to protest conditions on the reservation.

The Boss System

-new political landscape where the official government was supported and manipulated by a shadow government of bosses and associations

Denis Kearney

-one of most important leaders of the anti-Chinese campaign in California -became active in the labor movement, and was known for his impassioned, vitriolic speeches -blamed the owners of large businesses and factories ("Capitalists") and Chinese immigrants for keeping jobs scarce and wages low -Leader of the Workingmen's Party in California during the late 1870's, -The Chinese must go," was Kearney's watchword.

14th Amendment

-passed by Congress in 1866, ratified in 1868 -all people born or naturalized in the US are citizens of the US -no state shall enforce any law that abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of US

15th Amendment

-passed in 1868, ratified in 1869 -the rights of citizens to vote shall not be denied by the US based on one's color, race, or previous condition of servitude

13th Amendement

-passed in Congress 1864, ratified by states in 1865 -says neither slavery or involuntary servitude, except as punishment of a crime, shall exist within the United States or any place subject of their juristiction -Congress can enforce it

Jane Adams

-pioneer social worker in America, as a feminist, and as an internationalist. -Miss Addams and Miss Starr made speeches about the needs of the neighborhood, raised money, convinced young women of well-to-do families to help, took care of children, nursed the sick, listened to outpourings from troubled people. By its second year of existence, Hull-House was host to two thousand people every week

Sub-treasury plan

-plan sought to revolutionize credit and marketing arrangements for staple crops, particularly cotton. A prominent version of the Subtreasury Plan required the federal government to construct warehouses, or subtreasuries, in counties that marketed crops with an annual value of $500,000.

Liberal Republicans

-political party that was organized in Cincinnati in May 1872, to oppose the reelection of President Ulysses S. Grant and his Radical Republican supporters in the presidential election of 1872.

New Nationalism

-political philosophy of Theodore Roosevelt, an espousal of active federal intervention to promote social justice and the economic welfare of the underprivileged; its precepts were strongly influenced by Herbert Croly's The Promise of American Life (1910). -program called for a great increase of federal power to regulate interstate industry and a sweeping program of social reform designed to put human rights above property rights.

Bonus Army

-popular name for an assemblage of some 43,000 marchers—17,000 U.S. World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groups—who gathered in Washington, D.C. in the summer of 1932 to demand cash-payment redemption of their service certificates. Organizers called the demonstrators the "Bonus Expeditionary Force", to echo the name of World War I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media referred to them as the "Bonus Army" or "Bonus Marchers". The contingent was led by Walter W. Waters, a former U.S. Army sergeant.

The Election of 1896

-presidential election of November 3, 1896, saw Republican William McKinley defeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered by historians to be one of the most dramatic and complex in American history -McKinley forged a coalition in which businessmen, professionals, skilled factory workers and prosperous farmers were heavily represented; he was strongest in the Northeast, Upper Midwest, and Pacific Coast. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans. He was strongest in the South, rural Midwest, and Rocky Mountain states. -lthough Bryan lost the election, his coalition of "outsiders" would dominate the Democratic Party well into the twentieth century, and would play a crucial role in the liberal economic programs of Presidents Woodrow Wilson, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Lyndon Johnson. McKinley did win, and his policies of promoting pluralism, industrial growth, and the gold standard determined national policies for two decades.

19th Amendment

-prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. It was ratified on August 18, 1920. Until the 1910s, most states disenfranchised women

The Bargain of 1877

-purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. -In exchange for the presidency in 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes agreed to send Union troops back to their barracks and stop meddling in the South's affairs. -Both parties also agreed on civil service reform in which no government job seeker would get special favors based on knowing someone in the government. Only qualified applicants should get jobs, they agreed.

William Allen White

-renowned American newspaper editor, politician, author, and leader of the Progressive movement. Between 1896 and his death, White became the iconic spokesman for middle America.

first 100 days

-sample of the first 100 days of a first term presidency of a President of the United States. It is used to measure the successes and accomplishments of a president during the time that their power and influence is at its greatest.[1] The term was coined in a July 24, 1933, radio address by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, although he was referring to the 100-day session of the 73rd United States Congress between March 9 and June 17, rather than the first 100 days of his administration.[1] [2]

Redemption

-the action of regaining or gaining possession of something in exchange for payment, or clearing a debt.

Sherman's Special Field Order No. 15

William T. Sherman issued his Special Field Order No. 15, which confiscated as Union property a strip of coastline stretching from Charleston, South Carolina, to the St. John's River in Florida, including Georgia's Sea Islands and the mainland thirty miles in from the coast. The order redistributed the roughly 400,000 acres of land to newly freed black families in forty-acre segments.

Free labor ideology

argued that there was dignity to labor -free labor provides opportunity, equality, economic mobility, independence -in short, freedom -anti-slavery expansion policy -Yet this anti-slavery political position was also racist because many Northerns did not want slavery to expand because they did not want to live around slaves. Therefore, many northerns held a racist anti-slavery platform

League of Nations

-1920 -League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes. -two main reasons that the United States did not join the League of Nations are because: 1. Woodrow Wilson, a Democrat, believed that he did not need to bring anyone from the Senate, which was Republican (led by Republican Henry Cabot Lodge), to the Paris Peace Conference with him. - League of Nations was designed to enforce the Treaty of Versailles and the other peace agreements that concluded World War I. It was intended to replace secret deals and war, as means for settling international disputes, with open diplomacy and peaceful mediation.

Spanish-American War

-1898 -conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America. -war originated in the Cuban struggle for independence from Spain, which began in February 1895. -victorious United States, on the other hand, emerged from the war a world power with far-flung overseas possessions and a new stake in international politics that would soon lead it to play a determining role in the affairs of Europe.

Dunning School

-1900-1960 -argues Presdient Johnson tried to carry out a manigmous policy of reconstruction -Radical Republican intervened that was vindictive, hateful, and gave unprepared black voting power which created a big mess of state debts -Redeemers took over and restored order -experience created legacy of racial bitterness

Muller v. Oregon

-1908 -Louis Brandeis was the lawyer for Oregon laundry worker Emma Gotcher. - used over one hundred scientific and social scientific facts and statistics from doctors, health officials, and factory inspectors, to argue that long working hours harmed women's health and that a limit on hours for women was necessary for their welfare, their children's welfare, and the public welfare.

Espionage Act

-1917 is a United States federal law passed on June 15, 1917, shortly after the U.S. entry into World War I. It has been amended numerous times over the years. It was originally found in Title 50 of the U.S. Code (War) but is now found under Title 18, Crime. -aw was extended on May 16, 1918, by the Sedition Act of 1918, actually a set of amendments to the Espionage Act, which prohibited many forms of speech, including "any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of government of the United States ... or the flag of the United States

Theodore Roosevelt

-26th president of the United States in September 1901 -Roosevelt confronted the bitter struggle between management and labor head-on and became known as the great "trust buster" for his strenuous efforts to break up industrial combinations under the Sherman Antitrust Act. He was also a dedicated conservationist, setting aside some 200 million acres for national forests, reserves and wildlife refuges during his presidency.

Philippine War

-After its defeat in the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. On February 4, 1899, just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, fighting broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers. The ensuing Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease.

Presidential Reconstruction

-President Andrew Johnson believed the Southern states should decide the course that was best for them. He also felt that African-Americans were unable to manage their own lives. -gave amnesty and pardon. He returned all property, except, of course, their slaves, to former Confederates who pledged loyalty to the Union and agreed to support the 13th Amendment. -Confederate officials and owners of large taxable estates were required to apply individually for a Presidential pardon. Many former Confederate leaders were soon returned to power. And some even sought to regain their Congressional seniority. -Johnson's vision of Reconstruction had proved remarkably lenient

Roosevelt Corollary

-President Theodore Roosevelt's assertive approach to Latin America and the Caribbean has often been characterized as the "Big Stick," and his policy came to be known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. -sked that Europeans not increase their influence or recolonize any part of the Western Hemisphere) -Roosevelt Corollary of December 1904 stated that the United States would intervene as a last resort to ensure that other nations in the Western Hemisphere fulfilled their obligations to international creditors, and did not violate the rights of the United States or invite "foreign aggression to the detriment of the entire body of American nations."

Election of 1912

-President William Howard Taft was renominated by the Republican Party with the support of the conservative wing of the party. After former President Theodore Roosevelt failed to receive the Republican nomination, he called his own convention and created the Progressive Party (nicknamed the "Bull Moose Party"). It nominated Roosevelt and ran candidates for other offices in major states. Democrat Woodrow Wilson was nominated on the 46th ballot of a contentious convention, thanks to the support of William Jennings Bryan, -Wilson defeated both Taft and Roosevelt in the general election, winning a huge majority in the Electoral College -he last election in which a candidate who was not a Republican or Democrat came second in either the popular vote or the Electoral College and the first election where the 48 states of the continental United States participated

Pullman Strike of 1984

-Pullman car company -People had to live in Pullman which had houses for them -Eugene Debs -low wages, high rent

Radical reconstruction

-Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War. -REPRESENTATIVE THADDEUS STEVENS and Massachusetts SENATOR CHARLES SUMNER vigorously opposed Andrew Johnson's lenient policies -sweeping Republican victory in the North, and providing the Radical Republicans with sufficient control of Congress to override Johnson's vetoes and commence their own "Radical Reconstruction" in 1867.

Queen Lili'uokalani

-ast sovereign of the Kamehameha dynasty, which had ruled a unified Hawaiian kingdom since 1810. -When Liliuokalani acted to restore these powers, a U.S. military-backed coup deposed her in 1893 and formed a provisional government; Hawaii was declared a republic in 1894. Liliuokalani signed a formal abdication in 1895 but continued to appeal to U.S. President Grover Cleveland for reinstatement, without success. The United States annexed Hawaii in 1898.

Victorian character

-believed in self control -delayed gratification -dependeable, punctual, orderly -sober -family oriented -anxious for self-improvement -patriotic -middle class native born americans -protestant -dominant in America based on beliefs and institutional nomination -late 1800's to early 1900's

People's Party Platform of 1892

-called for the abolition of national banks, a graduated income tax, direct election of Senators, civil service reform, a working day of eight hours and Government control of all railroads, telegraphs, and telephones.

Armistice Day

-commemorated every year on 11 November to mark the armistice signed between the Allies of World War I and Germany at Compiègne, France, for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front of World War I, which took effect at eleven o'clock in the morning—the "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month" of 1918. The date was declared a national holiday in many allied nations, and coincides with Remembrance Day and Veterans Day, public holidays.

Margaret Sanger

-created the idea of birth control and sex education advocate -1879-1966

Cult of True Womanhood

-early 1900s - Victorian ideal -Why women should not work, according to Victorians. 1) Working women can't take care of their kids as well, therefore working was seen as an attack by women on the home and institution of marriage. 2) Women don't need to work and only did so to earn fancy wardrobes. 3) Women brought down the wages of me

Abraham Lincoln

-elected 16th president in 1860 -during this time, southern states are seceding from the Union due to the Kansas Nebraska Act -inagurated in 1861

Sedition Act

-enacted May 16, 1918) was an Act of the United States Congress that extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech and the expression of opinion that cast the government or the war effort in a negative light or interfered ...

Freedmen's Bureau

-federal agency created after the war -Oliver O. Howard was commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau -helped with labor relations, education, healthcare, equal treatment in court, poor relief, and elderly care -didn't pass by 1 vote, so it was vetoed

New Freedom

-first two comprise the campaign speeches and promises of Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 presidential campaign calling for limited government, and Wilson's 1913 book of the same name -New Freedom sought to achieve this vision by attacking what Wilson called the TRIPLE WALL OF PRIVILEGE — the tariff, the banks, and the trusts.

Palmer Raids

- a series of raids conducted by the United States Department of Justice to capture, arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States. The raids and arrests occurred in November 1919 and January 1920 under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer.

Sharecropping

- croppers can have ½ of the cotton, corn, and fodder (and peas and pumpkins and potatoes if any are planted) if the following conditions are complied with, but if not they are to have only 2/5ths -had to follow rules of the cropper through the "Sharecropper contract"

17th Amendment

- established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states. The amendment supersedes Article I, §3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures.

Producerism

- ideology which holds that those members of society engaged in the production of tangible wealth are of greater benefit to society than, for example, aristocrats who inherit their wealth and station.

Randolph Bourne

- progressive writer and "leftist intellectual"[1] born in Bloomfield, New Jersey, and a graduate of Columbia University. Bourne is best known for his essays, especially his unfinished work "The State," discovered after his death. -Bourne rejects the melting-pot theory and does not see immigrants assimilating easily to another culture.[4]:248 Bourne's view of nationality was related to the connection between a person and their "spiritual country",[5]:76 that is, their culture. He argued that people would most often hold tightly to the literature and culture of their native country even if they lived in another. He also believed this was true for the many immigrants to the United States. Therefore, Bourne could not see immigrants from all different parts of the world assimilating to the Anglo-Saxon traditions, which were viewed as American traditions.

Florence Kelley

- social and political reformer. Her work against sweatshops, and for the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays, and children's rights is widely regarded today.

Jim Crow Laws

- state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965. -examples: segregated neighborhoods, hotels, restaurants, etc. -also white nurses couldn't help black patients

Lynnching

-(of a mob) kill (someone), especially by hanging, for an alleged offense with or without a legal trial.

Frederick Jackson Turner

-1861-1932 -american historian of "the frontier thesis" -proposed that the distinctiveness of the United States was attributable to its long history of "westering." - American character was decisively shaped by conditions on the frontier, in particular the abundance of free land, the settling of which engendered such traits as self-reliance, individualism, inventiveness, restless energy, mobility, materialism, and optimism

Black Codes

-1865-1866 -state laws that help re-establish slavery -did things such as force freed slaves to sign yearly labor contracts, didn't allow blacks on juries, limited the occupations blacks could hold, blacks could not acquire land

Haymarket Incident

-1866 -Knigths of labor come crashing down during this event - aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

-1882 - 1907, Japan and the United States agreed to the "Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907" in which the US would not officially ban Japanese immigration and instead Japanese officials would restrict immigration to the US on its own. - background was Nativism and anti-Japanese sentiment in the US, especially in California.

Ida B. Wells

-1884 - right to travel in the ladies railroad car for which she had a ticket. When the conductor tried to remove her, and grabbed her by the arm, she bite him, after which time two men dragged her out of the train. -Wells sued but lost after an appeal. - Civil Rights Cases had been decided in 1883. -Middle class Americans disliked Wells

Plessy v. Ferguson

-1896 U.S. Supreme Court case upheld the constitutionality of segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. It stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African-American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a Jim Crow car, breaking a Louisiana law. Rejecting Plessy's argument that his constitutional rights were violated, the Court ruled that a state law that "implies merely a legal distinction" between whites and blacks did not conflict with the 13th and14th Amendments. Restrictive legislation based on race continued following the Plessy decision, its reasoning not overturned until Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954.

Lochner v. New York

-1897, the state of New York passed the Bakeshop Act -- a so-called "labor law" -- one section of which provided that "no employee shall be ... permitted to work in a biscuit, bread, or cake bakery or confectionery establishment more than sixty hours in any one week. -Joseph Lochner, who owned Lochner's Home Bakery in Utica, was fined $50 for allowing an employee to work more than 60 hours in a week. Lochner was sentenced to incarceration in a county jail until he paid the fine or, if he didn't pay, for 50 days. Lochner appealed his conviction up to the New York Court of Appeals (New York State's highest court), which affirmed his sentence. Claiming the labor law was unconstitutional, Lochner appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. -Supreme Court, in a 5-4 decision written by Justice Rufus Peckham, held that the act was unconstitutional and that the conviction of Lochner must be reversed.

In re Debs

-After the Pullman Palace Car Company, led by George M. Pullman, cut the wages of its workers by 25 percent (in response to the depression of 1893), about 3,000 workers, organized in the American Railroad Union (ARU), walked off the job. An effective nationwide boycott of Pullman cars by ARU members was organized by the union to support the strike. -July 7, at the height of the violence, federal officers arrested Debs and four other ARU leaders, releasing them on $10,000 bond. They were accused of being in contempt of court for violating the terms of the injunction by continuing to interfere with the railroads. -would face two trials, one in civil court for failing to obey the injunction and the other in criminal court for criminal conspiracy. -contributed to a widely held belief that the Supreme Court was simply a tool of the wealthy and big business. The effects of the Debs case lingered: for the next 40 years business interests hostile to labour unions found the courts willing partners in suppressing strikes through injunction.

The Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907

-Agreement between the United States and Japan in 1907-1908 represented an effort by President Theodore Roosevelt to calm growing tension between the two countries over the immigration of Japanese workers. A treaty with Japan in 1894 had assured free immigration, but as the number of Japanese workers in California increased, they were met with growing hostility.

Frederick W. Taylor

-American inventor and engineer who is known as the father of scientific management. His system of industrial management has influenced the development of virtually every country enjoying the benefits of modern industry. -He served a long list of prominent firms ending with the Bethlehem Steel Corporation; while at Bethlehem, he developed high-speed steel and performed notable experiments in shoveling and pig-iron handling.

Alfred T. Mahan

-American naval officer and historian who was a highly influential exponent of sea power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. -Mahan stressed the interdependence of the military and commercial control of the sea and asserted that the control of seaborne commerce can determine the outcome of wars.

Booker T. Washington

-Born a slave on a Virginia farm, Washington (1856-1915) rose to become one of the most influential African-American intellectuals of the late 19th century -founded the Tuskegee Institute, a school for African Americans -served as an adviser to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. Although Washington clashed with other black leaders such as W. E. B. Du Bois and drew ire for his seeming acceptance of segregation, he is recognized for his educational advancements and attempts to promote economic self-reliance among African Americans.

Eugenics

-Dr. Harry Sharp: Advocated forced sterilization and performed hundreds of serilizations -occurred in Indiana to have a single race that was believed to be the "fittest" for human survival -Indiana Govenor James Frank -Carrie Buck (1906-1983): was sterilized after getting pregnant at a young age. Sued because she was sterilized without her consent

Edward Bellamy

-Edward Bellamy was an American author and socialist, most famous for his utopian novel, Looking Backward, a tale set in the distant future of the year 2000.

Johnson-Reed Immigration Act

-Immigration Act of 1924 limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census. It completely excluded immigrants from Asia.

Emancipation Proclomation

-Jan. 1, 1863 -issued by Abraham Lincoln -all slaves in the rebellious states "shall be then, henceforward, and forever free." - did not free a single slave, but important turning point in the war

Eugene Debs

-Labor organizer and socialist leader -Debs organized the American Railway Union, which waged a strike against the Pullman Company of Chicago in 1894. -embracing socialism, he became the party's standard-bearer in five presidential elections. Late in life, Debs was sentenced to 10 years in prison for his opposition to the United States' involvement in World War II. -resisted the industrial organization implicit in the efforts of the Knights of Labor and ordered his members to report to work during the Knights' 1885 strike against the southwestern railroads.

Marcus Garvey

-Marcus Garvey was a proponent of the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, inspiring the Nation of Islam and the Rastafarian movement.

Muckrakers

-Name given to US journalists and other writers who exposed corruption in politics and business in the early 20th century. The term was first used by Theodore Roosevelt in 1906.

No Conscription League

-No Conscription League in the United States was founded by anarchist Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman in 1917 in response to the draft in World War I. The draft was enforced by the Selective Service Act of 1917, which granted the federal government the right to raise a national army. The league viewed the draft as a destroyer of the freedom to ethical and political choice granted by the constitution of the United States. The members of the league strongly opposed government enforced conscription; -No Conscription League manifesto. This document goes into great detail about the freedoms of Americans, and how the government was oppressing citizens' certain unalienable rights. Goldman urges the nation for support and promotes the need to protect and fight for one's liberty as a citizen -mass number of publications of the manifesto, the government retaliated against people who were in opposition to the draft. Anti-draft meetings were forbidden, and those speaking out against the draft were to be arrested. In response to the June 4, 1917 mass meeting, Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman were arrested with bail set at 25,000 dollars each.

Stock Market Crash of 1929

-On October 29, 1929, Black Tuesday hit Wall Street as investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors. -production had already declined and unemployment had risen, leaving stocks in great excess of their real value. Among the other causes of the eventual market collapse were low wages, the proliferation of debt, a struggling agricultural sector and an excess of large bank loans that could not be liquidated. -Overall, however, prices continued to drop as the United States slumped into the Great Depression,

Atlanta Compromise

-September 18, 1895, the African American educator and leader Booker T. Washington delivered his famous "Atlanta Compromise" speech at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta. -Washington's speech responded to the "Negro problem"—the question of what to do about the abysmal social and economic conditions of blacks and the relationship between blacks and whites in the economically shifting South. - The speech detailed Washington's accommodationist strategy of achieving racial equality, primarily through vocational training for African Americans. - Washington promised his audience that he would encourage blacks to become proficient in agriculture, mechanics, commerce, and domestic service, and to encourage them to "dignify and glorify common labour." -Steeped in the ideals of the Protestant work ethic, he assured whites that blacks were loyal people who believed they would prosper in proportion to their hard work. Agitation for social equality, Washington argued, was but folly, and most blacks realized the privileges that would come from "constant struggle rather than of artificial forcing."

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

-They kept cutting wages as the depression went on, actually 3 times, so about a 20% wage cut -Demanding more work for lesspay -In amrtinsberg west Virginia, the workers just walk off the job -The news spreads and other begin to walk off the job -State militia get involved -People are getting to the point of some revolutionary action -Militia was called out and the miltia starts shooting when the workers walk forward and they some of them are killed. The strikers than get pissed and go on rampage -Worst aspect of the strike was killing 20 people and the workers go on a riot and ruin 20 million dollars worth of stuff -Strike subsides after 45 days

Carlisle School

-United States Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, generally known as Carlisle Indian Industrial School, was the flagship Indian boarding school in the United States from 1879 through 1918. - first federally funded off-reservation Indian boarding school. It was founded on the principle that Native Americans were the equals of European-Americans, and that Native American children immersed in mainstream Euro-American culture would learn skills to advance in society.

W.E.B Du Bois

-William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois (1868-1963) was was a leading African-American sociologist, writer and activist. Educated at Harvard University and other top schools -was a founding officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) -Above all Du Bois sought to place African-American experience in its world historical context. Out of this mix evolved his dual projects of building an African socialism and publishing a unifying work of scholarship on the African diaspora.

US v. Bhagat Singh Thind

-a case in which the United States Supreme Court unanimously decided that Bhagat Singh Thind, an Indian Sikh man who identified himself as a "high caste Hindu, of full Indian blood," was racially ineligible for naturalized citizenship in the United States. In 1919, Thind filed a petition for naturalization under the Naturalization Act of 1906 which allowed only "free white persons" and "aliens of African nativity and persons of African descent" to become United States citizens by naturalization. -petition was granted, Government attorneys initiated a proceeding to cancel Thind's naturalization and a trial followed in which the Government presented evidence of Thind's political activities as a founding member of the Ghadr Party, a violent Indian independence movement headquartered in San Francisco.

Hull House

-a settlement house in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located in the Near West Side of Chicago, Illinois, Hull House opened its doors to recently arrived European immigrants

Coal Strike of 1902

-a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coalfields of eastern Pennsylvania. Miners struck for higher wages, shorter workdays and the recognition of their union. -Roosevelt called in representatives of government, labor, and management. "The ten men met in my room on October 3,"--> did not work -At first, the operators seemed to have won a victory by their recalcitrance. The Governor of Pennsylvania ordered the entire State National Guard to the coalfields. But soldiers don't dig coal. The miners remained on strike, and the operators failed to make good their promise to mine enough coal to meet public needs

Woodrow Wilson

-advocate for democracy and world peace, Wilson is often ranked by historians as one of the nation's greatest presidents. -pursued an ambitious agenda of progressive reform that included the establishment of the Federal Reserve and Federal Trade Commission. Wilson tried to keep the United States neutral during World War I but ultimately called on Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917. After the war, he helped negotiate a peace treaty that included a plan for the League of Nations. Although the Senate rejected U.S. membership in the League, Wilson received the Nobel Prize for his peacemaking efforts.

Committee on Public Information

-also known as the CPI or the Creel Committee, was an independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War I.

National Reclamation Act of 1902

-also known as the Lowlands Reclamation Act or National Reclamation Act) of 1902 (Pub.L. 57-161) is a United States federal law that funded irrigation projects for the arid lands of 20 states in the American West.

The Peoples Party

-also known as the populist party -1892-1896 -represent the common folk—especially farmers—against the entrenched interests of railroads, bankers, processers, corporations, and the politicians in league with such interests. -1892 in North Carolina, Populists adopting a "Fusion" strategy of teaming up with Republicans, together defeated many Democrat opponents and took control of both house of the state legislature. -party's platform, commonly known as the Omaha Platform

Robert La Follette, Sr.

-an American Republican politician. He served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, was the Governor of Wisconsin, and was a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin from 1906 to 1925 -proponent of progressivism and a fierce opponent to corporate power.

Carrie Buck

-as the plaintiff in the United States Supreme Court case Buck v. Bell, after having been ordered to undergo compulsory sterilization for purportedly being "feeble-minded." -In Indiana where she was sterilized against her will because she was raped and had a child

Great Migration

-the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970. -Driven from their homes by unsatisfactory economic opportunities and harsh segregationist laws, many blacks headed north, where they took advantage of the need for industrial workers that first arose during the First World War. As Chicago, New York and other cities saw their black populations expand exponentially, migrants were forced to deal with poor working conditions and competition for living space, as well as widespread racism and prejudice. During the Great Migration, African Americans began to build a new place for themselves in public life, actively confronting economic, political and social challenges and creating a new black urban culture that would exert enormous influence in the decades to come.

Harlem Renaissance

-the name given to the cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the end of World War I and the middle of the 1930s. During this period Harlem was a cultural center, drawing black writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars.

Welfare Capitalism

-the practice of businesses providing welfare services to their employees. Welfare capitalism in this second sense, or industrial paternalism, was centered on industries that employed skilled labor and peaked in the mid-20th century.

Election of 1916

-took place while Europe was embroiled in World War I. Public sentiment in the still neutral United States leaned towards the British and French (allied) forces, due to the harsh treatment of civilians by the German Army, which had invaded and occupied large parts of Belgium and northern France. However, despite their sympathy with the allied forces most American voters wanted to avoid involvement in the war, and preferred to continue a policy of neutrality. The campaign pitted incumbent President Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic candidate, against Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes, the Republican candidate. After a hard-fought contest, Wilson defeated Hughes by a narrow margin. Wilson was helped by his campaign slogan "He kept us out of war".

Liberty Bonds

-war bond that was sold in the United States to support the allied cause in World War I. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial securities to many citizens for the first time.

Emilio Aguinaldo

-was a Filipino revolutionary, politician, and a military leader who is officially recognized as the First President of the Philippines and first president of a constitutional republic in Asia.

Dawes Act

1887 -Massachusetts Senator Henry L. Dawes - federal law intended to turn Native Americans into farmers and landowners by providing cooperating families with 160 acres of reservation land for farming or 320 acres for grazing. -authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. -helped to reduce the tribes' ability to live in their traditional ways.