History and Development of Mobile Phones

Medical Use of Mobile Phones

- Archiving and communicating more effectively. - Mobile phone moves towards the direction of becoming the ultimate digital convergence tool that could soon become the means of distribution and reporting of radiological data in the hospitals and among healthcare providers.

Business Use of Mobile Phones

- Blends the features of traditional PDA devices and desktop computer power with telecommunications capabilities. - Don't have to carry laptops to stay in touch. - Operating systems have capabilities of computers

Differences and Similarities between LTE and WiMAX

- Both are all-IP technologies. - LTE uses different channels bandwidth from 1.4 MHZ to 100 MHZ while WiMAX uses channels bandwidths up to 40 MHz. - LTE uses different modulation for uplink and downlink, while WiMAX uses the same modulation for both uplink and downlink. - WiMAX networks don't support legacy systems like 2G and 3G, while LTE enables coexistence and roaming between LTE and 3G.

Ubiquitous Computing

- Computers are becoming available anytime and anywhere in many different forms. - Pervasive and unobstructive nature of the distribution and use of computers in everyday life in forms of large, small and miniature devices. Attached, blending, mobile, or embedded in other devices that are used in every-day life. - Journalist is able to use computer technology to send the reports to the editor anytime and anywhere without the need of traditional Internet access. Can send stories in forms of texts, picture messages, and video messages.

Mobile Phone for Journalism

- Maintains a clear flow of information through text messages and multimedia messages. - Competitive race in mobile telephony and an ever-growing trend to build miniature multifunction handheld devices that offer a combination of features for communication, business productivity, and entertainment. - 3G and 4G have made access to the internet possible in remote locations of the world, even in places where electricity and other forms of wired communications are non-existent.

Mobile Learning Use of Mobile Phones

- Mobile learning = m-learning. Portability, locaation awareness, and ubiquitous access of information. - Used for mathematics communication for the creation and exchange of mathematical formulas, diagrams, and text between two or more participants. - Enables two or more users to participate in a session where they may convey textual, graphical, and mathematical information to other participants. - Users can draw, edit, and label geometric shapes, send chat messages, and compose formulas.

Fourth Generation Wireless (4G)

- Mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing. - Mobile: wiMAX networks since 2008 by Sprint. Struggled in European market. - Long Term Evolution (LTE): MetroPCS was first to offer LTE in 2010. Choice by Europeans and Americans. - Max speed of 1 Gigabits for low mobility communication for pedestrians, 100 Megabits for high mobility communication like trains and cars.

First Generation Wireless (1G)

1981. - Fully automatic cellular networks. - Each cell was served by a transmitter-receiver tower. - Bandwith of 824-894 MHz of the radio frequency system. - Calls were bound between cels by a mobile-telephone switching office (MTSO).

Second Generation Wireless (2G)

1992. - Used digital radio signals within digital networks instead of analog. - Send voice and data over the airwaves at a speed between 9.6 to 14.4 kilobits per second (kbps). - Digital technology enhanced voice quality and allowed providers to pack more voice calls into the same segment of the bandwidth. - TDMA-based (Time Division Multiple Access, allows multiple stations to share the same radio frequency channel while only using the part of its bandwidth that they require) and CDMA-based (each transmitter is assigned a code). - GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is TDMA-based. Born in 1991. Standard technology for most of the world. Operates on four frequencies of the RF spectrum (800, 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz). - First GSM phone as the Orbitel TPU 900. Depended on a SIM card.

First Color Screen

1997, Siemens.

WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)

1999, Nokia. Nokia 7110 = first phone capable of browsing the internet. - Motorola Timeport became the world's first tri-band phone that was able to work worldwide.

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access. - Channel access used by various radio communication technologies. - Multiple accesses, where several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. - Several users can share a band of frequencies. - Most commonly found in North America and some parts of Asia - Do not have a SIM card.

April 3, 1973

Dr. Cooper made the first ever call from a handheld mobile phone to Dr. Engel of Bell Labs. DynaTac, 2.4 pounds. DynaTac was first ever mobile phone approved by the FCC in 1983.

Dec 3, 1992

First text message. Neil Papworth, Orbitel.

GPRS

General Packet Radio Service. - Used to carry data over the mobile network. - Channel (medium) to transmit MMS messages from one phone to another. - Automatically activated for GPRS when one initiates MMS. - Available almost in every GSM network. Most ubiquitous wireless data service. - Connectivity solution when people have no other means of connecting to the internet. - Throughput rate of up to 40 kbps. - Experience other features such as e-mail on the move, powerful visual communications such as video streaming, multimedia messages and location based services.

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communications - Most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. - Higher digital voice quality and the low cost alternative to making calls such as SMS. - Offers the ability to deploy equipment from different vendors because the open standard allows easy-interoperability. - 80% of the world's cellular markets uses GSM networks. - International roaming very common between wireless carriers or the mobile phone operators as they enable subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. - Uses SIM cards.

HSDPA

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access. - Protocol for mobile telephone data transmission aka 3.5G. - Provides download speeds on a mobile phone equivalent to an ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) line in home, removing any limitations placed on the use of your phone by a slow connection.

WiMAX

Interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.16 family of wireless-networks standards ratified by the WiMAX Forum. - Similar to Wi-Fi, but enables usage at greater distances. - Broadband connections, cellular backhaul, hotspots, etc. - Greater bandwidth than Wi-Fi. Operates at very long distances (30 miles) compared to 300 feet for Wi-Fi. - Wireless alternative to cable and DSL. Cheaper than GSM and CDMA.

Third Generation Wireless (3G)

Introduced commercially to subscribers in Japan in 2001. - 1998: Available to public as IMT-2000. - Had to have at least 200 Kbit/s peak bit rate. - "Always On" broadband system for mobile phones that enables a wide range of advanced services. - Evolution Data Only (EV-DO): Offered data speed of 400-700 kbps - Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS): Offered speed data of 220-320 kbps - GPS System, location-based services, mobile tv, telemedicine, video conferencing, and video on demand.

Smartphone

Mobile phone that has a special computer-enabled features not previously associated with telephones. Wireless email, Internet, Web browsing, Intercom function, personal information management, online banking, data transfer between phone set and computers and interactivity with unified messaging.

MMS

Multimedia Messaging Service. - Global messaging service that allows people to send pictures, animations, videos, text, and audio from their GSM/GPRS phones to other MMS-enabled phones or to any email address. - In order to send MMS, the phone must be activated for GPRS transmission and reception. - Also known as EMS (Enhanced Messaging Service). Adaptation of SMS that allows users to integrate ext, melodies, pictures, sounds, and animations to enhance the expressive power of the messages. - Can send pictures, animations with a combination of text and sound.

SMS

Short Message Service. - Service for sending messages of up to 160 characters to mobile phones that use Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication. - Do not require the mobile phone to be active and within range. - Can be sent from the Internet using SMS gateway websites. - If the intended receiver's phone is powered off or out of range, messages are stored in the network and are delivered at the next opportunity. - Similar to paging. - Can only send static picture messages with simple drawings.

LTE

Standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals in the US and Europe. - Based on GSM/EGDE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). - Natural upgrade path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA networks. - Make use of additional spectrums and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds as defined by the ITU-R. - 1Gbits for peak download and 50Mbits for peak upload. - Supports inter-operation and co-existence with legacy standards.

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System - 3G networking standard used throughout much of the world as an upgrade to existing GSM mobile networks. - Makes use of WCDMA, a technology that shares much with CDMA networks used throughout the world, though it is not compatible with them - Base level UMTS networks are generally capable of downlink speeds as fast as 384 kbps. - Later HSDPA variants are capable of rates as high as 3.6Mbps or more.

Ericsson's MTA (Mobile Telephone System A)

Weighed 88 pounds. 1956. Fully automatic mobile phone developed in Europe that was too heavy to be carried by hand. Direct-dial. MTB later made.

Cellular Phone

Wireless telephone that sends and receives messages using radio frequency energy in the 800-900 and in the 1800-1900 megahertz portions of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum. - Came from two-way radios used in emergency vehicles. - One we know today came in 1973. Before, they were permanently installed in vehicles. Could be used as the car moved. But, no direct-dial opportunity because you had to go through an operator first. - Experiments conducted at Bell Labs and Ericsson in 1947.