HISTORY 1302

Working Women

(1800s) since men didn't like working in factories many women worked in factories as well as taking care of the house and children, they got paid a fraction of what men were getting paid for the same job

Sweatshops

(1830-1850) workers work long hours with little pay in dangerous working conditions, later caused may labor laws, including minimum wage laws, child labor laws, ect.

John B Rayner

(1850-1918) John Baptist Rayner was born a slave in North Carolina to mixed race parents Kenneth Rayner and Mary Hicks in 1850.After college, he moved to Tarboro, North Carolina, where he taught and served in several public offices. He defected from the Republican Party in 1892 to join the newly formed Populist Party, and emerged soon after as one of the party's most active black spokesmen.

The Anti Imperialist League of America

(1898-1921) diverse group formed in order to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines. It included university presidents, industrialists, clergymen, and labor leaders. Strongest in the Northeast, the Anti-imperialist League was the largest lobbying organization on a U.S. foreign-policy issue until the end of the nineteenth century. It declined in strength after the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (which approved the annexation of the Philippines), and especially after hostilities broke out between Filipino nationalists and American forces

The Treaty of Portsmouth

(1905) ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). It was signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). Japan had dominated the war and received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more.

Mugwumps

(Elitist and conservative reformers who favored sound money and limited government and opposed tariffs and the spoils system.) The Mugwumps were Republican political activists who bolted from the United States Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884. During the Third Party System, party loyalty was in high regard and independents were rare. Mugwumps were Republicans who supported Democratic presidential candidate Grover Cleveland in 1884 because they viewed their own party's candidate, James G. Blaine, as corrupt

Monopoly Capitalism

A capitalist system typified by trade monopolies in the hands of a few people. One corporation/group controls an entire market in a region without competition. Used by Rockefeller to control the oil business. Companies are allowed to set prices at whatever they want and the consumer only has that one option for that item.

Thomas Edison

A deaf Edison invented the phonograph and by 1900 it was used in over 150,000 homes. His invention made going to the symphony obsolete. He also invented the light bulb. This invention changed the way of life for thousands of Americans.

Booker T. Washington

A former slave. Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights. Washington also stated in his famous "Atlanta Compromise" speech in 1895 that blacks had to accept segregation in the short term as they focused on economic gain to achieve political equality in the future. Served as important role models for later leaders of the civil rights movement.

The 10th US Calvary

10th Cavalry Regiment is a unit of the United States Army. Formed as a segregated African-American unit

The Gospel of Wealth

1889 Who: Andrew Carnegie and rich business men What: It was the belief that the rich had a responsibility to spend their money to benefit the greater good and that they needed to give back to the poor in some way. The Gospel of Wealth was based on two dangerous assumptions: if you work hard enough you will get rich; if you are not rich there is something wrong with you. Where: Primarily in the North Why: Carnegie disapproved of charitable giving that merely maintained the poor in their impoverished state, and urged a movement toward the creation of a new mode of giving which would create opportunities for the beneficiaries of the gift to better themselves.

Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

The Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops

Theodore Rosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War.The Roosevelt Corollary (addition to the Monroe Doctrine) said US could act as int'l police in LatAm to protect (you guessed it!) "Am interests" & safety.

Political Machines

A political machine is a political group in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts.

Vertical Integration

A single company owns and controls the entire process from raw materials to the maufacture and sale of the finished product. Andrew Carnegie. A Scottish immigrant who grew to monopolize the steel industry through vertical integration, but eventually sold out to JP Morgan. The Gospel of Wealth.

The Atlanta Compromise

A speech made by Washington in Atlanta that outlined the philosophy that blacks should focus on economic gains, go to school, learn skills, and work their way up the ladder and that Southern whites should help out to create an unresentful people.

Horizontal Integration

A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. Horizontal integration is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth.

The Hay Herran Treaty

A treaty proposed in 1903 between the United States and Colombia over Panama. It was rejected by the Colombian Senate and caused the U.S. to support a bid for the independence for Panama, so that they could build the canal.

Ida B Wells

African-American journalist who was an early leader in the Civil Rights movement. Documented lynching, showing how whites used them to control and punish blacks. Traveled the country, started organizations, and was a well-known speaker and rhetorician.

The McKinley Tariff 1890

After 450 amendments, the Tariff Act of 1890 was passed and increased average duties across all imports from 38% to 49.5%. McKinley was known as the "Napoleon of Protection," and rates were raised on some goods and lowered on others, always in an attempt to protect American manufacturing interests.

The Gentalmens Agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them.

The Open Door Notes

Allowed multiple imperial powers access to China with none of them in control of that country. 1899; Hay dispatched his Open Door note to European powers, which urged them to respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition. All powers already holding spots in China were squeamish, and only Italy, which had no sphere of influence in China, accepted unconditionally. Britain, Germany, France, and Japan all accepted, but only on the condition that the others would acquiesce unconditionally. Russia declined, but Hay still proclaimed that the Open Door was in effect. After the Boxer Rebellion, Hay feared that European powers would carve up China outright, so he announced his 2nd Open Door note which stated that Open Door would embrace the territorial and commercial integrity of China.John Hay's clever diplomatic efforts to preserve Chinese territorial integrity and maintain American access to China.

United States v. E.C. Knight Company

Also known as the Sugar Trust Case in 1895; legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court first interpreted the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. The case began when the E.C. Knight Company gained control of the American Sugar Refining Company, and it limited the government's power to control monopolies.

J. Pierpont Morgan

American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation (late 19th and early 20th centuries.) "Greatest banker"

The Greenback Party

American political party with an anti-monopoly ideology which was active between 1874 and 1889. The party ran candidates in three presidential elections—in the elections of 1876, 1880, and 1884, before fading away.

William Jennings Bryan

An American orator and politician from Nebraska during 1890. Beginning in 1896, he emerged as a dominant force in the Democratic Party, standing three times as the party's nominee for President of the United States. He starred at the 1896 Democratic convention with his Cross of Gold speech that favored free silver, but was defeated in his bid to become U.S. president by William McKinley

Grover Clevelanad

An American politician and lawyer who was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States, the only President in American history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office. He fought political corruption, patronage, and bossism. He was also the only Democratic president to win election during the period of Republican domination of the White House

Working Conditions for Workers

Average weekly wage for a working woman was $5.24, average weekly expenses for women was $5.51. at first it was viewed that women should work in factories that were produced necessities for the household, so women generally were garment manufacturers. Later the number of women in clerical positions grew enormously. Working conditions were poor, workers were prevented from any sort of leisure, and the newly introduced machinery sort of functioned as a metronome for the pace at which the workers must be working. Skilled workers earned $8.37 a week, unskilled workers earned $5.50 a week. Workers in south earned 30pct less than than east and Midwest workers.

Chester A. Arthur

Chester Alan Arthur was an American attorney and politician who served as the 21st President of the United States from 1881 to 1885; he succeeded James A. Garfield upon the latter's assassination. As president from 1881 to 1885, Arthur advocated for civil service reform. A Vermont native, he became active in Republican politics in the 1850s as a New York City lawyer.

Birth of a Nation

Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK. Came out in 1915

Jacob Riis

Danish- American journalist and photographer, one of the muckrackers (wanted to improve conditions in cities)

The Hay Pauncefote Treaty

Diplomatic agreement of 1901 that permitted the United states to build and fortify a Central American canal alone, without British involvement

The Grange Movement

Formally known as the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, the organization was originally a social network. Local branches were called 'Granges' and its members were called 'Grangers.' The Grange's primary target was the monopolistic pricing of the railroads.

Gustavus Swift

He monopolized the meat industry. Swift recognized the importance of keeping meat fresh in transit, and invested in a fleet of refrigerated cars. By 1900, his firms produced almost 90% of the meat shipped in the interstate commerce.

Imperialism

Imperialism is the policy and practice of exploiting nations and peoples for the benefit of an imperial power either directly through military occupation and colonial rule or indirectly through economic domination of resources and markets. An important benefit of imperialism is the development of modern technologies, like steam-powered ships to aid in the expansion of European empires. Due to imperialism, exploration was in the minds of people. Their motive was to explore unknown territory in order to conduct scientific experiments and medical searches.

John D. Rockfeller

In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company; first billionaire. horizontal integration. A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. Horizontal integration is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly.

People's Grocery Incident

In 1892, a man named W.H. Barrett is aggravated by an African American grocery store opened across the street because it was taking away business. after allegedly starting a fight with the white grocery store owners across the street, the black men were arressted and taken to jail. Three of the men were kidnapped from the jail from a mob, and were lynched.

The Hawaiian Revolution

In January 1893, a revolutionary "Committee of Safety," organized by Sanford B. Dole, staged a coup against Queen Liliuokalani with the tacit support of the United States. In other words, Hawaii's monarchy was overthrown when a group of businessmen and sugar planters forced Queen Liliuokalani to abdicate. Two years later, Hawaii was organized into a formal U.S. territory and in 1959 entered the United States as the 50th state.

The Chinese Exclusion Act

It was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provided an absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration.

James A. Garfield

James Abram Garfield was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881, until his assassination later that year. He is the only sitting House member to be elected president. He was assassinated after only a few months in office.

James B Duke

James Buchanan Duke was an American tobacco and electric power industrialist best known for the introduction of modern cigarette manufacture and marketing, and his involvement with Duke University.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government. Between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s

The Teller Amendment

On April 11, 1898 McKinley sent a war message to Congress urging armed intervention to free the oppressed Cubans. This was favorably received by Congress which responded with a declaration of war. The Teller Amendment was an amendment to this declaration which declared that when the United States had overthrown Spanish rule of Cuba it would give the Cubans their freedom.

W.E.B. Dubois

One of Washington's harshest critics, believing that Washington's pacifist plan would only perpetuate the second-class-citizen mindset. He felt that immediate "ceaseless agitation" was the only way to truly attain equal rights. As editor of the black publication "The Crisis," he publicized his disdain for Washington and was instrumental in the creation of the "Niagara Movement," which later became the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). He eventually grew weary of the slow pace of racial equality in the United States and renounced his citizenship and moved to Ghana in 1961, where he died two years later. Served as important role models for later leaders of the civil rights movement.

The Pan American Union

Pan-American Union, Organization formed in 1890 to promote cooperation among the countries of Latin America and the U.S. It was established as the International Union of American Republics. In 1948 it was reconstituted as the Organization of American States. At the first Pan-American conference, which was called by U.S. secretary of state James Blaine in order to reach agreements on various common commercial and juridical problems among the countries of the Americas.

The Sherman Anti-trust Act

Passed in 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was the first major legislation passed to address oppressive business practices associated with cartels and oppressive monopolies. The Sherman Antitrust Act is a federal law prohibiting any contract, trust, or conspiracy in restraint of interstate or foreign trade. It's also known as the "competition law" that was passed by congress under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison.

Patronage

Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that kings, popes, and the wealthy have provided to artists such as musicians, painters, and sculptors.

Mark Hanna

REDO LOOK UP MORE STUFF ABOUT HIM LATER An American businessman and Republican politician, who served as a United States Senator from Ohio as well as chairman of the Republican National Committee. So basically, he was a wealthy Ohio industrialist. Hanna supported McKinley's for high tariffs since "it would revive prosperity that would appeal to workers as well as industry and business". Hanna used the fundings from Eastern financial and business to organize an unprecedented campaign for McKinley. Mark Hanna brought groups of Republicans from all over the country to visit McKinley every day, and McKinley reiterated his simple promise of prosperity.

The New South

Reformers use it to call for a modernization of society and attitudes, to integrate more fully with the United States, and reject the economy and traditions of the Old South and the slavery-based plantation system of the antebellum period. The term was coined by its leading spokesman and Atlanta editor Henry W. Grady. Slogan used after 1877

Andrew Carnegie

Scottish-born industrialist who developed the U.S. steel industry; his is a rags-to-riches story as he made a fortune in business and sold his holdings in 1901 for $447 million. He spent the rest of his life giving away $350 million to worthy cultural and educational causes.

The Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000.

Halfbreeds and Stalwarts

The "Half-Breeds" were a political faction of the United States Republican Party in the late 19th century. ... The Stalwarts were in favor of political machines and spoils system-style patronage, while the Half-Breeds, led by Maine senator James G. Blaine, were in favor of civil service reform and a merit system.

Jacob Coxey

The American reformer and an Ohio businessman, Jacob Coxey, was a well-to-do businessman who, distressed by the economic depression of the 1890s and impelled by the era's reform ideas, led a march of unemployed workers to Washington, D.C., in 1894. Coxey's Army was a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States. The second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time.

The Crime of 1873

The Crime of 1873 refers to the omission of the standard silver dollar from the coinage law of February 12, 1873. Congress had discontinued the minting of silver dollars, even though the gold and silver coinage was the basis of monetary standard of the U.S at the time. As a result of the Coinage Act of 1873 (fourth coinage act), silver was demonetized and gold became the monetary standard. However, this act caused a lot of uproar among many citizens, including miners.

The Southern Farm Alliance

The Farmers' Alliance was an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in 1875. One of the goals of the organization was to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers in the period following the American Civil War.

Grandfather Clauses

The Grandfather Clause was a statute enacted by many American southern states in the wake of Reconstruction (1865-1877) that allowed potential white voters to circumvent literacy tests, poll taxes, and other tactics designed to disenfranchise southern blacks. Poll taxes were used in many southern states after the Reconstruction period to restrict African-American citizens' right to vote. Grandfather clause. A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

The Great Migration

The Great Migration was the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. Until 1910, more than 90 percent of the African-American population lived in the American South.

National Woman Suffrage Association

The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) was formed on May 15, 1869 in New York City. The National Association was created in response to a split in the American Equal Rights Association over whether the women's movement should support the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Mainly it was coordinated to ultimately and successfully campaign to achieve women's right to vote.

The olney Doctrine

The Olney interpretation (also known as the Olney corollary or Olney declaration) was United States Secretary of State Richard Olney's interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine when a border dispute occurred between British Guiana and Venezuela

The Pendalton Act

The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act is a United States federal law, enacted in 1883, which established that positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political affiliation. The Pendleton Act is important because it stopped the appointment of people to governmental offices merely because of their political affiliation or their connection to the president. The Pendleton Act required qualified people to be elected to governmental offices based on the individual's merit.

The Roosvelt Corollary

The Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union address in 1904 after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902-03. The Monroe Doctrine had been sought to prevent European intervention in the Western Hemisphere, but now the Roosevelt Corollary justified American intervention throughout the Western Hemisphere.

The Election of 1896

The United States presidential election of November 3,1896, saw Republican William McKinley defeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered by historians to be one of the most dramatic and complex in American history. Voter turnout was unprecedented, at around eighty percent of the electorate. Bryan carried most states of the predominantly rural South and the mountain West (especially the silver states of the Rocky Mountains).

The Venezuela Boundary Dispute

The Venezuelan Boundary Dispute officially began in 1841, when the Venezuelan Government protested alleged British encroachment on Venezuelan territory. In 1814, Great Britain had acquired British Guiana (now Guyana) by treaty with the Netherlands. The Venezuelan crisis of 1895 occurred over Venezuela's longstanding dispute with the United Kingdom about the territory of Essequibo and Guayana Esequiba, which Britain claimed as part of British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

The Concentration Policy

The concentration policy was a broad term used to describe the many policies, treaties, and systems enacted in an effort to move all of the Native Americans in the east into the west, and then later force them into small, defined reservations throughout the west.

The Range Cattle Frontier

The development of the railroad made it profitable to raise cattle on the Great Plains. In 1860, some five-million longhorn cattle grazed in the Lone Star state. Cattle that could be bought for $3 to $5 a head in Texas could be sold for $30 to $50 at railroad shipping points in Abilene or Dodge City in Kansas.

The Mining Frontier

The discovery of gold in California in 1848 did more than trigger the migration of tens of thousands of people hoping to make their fortune in the mineral‐rich West. It created a body of prospectors willing to go wherever a strike was made.

The Hay Bunae Varilla Treaty

The treaty signed in 1903 with Panama. The United States leased the 10-mile wide canal zone with a down payment of $10 million and an annual payment of $250,000 for ninety-nine years. This enabled the U.S. to build the Panama canal.

The Platt Amendment

This amendment gave the US the right to take over the Island of Cuba if that country entered into a treaty or debt that might place its freedom in danger. This amendment also gave the U.S. the right to put a naval base in Cuba to protect it and the US holdings in the Caribbean. This amendment was resented very much by the Cubans.

The Homestead Act

US federal government gave away 10% of US land away for free. (1862) Any adult who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government, Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship could apply.

The Election of 1884

United States presidential election of 1884, American presidential election held on Nov. 4, 1884, in which Democrat Grover Cleveland defeated Republican James G. Blaine. The election was marked by bitter mudslinging and scandalous accusations that overshadowed substantive issues such as civil service reform.

Phillippe Bunau- Varilla

Varilla- french engineer who advocated an American canal through Panama and helped instigate a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia

Alfred Thayer Mayhan

Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History, which argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance;it stimulated the naval race among the great powers.

William Randolph Hearst

William Randolph Hearst Sr. was an American businessman, politician, and newspaper publisher who built the nation's largest newspaper chain and media company Hearst Communications. Publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst built his media empire after inheriting the San Francisco Examiner from his father. He challenged New York World publisher Joseph Pulitzer by buying the rival New York Journal, earning attention for his "yellow journalism."

Yellow Journalism

Yellow Journalism is a term first coined during the famous newspaper wars between William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer II. Pulitzer's paper the New York World and Hearst's New York Journal changed the content of newspapers adding more sensationalized stories and increasing the use of drawings and cartoons.

George Dewey

a United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines

Tenements

a rundown apartment building, found in England and US. Originally referred to any rented accommodation. The New York State legislature defined it in the Tenement House Act of 1867

The Dawes Severalty Act

adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.

The Trust

an economic method that had other companies assigns their stocks to the board of trust who would manage them. This made the head of the board, or the corporate leader wealthy, and at the same time killed off competitors not in the trust. This method was used/developed by Rockefeller, and helped him become extremely wealthy. It was also used in creating monopolies.

The Filipino American War

armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence and descended into a savage guerrilla war in which the United States ultimately defeated the Philippine rebels.

The Battle of Little Bighorn

armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. The battle, which resulted in the defeat of US forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876

The Great Uprising (1877)

b&o railroads cut wages for the 3 time in 1 year, workers go on strike (100 casualties)

The Treaty of Paris of 1899

concluded the Spanish American War; Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostility; from the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines; Cuba was freed from Spain

Tom Watson

elected to the U.S congress, became known as a champion of Georgia's farmers, and he sponsored and pushed through a law providing for RFD-rural free delivery

The Interstate Commerce Act

established the federal government's right to oversee railroad activities required railroads to public their rate schedules and file them with the government

La Gorras Blanca

group active in the New Mexico Territory and American Southwest in the late 1880s and early 1890s, in response to Anglo-American squatters. Founded in April 1889 by brothers Juan Jose, Pablo, and Nicanor Herrera, with support from vecinos in the New Mexico Territory

The Knights of Labor

largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. The Knights started as a secret society with many elaborate rituals. By 1878 they became more of an open group. They greatly expanded their membership in the 1880s.

The Sand Creek Massacare

massacre in the American Indian Wars that occurred on November 29, 1864, when a 675-man force of Colorado U.S. Volunteer Cavalry[3] under the command of U.S. Army Colonel John Chivington attacked and destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho in southeastern Colorado Territory,[4] killing and mutilating an estimated 70-163 Native Americans, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.

New Immigration

no advantages, came from Italy, Russian Jews, Poland, Chinese. Moved in cities (caused growth in cities ) 1905 a million immigrants came to the us, created communities.

John Smith Pemberton

was Georgia pharmacist John Stith Pemberton sold the first glass of his newly concocted drink in Atlanta's Jacobs Pharmacy in 1886. The drink would become world-famous as Coca-Cola.John Stith Pembertonthe inventor of the Coca-Cola beverage.

The USS Maine

the battleship sent to Havana to protect Americans and their property; an explosion sank it; killing 260 men

Plessy V. Ferguson

the court case in which the Supreme Court validated the South's segregationist social order; ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional under the "equal protection" clause in the Fourteenth Amendment; in reality the quality of African American life was grotesquely unequal to that of whites 1896

The Solid South

the one-party (Democratic) political system that dominated the south from the 1890s to the 1950

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

The Populist Party

was a revolt by farmers in the South and Midwest against the Democratic and Republican Parties for ignoring their interests and difficulties. For over a decade, farmers were suffering from crop failures, falling prices, poor marketing, and lack of credit facilities. party adopted a platform calling for free coinage of silver, abolition of national banks, a subtreasury scheme or some similar system, a graduated income tax, plenty of paper money, government ownership of all forms of transportation and communication, election of Senators by direct vote of the people. 1892 in Nebraska.

Eugene Debs

was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States

The Omaha Platform

was the party program adopted at the formative convention of the Populist (or People's) Party held in Omaha, Nebraska on July 4, 1892. Although historians often speak of a "Populist movement" in the 1880s, it wasn't until 1892 that the People's or Populist Party was formally organized. The Omaha Platform, adopted by the founding convention of the party on July 4, 1892, set out the basic tenets of the Populist movement.

Horatio Alger

writer of the rag to riches stories and effected America in gilded era. (late 19 century)