history

Louis XIV

(5 September 1638 - 1 September 1715), known as the Sun King, was King of France and of Navarre.[1] His reign, from 1643 to his death in 1715, began at the age of four and lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days, and is the longest documented reign of any European monarch.[2]

Charles Wilson Peale

(April 15, 1741 - February 22, 1827) was an American painter, soldier and naturalist.

John Trumbull

(June 6, 1756 - November 10, 1843) was an American artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War and was notable for his historical paintings. His Declaration of Independence was used on the reverse of the two-dollar bill.

William Bradford

(March 19, 1590 - May 9, 1657) was an English leader of the settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts, and was elected thirty times to be the Governor after John Carver died.

Benjamin West

(October 10, 1738 - March 11, 1820) was an Anglo-American painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American War of Independence. He was the second president of the Royal Academy in London, serving from 1792 to 1805 and 1806 to 1820.

What were the effects of the French and Indian War?

* France loses its North American possessions * Britain is left with a large debt * Colonists develop a sense of unity * Colonists begin settling in the Ohio River valley * Native Americans resist colonists settling in the Ohio River valley

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763; Ottawa Chief, led several tribes; added by a handful of French traders wanted to drive British out of Ohio county; overall but 3 British post; uprising- British send blankets infected with pox.

Sugar Act

1764 tax on imports (sugar, coffee, wine, and other colonial imports) effects; price of goods went up, James Otis "No taxation with out representation"

Stamp Act

1765 Tax on official doc. effect Greenville's quote "Virtual Representation"; more colonial anger: tax on personal liberties; stamp act riots- MA Governor Thomas Hutchinson, sons/ daughters of liberty.

Quartering Act

1765 colonist must provide food and hous8ing for British soldier stationed in the colonies.

First Continental Congress

1774; response to Intolerable Acts; 55 men from 12 colonies meet on Philadelphia; called for complete halt in trade with Britain; important step towards independence.

Why did the British retreat when they reached the North Bridge at Concord even though the British soldiers had a larger army?

400 colonists were waiting at the North Bridge well armed and ready to fight; this time they numbered 400 not 80

How far is Concord, MA from Lexington,MA?

6-7 miles

How many men were on the village green in Lexington, MA to fight?

600 British soldiers and 80 armed militia

Molasses Act

A British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported into colonies not ruled by Britain. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing and smuggling. Their protest of this and other laws led to revolution.

Half-Way Covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan; face a panel of 49 well-educated men; she was accused of trying to over throw the gov't; she was expressing her beliefs that people could communicate directly with God; at the end she was banished from Mass. Bay.

What was the Albany Plan of Union?

A council of representatives elected by the colonial assemblies. They had authority over western settlements, relations with Native Americans, and other urgent matters.

Halfway Covenant

A form of partial church membership to encourage children and grandchildren of first-genertation settlers to renew piety and abandon quests for material wealth

What does boycott mean?

An organized campaign to refuse to buy certain products.

Anglicans

Anglicanism is a tradition within Christianity comprising churches with historical connections to the Church of England or similar beliefs, worship and church structures. The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 meaning the English Church. Adherents of Anglicanism are called Anglicans.

Plymouth Colony (Plymouth Bay)

Chosen as the settlement site by the Pilgrims; located in present-day MA

Who are "minutemen"?

Citizen soldiers who could be ready to fight at a minute's notice. They were the new militia units of the colonists.

how did the American Colonies benefit from the Navigation Acts

Colonial merchants didn't have to compete with foreign merchants

Jamestown

Colonists were pushed up to the malrial banks of the James River. It was easy to defend but mosquito infested and devatatiingly unhealthful. On May 24, 1607 about 100 Enligsh settlers disembarked. The place was a nightmare for al concerned. Dozens dies from disease, malnutrition, and starvation-these gentleman were not accostomed to fending for themselves.

royal colony

Colony administered by a royal governor appointed by the king or queen of the mother country; Ex. VA, NY

proprietary colony

Colony fully governed by governors chosen by private land owners; granted permission by the Crown; are eventually reclaimed by the Crown and made into royal colonies; Ex. MD, PN, DE

A 47-page pamphlet that was distributed in of Philadelphia in January 1776.

Common Sense

Who won?

Brits Pyrrhic victory

What did the Americans say when the Brits charged up?

Don't fire until you see the whites in their eyes

Bacon's Rebellion

Freedmen (former indentured servants) had difficulty working and living within the colonies and would often squat on Indian land; after several attacks from Indians, the freedmen requested protection from the gov't (Berkeley); when he refused to send aid and instead enacted policies to help the Indians, the freedmen were outraged; Nathaniel Bacon, an aristocrat and member of the House of Burgesses began mobilizing a militia to protect whites from Indians; massacred Indians and set fire to Jamestown causing Berkeley to flee; after Bacon died of disease, Berkeley crushed the rebellion; SIGNIFICANCE: colonists began to realize how dangerous indentured servants were becoming and upped slave imports

What lands did the British gain in the Treaty of Paris?

French Canada, Spanish Florida, and all French lands east of the Mississippi except New Orleans

Huguenots

French Protestant dissenters, the Huguenots were granted limited toleration under the Edict of Nantes. After King Louis XIV outlawed Protestantism in 1685, many Huguenots fled elsewhere, including to British North America. (109)

Why did Parliament keep a tax/duty on tea when it repealed other taxes?

It wanted to assert its power to make laws in the colonies.

Regulator Movement

It was a movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.

How did the battle for Quebec affect the war?

It was a turning point for the British because the French could no longer defend the rest of their North American territory.

Why was there disagreement between the Loyalists and the Patriots over how best to resolve matters with Britain?

Loyalists may have believed that it was still in their best interests to maintain ties with Britain; Patriots may have believed that they had made several efforts to improve relations with Britain, but that the time had come to sever ties and declare their independence.

Colonists who sided with Britain in the American Revolution

Loyalists--often called Tories

Mayflower

One of the three ships on which the Pilgrims sailed to the New World

Why was the first shot fired at Lexington, MA referred to as "the shot heard around the world"?

One shot set off the Revolution. The colonists fought the most powerful country in the war and won their independence. The colonies became an independent nation, U.S.A. This changed the world.

John Peter Zenger

Put on trial for criticizing the corrupt moral governor; claimed that he was only printing the truth, not libel; jury ruled in favor of Zenger thus giving editors a bit more freedom as to what they could print

Who were the American Generals?

Putnam, Prescott

Whigs

aka Patriots; 40%; served as remarkably effective agents of revolutionary ideas; ex. sons of Libery

Where was the proclamation line located?

along the appalation mountains

Iroquois

also known as the Haudenosaunee or the "People of the Longhouse",[1] are an association of several tribes of indigenous people of North America. After the Iroquoian-speaking peoples coalesced as distinct tribes, based mostly in present-day central and upstate New York, in the 16th century or earlier they came together in an association known today as the Iroquois League, or the "League of Peace and Power". The original Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations, as it was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca nations. After the Tuscarora nation joined the League in 1722, the Iroquois became known as the Six Nations. The League is embodied in the Grand Council, an assembly of fifty hereditary sachems

Sir Edmond Andros

appointed by James II to oversee the enforcement of the Dominion of New England; despised by colonists for autocracy and loyalty for Anglican church

Congregational Church

are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs

Cajun

are an ethnic group mainly living in Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles (French-speaking settlers from Acadia in what are now the maritime provinces of Canada - New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, or Prince Edward Island). Today, the Cajuns make up a significant portion of south Louisiana's population, and have exerted an enormous impact on the state's culture

almshouses

are charitable housing provided to enable people (typically elderly people who can no longer work to earn enough to pay rent) to live in a particular community. They are often targeted at the poor of a locality, at those from certain forms of previous employment, or their widows, and are generally maintained by a charity or the trustees of a bequest

Intolerable Act

attemp to punish boston and force the ppl of mass. into subbmision..... one of the Coercive Act

Incas and Aztecs

aztecs-Mexico built elabrate; Cities-human sacrifices cut out heart

Samuel Adams

cousin of John Adams; organized committees of correspondence formed first in Boston in 1772

Holy Experiment

created by William Penn; he wanted to test ideas he had developed, based on his Quaker beliefs

Jonathan Edwards

credited with starting the Great Awakening in Northampton in 1734; encouraged the idea of salvation thru good works and emphasized eternal damnation; powerful, logical writer and speaker

How did Great Britain benefit from the Navigation acts

england became a prosperous ship building center and there were many new jobs

Treaty of Tordesillas

establised by pope in 1494 dividing the new world anything west was spain and east was purtugal.

Separits

fled to amercia from dutchification"- "holland", Mayflower compact break entirely from church.

James Oglethorpe

founded GA, the last British American colony established, as a haven for debtors as well as a buffer state to prevent any Indian or Spanish incursions from the South (FL)

Why were the colonists prepared at the North Bridge?

news from Lexington arrived before the British

Who fired the first shot that started the Revolutionary War?

no one ever knew who fired the first shot at Lexington, MA

Where were the Brits placed?

on the bottom of the hill

Where were the Colonists placed?

on top of the hill

What did the British hope to accomplish as a strategy?

one quick bayonet charge

Scots-Irish

people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They lived in Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by these people. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors.

Sir Edmund Andros

sent by King James II to rule new england; makes reforms: sets up church of england in boston, raises tax., limits town meetings to once a year, voids all land titles

Puritans

sought to return church of england, leader: john winthrop, Massachusetts Bay colony, very strict

John Davenport

started a second settlement in the conneticut valley in 1637; named New Haven

What happened after reinforcements came?

they continued their hasty retreat to Boston

What did the British believe concerning the ability of the patriots to fight a war?

they didn't believed farmers and storekeepers could learn to fight like a trained soldier

Albany Plan of Union

Summer 1754, caused English and colonist to see them different; longer range purpose was to achieve greater colonial unity and bolster the common defense against France; Franklin was leading spirit; unanimously adapted the plan of union.

New Lights

Supported the Awakening for revitalizing religion and used emotionalism to impact their followers

Peter Stuyvesant

Surrendered New Netherlands after Charles II ordered British troops to remove the Dutch

How did the British tax policies move the colonists closer to rebellion?

The tax policies drove more colonists to openly question British authority in North America and begin to move forward demands for greater self-government.

Why did colonists object to the Stamp Act?

They did not want to pay additional taxes on many additional products and services.

writs of assistance

Townshend Act instituted licenses which gave the British the power to search any place they suspected of hiding smuggled goods.

Enlightenment (thinkers against)

Traditional; war; Religion (based on faith, not reason)

coureurs de bois

Translated as "runners of the woods," they were French fur-trappers, also known as "voyageurs" (travelers), who established trading posts throughout North America. The fur trade wreaked havoc on the health and folkways of their Native American trading partners. (111)

Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

Hernando Cortes

Was from Cuba; he went to Mexico in 1519-1521; conquered Aztecs

Puritan

Leader: John Winthrop, William Bradford; succes of plymouth colony led to Great Puritan Migration;" We shall be a city upon a hill";

corporate colonies

Led by a government with trading-company charters; Ex. MA, RI, CN

Thomas Hooker

Led energetic group of Puritans to Hartford of fundamental orders of Connecticut.

Virginia house of Burgesses

1619 The London Company authorized settlers to summon an assembly; frist of many miniatrue parliament to flourish America; James I revoked the charter; made VA under his control

King James I

!566-1625. He had scant enthusiasm for the Virginia experiment pertly because of his hatred of tobacco smoking, which had been introduced into the Old World by the Spanish discovererd. In 1604 he published the pamphlet- A Counterblast to Tobacco. Virginia's Company named the James River and Jamestown after him.

New England

"13 Colonies" english settlement; which later revolted aginst British; In America that founded on its own across from mother England.

Setting

- June 17th 1775 - Breeds Hill NOT Bunker Hill

Great Migration

1630 succes at plymouth led to Puritan migration led by John Winthrop found MA Bay Colony

Fundamental Orders of Conneticut

1639 Connecticut drafted in open meeting a document; was in effect a modern constitution; established a regime democratically; controlled by "substantial" citizens.

Immediate Results

-British took over Bunker and Breeds Hill positions which they kept until the end of the year -The battle showed how much work the continental army would need to succeed -Gave the Americans a feeling of patriotism because they held the much larger British army 2x

Causes

-Followed British victory at Lexington and Concord -General Gage and British army were besieged in Boston -Gage wanted to capture Charleston Peninsula

Act of Toleration

1649 guaranteed toleration to all Christians; decreed death penalty to those who didn't believe in Jesus- protected; Catholics- created in Maryland passed in 1649

when was bacon's rebellion?

1676

What were the casualties and loses?

1,000 British died + Abercrombie 270 Americans died 500 homes detroyed

How many men did the Americans have?

1,300

William Penn (achieve 3 purposes)

1. provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persucuted ppl. 2. Enact liberal ideas in gov't. 3. generate income and profits for himself.

what were two ways that the Navigation Acts regulated trade

1.only things could go to england and the colonies. 2. only certain products could be shipped to england

Sons and Daughter of Libery

1765; Samuel Adams and others terrorized stamp collectors and rioted; 1765: Colonist demanded stamp act be repealed and boycotted English goods; 1766: Parliament repeals; Declaratory act- parliament had right to make laws w/o colonial consent.

Committees of Correspondence

1772 Samuel Adams forms a Boston committee for Correspondence; organization to discuss issues with Britain; 1774 12 colonies have committees; Tea central issue.

Quebec Act

1774 Organize the Canadian's lands gained from France; Catholicism was official religion of Quebec; Gov't w/o representative assembly; extended Quebec's boundary to Ohio River; Americans viewed it as attack on American colonies, b/c it took land from them; feared would try to steal American gov't; resented recognition given to Catholicism.

Coercive Acts

1774 to punish the people of Boston and Mass. and brining the dissidents under control.

Enlightenment

18th century euro philosophical movement that advocated the use of reason and rationality to establish a system of ethics and knowledge. Provided frame work for r both Americans and French Revolution and rise of capitalism.

How many men did the Brits have?

2,500

William Bradford

30-time governor of Plymouth, very popular leader; distributed land among settlers to encourage farming

How many British soldiers were killed or wounded during the ambush?

300

How many British soldiers were killed or wounded in the ambush after the British retreated at North Bridge?

300

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

A declaration issued by King George III stating that the colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains

What were the terms of the Proclamation of 1763?

A declaration issued by King George III stating that the colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains.

John S. Copley

A famous Revolutionary era painter, traveled to England to finish his study of the arts. Only in the Old World could he find subjects with the leisure time required to be painted, and the money needed to pay him for it. was loyal to England during The Revolution.

What is the militia?

A force made up of civilians trained as soldiers but not part of the regular army.

Iroquois Confederacy

A great military power that emerged in the Mohawk Valley. 5 Indian nations bound together-the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas. Founded in the later 1500's by two leaders Deganawidah and Hiawatha mainly because the Iroquois struggled for their very survival as a people. They celebrated together and shared a common policy toward outsiders, but remained essentially independant of one another.

Scots-Irish

A group of restless people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by the Scots-Irish. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors.

Catawba Nation

A group of the remains of several different Indian tribes that joined together in the late 1700's. This was in the Southern Piedmont region. Forced migration made the Indians join in this group.

Why were colonists discontented?

A growing discontent with British policies led to open rebellion and eventually desire for independence. Discontent included people feeling like they had no voice in British Parliament but were bound by its laws

Virginia Company of London

A joint-stock company that recieved a charter from King James I of England for a settlement in the New World. Like most joint-sock companies of the day, this was intended only to endure for only a few years, after which its stockholders hoped to liquidate it for a profit,

What was the Boston Tea Party?

A large group of men dressed as Native Americans boarded tea ships from Britain and threw 342 cases of tea into the water.

Samuel Adams's Massachusetts Circular Letter

A letter sent by the Massachusetts Assembly to all other assemblies asking that they protest the new Townshend measures in unison.

Thomas Hooker

A reverend from Boston who led a group into present-day CN where they established the town of Hartford; against the strict policies of Winthrop and the MBC

What was the Pontiac's War?

A war fought against the British by a confederation of Native Americans led by the Ottawa chief, Pontiac

What is a petition?

A written request to a government

limited democracy

Allowing some democratic ideals and practices while revoking others

What advantage did the colonists have over the British?

Ambush, surprise, and the ability to gather forces on short notice.

Land of Opportunity

America, new people could own land that previously couldn't - even poor people. New beginnings. So much land - started slavery

Peace of Paris 1783

American Delegates: Ben Franklin, John Adams, John Jay; Instructed to follow lead of France; John Jay makes side treaty with England; Independence of the US; land area Atlantic of Miss. River, Great Lakes to Florida; End of loyalist Persecution, pay debt to England.

General Artemas Ward

American General who ordered Colonel William Prescott to fortify positions at Bunker Hill

What were the effects other than loses?

Americans gained confidence Brits take hills

What is an alliance?

An agreement between nations or groups to help each other against other nations or groups.

When did the battle of Lexington and Concord take place?

April 1775

Lexington and Concord

April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord)

Leisler's Rebellion

Armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler and the ruling elite of New York. One of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to recreate European social structures in the New World. (86)

Paxton Boys (1764)

Armed march on Philadelphia by Scotts-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans. (90)

Took place on June 17, 1775, a Revolutionary War battle in Boston that demonstrated that the colonists could fight well against the British army.

Battle of Bunker Hill

October 17, 1777, a Revolutionary War battle in New York that resulted in a major defeat of British troops; marked the Patriots' greatest victory up to that point in the war

Battle of Saratoga

On Christmas night, 1776, with a winter storm lashing about them, Washington and 2,000 soldiers silently rowed across the ice clogged Delaware River. What was this battle called?

Battle of Trenton

On December 26, 1776, A Revolutionary War battle in New Jersey in which Patriot forces captured more than 900 Hessian troops

Battle of Trenton

This war was fought on April 19, 1775.

Battles of Lexington and Concord

Why do you think the Loyalists were described as"having their heads in England ... but their bodies in America"?

Because even though they lived in America, they thought of themselves as British.

Great Awakening

Big sweeping Religious movement of the 1730's and 40's

Great Awakening (causes)

Boring sermons, new liberal ideas

Phillis Wheatley

Born around 1753, Wheatley was a slave girl who became a poet. At age eight, she was brought to Boston. Although she had no formal education, Wheatley was taken to England at age twenty and published a book of poetry. Wheatley died in 1784.

Compare and contrast the achievements of the first and Second Continental Congress.

Both petitioned the British government while strengthening the unity of the colonies against Britain and the colonial armed forces. The Second Continental Congress went much further to establish the colonies as independent from Britain by forming an army, staffing it, and printing money.

Where was it fought on?

Breed's Hill

In what ways were the colonists dependent on Britain?

Britain provided defense against Native Americans; taxed the colonists; made laws; and traded with the colonists. However, colonists wanted to control their own laws, taxes, and trade.

What did Britain hope to achieve by a blockade of American ports?

Britain wanted to prevent supplies from reaching the colonists by blocking ships from entering or leaving ports.

What were the Townshend Acts?

Britain would no longer tax products or activities inside the colonies, just products brought into the colonies.

General Howe

British General who ordered the frontal assault on the Americans

How di colonists react to the Townshend Acts?

By boycotting British goods and using goods made in the colonies instead.

How did colonists react to the Battle of Bunker Hill?

By gathering weapons, forming new militias and replacing royal governments with colonial ones

How did Boston colonists show their opposition to The Tea Act?

By threatening ship captains and merchants involved in the legitimate tea trade and by dumping tea into Boston Harbor.

slavery

Captured or traded from Africa and brought to the Americas along the Middle Passage; considered property of wealthy whites, treated harshly; Essentially replaced indentured servitude

French and Indian War

Causes: struggle for control of North America; Disputes over land Gained/lost in other wars; sense of forts set up in North eastern North America; heart feelings in Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River.

What happened to the town at the bottom of the hill?

Charleston was burned

Pocahontas

Chief Powatan's daughter; Instrumental in preserving peace in Jamestown

joint-stock company

Companies made up of group of investors who bought the right to establish plantations from the king

New England Confederation

Comprised of MBC, New Haven, Plymouth, and CN; joined to fight against Pequots in Pequot War (1636-37)

Chesapeake colonies

Comprised of MD and VI; had characteristics of both the Middle and Southern colonies - slavey and tobacco (South), farmed grain (Middle)

Where did the battle of Concord take place?

Concord, MA at the North Bridge

The army created by the Second Continental Congress in 1775 to defend the American colonies from Britain

Continental Army

John Locke

Contract theory of gov't means gov't for the ppl.

Colonel Israel Putnam

Convinced Prescott to fortify Breeds Hill because it was closer to Boston and lower, fortified Bunker Hill himself

Corporate Colonies

Corporate colonies, such as Jamestown, were operated by joint-stock comp.

What is writs of assistance?

Court orders that allowed officials to make searches without saying for what they were searching.

What was the Committee of Correspondence?

Created by Samuel Adams, it kept colonists informed of British actions.

The document written to declare the colonies free from British rule

Declaration of Independence

Proclamation of 1763

Decree issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac's uprising, prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians. Contributed to rising resentment of British rule in the American colonies. (122)

Edict of Nantes

Decree issued by the French crown granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America. (109)

What was the Stamp Act Congress?

Delegates from 9 colonies

Townshend Acts

Drafted by new Prime Minister Charles Townshend, the Townshend Acts, like the Stamp Act, contained several antagonistic measures.

Anne Hutchinson

Dubbed a heretic and banished from MBC b/c of her radical beliefs in antinomianism

How did the French and Indian War draw the colonists closer together but increase friction with Britain?

During the war, people from the colonies had greater contact with each other. Friction with Britain increased when Britain raised taxes on the colonists.

John Rolfe

Eased tensions b/t colonists and Indians when he married Pocahontas; discovered a new strain of tobacco; Tobacco cultivations became crucial to Virginia's economy; established the plantation system

Enlightenment (thinkers for)

Education (developed reason); reason (every one able to reason); toleration (if educated, you have tolerance)

Edward Braddock

Edward Braddock was a British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.

What is it meant by the expression "shot heard 'round the world"?

Either the colonist or British fired an unexpected shot that everyone heard about.

Rice

Emerged as the principle export crop in Carolina, an exotic food in England. This was grown in Africa, and the Carolinians were soon paying premium prices for West African slaves expierenced in rice cultivation.

Great Awakening (effects)

Emotional denominations grow; increase in church attendance; missionary work with Indians increase; foundations of religious colleges; mass pop culture movement (unity); loosen ties between church and state; ends Puritanism.

Joint-Stock Company

Enabled a certain amount of investors to pull their capital; only if the colony is some to succeed.

Sir William (Governor) Berkeley

Enacted friendly policies toward the Indians, eventually leading to Bacon's Rebellion

Headright System

Encouraged importation of servant workers; whoever paid passage of a laborer received right to acquire 50 acres of land.

Glorious Revolution

England's bloodless revolution in which James II was dethroned and replaced by William and Mary; Andros was subsequently arrested and shipped to England; Dominion and Navigation Laws no longer enforced

Sir Walter Raleigh

English elite who established the Lost Colony of Roanoke in present-day NC

Royal African Co.

English joint stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698. The supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly privileges. (74)

Anne Bradstreet

English-American writer; first notable American poet; first woman to be published in Colonial America; her writing really resonated with the Puritans

William Penn

Englishmen; founded Penn. with Quakers usually kind to Indians; set religious tolerance.

antinomianism

Essentially anarchy; Hutchinson's believe that man did not need to follow laws as his behavior has not bearing on his predestined outcome

Who demanded the surrender of Fort Ticonderoga?

Ethan Allen, a blacksmith (Green Mountain Boys)

Regulator movement

Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite. (90)

triangular trade

Exchange of rum, slaves and molasses between the North American Colonies, Africa and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade. (94)

Mercantilism

Exporting more than importing; one country gains another looses; colonies: raw material+ market for British goods; created ties to Mother England Good/bad system; wealth =power; economic wealth= gold/silver= power.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

FIRST modern constitution in American history; established a democracy controlled by citizens; modeled CN's future colonial charter and state constitution

Patroonship

Favored aristocrats; Granted vast feudal estates to those who would settler at least 50 persons on them; Heavily protested

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers and as an experiment of liberal ideas in gov't while making a profit

In October 1774, was a gathering of colonial leaders who were deeply troubled about the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies in America.

First Continental Congress

St. Augustine

First Spanish settlement in Florida, 1565

Phillis Wheatley

First important African American writer in America; taught to read and write by slave's mistress; abolitionists used her as an example that blacks were not intellectually inferior to whites

Great Awakening

First mass social movement in American history; religious revival initiated by Jonathan Edwards

Virginia House of Burgesses

First miniature parliament authorized by London Company in 1619 in British American colonies; representative self-gov't; grant revoked by James I who thought assembly was dangerous and made VA a royal colony

Jamestown

First permanent British colony established in New World (in 1607); Located in Virginia

Christopher Columbus

First trip to America in 1492, landes in Present day Dominican Republic, claimed land for spain, returned to spain in 1493 with conqurin force, brings back 500 indian slaves back to spain

New Amsterdam

Founded as a sea port and company town by the Dutch; later renamed New York

George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

Founded colony of Maryland for Catholic haven and profit

Why was Fort Ticonderoga important?

For two reasons: It controlled the main route between Canada and the Hudson River valley It held valuable weapons, especially cannons.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Founded in 1629 by non-Seperatist Puritans

Fort Duquesne

Fort Duquesne became one of the principal French outposts in the northern Ohio Valley, and, in 1754 the French troops in Fort Dusquesne destroyed nearby British Fort Necessity, after Washington and the colonial army surrendered it to them. The British rebuilt Fort Necessity as Fort Pitt in 1758.

Colonel William Prescott

Fortified Breeds Hill for the Americans...known for the famous quote, "don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes"

Lord Baltimore

Founded Maryland. Came from a prominant English Catholic family. he embarked upon the venture partly to reap financial profits and partly to create a refugeg for his fellow Catholics.Hoped St. Mary's on Chesppeake Bay would be the vanguard of a vast new feudal domain. Permitted unusual freedom of worship hoping to create toleration for his own fellow worshipers.

Second Anglo-Powhatan War of 1644

Fragile respite followed the First Anglo-Powhatan War, enduring 8 years. The Indians were pressed by the land-hungry whites and ravaged by the European diseases, and struck back in 1622. Indian attacks left 347 colonists dead including John Ralfe. The Virginia Company issued another war "without peace or truce" preventing the Indians "from being any longer a people". The Indians wer again defeaterd and banished from the Chesapeake area, creating the later reservation system.

What were three results of the French and Indian War?

France lost most of its North American territory Britain gained French Canada, French territory east of the Mississippi River except New Orleans All French territory west of the Mississippi River went to Spain

Acadians

French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as "Cajuns". (116)

Michel-Guillame de Crevecour

French settler on America in the 1770's; he posed the question of what "American" is after seeing people in America like he had never seen before. American really became a mixture of many nationalities.

Michel-Guillaume de Crevecoeur

French settler on America in the 1770's; he posed the question of what "American" is after seeing people in America like he had never seen before. American really became a mixture of many nationalities.

Triangular Trade

From colonies to New England: raw material, sugar, tobacco, and wheat,; from New England to Africa rum; From Africa to Colonies slaves

Revolutionary War hero and Patriot leader, he served as a representative to the Continental Congresses, commanded the Continental Army, and was unanimously elected to two terms as president of the United States.

George Washington

Great Awakening (Leaders)

George white field: cause ppl to faint, emotional; Jonathan Edwards: tried to scare ppl; they both were emotional preachers.

John Winthrop

Governor of MBC; Wished to create "city upon a hill" in which morals were strictly enforced

Act of Toleration (1649

Guaranteed religious freedom for those who asserted the divinity of Jesus Christ (excluded Atheists and Jews)

Sir Walter Raleigh

Half -brother of Sir Humphrey Gilbert who first attempted English colonization. Continued the pursuit and organized and expedition landing in 1585 on NC's Roanoke Island off the coast of Virginia. The Roanoke colony eventually mysteriously vanished.

Sea Dogs

Hardy English buccaneers who sought to promote the twin goals of Protestantism and plunder by siezing Spainsh trreasure ships and raiding Spanish settlements. Most famous was Sir Francis Drake.

what was the outcome of bacon's rebellion?

He burned Jamestown to the ground and then bacon sudden illness and death ended the rebellion and hanged bacons followers

Benjamin Franklin

He owned a successful printing and publishing company in Philadelphia. He conducted studies of electricity, invented bifocal glasses, the lighting rod, and the stove. He was a important diplomat and statesman and eventually signed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.

What fatal errors did General Edward Braddock make?

He tried to fight using tactics that worked in Europe and did not adapt to North American conditions.

William Berkeley

He was a British colonial governor of Virginia from 1642-52. He showed that he had favorites in his second term which led to the Bacon's rebellion in 1676 ,which he ruthlessly suppressed. He had poor frontier defense.

George Whitefield

He was a great preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy.

Jonathon Edwards

He was an American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon.

Benjamin Franklin

He was born January 17, 1706 in Boston Massachusetts. Franklin taught himself math, history, science, English, and five other languages. He owned a successful printing and publishing company in Philadelphia. He conducted studies of electricity, invented bifocal glasses, the lighting rod, and the stove. He was a important diplomat and statesman and eventually signed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.

Francisco Pizzaro

He was from Portugal he went to Peru in 1532; he crushed Incas; took lot of money

John Peter Zenger Case

He was jailed for questioning the governor of New York. His case influenced freedom of speech and freedom of press.

Why did King George lll refuse to consider the colonists' declaration?

He was receiving tax income from them

town meetings

Held in New England as a form of local administration

Conquistadores

Hernan Cortez; Francisco Pizarro; Juan Ponce de Leon;

Who were the British Generals?

Howe, Abercrombie

John Rolfe

Husband of Pocahontas; sealed peace settlement of Anglo-Powahatn war; father of tobacco ind. economic, savior of VA colony

Antinomianism

Idea brought by Anne Huntchinson claimed holy life was no sure sign of Salvation

mercantilism

Idea that colonies existed solely for the benefit of the mother country; provided raw material and resources for England; goal is to export more than import

How would the alliance with the Iroquois have helped the British?

If the Iroquois joined the British in an alliance, then the French would have had to defend against two armies.

What is the Quartering Act?

It required colonists to quarter, or house British troops and provide them with food and other supplies.

triangular trade

Illegal trade b/t colonies, West Indies, and Africa designed to circumvent Navigation Laws; Indies sent sugar to New England, NE sent rum to Indies, Africa sent slaves to Indies, Indies sent slaves to NE, Indies sent rum to Africa

How did the French-Indian War Begin?

In 1753, the French began building forts to back their claim to the land between Lake Erie and the Ohio River. Virginia also claimed the Ohio River region. George Washington, as leader of the militia ordered them to leave, they declined. The British went to the Iroquois Indians to create an alliance against the French, but they declined.

(the players)french and indian war

In europe: Britain and Prussia vs. Frnace, Spain, Austira, in North America: Britain, British colonies, and small indian alliance vs. France, spain, and larger indian alliance

Providence

In present-day RI; Established by Roger Williams on land he purchased from the Indians; Vowed to accepts all settlers regardless of their beliefs

jeremiads

In the 1600's, Puritan preachers noticed a decline in the religious devotion of second-generation settlers. To combat this decreasing piety, they preached a type of sermon called the jeremiad. The jeremiads focused on the teachings of Jeremiah, a Biblical prophet who warned of doom.

Old and New Lights

In the early 1700's, olds were simply orthodox members of the clergy who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching were unnecessary. New´s were the more modern- thinking members of the clergy who strongly believed in the Great Awakening. These conflicting opinions changed certain denominations, helped popularize missionary work and assisted in the founding educational centers now known as Ivy League schools.

What did the Patriots want?

Independence from Britain

Pontiac

Indian Chief; led post war flare-up in the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes Region in 1763; his actions led to the Proclamation of 1763; the Proclamation angered the colonists.

Amerigo Vespucci

Indian Sailor; America named after him

Powhatan/Powhatan Confederacy

Indian chieftan who played a mock execution of John Smith to show his power and to express his desire to have peaceful realtions with the Virginians. He dominated the native peoples living in the James River area. He asserted supremacy over a few dozen small tribes, loosely affliated in what became the confederacy.

indentured servant

Individuals whose voyages to the New World were paid by others; in return for the free voyage, they would have to work for the provider for a certain period of time

Albany Congress

Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French. (117)

What is the Sugar Act?

It put a tax/duty on several products including molasses.

Proclamation of 1763

Issued by london gov't.; Prohibited settlement in the are beyond the Appalachians; colonists felt that they had a right to the land that they helped to take from France; colonies resented having to help pay for the British army that defended the frontiers.

What was the Tea Act?

It allowed the East India Company to ship tea directly to the colonies, skipping over Britain.

What were the terms of the Olive Branch Petition?

It asked King George to stop all fighting so that all disputes could be settled peaceably.

What did the First Continental Congress accomplish?

It called on the British to repeal the Intolerable Acts and called for a boycott of British goods and the training of colonial militias.

What did Common Sense help/accomplish?

It changed the way many colonists viewed their king. It made a strong case for economic freedom and for the right to military self-defense.

How did the American boycott affect Britain economically?

It decreased the number of British imports.

What did the First Continental Congress do?

It demanded a repeal of the Intolerable Acts, Declared that colonists should govern and tax themselves Called for a boycott of British goods

What effect did the Boston Massacre have on colonial resistance to British policies?

It helped strengthen the resistance by further uniting the colonists against the British government through groups like the Committees of Correspondence.

How did the Second Continental Congress influence the conflict between the colonists and Britain?

It intensified the conflict because it provided for an expanded colonial military force, failed to make peace, and took a tough stand in support of war.

What was the significance of Bacon's Rebellion?

It was the first rebellion in the American Colonies in which the frontiersmen took part. Also, it hastened the hardening of racial lines dealing with slavery, because this rebellion involved both black and white indentured servants which worried the ruling class.

Captain John Smith

Jamestown's survival was largely due to his leadership; established harsh martial law in the colony to ensure that those who did not work would not eat

Tobacco

John Rolfe was the father of the tobacco industry. Soon the European created a high demand for this product. So exclusivly did the colonists concentrate on planting this yellow leaf that they had to import some of their food. Virginia's prosperity was built on tobacco smoke. This "bewitching weed" played a vital role in putting the colony on firm economic foundations. Fatefully, this promoted the broad-acred plantation system and with it a demand for labor. Tobacco was a poor man's crop-could be planted easily, produced commercially marketabl leaves within a year, and required only simple processing.

Jonathan Edwards

Johnathan Edwards, an American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon.

Virginia Company

Joint stock company received charter from King James I; Promises of Gold-passage through Americas to Indies/ Guaranteed English would have same rights in New world as in England.

Primogeniture

Laws that decreed that only eldest sons were eligable to inherit landed estates.

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Olive Branch Petition

July 5-6, 1775 John Dickinson; reconciliation with Britain; Declaration of the causes of necessity of taking up arms; "our cause is just, our union is perfect"

What was the date?

June 17, 1775

William Bradford

Leader of Pilgrims; self-taught scholar, read Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, Dutch,; chosen governor 30x; feared independent "non-Puritans"; might corrupt his Godly experiment in wilderness.

Anglo-Powahatan War of 1614

Lord De La Warr carried orders from the Virginia Company declaring war against the Indians in Jamestown. Introduced "Irish Tactics" to the Indians. His troops raided Indian villages, burned houses, confiscated provisions, and torched cornfields. A peace settlement ended this first was in 1614, sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to the colonist John Ralfe.

Joint-Stock Company

Made in the early 1600's, this was a forerunner of the modern corporation. it enabled a considerable number of inverstors, called "adventurers", to pool their capital. Virginia Company of London was a joint-stock company made in 1606.

Dominion of New England

Main purpose was to outline and enforce Navigation Laws to protect mercantilist system in the colonies; created by Lords of Trade to unite all colonies after MBC's charter was revoked; prohibited meetings, revoked land titles, prevented smuggling, taxed heavily

What happened after the British retreated and they were marching back to Boston?

Many colonists had hid in the woods and ambushed the British. They caught the British off-guard.

Act of Toleration

Marylands's religious statute guaranteed toleration to all Christians, passed in 1649 by the local representative assembly. It decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus.

Second Continetal Congress

May 10, 1775, decision for war with Britain; needed commander of continual army; southern with experience (George Washington)

What do you think is one advantage and one disadvantage of using mercenaries during a war?

Mercenaries increase the size of your fighting force, but they may not be as loyal or fight as hard as the regular army.

indentured servants

Migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years. Their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement.

Roger Williams

Minister from Salem; extreme Separatist who argued legality of MBC and Plymouth b/c both colonies were built on Indian land which the King had no authority over; Strongly believed in separation of church and state, King should have nothing to do with religious matters;

new lighs

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening. (100)

Who got their name because they were ready to fight at a minute's notice.

Minutemen

How did the American Revolution begin?

Minutemen attacked British soldiers sent to Concord to seize arms and arrest colonial leaders.

Sir Francis Drake

Most famous "sea dog". Plundered hi way around the planet, came back 1580 with Spanish booty which came up to 4600 percent which he gave to finicial brokers-Queen of England. Later he was knighted by the Queen on the deck of his barnacled ship.

How did most colonists feel about helping the British?

Most probably wanted to help the British because they wanted to be safe from the French and their Native American allies.

Metacom

Name by which King Phillip went by; Wampanoag chief; declared war on Puritan NE towns damaging and burning many; later executed

what caused bacon's rebellion?

Nathanial Bacon grouped together and angry mob to burn Jamestown and Indian settlements as a protest for the reason that they didn't get any protection from the government.

what was the first name of the person who created bacon's rebellion?

Nathaniel

Atlantic Triangle

New England, Africa, and England. Sometimes included the West Indies. Trade routes that transported slaves to the colonies and England, money and raw produce to England and Africa, and finished products from England

John Peter Zenger (Zenger trial 1734-1735)

New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel. (103)

Lord De La Warr

New governor of the colonists, part of a relief party headed for the James River, in 1610. He ordered the settlers back to Jamestown and imposed a harsh military regime on the colony, and soon undertook aggressive action against the Indians. Strained he relationship between the colonists and the Indians, even brought word from the Virginia Company that declared war against the Indians in Jamestown. Used "Irish Tactics" against the Indians.

James Otis

No Taxation with out representation

Society of Friends (Quakers)

Official title for the Quaker religion; stronger opponents to authority and Anglican church than the Puritans - often persecuted because they were considered dangerous; believed in "inner light" not scripture or bishop; Asserted that all men were equal in the eyes of God - challenged social order

Old Lights

Orthodox and liberal clergymen; deeply skeptical about the emotionalism and theatrical antics of revivalists

old lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality. (100)

What was the Declaratory Act?

Parliament had total authority over the colonies

Declaratory Act

Parliament has right to make laws w/o colonial consent; is introduced after parliament repeals Stamp Act

What was the Boston Massacre?

Parliament repealed all taxes, except the one on tea. An angry crowd threw rocks and snowballs at the soldiers and they fired back. John Adams defended the soldiers in court.

How did the English king react to the colonists' petition about the sugar and Stamp Acts?

Parliament repealed the acts, but then passed the Declaratory Act.

Colonists who chose to fight for independence from Great Britain.

Patriots

Who warned the colonists of the British advance toward Lexington and Concord?

Paul Reveir

Spanish Armada

Phillip of Spain, self anointed for of the Protestant Reformation, usead part of imperial gains to amass an "Invincible Armada" of ships for and invasion of England. In 1588, Spainsh flotilla of 130 cast into the English Channel. English sea dogs fought back with ships that were more maneuverable and more ably manned. The English inflicted heavy damage on the Spaish and a storm also arose (the "Protestant Wind") scattering the cripple Spainsh fleet. The Spainsh Armada marked the beggining of the end of the Spanish imperial dreams, it dampened Spain's fighing spirit and helped ensure England's naval dominance in the North Atlantic.

Naval Stores

Pitch and tar made from pinetrees and used to make ships water-tight

Who is Pontiac?

Pontiac, the leader of the Ottawa nation formed an alliance of western Native Americans. They attached British forts in the area and destroyed many. They were defeated by the British. The Proclamation of 1763 banned colonial settlements west of a line drawn in the Appalachian Mountains. It was widely ignored.

Roger Williams

Popular Salem minister radical ideas; wanted to make clean break with corrupt church of England probably built first Baptist church; established complete freedom of religion; Rhode Island

Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

Puritans

Protestants who wished to purify the Anglican Church by breaking away from Catholic practices and barring people from the church who were not commited

Cotton Mather

Puritan minister who supported Salem Witch Trials to decrease prestige of clergy

Queen Elizabeth I

Queen of England 1558-1603. Final break with the Roman Catholic Church. Spaish Armada defeated. She was Protestant, vain, fickle, prejudiced, and miserly. She was an uunusually successful ruler and never married. "Virgin Queen"

Pilgrims (Separatists)

Radical Protestants who wished to break from the Anglican Church entirely; Left England to settler in Netherlands but did not approve of the "Dutchification" of their children; enveutally settled in New World to avoid religious persecution

British soldiers who fought against the colonists in the American Revolution; so called because of their bright red uniform

Redcoats

Mayflower Compact

Regarded not as a constitution but as an agreement; Recognized James I as sovereign leader and all settlers as governing body; Agreed to majority rule

Great Awakening (1730s and 1740s)

Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A Second Great Awakening arose in the nineteenth century. (98)

House of Burgesses

Representative self-government, created in 1619. The London Company authorized the settlers to summon this assembly.

What was the Stamp Act?

Required all colonists to buy special tax stamps for all kinds of products and activities.

What was the Quartering Act?

Required colonists to quarter or house British troops and provide them with water and other supplies.

What happened with the effort to take Canada?

Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold moved northward. Benedict Arnold went through Maine and attacked Quebec, where Montgomery was killed and Arnold wounded, the Americans withdrew leaving Canada to the British.

Why didn't they find ammunition and weapons?

Samuel Prescott warned the people at Concord and the colonists had enough time to move the weapons and ammunition to safety

Samuel De Champlain

Samuel de Champlain was a French explorer who sailed to the West Indies, Mexico, and Panama. He wrote many books telling of his trips to Mexico City and Niagara Falls. His greatest accomplishment was his exploration of the St. Lawrence River and his latter settlement of Quebec.

In May 1775, a meeting of colonial delegates in Philadelphia to decide how to react to fighting at Lexington and Concord.

Second Continental Congress

Review and Assessment - page 164

See Textbook

"witch huning" (Salem Witch Trials)

Series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town. Twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the Governor of Massachusetts. (84)

What was the Quebec Act?

Set up government for the territory taken from France in 1763. It claimed the land between Ohio and the Missouri rivers as part of Canada. It blocked colonists from moving west.

What is a blockade?

Shutting off of a port by ships to keep people or supplies from moving in or out.

Charter of the Virginia Company

Significant document in American history. It guaranteed to the overseas settlers the smae rights of the Englishmen that they would ahve enjoyed if they had stayed at home. This was gradually extended to subsequent English colonies, helping to reinforce the colonists' sense that even across the Atlantice, they remained comfortablely within the embrace of traditional English institutions. Later their insistance on the "rights of Englishmen" caused their appitite for independance.

What was the Battle of Bunker Hill?

Sit of the famous command, "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes", attributed to Colonel William Prescott.

War of Jenkin's Ear

Small-scale clash between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean and in the buffer colony, Georgia. It merged with the much larger War of Austrian Succession in 1742. (114)

What is mercenaries?

Soldiers who serve another country for money.

How did the tax from the Townshend Acts reduce colonial power?

Some of the tax collected was set aside for the payment of tax collectors, meaning that colonial assemblies could no longer withhold government officials' wages in order to get their way.

Father Junipero Sera

Strove to Christianize Californians.

What did the Battle of Bunker Hill show about the American and British forces?

The Americans lost the battle, but had proven that they could stand up and fight the British.

Fort Necessity

The Battle of Fort Necessity, or the Battle of the Great Meadows took place on July 3, 1754 in what is now the mountaintop hamlet of Farmington in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. The engagement was one of the first battles of the French and Indian War and George Washington's only military surrender. The battle, along with the May 28 Battle of Jumonville Glen, contributed to a series of military escalations that resulted in the global Seven Years' War

Was the fist battle of the Revolutionary War

The Battle of Lexington

Why were the British concerned about French activity in the Ohio River valley?

The British also claimed the Ohio River valley.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Quebec?

The British defeated the French who were no longer able to defend the rest of their North American territory.

How did the British gain the French territory in North America?

The British gained control of French territory in North America with military victories during the French and Indian War.

Why did the British feel the Proclamation of 1763 was critical in their relationship with the Native Americans?

The British hoped it would assure Native Americans that colonists would not settle on Native American land.

Main Idea of the Battle

The British launched 3 frontal attacks up Breeds Hill on the Americans and finally forced the Americans to retreat on the final attack

After the first shot was fired at Lexington what happened next?

The British left Lexington and headed to Concord to raid and rob the colonists' supply depot at Concord for ammunition and weapons.

What led to the conflict at Lexington and Concord?

The British tried to march to Concord to seize the minutemen's weapons and capture some important colonial leaders.

Who Won?

The British!!!!

Louisbourg

The Fortress of Louisburg on the Atlantic coast of Cape Breton Island was the bastion guarding the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River and access to French Canada. Before the British could conquer the French colony Louisburg had to be captured. It had been taken by British provincial troops in King George's War but returned to France in the peace settlement of 1748.

Why did the British want to form an alliance with Iroquois during the French and Indian war?

The Iroquois though that they were likely to gain an advantage by helping the British defeat the French.

What did the Second Continental Congress accomplish?

The Second Continental Congress helped create the Continental Army to defend the American colonies from Britain

Why did Britain pass The Tea Act?

The Tea Act was supposed to help the East India Company by lowering the price of tea and giving the company a monopoly on selling tea in the colonies.

James Oglethorpe

The ablest of the founders of Georgia who beacem interested in prison reform. He was an able military leader who repelled Spanish attacks. He was an imperialist and philantropist, he saved "the Charity Colony" by his energetic leadership and by heavily mrtgaging his own personal fortune.

What is tyranny?

The abuse of government power

How did the Intolerable Acts affect colonial unity?

The acts unified the colonists and strengthened their sense of an identity that was different from the British.

How did the French and Indian War affect the 13 colonies?

The colonies could expand farther west after the war.

Pocahontas

The daughter of the cheiftan Powhatan who "saved" John Smithby dramaticallyinterposing her head between his and the war clubs of his captors. She became an intermediary between the Indians and the settlers, helping to preserve a shaky peace and to provide needed foodstuffs. Married John Rolfe-the first known interacial union in Virginia, ended the First Anglo-Powhatan War in 1614.

John Rolfe

The father of the tobacco industry and economic savior of the Virginia colony. Married to Pocahontas sealing the peace settlement ending the First Anglo-Powhatan War. The first known interracial union in Virginia. He was later killed by the Indians attacks.

What were the "Intolerable Acts"?

The first act closed the port of Boston; two others limited colonial self-government;the fourth act strengthened the 1765 Quartering Act.

Virginia Company

The first joint-stock company in the colonies; founded Jamestown; promised gold, conversion of Indian to Christianity, and passage to the Indies

Why did the Brits fail to accomplish their strategy?

The hill made the charge slow because it was steep

Why were Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill important positions to hold?

The hills overlooked Boston, and armies could fire on British ships in Boston harbor from these locations.

Middle Passage

The journey slaves took across the Atlantic from Africa to the colonies; very brutal, awful circumstances

How did the role of the militia change after the battles of Lexington and Concord?

The militia was transformed into an army during the Second Continental Congress.

Midnight Riders

The most famous is Paul Revere - who worked as a messenger and warned the colonists of an impending British attack. His dedication to patriotism reflected in the growing sense of democratic ideals.

What was the proclamation of 1763?

The proclamation of 1763 was a law that forbade the colonists to settle west of the appalachian mountains

How did the colonists react to the Stamp Act?

There were widespread protests, boycotts, and petitions against the act.

How did the colonists start to think of themselves differently after the end of the French and Indian War?

They began to think of themselves as different from people living in Britain.

Why did colonists object to writs of assistance?

They believed that the searches allowed under these writs were a violation of their rights.

Why were the colonists opposed to the Tea Act even though it lowered prices for tea?

They disliked the fact that the Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly, which threatened many colonial merchants selling Dutch tea.

How did British troops retreat from Boston?

They fleed back to Great Britain through the Boston Harbor because it was the only way out.

What were the major achievements of the Continental Congress?

They formed an army and recruited soldiers, chose a commander, printed paper money, petitioned the king to stop the fighting, and passed the stop the fighting and passes the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms.

What happened on the second British attempt?

They retreated again

How did the divided loyalties of the colonists affect the Second Continental Congress?

They passed resolutions that favored both negotiations and a tough stance against the British government.

What was a problem for the Americans?

They ran out of gunpowder

In what ways did the colonists show that they were angry about Britain's violation of their rights?

They sent support to Boston and organized the First Continental Congress.

What colonies' legislature did the Townshend Acts suspend?

They suspended the New York legislature because it had refused to comply with a law requiring the colonists to supply British troops.

How was the tax enforced by the Townshend Acts different from previous taxes? Did this clash with mercantilism?

They taxed goods imported directly from Britain, the first such tax in the colonies. Mercantilism approved of duties on imports from other European nations but not on British imports.

How did the Stamp Act help draw the colonists closer together?

They united against an unpopular law and worked together to end the Stamp Act.

How did the victory at Fort Ticonderoga help Washington's forces in Boston?

They used cannons seized during the battle of Ticonderoga to help drive the British out of Boston.

Why did the First Continental Congress send the Declaration of Rights to the king?

They wanted their independence from Great Britain

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

What were the issues facing the Second Continental Army?

They were divided about what to do, but did agree to form an army, and be prepared for war.

Why did the Americans lose the Battle of Bunker Hill?

They were forced to retreat when they ran out of ammunition.

Why did the Patriots need several riders?

They were unsure of how the British would strike

Great Awakening

This was a religious revival held in the 1730's and 1740's to motivate the colonial America. Motivational speakers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield helped to bring Americans together.

(1737-1809) American political philosopher and author, he urged an immediate declaration of independence from England in his anonymously and simply written pamphlet, Common Sense.

Thomas Paine

The author, ________, that citizens, not kings and queens, should make laws.

Thomas Paine

Who were the Patriots?

Those colonists that favored independence and were willing to fight fort.

Who were the Loyalists?

Those colonists who remained loyal to Britain and the king. As many as one third of all colonists were Loyalists, mostly the wealthy and government officials.

Barbados Slave Code of 1661

To control this large and potentially restive popluation of slaves, English authorities devised formal "codes" that defined the slaves' legal status and masters' prerogatives. This code denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves and gave their masters virtually complete control over their laborers, including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions.

Why did the British impose new taxes on the American colonists?

To help pay the costs of the war and protecting the colonists.

Why was the proclamation issued?

To prevent conflict and war between the native americans and the british

What did the First Continental Congress decide to do?

To repeal of officially end the Intolerable Acts, colonies had the right to tax themselves, and militia training.

Why did the British army march on Lexington and Concord?

To take away the British guns and ammo

What is a "monopoly"?

Total control of a market for a certain product.

Wampanoags

Tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers

Great Migration

Turmoil in England caused 150,000+ settlers to migrate to New World; ended with the outburst of English Civil War

Who sent representatives to the First Continental Congress?

Twelve of the Thirteen colonies sent delegates. Only Georgia did not sent representatives.

Bacon's Rebellion

Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite. (74)

New York Slave Revolt

Uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks. (76)

South Carolina Slave Revolt (Stono Rebellion)

Uprising, also known as the Stono Rebellion, of more than fifty South Carolina blacks along the Stono River. The slaves attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia. (76)

William Berkly

VA governor who gave Indians land and rights; angered colonists by refusing to retaliate for Indian attacks; chased out of VA; then crossed the uprising rebels after Berkeley's death.

In Pennsylvania was the site of the military camp of the American Continental Army over the winter of 1777-1778 during the American Revolutionary War.

Valley Forge

John Smith

Virginia was saved due to the leadership and resourcefulness of an tinrepid young adventurer. Taking over in1608, he whipped the gold-hungry colonists into line with "He who shall not work shall not eat".He was kidnapped in1607 and mock executed by the Indian Cheiftan Powhatan whose daugther Pocahontas "saved" him-was intended to impress Smith with Powhatan's power and with the Indian's desire for peaceful realtions with the Virginians.

Indentured Servants

Virginia's tobacco industry depended for labor from these people. They were white penniless persons who bound themselves to work for a number of years to pay their passage. It was only in the alter years of the 17th Centuary that black slvaes began o be imported in large numbers.

Northwest Passage

Waterway from Atlantic to Pacific; sought since the 1600s

Why did Pontiac begin attacking British forts and settlements in the west?

We wanted to drive the British out of the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.

How did the American Revolution begin?

When King George rejected the colonists Oliver Branch petition and the Second Continental Congress voted to form an army.

freedom dues

When an indentured servant was done serving his term with his "master" in the New World, the master gave him Freedom Dues. They consisted of land, possessions, and/or money. This was part of the agreement of the indentured servant's term.

William Pitt

William Pitt was a British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the London government, and earned himself the name, "Organizer of Victory". He led and won a war against Quebec. Pittsburgh was named after him.

George Whitefield

Whitefield came into the picture in 1738 during the Great Awakening, which was a religious revival that spread through all of the colonies. He was a great preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy.

James Wolfe

Wolfe was the British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec won Canada for the British Empire. Even though the battle was only fifteen minutes, Wolfe was killed in the line of duty. This was a decisive battle in the French and Indian War.

Benjamin Franklin

Writings had huge impact on shaping the American character; helped establish the University of Pennsylvania

Thomas Paine

Wrote common sense pamphlet; Jan 1776; Idea for Republicanism- power comes from people

John Singleton Copley

a famous Revolutionary era painter, Copley had to travel to England to finish his study of the arts. Only in the Old World could Copley find subjects with the leisure time required to be painted, and the money needed to pay him for it. Although he was an American citizen, he was loyal to England during The Revolution.

Jesuits (men from Society of Jesus)

a religious order of men who follow the teachings of the Catholic Church. Jesuit priests and brothers — also sometimes known colloquially as "God's marines" — are engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents reflecting the Formula of the Institute (principle) of the Society

Phillis Wheatley

a slave girl who became a poet. At age eight, she was brought to Boston. published a book of poetry at age 20

What did the Americans end up firing?

broken glass

The 4 Coercive Acts

boston harbor closed until tea was pid for; reinforced the quartering act; General Gage and 4000 troops arrive in boston

Poor Richard's Almanack

collection of writings of many thinkers of the day; emphasized thrift, morality, industry, common sense

restoration colonies

colonies that were not founded until after Charles II assumed the throne; EX. NY, SC, NC

jayle birds

convicts and rapist of england that were brought to the new world

rack-renting

denotes two different concepts: 1.an excessive or extortionate rent, or 2.the full rent of a property, including both land and improvements if it were subject to an immediate open-market rental review

Where did the battle of Lexington take place?

in a meadow green in Lexington, MA

why did many colonists dislike the Navigation Acts

in their view the laws favored the english merchants. MERCANTILISM!!!

naval stores

is a broad term which originally applied to the resin-based components used in building and maintaining wooden sailing ships, a category which includes cordage, mask, turpentine, rosin, pitch (resin) and tar. In modern usage, the term applies to all products derived from pine sap, which are used to manufacture soap, paint, varnish, shoe polish, lubricants, linoleum, and roofing materials.

Rack-renting

merciless rent increases

middle passage

middle segment of the forced journey that slaves made from Africa to America throughout the 1600's; it consisted of the dangerous trip across the Atlantic Ocean; many slaves perished on this segment of the journey.

Half way Covenant

modified covenant to admit to baptism; the uncovered children of existing members;weakend distinction between "elect" and others- dramatizied the difficulty of maintainignreligious devotion

Indentured Servants

more or less a slave for a couple of years in order to pay off debt to landowners who paid their ticket to America

George Whitefield

most influential figure of The Great Awakening; amazing orator who appealed to the Bible; founded methodism in GA and SC

Quakers

radical religious section of the church of england; was developed during the inglish civil war; women were alowed to preech; they didnt belive the hiarchy like the puritans

Protestan Reformation

result of King Henry VIII Broke w/ Roman Catholic church in 1530's; Catholics v.s. Protestants; Protestant eventually became dominate religion in England after Queen Elizabeth; Battles with Irish

Jacobus Arminius- Arminianism

served from 1603 as professor in theology at the University of Leiden. He wrote many books and treatises on theology, and his views became the basis of Arminianism and the Dutch Remonstrant movement. Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election. (98)

Increase Mather

son of Cotton Mather who became the president of Harvard University

Townshend Acts

tax on glass, tea, and paper; provided for search of private homes for smuggled goods; to pay crown officials in the colonies; suspended new York's assembly for that colony's defiance of the Quartering Act.

Holy Experiment

tested religious toleration among many denominations

Colombian exchange

the New World to the Old World: gold and silver, corn, potato, tobacco, beans, cacao, tomato, Syphilis,; the Old World to the New World: rice, wheat, sugar, coffee, oats, ovive, horses, cow, pig, sheep, chikenpox

How did the Townshend Acts affect the number of dreaded vice-admirality courts?

the Townshend Acts created even more vice-admirality courts and several new government offices to enforce the Crown's will in the colonies.

What saved the British from complete disaster?

the arrival of reinforcements

Why did Captain Jonas Parker order the colonists to retreat?

the colonists were badly outnumbered

Battle of Yorktown

the final battle occured; american land forces and french forces traped birtish forced them to surrendur

Social Stratification

the hierarchal rankings of groups of people based on access to and control over socially valued resources

Tea Act

the parlament allows the british east india comp. a monopoly on tax of tea sales

The British soldiers lined up in rows and faced their enemies face to face in an open field. Why did the colonists hide in the woods?

they had seen the American Indians fight like this and take their enemies by surprise

What did the Brits do after failing their first strategy?

they reatreated

Why were the navigation acts passed

to ensure that only england benefitted from colonial trade

John Smith

took over VA in 1608; he said "he that shall not work shall not eat."; worked closely with Indians; clashed with Indians; Powhatan: leader of Powhatan confederacy; Initially helped colonists; 1610 lord de la War wages war w/ Indians; several Anglo-Powhatan wars start; Indians are eventually driven out of VA

Glorious Revolution

turn england into a constitusional monarchy; agreed to rule with consent of parliment; assigned a bill of right; signed the toloration act; ended the dominon of new england

New France

was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to Spain and Britain in 1763

George Washington

was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1797. As the leader of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, he led the American victory over Great Britain.

Define rout

wild confusion or disorderly retreat

Pequot Wars

wars fought b/t Pequots and the NE Confederation from 1636-37; despite Puritan victory over Indians, NE fought to ensure security from Pequot attacks in the futures

Marquis de Montcalm

was a French soldier best known as the commander of the forces in North America during the Seven Years' War (whose North American theatre is called the French and Indian War in the United States

Nathaniel Bacon

was a wealthy colonist of the Virginia Colony, famous as the instigator of Bacon's Rebellion of 1676, which collapsed when Bacon himself died from dysentery.

salutary neglect

was an undocumented, though long-standing, British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to Great Britain.

restoration Colonies

was one of a number of land grants in North America given by King Charles II of England in the latter half of the 17th century, ostensibly as a reward to his supporters in the Stuart Restoration. The grants marked the resumption of English colonization of the Americas after a 30-year hiatus. The two major restoration colonies were the Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of Carolina.

New England Primer

was the first reading primer designed for the American Colonies. It became the most successful educational textbook published in 18th century America and it became the foundation of most schooling before the 1790s.

headright system

way to attract immigrants; gave 50 acres of land to anyone who paid their way and/or any plantation owner that paid an immigrants way; mainly a system in the southern colonies.

praying towns

were developed by the Puritans of New England from 1646 to 1675 in an effort to convert the local Native American tribes to Christianity. The Natives who moved into these towns were known as Praying Indians. Before 1674 the villages were the most ambitious Christianization experiment in English colonial America.

slave codes

were laws which each US state, or colony, enacted which defined the status of slaves and the rights of masters. Such codes gave slave-owners absolute power over their human property.

Royal Colonies

were to be under the direct authority and rule of the king's gov't.

Proprietary Colonies

were under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king

Dominion of New England

when King JamesII consolidated the royal gov't. and clononies from maine to conneticut in to one colony