History 1865 to Present

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States

The status of current Puerto Rico

A commonwealth controlled by the US

Frederick Jackson Turner

A historian

What did the 1880 census show for the first time?

A majority of Americans were engaged in non-farming jobs

After the Spanish-American War, what argument did proponents of American imperialism use to justify their stance?

America was a benevolent power that would spread liberty

In the early 20th century, what occupation were Mexican immigrants most likely to hold?

An agricultural worker for a citrus grower

Why did reformers argue for the end of child labor in textile mills?

As a means to support white supremacy, by ensuring that white children went to school

Why did Andrew Johnson veto the Civil Rights Bill of 1866?

Black Americans didn't deserve the right of citizenship, the bill gave too much authority to federal govt. and the bill discriminated against whites

The effect of the emancipation had on the structure of the Black family

Black families embraced middle-class domesticity

Immigration Restriction League

Blamed "new" immigrants for urban crime and poverty

On what grounds did David Brewer dissent from the majority opinion in the case of Fong Yue Ting?

Brewer worried similar rationale could be used in the future to subvert the rights to due process of other people

Which group embraced the idea of the "liberty of contract" was that as long as labor relations were based on contracts willingly accepted by free individualism the govt lacked the right to interfere?

Business and Professional classes

How did the Farmer's Alliance hope to improve farmer's economic situation?

By creating a subtreasury system in which the govt would loan them money at low interest rates

William Jennings Bryan

Called for the unrestricted minting of silver money

Muller v. Oregon

Case that upheld protective legislation on the grounds of women's supposed physical weakness

The appearance of malnourished children who had been evacuated from Lawrence shocked the public

Causing a new wave of sympathy for the plight of women in the garment industry

The view of Middle-class reformers on social conditions during the Gilded Age

Concerned with the stark economic and social differences between rich and poor

The impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Congress and the president accused the other of overstepping authority

Redeemers in power in the South led to what?

Convicting labor becoming a profitable venture for private companies

The Fourteenth Amendment

Created "birthright citizenship", empowered the federal govt. to intervene in the states to protect civil rights of Americans, and prohibited states from denying equal protection of the laws to any person

Enforcement Acts

Designed to stop the violence perpetrated by terrorist groups such as the KKK

Seventeenth Amendment

Direct election of senators

Freedmen's Bureau Accomplishments

Education and health care

Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism

Embraced Woman's Suffrage

What did the leaders of the National American Woman's Suffrage Association do?

Embraced nativism and racism in their advocacy for suffrage

What changes did railroads bring to American society during the Gilded Age?

Enabled a national market forgoods and ledto the creation of time zones

What did moral reform groups advocate during the Gilded Age

Eradicating the "sinful" activities such as alcoholism, prostitution, and gambling to Christianize the govt

Why did Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plain fail?

Ex-Confederates and pre-Civil War elite returned to power

Why did Populists call for public ownership of the railroads?

Farmers would be able to transport their crops at a lower cost

The development of the American West

Federal govt actively acquired Indian territories, distributed valuable land to large companies, and facilitated the development of commercial farming

During Radical Reconstruction in the South

First interracial govts in US history accomplished a great deal

Significant impact of the second industrial revolution

Frequent and prolonged economic depressions

Fifteenth Amendment

Guaranteed that one can't be denied suffrage based on race

How did Rockefeller use horizontal expansion?

He bought out competing oil refining companies

In what way was William Taft a Progressive president?

He broke up Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company

Why was William Tweed so popular with the city's immigrant poor?

He provided food, fuel, and patronage to them in exchange for their political support

What did Andrew Johnson do with the land seized from plantation owners during the Civil War?

He returned it to the original owners

What motivated Margaret Sanger's activism as an adult? (birth control movement)

Her mother gave birth to 11 children

Birds of Passage

Immigrants who lived in the US temporarily

What did Robert Follete and Walter Lippmann argue?

Impartial experts such as college professors needed to play a role in public policy

How did expanding agricultural production in places like Argentina and the American West lead to the migration of rural populations to cities?

Increasing output worldwide pushed down the prices of farm products, making it more difficult for family farmers to make ends meet

Why did the Knights of Labor fail?

Industrial employers and newspapers started to associate it with violence and radicalism

"The Significance of the Frontier in American History" concluded what?

It acted as a safety valve that counteracted the threat of social unrest

The significance of the 1892 strike in Homestead, PA

It reflected the belief of many working Americans that they were being denied economic independence and self-governance

Why did Abby Kelley and Lucy Stone disagree with Stanton's opposition to the Fifteenth Amendment?

Kelly and Stone thought a ban on racial discrimination was a step toward universal suffrage

American Federation of Labor

Leadership wanted to stabilize employer-employee relations

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

What did the Knights of Labor try to eliminate?

Liberty of Contract

White Yeoman Farmers

Many of them went into debt, lost their farms, and became sharecroppers

Why was the Hollywood version of the western "cowboy" based more on fantasy than reality?

Most cowboys were low-paid workers, some of whom went on strike for higher wages

Petition of Committee in Behalf of the Freedmen to Andrew Johnson

Petitioners demanded land on the grounds that they had made the lands valuable through their labor

Tom Watson's role in the Populist movement

Promoting an alliance between Black and White farmers

What did the Progressive movement draw it's strength from?

Reformers and experts

General William T Sherman's Special Field Order 15

Set aside land to distribute among Black families

After the South surrendered, Frederick Douglas argued

Slavery wasn't going to TRULY be abolished until Black men gained the right to vote

Free Labor Vision (for the South)

Southern black and northern white workers would enjoy the same opportunities and the South would become more like the North

Why did the women's suffrage movement focus its attention on a national amendment to the Constitution?

State campaigns were difficult and often unsuccessful

The role of federal troops in the Pullman Strike of 1894

Stopping the strike by force

Election of 1876

Tainted by claims of fraud in Florida, South Carolina and Louisiana

Victory of Little Bighorn

Temporarily delayed advance of white settlement

Land reform

Thaddeus Stevens's aims as a Radical Republican

What did Social Darwinists believe?

That evolution applied to society as well as nature and the government should not interfere

The US Supreme Court's approach to organization in business and labor during the Gilded Age

The Court used the Sherman Antitrust Act to dismantle unions, but it proved unwilling to allow the regulation of big business

Who led the battle for free speech among workers?

The Industrial Workers of the World

Saum Song Bo's response toward the Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty is misleading as a symbol of freedom because of discrimination against Chinese immigrants

Had the Teller Amendment been applied to the Philippines and Cuba, how would it have changed the Spanish-American war?

The US would have been barred from annexing the Philippines

How did American racial attitudes shape South African politics?

The Union of South Africa followed the model of US segregation with its own system of apartheid

Why did Carlos Montezuma call for the abolition of the Bureau of Indian Affairs?

The bureau had failed to secure Indian self-determination

The Supreme Court declared that children of Chinese immigrants were citizens in United States v. Wong Kim Ark

The citizenship clause of the fourteenth Amendment

In 1880 what role did the courts take in the debate over liberty of contract?

The courts generally sided with industry and ruled against labor regulations

What motivated US control over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines?

The desire to obtain control of gateways for American commerce in Latin America and Asia

How did development in Brazil during and after the American Civil War affect the lives of southern cotton farmers?

The expansion of cotton cultivation lowered global prices and led to indebtedness and loss of land for southern farmers

In Well's "Lynch Law in all its Phases", what, according to her, was the govt doing wrong?

The govt was permitting White mobs to lynch Black citizens without fear of punishment

Mass Comsumption

The promise of mass consumption became the foundation for a new understanding of freedom

Why were many Americans drawn to the Socialist Party in the election of 1912?

The proposal to nationalize railroads and banks, and to provide unemployed relief, expressed popular Progressive thought

Ludlow Massacre

The violent deaths of 20 people, 11 of them children, during an attack by the Colorado National Guard on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado in the on April 20, 1914. During a strike against Rockefeller-owned companies

How were skilled workers able to secure new freedoms for themselves in rapidly expanding industries?

Their knowledge allowed them to control the production process and the training of apprentices

In the Insular Cases what did the Supreme Court do?

They held that the Constitution didn't fully apply to the territories acquired during the Spanish-American War

Why did railroad companies and other businesses form "pools" during the American Gilded Age?

They hoped to escape the chaos of market forces by fixing prices with their competitors

What did the federal government do to create national parks?

They removed Indigenous peoples who hunted and fished on these lands

Urban Progressivism

They sought to improve public transportation

Why did businesses support the Pure Food and Drug Act?

They understood that greater public confidence in the quality of their product helped sales

How did black women challenge the racial ideology of the Jim Crow South?

They worked for both women's rights and racial uplift

The purpose of boarding schools by the Bureau of Indian Affairs for Indigenous children

To "civilize" and educate children in "white" ways

Hiram Revels and Blanche Bruce were the first two black:

To be elected to the US Senate

Ghost Dance Movement

Traditional religious revival bringing solace to Plains Indians but fear to govt officials who feared the possibility of an uprising

Why did workers experience the intro of scientific management as a loss of freedom?

Under scientific management, even skilled workers had to obey very detailed instructions for how to do their jobs

The focus of Progressive politics (where)

Urban areas

Black Codes

Violated free labor principles celebrated in the North

The ascendency of the American Federation of Labor

Was a shift from a broad reform goals to more limited goals such as higher pay and improved working conditions

The disenfranchisement of Black southerners

White leaders presented disenfranchisement as a "good govt" measure

Impact of the Dawes Act

White settlers gained access to millions of acres of lands formerly part of the reservation system and led to a loss of Indigenous lands and the erosion of Indian cultural traditions

Wy did the Wilson administration impose a graduated income tax on the richest 5% of Americans?

Wilson needed to make up for lost revenue after substantially reducing duties on imports

Black Middle Class (south)

Worked as teachers and physicians and owned businesses serving the black community

Progressivism

a group of Americans who sought to bring positive change to American institutions

Supporters of the Anti-Imperialist League:

believed that American energies should be directed at home, not abroad.

Theodore Roosevelt

believed that the president should be an honest broker in labor disputes

In How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis:

focused on the wretched conditions of New York City slums.

Crop Lien System

kept many sharecroppers in a state of constant debt and poverty.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

led to fire safety codes and factory inspection laws

19th century Chinese immigrants

majority of Chinese immigrants lived in CA, where they made up over half of the state's farm workers

Slaughterhouse Cases were ruled

most rights of citizens were under control of state govts rather than federal govts

Labor Agents

provided American employers with workers who signed long-term labor contracts.

Reedemers

saved the white south from the corruption of northerners and black officials

What did Roosevelt use to challenge J P Morgan's railroads?

the Sherman Antitrust Act

Sharecropping Contract

the contract provided landholders with the power to exploit sharecroppers

Fordism

the manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods. Named after Henry Ford.

Bonanza Farms

typically had thousands of acres of land or more.

The Philippine War

was uncontroversial at the time

Elections during the Gilded Age:

were closely contested affairs.