History and Development of Computers
address register
contains the location of the data that is needed
instruction register
contains the next instruction to be processed
vacuum tubes
controlled the computers' electrical operations
control unit
controls what is happening to the central processing unit; it doesn't process or store data instead it keeps the data moving smoothly.
Joseph-marie Jacquard
created the punchcard system for weaving looms which lead to the punchcard system for computers
optical storage media
data is stored on an ________ by using light in the form of a laser beam
Charles Babbage
designed a steam-powered engine in the early 1800's
Pascaline
in the mid 1600's, Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician, invented an adding machine called:
Blaise Pascal
named after the programming language pascal
wider
the _______ a bus the faster the computer can process data.
1950
the first generation of computers
30
the weight of ENIAC is _______ tons
kilobytes
2^10 bytes
megabytes
2^10 kilobytes
gigabyte
2^10 megabytes
uniform resource locator
A ____________, is a string of characters that reference an Internet source.
Mark I
A computer like machine built in Harvard by Howard Aiken
Anastoff-Berry computer
ABC stands for:
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
EDVAC stands for _____________
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
ENIAC stands for
General purpose computer
ENIAC was the first_______
Alan Turing
He began work as early as 1939 on an electronic digital computer called colossus
tabulating machine
Hollerith invented the________ to help gather census data.
Binary number system
Since ENIAC, ULTRA, and ABC, all run off of electrical currents which only have 2 states (on and off) they created___________ which uses 1's and 0's to represent the flow of electricity
fire and Aim
The "ENIAC" was used to ____________ weapons during WW II
bytes
bits are grouped together in groups of 8
J. Presper Eckert Jr.
built a computer based off of Anastoff's ideas
John Vincent Anastoff
built the ABC before the "Mark I"
busses
computer systems contain ________ that allow their components to communicate with one another. they consist of groups of wires that transmit signals from one part of the system to another
magnetic storage media
hard discs, diskettes and magnetic tape
direct-access storage
hard disks and diskettes. data can be found without searching the whole disk
John von Neuman
he came up with the idea of writing instructions called programs
Howard Aiken
head of the research team at Harvard that started on the "mark I", a computer like machine in 1937
Clifford Berry
help John Vincent Anastoff build the ABC
primary storage
holds all the instructions and data needed for processing. intermediate and final results are also stored there. contained in the system unit.
generations
how computers are discussed and categorized
51 feet
how long the "Mark I" was
integrated circuits
hundreds of electrical circuits could be placed on a single silicon chip.
graphical user interface
in 1984 apple created a way to make using computers easier
hard disk
in nearly all microcomputers
address
in order to find data the computer must assign data an ________
large scale integration
in the fourth generation of computers engineers were able to fit more circuits on a chip. this process is called ______
Analytical Engine
invented in the early 1800's by Charles babbage. it was to receive instructions and input through coded punch cards.
Charles Babbage
known as the father of computers
Random access memory
memory in which data or instructions can be stored, or which data can be retrieved.
crystal
microcomputers contain a ______ similar to the ones used in quartz watches.
read only memory
permanently stored data in the hardware of the computer.
Herman Hollerith
put the punchcard system to good use, used the punchcard system to help the U.S. government sort the Census information
radio shack
realsed the first commercial microcomputer
mainframes
slower, less powerful, and less expensive than supercomputers. businesses, hospitals, universities, and banks with extensive processing needs them
accumulator
stores the results of ongoing arithmetic operations
storage register
temporarily holds the information being sent to, or taken from, primary storage
binary number system
the ABC was the first computer to use the __________
Registers
the CPU also contains special storage areas that act as high-speed loading zones
2^8
the amount of combinations of 8's it takes to represent all of the characters a computer needs to process.
faster
the bigger a word the computer it can handle the ________ it can process data
central processing unit
the brain of the computer. it has two parts the arithmetic/logic unit and the control unit
file allocation table
the computer operating system stores the location of each bit of data in an index, which is always stored in the same section of each hard disk.
microcomputers
the development of the microprocessor led to the development of a new kind of computer which were smaller, lower priced, computers that are typically designed to be used by a single person at a time.
sequential-access
the drive has to start at the beginning of the tape and read toward the end.
Telecommunications
the electronic transmission of words, sounds, images, and other types of data from one location to another
TRS-80
the first commercially released microcomputer
EDVAC
the first computer to use the Stored-Program Concept
EDVAC
the first multifunctional computer, its creation marked the start of the electronic age
1970
the fourth generation of computers began in ______
Stored-Program Concept
the idea that you could permanently store instructions in a computers memory and reuse it whenever needed.
word
the number of adjacent bits that a computer can store is called a
read/write head
the part of the drive that actually changes the data
hardware
the physical components of the computer
ULTRA
the second computer build by Alan Turing after colossus
transistors
the second generation computers used ______ which were more reliable than vacuum tubes
1960
the second generation of computers began
1500
the size of ENIAC is ________ square feet a size similar to a class room
software
the step-by-step instructions that a computer uses to preform a task.
machine language
the system of writing computer instructions in the binary number system
circuit boards
the transistors were mounted close together and connected with tiny, flat wires on small cards called _________. they were also used to improve radios and TV's
5 tons
the weight of the "Mark I"
Hollerith code
this code could represent data in 80 column punch cards
arithmetic/logic unit
this part of the central processing unit handles arithmetic and logic computations.
three seconds
time it took for the "Mark I" to multiply 10 place numbers
Very Large Scale Integration
todays electronics use ________ because we can fit a Great amount of circuits on a chip
steve Wozniak and steve jobs
two young computer wizards
thousands
vacuum tubes could switch on and off ______ of times per second
15 minutes
vacuum tubes would begin to fail every ________
formatted
when hard discs and floppy drives are first prepared for use (________) they are electronically divided into tracks and sectors to make storing and finding data easier and quicker
microprocessors
when the brain of a microcomputer can be placed on a single chip. it is called ______
IBM compatible
windows used the GUI's and made them
Ada Byron
worked with Charles Babbage before he died
american standard code for information interchange
ascii
John mauchly
assisted J. Presper Eckert Jr. in the building of ENIAC
peripheral device
an input device, output device, or secondary storage device that is not part of the CPU
silicon chips
_______ held hundreds of electrical circuits
ASCII
_______ was developed as a coding scheme to represent all characters a computer needs to process.
ENIAC
a computer built by Eckert and Mauchly
megahertz
a frequency of a million pules per second
20 seconds
a problem that took mathematicians 3 days to solve would take ENIAC _______
diskette
a thin, round piece of flexible plastic that is coated with iron oxide
Bit
a zero or one in an instruction for the computer
secondary storage
additional storage separate from primary storage in which data can be permanently stored
Video Conferencing
allows people at different locations to conduct face-to-face meetings without having to travel
