History 1302 Exam 2

Panama Canal.

1. Early treaties with Colombia and stalled canal efforts a. Panama was initially part of Colombia 2. Hay Herrán Treaty (1903) negotiated to give U.S. rights to build a canal a. U.S. Senate ratifies but Colombian Senate rejects b. U.S. lends support to a rebellion against Colombia in Panama c. Independent Panama gives U.S. rights to build a canal (1) Panama Canal opened in 1914

Civil Liberties.

1. Public opinion, aroused to promote war, turned to "Americanism" and witch-hunting 2. Espionage and Sedition Acts a. More than 1,000 convictions b. In Schenck v. United States and Abrams v. United States, Supreme Court upheld acts

Boxer Rebellion 1900

1. Rebellion against foreign encroachments in China 2. International expedition including U.S. intervened and quelled rebellion

Election of 1916

1. Republicans nominated Charles Evans Hughes 2. Democrats nominated Wilson again 3. Wilson campaigned on peace and a progressive platform 4. Hughes was ambiguous on foreign policy and behind Wilson on social issues 5. Wilson won in close race

Russo- Japanese War

1. Sparked by Russo-Japanese rivalry over ambitions in China and Korea 2. Theodore Roosevelt helped negotiate the peace settlement, Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) 3. Russia forced to make many concessions to Japan a. Russians ceded dominance in Korea to Japan

Women's Employment and Activism.

1869, national American Women sufrage was created: Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Katie Stanton, Catt

U-Boat

A military submarine operated by the German government in the First World War, used to attack enemy merchant ships in war zone waters. The sinking of the ocean liner Lusitania by a German submarine caused a public outcry in America, which contributed to the demands to expand the United States' military.

Industrial War

A new concept of war enabled by industrialization that developed from the early 1800s through the Atomic Age. New technologies, including automatic weaponry, forms of transportation like the railroad and airplane, and communication technologies such as the telegraph and telephone, enabled nations to equip large, mass-conscripted armies with chemical and automatic weapons to decimate opposing armies in a "total war."

Jazz Age

A term coined by F. Scott Fitzgerald to characterize the spirit of rebellion and spontaneity that spread among young Americans during the 1920s, epitomized by the emergence of jazz music and the popularity of carefree, improvisational dances, such as the Charleston and the Black Bottom.

yellow journalism

A type of journalism, epitomized in the 1890s by the newspaper empires of William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, that intentionally manipulates public opinion through sensational headlines about both real and invented events.

Harlem Renaissance.

African American literary and artistic movement of the 1920s and 1930s centered in New York City's Harlem district; writers Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Zora Neale Hurston, and Countee Cullen were among those active in the movement.

Food Administration

After America's entry into World War I, the economy of the home front needed to be reorganized to provide the most efficient means of conducting the war. The Food Administration was a part of this effort. Under the leadership of Herbert Hoover, the organization sought to increase agricultural production while reducing civilian consumption of foodstuffs.

John J. Pershing.

After Pancho Villa had conducted several raids into Texas and New Mexico, President Woodrow Wilson sent troops under the command of General __ into Mexico to stop Villa. However, after a year of chasing Villa and not being able to catch him, they returned to the United States. During the First World War, commanded the first contingent of U.S. soldiers sent to Europe and advised the War Department to send additional American forces.

Great Migration.

After World War II, rural southern blacks began moving to the urban North and Midwest in large numbers in search of better jobs, housing, and greater social equality. The massive influx of African American migrants overwhelmed the resources of urban governments and sparked racial conflicts. In order to cope with the new migrants and alleviate racial tension, cities constructed massive public-housing projects that segregated African Americans into overcrowded and poor neighborhoods.

Alfred Thayer Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783

Alfred Thayer Mahan was an advocate for sea power and Western imperialism. In 1890, he published The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 in which he argued that a nation's greatness and prosperity comes from maritime power. He believed that America's "destiny" was to control the Caribbean, build the Panama Canal, and spread Western civilization across the Pacific.

Social Justice Movement.

An important part of the Progressive's agenda, ___ sought to solve social problems through reform and regulation. Methods used to bring about this ranged from the founding of charities to the legislation of a ban on child labor. (many middle class women were leading this)

Nativism.

Anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic feeling in the 1830s through the 1850s; the largest group was New York's Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, which expanded into the American, or Know-Nothing, party in 1854. In the 1920, there was a surge in nativism as Americans grew to fear immigrants who might be political radicals. In response, new strict immigration regulations were established.

Fundamentalism

Anti-modernist Protestant movement started in the early twentieth century that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible; the name came from The Fundamentals, published by conservative leaders.

Margaret Sanger

As a birth-control activist, she worked to distribute birth control information to working-class women and opened the nation's first family-planning clinic in 1916. She organized the American Birth Control League, which eventually changed its name to Planned Parenthood.

Reparations

As a part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was required to confess its responsibility for the First World War and make payments to the victors for the entire expense of the war. These two requirements created a deep bitterness among Germans.

Modernism.

As both a mood and movement, modernism recognized that Western civilization had entered an era of change. Traditional ways of thinking and creating art were being rejected and replaced with new understandings and forms of expression.

Theodore Roosevelt

As the assistant secretary of the navy, he supported expansionism, American imperialism and war with Spain. He led the First Volunteer Cavalry, or Rough Riders, in Cuba during the war of 1898 and used the notoriety of this military campaign for political gain. As President McKinley's vice president, he succeeded McKinley after his assassination. His forceful foreign policy became known as "big stick diplomacy." Domestically, his policies on natural resources helped start the conversation movement. Unable to win the Republican nomination for president in 1912, he formed his own party of progressive Republicans called the "Bull Moose" party.

A. Mitchell Palmer

As the attorney general, he played an active role in government's response to the Red Scare. After several bombings across America, including one at Palmer's home, he and other Americans became convinced that there was a well-organized Communist terror campaign at work. The federal government launched a campaign of raids, deportations, and collecting files on radical individuals.

Gifford Pinchot.

As the head of the Division of Forestry, he implemented a conservation policy that entailed the scientific management of natural resources to serve the public interest. His work helped start the conservation movement. In 1910, he exposed to the public the decision of Richard A. Ballinger's, President Taft's secretary of the interior, to open up previously protected land for commercial use. Pinchot was fired, but the damage to Taft's public image resulted in the loss of many pro-Taft candidates in 1910 congressional election. First forester in the US, close friend of Roosevelt.

Florence Kelley

As the head of the National Consumer's League, she led the crusade to promote state laws to regulate the number of working hours imposed on women who were wives and mothers. on Chid labor was their speciality.

Federal Reserve Act

Created 12 regional banks and gave fed reserve system power to control money supply

Jane Addams

Created the Hull house settlement House: As the leader of one of the best known settlement houses, she rejected the "do-goodism" spirit of religious reformers. Instead, she focused on solving the practical problems of the poor and tried to avoid the assumption that she and other social workers knew what was best for poor immigrants. She established child care for working mothers, health clinics, job training, and other social programs. She was also active in the peace movement and was awarded the Noble Peace Prize in 1931 for her work on its behalf.

First Red Scare.

Fear among many Americans after the First World War of Communists in particular and noncitizens in general, a reaction to the Russian Revolution, mail bombs, strikes, and riots.

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Committee on Public Information

During the First World War, this committee produced war propaganda that conveyed the Allies' war aims to Americans as well as attempted to weaken the enemy's morale

Robert M. La Follette.

Governor of Wisconsin and later the Senator, led alot of reform in Wisconsin

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote.

George Creel

He convinced President Woodrow Wilson that the best approach to influencing public opinion was through propaganda rather than censorship. As the executive head of the Committee on Public Information, he produced propaganda that conveyed the Allies' war aims.

Emilio Aguinaldo

He was a leader in Filipino struggle for independence. During the war of 1898, Commodore George Dewey brought Aguinaldo back to the Philippines from exile to help fight the Spanish. However, after the Spanish surrendered to Americans, America annexed the Philippines and Aguinaldo fought against the American military until he was captured in 1901.

Henry Cabot Lodge

He was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee who favored limiting America's involvement in the League of Nations' covenant and sought to amend the Treaty of Versailles.

Sigmund Freud.

He was the founder of psychoanalysis, which suggested that human behavior was motivated by unconscious and irrational forces. By the 1920s, his ideas were being discussed more openly in America.

Marcus Garvey.

He was the leading spokesman for Negro Nationalism, which exalted blackness, black cultural expression, and black exclusiveness. He called upon African Americans to liberate themselves from the surrounding white culture and create their own businesses, cultural centers, and newspapers. He was also the founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association.

Al Capone.

He was the most successful gangster of the Prohibition era whose Chicago-based criminal empire included bootlegging, prostitution, and gambling.

Model T Ford.

Henry Ford developed this model of car so that it was affordable for everyone. Its success led to an increase in the production of automobiles which stimulated other related industries such steel, oil, and rubber. The mass use of automobiles increased the speed goods could be transported, encouraged urban sprawl, and sparked real estate booms in California and Florida. (page 1047)

Dr. Walter Reed

His work on yellow fever in Cuba led to the discovery that the fever was carried by mosquitoes. This understanding helped develop more effective controls of the worldwide disease.

Queen Liliuokalani

In 1891, she ascended to the throne of the Hawaiian royal family and tried to eliminate white control of the Hawaiian government. Two years later, Hawaii's white population revolted and seized power with the support of American marines.

Sacco

In 1920, he and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants who were arrested for stealing $16,000 and killing a paymaster and his guard. Their trial took place during a time of numerous bombings by anarchists and their judge was openly prejudicial. Many liberals and radicals believe that the conviction of Sacco and Vanzetti was based on their political ideas and ethnic origin rather than the evidence against them.

Vanzetti.

In 1920, he and Nicola Sacco were Italian immigrants who were arrested for stealing $16,000 and killing a paymaster and his guard. Their trial took place during a time of numerous bombings by anarchists and their judge was openly prejudicial. Many liberals and radicals believe that the conviction of Sacco and Vanzetti was based on their political ideas and ethnic origin rather than the evidence against them.

Roaring Twenties.

In 1920s, urban America experienced an era of social and intellectual revolution. Young people experimented with new forms of recreation and sexuality as well as embraced jazz music. Leading young urban intellectuals expressed a disdain for old-fashioned rural and small-town values. The Eastern, urban cultural shift clashed with conservative and insular midwestern America, which increased the tensions between the two regions.

Taylorism

In his book The Principles of Scientific Management, ____ explained a management system that claimed to be able to reduce waste through the scientific analysis of the labor process. This system called _____, promised to find the optimum technique for the average worker and establish detailed performance standards for each job classification.(Wisconsin)

Open Door Policy

In hopes of protecting the Chinese market for U.S. exports, Secretary of State John Hay unilaterally announced in 1899 that Chinese trade would be open to all nations.

Bull Moose Party (Progressive party)

In the 1912 election, Theodore Roosevelt was unable to secure the Republican nomination for president. He left the Republican party and formed his own party of progressive Republicans, called the "Bull Moose" party. Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican vote, which allowed Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win.

Woodrow Wilson.

In the 1912 presidential election, Woodrow Wilson ran under the slogan of New Freedom, which promised to improve of the banking system, lower tariffs, and break up monopolies. He sought to deliver on these promises through passage of the Underwood-Simmons Tariff, the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, and new anti-trust laws. Though he was weak on implementing social change and showed a little interest in the plight of African Americans, he did eventually support some labor reform. At the beginning of the First World War, Wilson kept America neutral, but provided the Allies with credit for purchases of supplies. However, the sinking of U.S. merchant ships and the news of Germany encouraging Mexico to attack America caused Wilson to ask Congress to declare war on Germany. Following the war, Wilson supported the entry of America into the League of Nations and the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles; but Congress would not approve the entry or ratification.

New Negro.

In the 1920s, a slow and steady growth of black political influence occurred in northern cities where African Americans were freer to speak and act. This political activity created a spirit of protest that expressed itself culturally in the Harlem Renaissance and politically in "new Negro" nationalism.

William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal

In the late 1890s, the New York Journal and its rival, the New York World, printed sensationalism on the Cuban revolution as part of their heated competition for readership. The New York Journal printed a negative letter from the Spanish ambassador about President McKinley and inflammatory coverage of the sinking of the Maine in Havana Harbor. These two events roused the American public's outcry against Spain.

Joseph Pulitzer's New York World

In the late 1890s, the New York World and its rival, New York Journal, printed sensationalism on the Cuban revolution as part of their heated competition for readership.

Sixteenth Amendment (1913)

Legalized the federal income tax.

Teller Amendment

On April 20, 1898, a joint resolution of Congress declared Cuba independent and demanded the withdrawal of Spanish forces. this amendment was added to this resolution, and it declaimed any designs the United States had on Cuban territory.

George Dewey

On April 30, 1898, Commodore small U.S. naval squadron defeated the Spanish warships in Manila Bay in the Philippines. This quick victory aroused expansionist fever in the United States.

League of Nations.

Organization of nations to mediate disputes and avoid war established after the First World War as part of the Treaty of Versailles; President Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points'' speech to Congress in 1918 proposed the formation of the league.

KKK.

Organized in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 to terrorize former slaves who voted and held political offices during Reconstruction; a revived organization in the 1910s and 1920s stressed white, Anglo-Saxon, fundamentalist Protestant supremacy; the Klan revived a third time to fight the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s in the South.

New Nationalism

Platform of the Progressive party and slogan of former President Theodore Roosevelt in the presidential campaign of 1912; stressed government activism, including regulation of trusts, conservation, and recall of state court decisions that had nullified progressive programs.

Social Gospel

Preached by liberal Protestant clergymen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; advocated the application of Christian principles to social problems generated by industrialization. started in 1875 under Rev Gladden in Mass. seen in the settlement houses

The Great White Fleet

President Roosevelt was interested in strengthening navy he did this to promote the navy. Went around the world 1907-1909

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904)

President Theodore Roosevelt announced in what was essentially___ that the United States could intervene militarily to prevent interference from European powers in the Western Hem. 1. Economic crisis in Dominican Republic threatened foreign intervention to force collection of debts owed to foreign interests 2. Claims U.S. had the right to intervene in Latin American countries to forestall involvement by others

Fourteen Points.

President Woodrow Wilson's 1918 plan for peace after World War I; at the Versailles peace conference, however, he failed to incorporate all of the points into the treaty.

Settlement Houses

Product of the late nineteenth-century movement to offer a broad array of social services in urban immigrant neighborhoods; Chicago's Hull House was one of hundreds of settlement houses that operated by the early twentieth century. Poor houses.

Carrie Chapman Catt.

She was a leader of a new generation of activists in the women's suffrage movement who carried on the work started by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony.

Alice Paul.

She was a leader of the women's suffrage movement and head of the Congressional Committee of National Women Suffrage Association. She instructed female suffrage activists to use more militant tactics, such as picketing state legislatures, chaining themselves to public buildings, inciting police to arrest them, and undertaking hunger strikes.

WCTU

Social justice applied to many areas including this one was temeprance. Francis willard was the president. grew to 500,000. Also the national consumers league was another one

de Lôme letter

Spanish ambassador wrote a letter to a friend in Havana in which he described President McKinley as "weak" and a seeker of public admiration. This letter was stolen and published in the New York Journal, which increased the American public's dislike of Spain and moved the two countries closer to war.

1902 Coal Strike

TR handling of this his approach was significant bc he was the first President to arbitrate a labor dispute. Hayes and clevelnd used authority to of US to break strikes and unions. TR arbitrated the dispute, setting the tone for the progressive approach to labor union 1. Workers struck for more pay and fewer hours 2. Mine owners closed mines 3. Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines

Rough Riders

The First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, led in battle in the Spanish-American War by Theodore Roosevelt; they were victorious in their only battle near Santiago, Cuba; and Roosevelt used the notoriety to aid his political career.

Dollar Diplomacy.

The Taft administration's policy of encouraging American bankers to aid debt-plagued governments in Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua.

Election of 1912

The presidential election of 1912 featured four candidates: Wilson, Taft, Roosevelt, and Debs. Each candidate believed in the basic assumptions of progressive politics, but each had a different view on how progressive ideals should be implemented through policy. In the end, Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican party votes and Wilson emerged as the winner.

Hawaii

US annexed rep of Hawaii in 1898, did become a state till 1959 a. Boom in sugar production b. American influence in economy and government (1) McKinley tariff hurts Hawaiian sugar trade c. Queen Liliuokalani opposed Americans d. Americans rebel, proclaim Republic of Hawaii

Bolsheviks

Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, this Marxist party led the November 1917 revolution against the newly formed provisional government in Russia. After seizing control, the Bolsheviks negotiated a peace treaty with Germany, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and ended their participation in World War I.

Spanish Flu

Unprecedentedly lethal influenza epidemic of 1918 that killed more than 22 million people worldwide.

Francisco Villa.

While the leader of one of the competing factions in the Mexican civil war, he provoked the United States into intervening. He hoped attacking the United States would help him build a reputation as an opponent of the United States, which would increase his popularity and discredit Mexican President Carranza.

Colonel Edward M. House

Wilsons closest advisory, was a texan, kernerl and governor, very successfull buisness man in NY and Texas.

Muckrakers

Writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, meat-packing, child labor, and more, primarily in the first decade of the twentieth century; their popular books and magazine articles spurred public interest in progressive reform. 1902. Most of their work was in political corruption.

Debate Over Annexation

a. Little desire for Philippines before war b. McKinley's reasons for annexation (1) National glory, commerce, racial superiority, and evangelism c. Other areas in Pacific annexed at this time (1) Hawaii, Guam, Wake Island, and Samoa Islands d. Opposition to Treaty of Paris in Senate (1) Leading Democrat William Jennings Bryan voices support for treaty (a) Believed ending the war paved the way for Philippine independence in the near future (2) Bryan's support convinces enough Democrats to vote in favor of and secure passage of the treaty.

Alfred Thayer Mahan.

argues that the US needed strategic bases and a canal to link east coast with central ocean. US achieved these goals

Philippine-American War

four year bloody war, war fought between US army and Filipinos, wanted independence for the Philippines 1. The cost for suppression of Filipino nationalism a. Deaths 2. Atrocities committed a. Water torture 3. Anti-imperialist thought

Zimmermann Telegram.

was an internal diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event of the United States' entering World War I against Germany