History 2610 Chapter 1

When Columbus first sailed to America in 1492, Christian Europe was entirely Catholic; twenty-five years later, following Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, the Protestant Reformation had begun, and Europe was thrown into more than 100 years of Christian religious wars.

True

After four trips across the Atlantic, Columbus recognized he had not reached Asia.

False

As a result of Governor Petrus Stuyvesant's leadership, the Dutch people experienced more religious diversity and harmony than they had experienced before.

False

Before Europeans arrived in the New World, Native Americans were without extensive trading networks, irrigation systems, or large cities.

False

Between 1492 and 1820, approximately 20 million African slaves came from the Old World to the New World.

False

In 1492, the population of Europe was three times greater than that of the Americas.

False

In 1493, the Catholic pope, Alexander VI, divided all the Americas between Spain and Britain.

False

Juan de Oñate founded Quebec in 1608, sponsored by a French fur-trading company.

False

Little contact existed among the diverse Indian societies of North America.

False

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was swiftly crushed by Spanish authorities.

False

The Virgin of Guadalupe originated as a vision of the Virgin Mary with dark skin, and is still revered in the modern nation of Brazil.

False

When the author, Eric Foner, uses the term "unfree labor, " he refers to those persons who were performing work, not for free as volunteers, but for wages.

False

Which of the following European countries did not have a colonial presence in seventeenth-century North America?

Germany

Which of the following was not a feature of Native American civilization prior to the voyages of Columbus?

Large cities were unknown to the Americas.

Which African kingdom provided Europe with most of its gold?

Mali

During the Pueblo Revolt, which of the following names were ordered to never be spoken again?

Mary

Which was not expressed by Bartolomé de Las Casas in A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indes in 1552?

He believed that Indians ought to be allowed to continue to practice their native faiths as a true sign of Christian love and toleration.

Which was not a characteristic of "coverture"?

She could only own property with her pastor's permission

In which country did the reconquista occur?

Spain

The oldest site in the present-day continental United States to be continuously inhabited by Europeans and their descendants is

St. Augustine, Florida

Which of the following was not a notable feature of sixteenth-century Spanish America?

The Spanish crown took initially little interest in the administration of colonial affairs.

Which was not an aspect of Native American religious beliefs?

Their written religious text was called the Wicca.

Which was not a characteristic of American Indians?

There were four different tribes in the Americas.

A major goal of Spanish colonization was to convert the Indians to Catholicism.

True

Africans enslaved other Africans long before the arrival of European traders.

True

Aiding the Europeans in spreading the word about the New World was the invention of printing with movable type in 1430 by Johannes Gutenberg.

True

Approximately 10 million men, women, and children came from the Old World to the New World between 1492 and 1820.

True

The reconquista was the reconquest of Spain from the Moors.

True

The system by which residents of Indian villages remained legally free and entitled to wages, but were still required to perform a fixed amount of labor each year was called repartimiento.

True

The transatlantic voyages of Columbus were sponsored by Spain, which had just achieved its own territorial unification.

True

Of the 10 million people who crossed the Atlantic Ocean to settle in the Americas in the 328 years from 1492 to 1820, most were white Europeans.

False

The Aztecs lived in a peaceful, nonviolent society.

False

The Indian belief that sacred spirits could be found in living and inanimate things is called "existentialism."

False

Which was not a means by which Cortés conquered the Aztecs?

He bombarded the Aztec capital from his Spanish galleons.

In the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish in Central and South America relied on many of which of the following groups to work fields and mines?

Indians

Which of the following was not a prominent cultural belief among Indian societies of North America?

Only holders of property should take part in tribal governance.

Despite China's large power, their purpose in exploration was

To impress others with their might

At the time of first contact with the Europeans, perhaps 12 million people lived in the Inca kingdom.

True

Believing they knew the secret to winning the Indians' affection, the French adopted a more humane policy of dealing with the Indians than their imperial rivals.

True

Colonial America was a hierarchical society in which some European colonists were indentured servants, Indians were held in forced labor, and Africans were slaves.

True

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, all European nations had established churches, and religious wars between nations (and sometimes within them) were fierce.

True

Even though there was an established church in the Dutch colony, individuals could freely hold whatever religious beliefs they wished.

True

Horses, cows, pigs, and sheep were unknown to the Americas until Europeans brought them there.

True

In 1508, Spain established the first permanent colony in what is now the United States commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

True

In 1537, Pope Paul III decreed Indian slavery ended, but not African slavery.

True

In the eighteenth century, Spanish colonial authorities adopted a more tolerant attitude toward traditional religious practices and made fewer demands on Indian labor.

True

Most Indian tribes were matrilineal.

True

On the eve of colonization of the Americas, freedom in Europe was framed in hierarchical, top-down terms, with each level of society enjoying its own degree of freedom.

True

Perhaps 80 million Native Americans died in the century and a half following first contact in consequence of diseases carried by Europeans.

True

Small-scale slavery in which Indians enslaved other Indians existed in Indian society.

True

Spanish settlers in the New World comprised a mix of laborers, soldiers, priests, bureaucrats, craftsmen, and professionals.

True

In the Spanish colonies, race and class were not important.

False

Most European men in the 1500s owned property and could vote.

False

New Netherland extended all the way down from Quebec to the lower Mississippi Valley.

False

Europeans in the 1500s held firmly to the view that all men are created equal.

False

In 1485, Portuguese ships reached Burundi, whose craftsmen produced bronze sculptures.

False

The reconquista happened in what year?

1492

The first African slaves were transported to the New World in what year?

1502

While the Dutch came to North America to trade, not conquer, they hardly kept this belief, as a three-year war resulted in the deaths of 200 colonists and 1,000 Indians from which tribe?

Algonquian

Prior to 1800, the largest settled community in what is now the United States was

Cahokia

The Great League of Peace included all but the following

Choctaw

Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?

Cortés's conquest of the Aztecs; Las Casas's History of the Indies; Spanish abolition of Indian enslavement

In 1609, the explorer Henry Hudson sailed into New York Harbor searching for

a northwest passage to Asia

A child of an Indian and a mestiza is a

coyote.

Slaves, in the traditional African example, tended to be

criminals, debtors, and captives in war

Dutch shareholders who agreed to transport tenants for agricultural labor were called

patroons

Who were the peninsulares?

persons of European birth

Who were the mestizos?

persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin

The chief goal of fifteenth-century Portuguese expansion was

the establishment of a trading empire in Asia.

Which of the following was not a significant motivation behind European colonization in the New World?

the spread of democracy to the Americas

Which of the following was not a major reason early Europeans felt the Indians were barbaric?

their wearing of beads and feathers

Which of these crops did not form the basis of Native American agriculture?

wheat

At the time of first contact between Europeans and Native Americans, Native Americans had not developed

wheeled transportation

Women in this European settlement enjoyed far more independence than in other colonies.

Dutch

In European exploration, conquest, and colonization of the New World after 1492, all of the following were true except

Europeans brought with them a broad-ranging tolerance for others' viewpoints; kindness and tolerance being the mark of civilized peoples.

A common conception throughout Europe was that freedom was more political or social in status than a moral or spiritual condition.

False

A strong immunity to European diseases strengthened Indian resistance to the conquistadores.

False

Which is not an achievement of the Indians of North America in the thousands of years before Columbus's arrival?

People in present-day Arizona constructed a large circle of red-earthen boulders.

In 1500, Pedro Cabral claimed Brazil for

Portugal

This dwelling structure in New Mexico stood five stories high and had more than 600 rooms.

Pueblo Bonita

In 1610, Spain established the capital of New Mexico at ____, the first permanent European settlement in the Southwest.

Santa Fe