History 7B

Interstate Highway Act 1956

A colossal interstate highway system that the federal government paid 90% of the cost for. It was a 41000 mile system of highways that were intended for long distance travel. The highways connected the suburbs to other suburbs and bypassed the cities. They encouraged the decentralization of the work place and made suburbs the place of work and life. Less money went into cities and more into the suburbs. Federal government encouraged the migration of people from cities to suburbs through the highways.

AIDS

AIDS was known as the "Gay Cancer" and ripped through society. The Reagan administration did nothing about it; they believed that Gays deserved it (gays hated Reagan). AIDS made it imperative that people come out because it was a matter of life or death. The biggest organization/movement that came up was Act Up in 1987 which pressured food and drug administration to make experimental drugs available faster and to pressure drug companies to reduce prices. There was also backlash to the gay community. Anita Bryant was anti-gay activist who campaigned, "Save our Children," saying that gays couldn't reproduce so they would have to recruit children. In CA, Briggs Prop 6 fired gay teachers in schools. There was a lot of hostility toward the gay community and AID came about in this context. Gay communist became active in providing services to the sick and dying. There was a huge mobilization in providing condoms. The gay health movement built on the women's health movement for democratizing medical information. The politicization of demand for better, accesible health care.

Roosevelt Coalition

An American political term that refers to the alignment of interest groups and voting blocs that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until the late 1960s. It made the Democratic Party the majority party during that period, losing only to Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956. Franklin D. Roosevelt forged a coalition that included Banking and oil industries, the Democratic state party organizations, city machines, labor unions, blue collar workers, minorities (racial, ethnic and religious), farmers, white Southerners, people on relief, and intellectuals. The coalition fell apart around the bitter factionalism during the 1968 election, but it remains the model that party activists seek to replicate.

Betty Friedan

Betty Friedan, author of "Feminine Mystique," put a name to the struggle of women, which had no name before.

Okie Migration

In the mid-1930s, during the Dust Bowl era, large numbers of farmers fleeing ecological disaster and the Great Depression migrated from the Great Plains and Southwest regions to California mostly along historic U.S. Route 66. More of the migrants were from Oklahoma than any other state, and a total of 15% of the Oklahoma population left for California.

Fair Employment Practices Commission

The Fair Employment Practices Commission was weak in investigating complaints of discrimination, but it was a big change in policy of formal anti-discrimination.

Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan (1948) was US economic aid to European countries to bolster economies so they would not turn to communism. Spent 13 million dollars; it was very successful. This was the positive side of containment. Recovery in Europe benefitted America because European countries bought American products. The USSR refused to join the plan - solidifying their differences.

Bush vs. Gore

The landmark United States Supreme Court decision that effectively resolved the 2000 presidential election in favor of George W. Bush.

Suburbia

The suburban population in North America exploded during the post-World War II economic expansion. Returning veterans wishing to start a settled life moved en masse to the suburbs. Levittown developed as a major prototype of mass-produced housing. At the same time, African Americans were rapidly moving north for better jobs and educational opportunities than were available to them in the segregated South. Their arrival in Northern cities en masse, in addition to being followed by race riots in several large cities such as Detroit, Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia, further stimulated white suburban migration. The growth of the suburbs was facilitated by the development of zoning laws, redlining and numerous innovations in transport. After World War II availability of FHA loans stimulated a housing boom in American suburbs.

Clinton's TANF

Clinton's TANF 1991 was purposely intrusive and highly humiliating to discourage families from applying for the benefits. The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families would offer benefits to families for five years.

Colin Powell

Colin Powell was the first African American appointed as the U.S. Secretary of State, and the first, and so far the only, to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Ping-Pong Diplomacy

During the tense cold war era between the United States and the People's Republic of China, the break in hostility would begin over a game of table tennis. After more than two decades of virtually no communication after the Communist takeover by Mao Zedong in 1949, "Ping Pong Diplomacy" would facilitate the beginning of a friendlier relationship between the US and China. The exchange of table tennis (ping-pong) players between the United States and People's Republic of China (PRC) in the early 1970s marked a thaw in U.S.-China relations that paved the way to a visit to Beijing by President Richard Nixon.

Détente

Détente (a French word meaning release from tension) is the name given to a period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union that began tentatively in 1971 and took decisive form when President Richard M. Nixon visited the secretary-general of the Soviet Communist party, Leonid I. Brezhnev, in Moscow, May 1972. The period was characterized by the signing of treaties such as the SALT I and the Helsinki Accords. A second Arms-Limitation Treaty, SALT II, was discussed but never ratified by the United States. There is still ongoing debate amongst historians as to how successful the détente period was in achieving peace.

John F. Kennedy

Elected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States, 43-year-old John F. Kennedy became the youngest man and the first Roman Catholic to hold that office. As president, Kennedy confronted mounting Cold War tensions in Cuba, Vietnam and elsewhere. He also led a renewed drive for public service and eventually provided federal support for the growing civil rights movement. His assassination on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas, sent shockwaves around the world and turned the all-too-human Kennedy into a larger-than-life heroic figure. To this day, historians continue to rank him among the best-loved presidents in American history.

Ms.

Gloria Steinem founded the groundbreaking magazine, Ms. On newsstands in 1972, the magazine was the first mainstream publication of its kind to speak honestly and directly about real women's issues, including being the first magazine to tackle domestic abuse and abortion. he magazine illuminated domestic abuse, sexual harassment, and violence against women and sparked acrimonious debates on issues where feminists disagreed, such as pornography, child rearing, and making the mainstream movement more palatable by cutting out certain groups.

Dynamic Conservatism

"Dynamic Conservation" was Eisenhower's economic philosophy which favored a continuation of the chief New Deal programs combined with an attempt to move the federal government out of some areas. Some people explained it as "conservative when it comes to money and liberal when it comes to human beings" Budget cutting was a high priority for new administration --> set out after domestic programs and national defense Although he chipped away at the New Deal programs, his presidency in the end served to legitimize the New Deal.

Social Security Act

1935: guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Zoot Suit riots

1943 Wartime racism. Zoot suit riots have to do with the Chicano workers, who were beaten and attacked by white soldiers, marines, and sailors. Downtown LA, they were beaten up and the Chicano men were arrested, rather than the attackers. Mexican men were disconnected from society.

CREEP

1973 Committee to Reelect the President organized CIA operatives as burglars to break into the Democratic party headquarters. Nixon tried to cover up the scandal but the media exposed the details and it was revealed that Nixon had taped everything in the Oval Office. He had also compiled a list of enemies, had phones of journalists tapped, and enlisted the CIA and FBI to spy. The Watergate Scandal was the reason why Nixon resigned, because of the threat of impeachment.

Hoovervilles

A "Hooverville" is the popular name for shanty towns built by homeless people during the Great Depression. As the Depression worsened in the 1930s, causing severe hardships for millions of Americans, many looked to the federal government for assistance. When the government failed to provide relief, President Herbert Hoover (1874-1964) was blamed for the intolerable economic and social conditions.

SNCC

The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), formed to give younger blacks more of a voice in the civil rights movement, became one of the movement's more radical branches. In the wake of the early sit-ins at lunch counters closed to blacks, which started in February 1960 in Greensboro, North Carolina, Ella Baker, then director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), helped set up the first meeting of what became SNCC. She was concerned that SCLC, led by the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was out of touch with younger blacks who wanted the movement to make faster progress. Baker encouraged those who formed SNCC to look beyond integration to broader social change and to view King's principle of nonviolence more as a political tactic than as a way of life.

Reconversion

The necessity somehow to switch over the American economy from massive industrial production for war and military needs to peacetime consumer manufacturing. It is the switch to the production of civilian output.Reconversion implies structural shifts in production, capital investments, and foreign trade turnover and, in most cases, the implementation of a monetary reform and a change in the legal regulation of the economy. The restoration and reconversion of the economy are concurrent processes. During reconversion there is a temporary decline in the absolute level of production.

WWII Neutrality Acts

Were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s, in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II. They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts. The legacy of the Neutrality Acts is widely regarded as having been generally negative: they made no distinction between aggressor and victim, treating both equally as "belligerents"; and they limited the US government's ability to aid Britain and France against Nazi Germany. The acts were largely repealed in 1941, in the face of German submarine attacks on U.S. vessels and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Beat Movement

A group of American writers and artists popular in the 1950s and early 1960s, influenced by Eastern philosophy and religion and known especially for their use of nontraditional forms and their rejection of conventional social values.

Rosie the Riveter

American women entered the workforce in unprecedented numbers during World War II, as widespread male enlistment left gaping holes in the industrial labor force. Between 1940 and 1945, the female percentage of the U.S. workforce increased from 27 percent to nearly 37 percent, and by 1945 nearly one out of every four married women worked outside the home. "Rosie the Riveter," star of a government campaign aimed at recruiting female workers for the munitions industry, became perhaps the most iconic image of working women during the war. Rosie the Riveter is commonly used as a symbol of feminism and women's economic power.

Black Panthers/Malcolm X

Black Panthers were a violent group of African Americans who didn't think civil disobedience was enough. Countered police brutality with violence. They were militant/ Malcolm X criticized MLK's, "I have a dream." He as a black, radical nationalist who was also a leader in the Civil rights movement.

Brown vs. Board of Education 1954

Brown vs. Board of Education 1954 decision overturned the Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896 decision by ruling that separate, but equal facilities were inherently unequal and a violation of the 14th amendment. Led to the slow desegregation of schools.

Containment

Containment was the US foreign policy during the Cold War. The US believed it had a duty to contain the threat and expansion of communism. The newly independent and vulnerable post-war countries were more susceptible to communism. The domino theory was that if one country fell to communism, all others would as well.

Cesar Chavez

Mexican-American Cesar Chavez (1927-1993) was a prominent union leader and labor organizer. Hardened by his early experience as a migrant worker, Chavez founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962. His union joined with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee in its first strike against grape growers in California, and the two organizations later merged to become the United Farm Workers. Stressing nonviolent methods, Chavez drew attention for his causes via boycotts, marches and hunger strikes. Despite conflicts with the Teamsters union and legal barriers, he was able to secure raises and improve conditions for farm workers in California, Texas, Arizona and Florida.

Star Wars

The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a program first initiated on March 23, 1983 under President Ronald Reagan. The intent of this program was to develop a sophisticated anti-ballistic missile system in order to prevent missile attacks from other countries, specifically the Soviet Union. With the tension of the Cold War looming overhead, the Strategic Defense Initiative was the United States' response to possible nuclear attacks from afar. Although the program seemed to have no negative consequences, there were concerns brought up about the program "contravening" the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks years before. For this reason, in conjunction with budgetary constraints, the Strategic Defense Initiative was ultimately set aside.

Reagan Doctrine

A strategy orchestrated and implemented by the United States under the Reagan Administration to oppose the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War. While the doctrine lasted less than a decade, it was the centerpiece of United States foreign policy from the early 1980s until the end of the Cold War in 1991. Under the Reagan Doctrine, the United States provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "roll back" Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The doctrine was designed to diminish Soviet influence in these regions as part of the administration's overall Cold War strategy.

Free Speech Movement

A student protest which took place during the 1964-65 academic year on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley under the informal leadership of students Mario Savio, Michael Rossman, Brian Turner, Bettina Aptheker, Steve Weissman, Art Goldberg, Jackie Goldberg, and others. In protests unprecedented in scope, students insisted that the university administration lift the ban of on-campus political activities and acknowledge the students' right to free speech and academic freedom.

Energy Crisis

A period during the 1970s which the economies of the major industrial countries of the world, particularly the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand were heavily affected and faced substantial petroleum shortages, real and perceived, as well as elevated prices. The two worst crises of this period were the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 energy crisis, caused by interruptions in exports from the Middle East, for example in 1979 due to the Iranian Revolution. The crisis period began to unfold as a result of events at the end of the 1960s. It was during this time that petroleum production in major producers like the United States and some other parts of the world peaked.

Moral Majority

A prominent American political organization associated with the Christian right. It was founded in 1979 and dissolved in the late 1980s. It played a key role in the mobilization of Christians as a political force and in Republican presidential victories throughout the 1980s.

Kitchen Debate

A series of impromptu exchanges (through interpreters) between then U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of the American National Exhibition at Sokolniki Park in Moscow on July 24, 1959. The Kitchen Debate was the first high-level meeting between Soviet and U.S. leaders since the Geneva Summit in 1955.

The Great Society

A set of domestic programs in the United States launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964-65. The main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice. New major spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were launched during this period. The program and its initiatives were subsequently promoted by LBJ and fellow Democrats in Congress in the 1960s and years following. The Great Society in scope and sweep resembled the New Deal domestic agenda of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Keynesian Economics

An economic theory of total spending in the economy and its effects on output and inflation. Keynesian economics was developed by the British economist John Maynard Keynes during the 1930s in an attempt to understand the Great Depression. Keynes advocated increased government expenditures and lower taxes to stimulate demand and pull the global economy out of the Depression. Subsequently, the term "Keynesian economics" was used to refer to the concept that optimal economic performance could be achieved - and economic slumps prevented - by influencing aggregate demand through activist stabilization and economic intervention policies by the government. Keynesian economics is considered to be a "demand-side" theory that focuses on changes in the economy over the short run.

CORE 1942

Congress of Racial Equality 1942 was an interracial organization that sought to desegregate businesses. They held sit ins at public faciliteis to challenge segregation.

HUAC

HUAC: House of Un-American Committee had initially targeted KKK, but started to investigate communists. HUAC asked intrusive questions like, "Are you communist?" Hollywood 10 was a group of film writers who refused to answer the question. They were blacklisted in the film industry and convicted for contempt in 1948. Anyone was susceptible to blacklisting - alcoholics, debtors, etc = the Purge. The Committee was trying to humiliate citizens.

Reaganomics

He economic policies promoted by U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the 1980s. These policies are commonly associated with supply-side economics, referred to as trickle-down economics by political opponents and free market economics by political advocates. The four pillars of Reagan's economic policy were to reduce the growth of government spending, reduce the federal income tax and capital gains tax, reduce government regulation, and tighten the money supply in order to reduce inflation.

Love Canal

In 1978, Love Canal, located near Niagara Falls in upstate New York that sat atop 21,000 tons of toxic industrial waste that had been buried underground in the 1940s and '50s by a local company. Over the years, the waste began to bubble up into backyards and cellars. By 1978, the problem was unavoidable, and hundreds of families sold their houses to the federal government and evacuated the area. The disaster led to the formation in 1980 of the Superfund program, which helps pay for the cleanup of toxic sites.

Ross Perot

In 1992, independent presidential candidate Ross Perot mounted a credible challenge to the two major-party candidates, Bill Clinton and George Bush. Perot finished with 19% of the vote. Scholars disagree over whether Perot's experience proves the weakness or the possible strength of third-party movements in US politics.

Voting Rights Act 1965

LBJ passed the Voting Rights Act in 1965 which gave African Americans the right to vote and greatly increased their political power. The federal government was committed to protecting the voting rights of blacks. This act outlawed discriminatory voting on the basis of race, color, national origin, etc. In response to the law, southern state legislatures adopted programs of massive resistance to the voting rights. A new kind of race rioting developed. African Americans targeted white property and buildings - arson and looting. This was different from earlier race rioting which was whites against blacks.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) was a Baptist minister and social activist who played a key role in the American civil rights movement from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968. Inspired by advocates of nonviolence such as Mahatma Gandhi, King sought equality for African Americans, the economically disadvantaged and victims of injustice through peaceful protest. He was the driving force behind watershed events such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington, which helped bring about such landmark legislation as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 and is remembered each year on Martin Luther King Jr. Day, a U.S. federal holiday since 1986.

Modernism

Modernism was an aesthetic movement that encompasses all the styles from the late 19th century to the mid 20th century. There was the international style, which was glass box, streamlined, and the city beautiful design, which had to do with grand, monumental buildings and designs. The idea behind modernism was that we could do anything. It celebrated the human power to transform, plan, and conquer the environment and nature. Example: Hoover Dam (damming of the Colorado river), a huge achievement, a pride in the human power.

NOW

NOW is the National Organization for Women that was founded in 1966. It fought for equal rights, sued businesses and newspapers for discrimination. It was a traditional civil rights organization (hierarchy, had to pay dues). 1/4 of membership were men. Friedan attacked feminists and lesbians.

Philip Randolph

Philip Randolph's, "March to Washington," 1941 was a threat to organize all African Americans and march to the Capitol. Randolph wanted to ban discrimination in workplace, desegregate the army, have anti-lynch bill, anti-poll tax, and open up industries. Roosevelt didn't want this and issued an executive order to desegregate defense industries and the government. Anti-discrimination was change in federal policy.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) was the first long term, military alliance between the US and western Europe and Canada. An attack on one country would be an attack on all. About collective security and containing communism. In response, the USSR established the Warsaw Pact (1955). An Iron Curtain falling over eastern europe.

Tet Offensive 1968

North Communist and Vietcong offensive during Tet, Vietnam's most important holiday. Suddenness and surprise of the attack and the conventional warfare, rather than the guerilla warfare, showed once and for all that the war was a lost cause, the government had been lying, and the power of the North Vietnamese.

War on Terror/September 11 attacks/Bush Doctrine/ US Patriot Act 2001

On 9/11/01, the terrorist group, Al Queda attacked the Twin Towers and Pentagon. The government explained the terrorists as hating on American freedom. The US attacked Afghanistan on the basis that the country was harboring the terrorist group, Al Queda, responsible for the attacks. The War on terror was problematic because terror is not a person or a thing, but a tactic used by non-state individuals who terrorize civilians to force changes in government. The Bush Doctrine 2003 was a scary and reckless foreign policy which articulated that the United States would use military power to stop any country or group from challenging American dominance in any region of the world. Although other countries sympathized, this was too much. The US Patriot Act 2001 allowed for government surveillance in American citizens lives and the mistreatment of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay (torture was not unconstitutional).

Pearl Harbor

On December 7, 1941, hundreds of Japanese fighter planes attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor near Honolulu, Hawaii. The barrage lasted just two hours, but it was devastating: The Japanese managed to destroy nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight enormous battleships, and almost 200 airplanes. More than 2,000 Americans soldiers and sailors died in the attack, and another 1,000 were wounded. The day after the assault, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan; Congress approved his declaration with just one dissenting vote. Three days later, Japanese allies Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States, and again Congress reciprocated. More than two years into the conflict, America had finally joined World War II.

Freedom Rides

On May 4, 1961, a group of 13 African-American and white civil rights activists launched the Freedom Rides, a series of bus trips through the American South to protest segregation in interstate bus terminals. The Freedom Riders, who were recruited by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a U.S. civil rights group, departed from Washington, D.C., and attempted to integrate facilities at bus terminals along the way into the Deep South. African-American Freedom Riders tried to use "whites-only" restrooms and lunch counters, and vice versa. The group encountered tremendous violence from white protestors along the route, but also drew international attention to their cause. Over the next few months, several hundred Freedom Riders engaged in similar actions. In September 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued regulations prohibiting segregation in bus and train stations nationwide.

Executive Order 9066

Ordered the Japanese internment which took many Japanese families away from their homes and into internment camp. Motivated (somewhat) by racisim and fear of spies. JAPANESE INTERNED IN PRISON CAMPS IN MIDDLE OF NOWHERE AFTER PEARL HARBOR GOV WAS RACIST AND FEAR OF ENEMY ALIENS

Deregulation 1980s Reagan

Reagan deregulation was accompanied by regulation as well = confusion. Reagan deregulation of the environment and finance (mostly). Reagan government showed itself as anti-union by firing 13800 air traffic controllers in response to the PATCO airstrike in 1981. The Reagan administration abandoned the social contracts of monopoly capitalism since regulations were expensive. Environment: The EPA had been established in response to the disasters of the 1960s. But regulations are expensive to maintain and Reagan favored businesses. There were budget cuts in the EPA and staff was replaced with administrators who were hostile or indifferent to EPA goals. Finance: Reagan sided with businesses. Government stopped enforcing anti-trust laws (mergers results in huge conglomerates of companies). The Savings and Loans crisis was a situation in which S&Ls were deregulated, such that they were seen as profit making centers because of their ability to tap into huge profits centers of commercial real estate investment and credit card issuing (could issue loans for non homeowner). Many S&Ls took advantage of the deregulation and made highly speculative investments, in many cases loaning more money than they could. When the real estate market crashed, S&Ls collapsed. US taxpayers bailed them out. This became a cycle of economic instability.

Richard Nixon

Richard Nixon became president after LBJ. In 1968 he campaigned to end the war, but instead he escalated US involvement in the war by more bombing. In 1970, he announced that the US would invade Cambodia, escalating the war. 1973 an accord was reached in the paris peace talks, but US continued to finance the war, even as it stopped bombing. Nixon resigned because of the Watergate Scandal in 1973: CREEP organized CIA operatives to break into DP headquarters. Nixon tried to cover this up, but the media revealed the details. He had taped everything in the Oval Office, compiled list of enemies, tapped journalists phones, used CIA and FBI as spies, etc. He tried to cover up the scandal with hush money and obstruct investigations. The threat of impeachment made him resign, but he was pardoned by Ford (seen as a set up). Nixon was also behind Affirmative Action and associated with the high inflation of the 1970s.

Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan (1980s = 1981-1989) was a conservative president who created the New Right Conservatism and did away with the Old Right. He created confused over the role of the government and regulation because of his policies that both regulated and regulated society. He damaged the Conservative party with this liberal policies.

Bill Clinton

Served in office from 1993 to 2001. During Clinton's time in the White House, America enjoyed an era of peace and prosperity, marked by low unemployment, declining crime rates and a budget surplus. In 1998, the House of Representatives impeached Clinton on charges related to a sexual relationship he had with a White House intern. He was acquitted by the Senate. --During his first term, Clinton enacted a variety of pieces of domestic legislation, including the Family and Medical Leave Act and the Violence Against Women Act, along with key bills pertaining to crime and gun violence, education, the environment and welfare reform. He put forth measures to reduce the federal budget deficit and also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement, which eliminated trade barriers between the United States, Canada and Mexico. He attempted to enact universal health insurance for all Americans, and appointed first lady Hillary Clinton to head the committee charged with creating the plan. --During Clinton's second term, the U.S. economy was healthy, unemployment was low and the nation experienced a major technology boom and the rise of the Internet. In 1998, the United States achieved its first federal budget surplus in three decades (the final two years of Clinton's presidency also resulted in budget surpluses). In 2000, the president signed legislation establishing permanent normal trade relations with China.

1944 GI Bill Servicemen's Adjustment Act

The 1944 GI Bill Servicemen's Adjustment Act helped veterans get jobs and affordable housing. They lifted the wartime generation into the middle class through subsidized loans and granting education. Considered a huge success.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was created with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It banned employer discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, etc. 1966 the commission ordered reports of worker numbers and found that they were overwhelmingly white.

The Fair Deal

The Fair Deal was an ambitious set of proposals put forward by U.S. President Harry S. Truman to Congress in his January 1949 State of the Union address. More generally the term characterizes the entire domestic agenda of the Truman Administration, from 1945 to 1953. It offered new proposals to continue New Deal liberalism, but with the Conservative Coalition dominant in Congress, only a few of its major initiatives became law and then only if they had considerable GOP support. The most important proposals were aid to education, universal health insurance, the Fair Employment Practices Commission, and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act. They were all debated at length, then voted down. Nevertheless, enough smaller and less controversial items passed that liberals could claim some success.

Truman Doctrine

The Truman Doctrine (1947) stated that the US government would assist and protect any country resisting communism. Truman embraced the Cold War as a worldwide struggle.

Baby boom

The baby boom came about because 1) Prosperity of the post-war era 2) Lower marriage ages. Baby boom of the Post-war Era (1950s) spurred economic growth because of the high consumer demand for baby products. It fueled the suburban sprawl and school spending. There was a rise in higher education in the 1960s, a huge growth in number of works in the job market in 1970s, and another baby boom in the 1980s. The baby boom generation didn't want to be like their parent generation (conformity, organization) and rebelled against facets of American life. Baby boomer youth culture and suburbs grouped together.

Fireside Chats

The fireside chats were a series of thirty evening radio addresses given by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944. Although the World War I Committee on Public Information had seen presidential policy propagated to the public en masse, "fireside chats" were the first media development that facilitated intimate and direct communication between the president and the citizens of the United States. Roosevelt's cheery voice and demeanor played him into the favor of citizens and he soon became one of the most popular presidents ever, often affectionately compared to Abraham Lincoln. On radio, he was able to quell rumors and explain his reasons for social change slowly and comprehensibly.

Manhattan Project

The manhattan project was a 12.5 million dollar secret project that developed and created the atomic bomb. The US enlisted the help of refugee scientists such as Oppenheimer and Albert Einstein. The Project was a huge research project and a large base of workers. It was the origin of big science and research in universities. It was basically a military research project.

Military-Industrial Complex

The military-industrial complex comprises the policy and monetary relationships which exist between legislators, national armed forces, and the arms industry that supports them. These relationships include political contributions, political approval for military spending, lobbying to support bureaucracies, and oversight of the industry. The term is most often used in reference to the system behind the military of the United States, where it gained popularity after its use in the farewell address of President Dwight D. Eisenhower on January 17, 1961, though the term is applicable to any country with a similarly developed infrastructure.

The Silent Majority

This term was popularized by U.S. President Richard Nixon in a November 3, 1969 speech. Referred to those Americans who did not join in the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War at the time, who did not join in the counterculture, and who did not participate in public discourse. Nixon along with many others saw this group of Middle Americans as being overshadowed in the media by the more vocal minority.

Title 9

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 protects people from discrimination based on sex in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. Most people think Title IX only applies to sports, but athletics is only one of ten key areas addressed by the law. These areas include: access to higher education, career education, education for pregnant and parenting students, employment, learning environment, math and science, sexual harassment, standardized testing, and technology.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

Two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control. The two rounds of talks and agreements were SALT I and SALT II. SALT I froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels and provided for the addition of new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers only after the same number of older intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and SLBM launchers had been dismantled. SALT II was a series of talks between United States and Soviet negotiators from 1972 to 1979 which sought to curtail the manufacture of strategic nuclear weapons. It was a continuation of the SALT I talks and was led by representatives from both countries. SALT II was the first nuclear arms treaty which assumed real reductions in strategic forces to 2,250 of all categories of delivery vehicles on both sides.

UC Berkeley and Red Scare

UC Berkeley regents and president wanted to show the state that they were actively anti-communist. Required all teachers to sign an oath of loyalty and anti-communism. When teachers refused to sign, they were fired. Students protested this.