HISTORY APUSH EXAM ALL TERMS FROM AMSCO BOOK

Strategic Defense initiative (Star Wars)

A costly plan to put lasers in space to defend the United States against a nuclear attack.

Senate

A council of representatives

counterculture

A culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture.

repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act

A decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell dangerously low and President Grover Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. (p. 387)

scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

"peculiar institution"

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.

Clarence Darrow

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.

Irish; potato famine

A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. Irish farmers grew other food items, such as wheat and oats, but Great Britain required them to export those items to them, leaving nothing for the Irish to live on. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States.

Marian Anderson

A famous African American concert singer who had her first performance in 1935, dazzling the audience and launching herself into fame. The next year she performed at the White House by presidential invitation, and performed on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial when the Daughters of the American Revolution refused to let her rent Constitution Hall (Eleanor Roosevelt and several others resigned after this decision).

Thomas Nast

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians

Federal Housing Administration

A federal agency established in 1943 to increase home ownership by providing an insurance program to safeguard the lender against the risk of nonpayment.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

A federation of labor union for all unskilled workers. It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers.

commercial cities

A few towns that served the mines, such as San Francisco, Sacramento, and Denver, grew into prosperous cities. (p. 341)

bankruptcy of railroads

A financial panic in 1893 forced a quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy. J.P. Morgan and other bankers moved in to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. (p.321)

hereditary aristocracy

A form of government in which rule is in the hands of an "upper class" or aristocratic family. This inevitably means those with the power to hold wealth, and to define who shall remain in poverty and slavery.

jazz, blues, ragtime

A form of music that combined African rhythms and western-style instruments and mixed improvisation with a structured band format. (p. 371)

Union veterans, "bloody shirt"

A form of politics that involved reminding Union veterans of how the Southern Democrats had caused the Civil War. (p. 381)

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

impeachment

A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office

Henry Wallace

A former Democratic who ran on the New Progressive Party due to his disagreement on Truman's policy with the Soviets. He caused the Democratic party to split even more during the election season.

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Liberty party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

David Walker

A free African American who urged blacks to take their freedom by force

George McClellan

A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

Teapot Dome

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

National Woman's party

A group of militant suffragists who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to convince the govt to give them the right to vote. Led by Alice Paul.

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Oneida community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

absolute monarch

A king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

A law passed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment.

Endangered Species Act of 1973

A law requiring the federal government to protect all species listed as endangered.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

unicameral legislature

A legislature with only one legislative chamber, as opposed to a bicameral (two-chamber) legislature, such as the U.S. Congress. Today, Nebraska is the only state in the Union with a unicameral legislature.

Massachusetts Circular Letter

A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It was followed by the Virginia Circular Letter in May, 1768. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did not rescind the circular letters dissolved.

cotton gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Civilian Conservation Corps

A major public works program in the United States during the Great Depression.

Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981

A major revision of the federal income tax system

Mark Hanna, Money and mass media

A master of high-finance politics, he managed William McKinley's winning presidential campaign by focusing on getting favorable publicity in newspapers. (p. 390)

Hartford Convention (1814)

A meeting of Federalist delegates from New England inspired by Federalist opposition to the War of 1812;contributed to the death of the Federalist Party during the "Era of Good Feelings"

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

factory system

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

island-hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Stephen A. Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Great Plains

A mostly flat and grassy region of western North America

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

"self-made man"

A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline, hard work, and temperate habits

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

manifest destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

National (Cumberland) Road

A paved highway that extended more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. It was built using state and federal money over many years (1811-1852). One of the few roads crossing state boundaries. (p. 161)

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Red Scare

A period of general fear of communists

farming frontier

A period of time in which hundreds of thousands of citizens moved west and began to farm the frontier, very much due to the Homestead Act of 1862, which offered 160 acres of free public land to any family that settled there for a period of 5 years.

Gideon v. Wainwright

A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government

Pragmatism

A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations.

Claude McKay

A poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and wrote the poem "If We Must Die" after the Chicago riot of 1919.

Bush Doctrine

A policy adopted by the Bush administration in 2001 that asserts America's right to attack any nation that has weapons of mass destruction that might be used against U.S. interests at home or abroad.

isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Open Door policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

free-soil movement

A political movement that opposed the expansion of slavery. In 1848 the free-soilers organized the Free-Soil Party, which depicted slavery as a threat to republicanism and to the Jeffersonian ideal of a freeholder society, arguments that won broad support among aspiring white farmers.

fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Workingmen's party

A political third party that was not as large as the Democrat or Whig party. (p. 192)

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

direct primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

Johns Hopkins University

A private university which emphasized pure research. It's entrance requirements were unusually strict -- applicants needed to have already earned a college degree elsewhere in order to enroll.

Congressional Reconstruction

A process led by the Radical Republicans that led to the usage of military force to protect blacks' rights.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Braceros program

A program the American and Mexican governments agreed to, in which contract laborers would be admitted to the United States for a limited time as migrant farm workers (p. 533)

Hubert Humphrey

A prominent liberal senator from Minnesota dedicated to the promotion of civil rights, he served as Johnson's vice-president from 1964-68 and ran an unsuccessful personal campaign for the presidency in 1968.

Sussex pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

"Rosie the Riveter"

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

credibility gap

A public distrust of statements made by the government

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Charles Evans

A reformist Republican governor of New York, who had gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election.

Charles Evans Hughes

A reformist Republican governor of New York, who had gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election.

Rhineland

A region in Germany designated a demilitarized zone by the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler violated the treaty and sent German troops there in 1936

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Church of Latter-Day Saints; Mormons

A religious group founded in 1830 based on a book of Scripture (traced a connection between the Native Americans and the lost tribes of Israel); they settled near the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Their practice of polygamy created conflict with the U.S. government. Founded by Joseph Smith.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Confederate States of America

A republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States

Arab Spring

A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in the Middle East (2011)

recession of 1937

A second period of economic decline during the Great Depression that resulted because FDR had largely stopped spending money and attempted to create a balanced budget, which lessened the effects of the New Deal on the people by laying off many more workers and giving less and less to the people.

Bolsheviks withdraw

A second revolution in Russia by Bolsheviks (Communists) took it out of World War I. (p. 463)

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

nullification crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

"bleeding Kansas"

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Federal Reserve Board

A seven-member board that sets member banks reserve requirements, controls the discount rate, and makes other economic decisions.

drought, dust bowl, Okies

A severe drought in the early 1930s and poor farming practices led to the Oklahoma dust bowl. High winds away large amounts of topsoil. (p. 512)

sexual revolution

A social outlook that challenges traditional codes of behaviour related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships. The phenomenon took place throughout the Western world from the 1960s into the 1970s.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Four Freedoms speech

A speech by FDR that outlined the four principles of freedom (speech, religion, from want, and from fear) This helped inspire Americans into patriotism.

"I Have a Dream" speech

A speech given by Martin Luther King, Jr. at the demonstration of freedom in 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial. It was an event related to the civil rights movement of the 1960's to unify citizens in accepting diversity and eliminating discrimination against African-Americans

abstract art

A style of art that does not show a realistic subject, usually transforming the subject into lines, colors or shapes.

feminists

A supporter of women's claims to the same rights and treatment as men

spoils system

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

protective tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

"pet banks"

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

"war of choice"

A term used for the Iraq War because it was not clear that is was a war that was required. (p. 684)

Theodore Parker

A theologian and radical reformer who lived at Brook Farm

domino theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

triangular trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Council of Economic Advisers (CEA)

A three-member body appointed by the president to advise the president on economic policy.

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

Barnum & Bailey, Greatest Show on Earth

A traveling circus that was very popular. (p. 371)

Panama Canal Treaty (1978)

A treaty ratified by the Senate in 1978 that would gradually transfer the operation and control of the Panama Canal from the US to the Panamanians, a process to be completed by the year 2000.

Edward Hopper

A twentieth-century American artist whose stark, precisely realistic paintings often convey a mood of solitude and isolation within common-place urban settings. Among his best-known forks are Early Sunday Morning and Nighthawks.

New Harmony

A utopian settlement in Indiana lasting from 1825 to 1827. It had 1,000 settlers, but a lack of authority caused it to break up.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Mexican War (1846-1847)

A war between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. President James Polk attempted to purchase California and the New Mexico territories and resolve the disputed Mexico-Texas border. Fighting broke out before the negotiations were complete and the war lasted about two years, ending when the United States troops invaded Mexico City. (p. 233-235)

Casablanca Conference

A wartime conference held at Casablanca, Morocco that was attended by de Gaulle, Churchill, and FDR. The Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of the axis, agreed to aid the Soviets, agreed on the invasion Italy, and the joint leadership of the Free French by De Gaulle and Giraud.

Francis Scott Key

A washington lawyer who watched the all-night battle at Fort McHenry and showed his pride by writing what became the national anthem

strict interpretation

A way of INTERPRETING the Constitution that allows the Federal Gov't to ONLY do those things SPECIFICALLY mentioned in the Constitution

Bessemer process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

Sarah Grimke

A woman who published a pamphlet arguing for equal rights of women called "Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women". She also argued for equal education opportunities.

advertising

A written or spoken media message designed to interest consumers in purchasing a product or service

Jack London

A young California writer and adventurer who portrayed the conflict between nature and civilization in his novels.

the frontier

A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.

Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President.

24th Amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Abortion rights fall within the privacy implied in the 14th amendment

American Expeditionary Force

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

horizontal integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

Quartering Act (1765)

Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.

World Trade Organization

Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.

William Still

African American abolitionist and author; 18th son of ex-slaves; wrote The Underground Railroad which chronicles how he helped 649 slaves escape to freedom via the Underground Railroad

Paul Robeson

African American actor and singer who promoted African American rights and left-wing causes

Bessie Smith

African American blues singer who played and important role in the Harlem Reniassance.

George Washington Carver

African American farmer and food scientist. His research improved farming in the South by developing new products using peanuts.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Jelly Roll Morton

African American pianist, composer, arranger, and band leader from New Orleans; Bridged that gap between the piano styles of ragtime and jazz; Was the first important jazz composer

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

white primaries, white juries

After Reconstruction, discrimination took many forms. Political party primaries were created for whites only, and African Americans were barred from serving on juries. (p. 349)

literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses

After Reconstruction, various political and legal devices were created to prevent southern blacks from voting.

Sunni vs. Shiite

After Saddam Hussein's death, the Sunni and Shiites attacked each other, and millions of Iraqis fled the country or were displaced. The Bush administration was widely criticized for going into Iraq without sufficient troops to control the country and to disband the Iraqi army. (p. 684)

falling farm prices

After World War I, European farm product came back on the market, farm prices fell, which hurt farmers in the United States. (p. 466)

Islamic roots of anti-Americanism

After World War I, the Ottoman Empire, the last of Islamic empires, was replaced with Western-style secular nation states. The U.S. stationed troops in the Middle East after the Gulf War. Islamic religious fundamentalists objected to these actions. (p. 682)

anti-radical hysteria

After World War I, xenophobia, (intense or irrational dislike of foreign people) increased. This lead to restrictions of immigration in the 1920s. (p. 467)

border security

After the 9/11 commissions report, the most significant area that needed to be reformed was how easily potential terrorists could enter and exit the country - Homeland Security

causes of industrial growth

After the Civil War, a "second Industrial Revolution" because of an increase in steel production, petroleum, electrical power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323)

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

"New South"

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.

integrated rail network

After the Civil War, the Southern railroad companies rapidly converted to standard-guage rails, which integrated them into the national rail system. (p. 347)

Mexican War aftermath

After the Mexican War ended in 1848, the Spanish-speaking landowners in California and the Southwest were guaranteed their property rights and granted citizenship. However, drawn-out legal proceeding after resulted in the sale or la of lands to new Anglo arrivals. (p. 346)

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

gentlemen's agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them

Allied power

Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.

D-Day

Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944

Commercial Compromise

Allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce yet prohibited any tariffs on exported goods. This agreement incorporated the needs of both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists to some degree.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

radio, phonographs

Allowed mostly young people to listen to recorded music. The first radio station went on the air in 1920. Previously, newspapers had been the only form of mass communications. (p. 480)

judicial review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

segregated black troops

Almost 200,000 African Americans joined the Union army during the Civil War. (p. 276)

Oliver Wendell Holmes

Along with John Marshall, he is often considered considered one of the greatest justices in Supreme Court history. His opinions and famous dissents in favor of individual liberties are still frequently quoted today. He argued that current necessity rather than precedent should determine the rules by which people are governed; that experience, not logic, should be the basis of law.

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.

Ashcan School

Also known as The Eight, a group of American Naturalist painters formed in 1907, most of whom had formerly been newspaper illustrators, they believed in portraying scenes from everyday life in starkly realistic detail. Their 1908 display was the first art show in the U.S.

Progressive party

Also known as the "Bull Moose Party", this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican Party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket.

Proposition 13

Also known as the "tax revolt", it was a Californian ballot measure in 1978 that slashed property taxes and forced deep cuts in government services.

Fredericksburg

Ambrose Burnside led the Union toward Richmond and marched into waiting Confederate troops who shot them down as they marched. Horrible defeat for the Union.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

John Bartram

America's first botanist; traveled through the frontier collecting specimens.

Woodland mound builders

American Indian tribe east of the Mississippi that prospered because of a rich food supply. (p. 4)

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

mountain men

American adventurers and fur trappers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains

John Philip Sousa

American bandmaster and composer who wrote comic operas and marches such as Stars and Stripes Forever (1897).

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Sylvester Graham

American clergyman whose advocacy of health regimen emphasizing temperance and vegetarianism found lasting expression in graham cracker

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Jacqueline Kennedy

American first lady and wife of president Kennedy; she was known for her style and social grace; was used to create a favorable public opinion about his presidency.

Douglas MacArthur

American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Theodore Dreiser

American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.

Stephen Decatur

American naval officer known for his heroic deeds in the Tripolitan War, the War of 1812, and skirmishes against the Barbary pirates.

Sinclair Lewis

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

John Copley

American painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815)

William Dawes

American patriot who rode with Paul Revere to warn that the British were advancing on Lexington and Concord (1745-1799)

Francis Townsend

American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935.

Phillis Wheatley

American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784)

Paul Revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Stephen Austin

American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico

Gertrude Stein

American writer of experimental novels, poetry, essays, operas, and plays. In Paris during the 1920s she was a central member of a group of American expatriates that included Ernest Hemingway. Her works include Three Lives (1908), Tender Buttons (1914), and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933).

Washington Irving

American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820).

Nativists

Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society

Kanagawa Treaty

An 1854 agreement - the first between the United States and Japan - it opened two Japanese ports to American commerce, protected shipwrecked American sailors, and ended Japan's 200 years of isolation

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique

An American feminist, activist and writer, best known for starting what is commonly known as the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of a book.

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

An American marine biologist wrote in 1962 about her suspicion that the pesticide DDT, by entering the food chain and eventually concentrating in higher animals, caused reproductive dysfunctions. In 1973, DDT was banned in the U.S. except for use in extreme health emergencies.

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

Blanche K. Bruce

An American politician. Bruce represented Mississippi as a U.S. Senator from 1875 to 1881 and was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate.

George Caleb Bingham

An American realist artist, whose paintings depicted life on the frontier.

Amelia Bloomer

An American women's rights and temperance advocate. She presented her views in her own monthly paper, The Lily, which she began publishing in 1849. When Amelia was 22, she married a lawyer by the name of Dexter Bloomer. One of the major causes promoted by Amelia was a change in dress standards for women so that they would be less restrictive.

Benjamin West

An Anglo-American self-taught painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American Revolution, West also painted the royal family of King George III and co-founded the Royal Academy of Arts

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

salutary neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Sugar Act (1764)

An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

conservative coalition

An alliance between Republican and conservative Democrats

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

George Westinghouse

An american entrepreneruer and engineer who invented the railroad and the air brake

welfare capitalism

An approach to labor relations in which companies meet some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, thus preventing strikes and keeping productivity high

organic architecture

An architectural style in which the building was in harmony with its natural surroundings. (p. 370)

Impressionism

An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing

unions

An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

Battle of Fallen Timber

An attack made by American General "Mad Anthony Wayne" against invading Indians from the northwest. The defeat of the Indians ended the alliance made with the British and Indians.

"form follows function"

An author will mold the formal elements of his work in such a way that they serve his purposes for the artistic work as a whole.

Fair Deal

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

supply-side economics

An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

consumer economy

An economy that depends on a large amount of spending by consumers

Moral Majority

"Born-Again" Christians become politically active. The majority of Americans are moral people, and therefore are a political force.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

Deep South

"Lower south" or "cotton kingdom"; area where the majority of the country's cotton was produced; plagued w/ disease

Winfield Scott

"Old Fuss and Feathers," whose conquest of Mexico City brought U.S. victory in the Mexican War

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Seven Years' War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

Charles Fourier

(1772-1837)-A leading utopian socialist who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing private property and monogamous marriage as well.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers.

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Sherman's March

(1864-1865) Union General William Tecmseh Sherman's destructive March through Georgia. An early instance of "Total war", puposely targeting infrastucture and civialian property to diminish moral and undercut the confederate war effort.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Five-Power Naval Treaty

(1922) treaty resulting from the Washington Armaments Conference that limited to a specific ratio the carrier and battleship tonnage of each nation. It created a moratorium for 10 years, during which no battleships would be built. The countries agreed to refrain from further fortification of their Pacific Possessions. The five countries were: US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy

stock market crash

(1929)The steep fall in the prices of stocks due to widespread financial panic. It was caused by stock brokers who called in the loans they had made to stock investors. This caused stock prices to fall, and many people lost their entire life savings as many financial institutions went bankrupt.

Loyalty Review Board

(1947) federal board set up by President Truman that checked up on government workers, and dismissed those found to be communist.

Gettysburg

(AL) 1863 (meade and lee), July 1-3, 1863, turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle

Congress of Racial Equality

(CORE) Civil rights organization started in 1944 and best known for its "freedom rides," bus journeys challenging racial segregation in the South in 1961.

Public Works Administration

(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Alliance for Progress

(JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

(JFK) 1963, Wake of Cuban Missile Crisis (climax of Cold War, closest weve ever come to nuclear war) Soviets & US agree to prohibit all above-ground nuclear tests, both nations choose to avoid annihilating the human race w/ nuclear war, France and China did not sign

Iran-contra affair

(RR) Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

Kyoto Accord

(WJC), multilateral environmental agreement which called on industrial nations to cut the discharge of harmful gases

Townshend Acts (1767

*Provisions:* Imposed a tax - to be paid at American ports - on items produced in Britain & sold in the colonies, including paper, glass, lead, paint, & tea. Suspended the New York Assembly for refusing to provide British troops with supplies. Established an American Board of Customs & admiralty courts to hear cases of smuggling. Issued Writs of Assistance. *Historical Significance:* Led to a boycott of British goods, the Circular Letters, John Dickinson's "Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer," and unrest in Boston.

annexation dispute

-Anti-imperialists said it would entangle US in Asian affairs + was not inline with natural rights -Imperialists said it was American's moral duty to civilize the islands + would be a good trading partner IMPERIALISTS GOT THEIR WISHES

Menlo Park research laboratory

-NJ , Edison's Lab -introduced concept of machines + engineers working as a team and not singularly

Catholics, Lutherans, Jews

-democrats -against prohibition crusades conducted by Protestant groups

Dingley Tariff of 1897- 46.5 percent

-increased tariff 46% -made gold the official standard currency of the US in 1900

reformers vs. racism in South

-populist movements were biracial, southerners felt threatened by black power -push harder to limit political rights future democratic reforms: income tax, direct election of senators, secret ballot

John Tyler

10th PRESIDENT: 1841 to 1845 (Whig) Dubbed "His Accendency" by his detractors, he was the first Vice President to be elevated to the office of President by the death of his predecessor. During his term, he signs the bill annexing Texas. He would only last the one term.

Millard Fillmore

13th President

Franklin Pierce

14th PRESIDENT: 1853 to 1857 (Democrat) He is the only President from New Hampshire and was not nominated by his party for a second term.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

New England Confederation

1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

The Carolinas

1665 - Charles II granted this land to pay off a debt to some supporters. They instituted headrights and a representative government to attract colonists. The southern region of the Carolinas grew rich off its ties to the sugar islands, while the poorer northern region was composed mainly of farmers. The conflicts between the regions eventually led to the colony being split into North and South Carolina.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Shakers

1770's by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Federalist era

1790s were dominated by two Federalist figures around which political parties formed: Hamilton and Jefferson; Hamilton's federalists supposed his financial programs (loose interpretation of Constitution but strong central government)

direct election of senators

17th amendment

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Chesapeake-Leopard affair

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Lewis Cass

1848 Democratic candidate known as the Father of Popular Sovereignty

Mexican Cession

1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)

1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.

Republican party

1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories

Robert La Follett

1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.

Crittenden compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Pacific Railway Act

1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Ex Parte Milligan

1866 - Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under marshall law.

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

Reconstruction Acts

1867 - Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district.

Munn v. Illinois

1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation.

Chester Arthur

1881-1885

Wabash v. Illinois

1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Armory Show

1913 - The first art show in the U.S., organized by the Ashcan School. Was most Americans first exposure to European Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art, and caused a modernist revolution in American art.

Seventeenth Amendment

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators

Russian Revolution

1917 revolution drives Czar Nicholas II from power; Russia withdraws from the war

Scopes trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Cesar Chavez

1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

Stimson Doctrine

1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

Munich

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

John Steinbeck, Grapes of Wrath

1939 - Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression.

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Battle of Midway

1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific

Korematsu v. U.S.

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)

1950 - Required Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government. Truman described it as a long step toward totalitarianism. Was a response to the onset of the Korean war.

television

1950s-1960s *Invented in the 1930s *FDR was the first president to appear on TV; he gave a speech in 1939 at the New York World's Fair, where the television was being officially introduced to the mass public *Seminal shows during the 1950s and 1960s included The Honeymooners, I Love Lucy, and The Ed Sullivan Show *By 1960, over forty million homes had televisions

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Little Rock crisis

1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means

Lyndon Johnson

1963-1969, Democrat , signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Escobedo v. Illinois

1964--Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history

Ralph Nader, Unsafe at Any Speed

1965 - Nader said that poor design and construction of automobiles were the major causes of highway deaths. He upset Congress by asking for legislation regulating car design and creation of national auto safety board, NATSA.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965

1965 - Provided federal funding for primary and secondary education and was meant to improve the education of poor people. This was the first federal program to fund education.

Eugene McCarthy

1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson on an anti-war platform.

My Lai

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Gerald Ford

1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon

Three Mile Island

1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

William Clinton

1993-2001

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

John Jay

1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington

White House Conference

1st conference to talk about reforms on issues involving children and families and how they would be handled by the fed gov. Made legislation that states social poliocies on how states deal with certain problems pertaining to child welfare

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Bull Run

1st real battle, Confederate victory, Washingtonian spectators gather to watch battle, Gen. Jackson stands as Stonewall and turns tide of battle in favor of Confederates, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side

James Fenimore Cooper

1st truly American novelist noted for his stories of Indians and the frontier life; man's relationship w/ nature & westward expansion

Barack Obama

2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; Gulf of Mexico oil spill disaster; economy: huge stimulus package to combat the great recession, is removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; New Start treaty with Russia

repeal of Prohibition

21st amendment

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Warren Harding

29th president of the US; Republican; "Return to Normalcy" (life as it had been before WWI-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal

Woodstock

3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field

Boston police strike

3/4 of Boston's fifteen thousand policemen went on strike and for a few days the streets belonged to rioters; Governor Calvin Coolidge called out the Mass. National Guard which restored order and broke the strike

Herbert Hoover

31st President of the United States

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

George H. W. Bush

41st U.S. President. 1989-1993. Republican

George W. Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Palmer raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Nine-Power China Treaty

A 1922 treaty affirming the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China as previously stated in the Open Door Policy. (p. 487)

Only Yesterday

A 1931 history book that portrayed the 1920s as a period of narrow-minded materialism in which the middle class abandoned Progressive reforms, embraced conservative Republican policies, and either supported or condoned nativism, racism, and fundamentalism. (p. 489)

National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act (1935)

A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race.

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

Thomas Paine; Common Sense

A British citizen, he wrote Common Sense, published on January 1, 1776, to encourage the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution.

Edward Braddock

A British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, Braddock was mortally wounded.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

Soviet Union

A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur

A Frenchman who wrote , "America is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, and useless labor, he has passed to toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. This is an American." (1782)

Amana Colonies

A German religious communal movement in Ohio which emphasized simple living. (p. 210)

Cuban revolt

A Nationalist-initiated conflict broke out in Cuba in 1895, the Spanish, remembering the lengthy Ten Years' War, sent 200,000 troops to Cuba. The Cuban insurrectos responded by wrecking Spanish property in hopes that the Spanish would leave, or at least hoping for US intervention (since the US had significant economic investment in Cuba). The insurrectos directed their destructive rampage at both sugar mills and sugar fields.

Incas

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

Harry Hopkins

A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.

Halfway covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Thaddeus Stephens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.

Winslow Homer

A Realist painter known for his seascapes of New England.

Cardinal Gibbons

A Roman Catholic leader who supported organized labor. (p. 366)

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

George McGovern

A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Conquistador

A Spanish conqueror of the Americas

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

No Child Left Behind Act

A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement.

Title IX

A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

George Dewey

A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

beatniks

A United States youth subculture of the 1950s that rebelled against the mundane horrors of middle class life.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Antietam

A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day.

Battle of Lake Champlain

A battle where the British fleet was defeated and was forced to retreat and to abandon their plans to invade New York and New England after being stoped by Thomas Macdonough. The British began to decide that the war was to costly.

Cuba, Fidel Castro

A bearded socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba, only 90 miles from the United States. He nationalized American-owned businesses and the U.S. cut off trade with the country. (p. 587)

popular sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

US-Japanese Security Treaty

A bilateral alliance between the United States and Japan, created in 1951 against the potential Soviet threat to Japan. The United States maintains troops in Japan and is committed to defend Japan if attacked, and Japan pays the United States to offset about half the cost of maintaining the troops.

Black Panthers

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

John Dickinson; "Letters From ... "

A bunch of essays by Dickinson to inspire colonists to fight back up Britain

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

commission plan

A city's government would be divided into several departments, which would each be placed under the control of an expert commissioner

baby boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

The Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Horatio Alger stories

A collection of dime novels that featured rags to riches stories featuring how down and out boys can become rich and successful through hard work

James Otis

A colonial lawyer who defended (usually for free) colonial merchants who were accused of smuggling. Argued against the writs of assistance and the Stamp Act.

Plymouth Colony

A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Seperatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691.

Thomas Macdonough

A commander of an American fleet on Lake Champlain that fought near Plattsburgh on floating slaughterhouses; the Americans were nearly defeated, but his nifty techniques forced the British to retreat; this heroic naval battle saved New York from conquest, New England from disaffection, and the Union from dissolution.

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

open shop

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment.

cultural pluralism

A condition in which many cultures coexist within a society and maintain their cultural differences.

overproduction

A condition in which production of goods exceeds the demand for them

Whittaker Chambers

A confessed Communist and a star witness for the HUAC in 1948 when he testified against Alger Hiss.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Cuban missile crisis (1962)

A confrontation among the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States in October 1962, during the Cold War.

House Un-American Activities Committee

A congressional committee created to search out disloyal Americans & Communists.

ConstitutionaI Convention

A constitutional convention is a gathering for the purpose of writing a new constitution or revising an existing constitution. Members of a constitutional convention (sometimes referred to as "delegates" to a constitutional convention) are often, though not necessarily or entirely, elected by popular vote.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Annapolis Convention

A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

Affordable Care Act

An expansion of medicaid, most of employers must provide health insurance, have insurance or face surtax, prevents rejection based on pre-existing condition. Also referred to as "Obamacare", signed into law in 2010.

Ellis Island 1892

An immigration center opened in 1892 in New York Harbor. (p. 362)

Cross of Gold Speech

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

antinomianism

An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.

habeas corpus

An order to produce an arrested person before a judge.

American Protective Association (APA)

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

conscience Whigs

Anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds.

Sonia Sotomayor

Appointed by President Obama in 2009, first Hispanic Supreme Court Justice

fall of dictatorships

Arab spring, civil unrest and armed rebellions toppled dictatorships in North Africa and the Middle East. (p. 689)

Osama bin Laden

Arab terrorist who established al-Qaeda (born in 1957)

spheres of influence

Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

William Gorgas

Army physician who helped eradicate Yellow Fever and Malaria from Panama so work on the Panama Canal could proceed

John Foster Dulles

As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.

Michael Harrington, The Other America

As described in his book, the poor were trapped in a vicious cycle of want and a culture of deprivation. Because they could not afford good housing, a nutritious diet, and doctors, the poor got sick more often and for longer than more affluent Americans.

wartime jobs for women

As men joined the military many of their former jobs were taken by women. (p. 462)

tenements, poverty

As rich people left residences near the business district, the buildings were often divided into small crowded windowless apartments for the poor. (p. 363)

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

women clerical workers

As the demand for clerical workers increased, women moved into formerly male occupations as secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, and telephone operators. (p. 328)

Italian Fascist party

Attracted dissatisfied war veterans, nationalist, and those afraid of rising communism. Marched on Rome and installed Mussolini in power.

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Bland-Allison Act (1878)

Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

Authorized the President to set aside public forests as National Parks and other reserves

Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)

Authorized the use of federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states.

J. P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

election of 2008

Barack Obama vs. John McCain. 365 electoral votes to Obama, 173 electoral votes to McCain

New Laws of 1542

Bartolome de Las Casas convinced the King of Spain to institute these laws, which ended American Indian slavery, ended forced Indian labor, and began the process of ending the encomienda systems. (p. 11)

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

Battle of the Thames River

Battle near Detroit in which American forces led by General William Henry Harrison killed Tecumseh on their way to victory

Battle of Lake Erie

Battle where a Naval force led by Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British and secured Lake Erie

Harry S. Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

Harry Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

election of 1996

Bill Clinton ran against Dole and Perot. Clinton emerged as the winner with 379 electoral votes and 49% of the popular vote.

election of 1992

Bill Clinton won over George H.W. Bush because of the economy's problems and the solving of foreign policy problems, Bush's greatest strength.

Anti-Crime Bill

Bill Clinton's bill that provided $30 billion in funding for more police protection and crime prevention programs, also banned the sale of most assault rifles. (p. 666)

H. Ross Perot

Billionaire Texas businessman, best remembered for running for President in 1992 and 1996 under Independent Party banner.

A. Philip Randolph

Black leader, who threatens a march to end discrimination in the work place; Roosevelt gives in with companies that get federal grants.

George Fitzhugh, Sociology of the South

Boldest and most well known of proslavery authors, questioned the principle of equal rights for unequal men and attacked the capitalist wage system as worse than slavery

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Oklahoma City bombing

Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center.

Hinton R. Helper, Impending Crisis of the South

Book of nonfiction that attacked slavery using statistics to demonstrate to fellow southerners (he was from NC) that slavery had a negative impact on the South's economy; Southern states banned the book but used by the North

The Lonely Crowd

Book written by David Riesman that criticized the people of the 50s who no longer made decisions based on morals, ethics and values; they were allowing society to tell them what is right and wrong.

role of cities, "nature's metropolis

Book written by William Cronon, it argued that the frontier and cities grew up together, they were dependent on each other. (p. 353)

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

economic cooperation

Booker T. Washington's National Negro Business League emphasized racial harmony and economic cooperation. (p. 350)

Russia Republic, CIS

Boris Yeltsin, joined with nine former Soviet republics to form a loose confederation, The Common Wealth of Independent States. (p. 663)

Duke Ellington

Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz.

economic sanctions

Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies.

packaged foods

Brand name foods created by Kellogg and Post became common items in American homes. (p. 326)

Coercive Acts (1774)

British actions to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party; they included closing the port of Boston, revoking Massachusetts's charter, trying all British colonial officials accused of misdeeds outside the colony, and housing British troops in private dwellings. In the colonies, these laws were known as the Intolerable Acts, and they brought on the First Continental Congress in 1774.

Creek nation

British ally who lived in the deep south until their defeat at the hands of Andrew Jackson during the War of 1812

impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

West Germany

British, American and French zone of Germany and was democratic.

Election of 1960

Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.

election of 2000

Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush

"no new taxes"

Bush's 1988 campaign pledge that needed to be abandoned because of the sharp recession

American Indian removal

By 1850, most American Indians were living west of the Mississippi River. The Great Plains provide temporary relief from white settlers encroaching on their territory. (p. 181)

Free African Americans

By 1860 as many as 250,000 African Americans in the South were free citizens. Most of them lived in the cities where they could own property. However, they were not allowed to vote or work in most skilled professions. (p. 179)

women and children factory workers

By 1900, 20 percent of adult woman working for wages in the labor force. Most were young and single women, only 5 percent of married women worked outside the home. (p. 327)

steel and steam navy

By 1900, The United States had the third largest navy in the world. (p. 411)

residential suburbs

By 1900, suburbs had grown up around every major U.S. city. the United States became the world's first suburban nation. (p. 364)

leading industrial power

By 1900, the United States was the leading industrial power in the world, manufacturing more than an of its rivals, Great Britain, France, or Germany. (p. 319)

factory wage earners

By 1900, two-thirds of all working Americans worked for wages, usually at jobs that required them to work ten hours a day, six days a week.(p. 327)

state Prohibition laws

By 1915, two-thirds of the states had passed these laws which prohibited the sale of alcohol. (p 437)

northern migration

By 1930, almost 20 percent of African Americans out of the Southern United States to the North. (p. 482)

Ladies' Home Journal

By the 1880s, advertising and new printing technology lead to this magazine which sold for only 10 cents. (p. 371)

division of Vietnam

By the terms of the Geneva Convention, Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 17 parallel until a general election could be held. A prolonged war (1954-1975) occurred between the Communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. (p. 583)

Peggy Eaton affair

Calhoun's wife slandered Peggy Eaton, causing a heated debate between Jackson and Calhoun

popular campaigning

Campaigns of the 1830s and 1840s featured parades and large rallies with free food and drink. (p. 193)

Frederick Church

Central figure in the Hudson River School, pupil of Thomas Cole, known for his landscapes and for painting colossal views of exotic places

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

municipal reform

Changes in city governments made to encourage greater efficiency, honesty, and responsiveness.

phalanxes

Charles Fourier's small model communities that were self-contained cooperatives. The inhabitants would live and work together for their mutual benefit.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes.

John Roberts

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

"don't ask, don't tell"

Clinton managed to gain support for a compromise measure under which homosexual servicemen and servicewomen could remain in the military if they did not openly declare their sexual orientation

Al Gore

Clinton's vice president; presidential nominee in 2000

New Left

Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam.

Colin Powell

Colin Powell was an American military general and leader during the Persian Gulf War. He played a crucial role in planning and attaining America's victory in the Persian Gulf and Panama.. He was also the first black four star general and chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff.

royal colonies

Colonies controlled by the British king through governors appointed by him and through the king's veto power over colonial laws.

proprietary colonies

Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval.

corporate colonies

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies during the early years of the colonies, such as Jamestown

indentured servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Pennsylvania Colony

Colony formed from the "Holy Experiment"; settled by Quakers. Founded by William Penn, who bought land from the Native Americans. Allowed religious freedom

New York Colony

Colony founded by Dutch in 1624. Very diverse and wealthy colony. Contained the Hudson river

Georgia Colony

Colony founded by James Oglethorpe. Its first settlers were debtors and unfortunates( "worthy poor"). Tolerant to Christians but not Catholics. Acted as a buffer between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas.

Connecticut Colony

Colony founded by Thomas Hooker in 1636; self-governing; origin of Fundamental Orders

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

Committees of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

invade the Philippines

Commodore George Dewey led a U.S. fleet to the Philippines where he defeated Spain. (p. 414)

People's Republic of China

Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang.

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam

self-determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Valladolid Debate

Concerned the treatment of natives of the New World. It concerned two main attitudes towards the conquest of the Americas. Bartolomé de las Casas argued Amerindians were creations of God and deserved same treatment as Christian Europeans. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda thought that the natives should be slaves because of their crimes against nature and against God.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson

Confederate general whose men stopped Union assault during the Battle of Bull Run

Washington Conference of 1921

Conference of the major powers to reduce naval armaments among Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States

Specie Resumption Act of 1875

Congress sided with creditors and investors when it passed this act which withdrew all greenbacks (paper money not backed by gold or silver) from circulation. (p. 385)

Panic of 1873, "Crime of 73"

Congress stopped making silver coins. (p. 385)

Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)

Congressional measure making credit available to farmers at low rates of interest

draft riots

Conscription Act in 1863 forced men between 20-45 years old to be eligible for conscription but one could avoid it if they paid 300 or got someone in their place; provoked anger from poor workers

conservationists and preservationists

Conservationist believed in scientific management and regulated use of natural resources, preservationists went a step further, and aimed to preserve natural areas from human interference. (p. 347)

Arthur Laffer

Conservative economist who believed that tax cuts would increase government revenues. (p. 655)

Samuel Alito

Conservative/appointed by George W. Bush

Frank Lloyd Wright

Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs.

Hurricane Katrina

Considered to be the one crisis of the Bush administrations second term and in is inefficiency to deal with the crisis. It destroyed 80% of New Orleans and more than 1300 people died, while the damages were $150 billion.

excessive debt

Consumers and businesses believed the economic boom was permanent so they increased borrowing, which later led to loan defaults and bank failures. (p. 498)

William S. Mount

Contemporary of the Hudson River school; began as a history painter but moved to depicting scenes form everyday life

Birth of a Nation

Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

First Continental Congress (1774)

Convention of delegates from the colonies called in to discuss their response to the passage of the Intolerable Acts (

federal courts, U.S. v. E. C. Knight

Courts ruled that Sherman Antitrust Act was only commerce

Social Security Act (1935)

Created both the Social Security Program and a national assistance program for poor children, usually called AFDC.

Bureau of the Budget

Created in 1921, its primary task is to prepare the Annual Budget for presentation every January. It also controls the administration of the budget, improving it and encouraging government efficiency.

Farm Board

Created in 1929 before the crash but supported and enacted to meet the economic crisis and help farmers. Authorized to help farmers stabilize prices by temporarily holding surplus grain and cotton in storage.

State of Israel (1948)

Created in 1948 under U.N. auspices, after a civil war in the British mandate territory of Palestine left the land divided between the Israelis + the Palestinians. Israel's neighbors had fought unsuccessfully to prevent the Jewish state from being formed

"axis of evil"

Created in 2002 by George W. Bush to show the "bad guys" which include: Iran, Iraq, and N. Korea

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

Environmental Superfund (1980)

Created to clean up toxic dumps such as Love Canal in Niagara Falls, NY.

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

popular culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

Director of National Intelligence

Daniel Coats

international Darwinism

Darwin's concept of the survival of the fittest was applied not only to competition in the business world but also to competition among nations. Therefore, in the international arena, the US had to demonstrate its strength by acquiring territories overseas, a sort of continuing of the manifest destiny

Angelina Grimke

Daughters of a South Carolina slaveholder that were antislavery. Controversial because they spoke to audiences of both men and women at a time when it was thought indelicate to address male audiences. Womens' rights advocates as well.

federal courts

Deal with problems between states; they also handle cases that deal with the Constitution and the laws made by Congress, they lack enforcement powers.

Francis Willard

Dean of Women at Northwestern University and the president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union.

banks, creditors vs. debtors

Debtors wanted more "easy, soft" money in circulation. On the opposite side creditors stood for "hard, sound" money - meaning currency backed by gold. (p. 384)

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Andrew Hamilton

Defense attorney in the Zenger case who made the first step toward freedom of the press

Alfred E. Smith

Democratic presidential candidate in 1928

gerrymandered "safe seats"

Democrats and Republicans manipulated congressional districts to create "safe seats", which rewarded partisanship and discouraged compromise in Congress. (p. 679)

election of 1888, Harrison

Democrats campaigned for Cleveland and a lower tariff, Republicans campaigned for Benjamin Harrison and a high tariff. Republicans argued that a lower tariff would wreck business prosperity, and played on this fear to raise campaign funds from businesses and workers in the North. Republicans also attacked Cleveland's vetoes of pension bills to get the veteran vote. --The election was extremely close: Cleveland got more popular votes than Harrison, but lost the election b/c *Harrison* swept the North and gained majority of votes in electoral college.

Jeffersonian tradition

Democrats of the Gilded Age followed this tradition, which included states rights and limited government. (p. 381)

states rights, limited government

Democrats of the Gilded Age were in favor of these ideas. (p. 381)

hillbillies

Derisive term for poor white subsistence farmers, they often lived in the hills and farmed less productive land. (p. 180)

Art Deco

Descended from Art Nouveau, this movement of the 1920s and 1930s sought to upgrade industrial design in competition with "fine art" and to work new materials into decorative patterns that could be either machined or handcrafted. Characterized by streamlined, elongated, and symmetrical design.

Frederick Law Olmsted

Designer of New York City's Central Park, who wanted cities that exposed people to the beauties of nature. One of his projects, the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893, gave a rise to the influential "City Beautiful" movement

agriculture's dominance

Despite progress and growth after the Civil War, the South remained a mostly agricultural based economy. (p. 347)

Insular cases

Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.

Black Muslims

Developed by the black Muslim Leader Elijah Muhammad who preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. The movement attracted thousands of followers.

sectarian

Devoted to a particular religious sect, particularly when referring to religious involvement in politics

Balkan Wars; Bosnia, Kosovo

Diplomacy, bombing, and NATO ground troops stopped the bloodshed in Bosnia in 1995, then in Kosovo in 1999. These were the worst battles Europe had seen since World War II. (p. 670)

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

Directed the Treasury to buy even larger amounts of silver that the Bland-Allison Act and at inflated prices. The introduction of large quantities of overvalued silver into the economy led to a run on the federal gold reserves, leading to the Panic of 1893. Repealed in 1893.

Mexican deportation

Discrimination in the New Deal programs and competition for jobs forced thousands of Mexican Americans to return to Mexico. (p. 513)

The Venezuela boundary dispute

Dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela over the boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana; British had ignored American demands to arbitrate the matter with Sec. of State Olney saying that Britain was violating the Monroe Doctrine; president Cleveland supported Venezuela and decided to determine the boundary line and if Britain resisted this, the U.S. could declare war to enforce it; Britain eventually agreed to arbitration

38th parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (1954)

Dulles plan / pact to prevent South Vietnam, Laos, + Cambodia from "falling" to communism. US , GB, France, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Thailand, + Pakistan all agreed to defend one another in case of an attack w/i the region

prosperity of 1990s

During President Clinton's two terms in office the U.S. enjoyed the longest peacetime economic expansion in history, with annual growth rates of more than 4 percent. (p 668)

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

anti-German hysteria

During World War I, Germans were labeled as the cause of the war and targeted with negative ads and comments. (p. 461)

migration of blacks and Hispanics

During World War I, many Mexicans crossed the border to take jobs in agriculture and mining. African Americans moved to the North for new job opportunities. (p. 462)

war industry boards

During World War I, they set production priorities and established centralized control over raw materials and prices. (P. 460)

civil rights, "Double V"

During World War II civil rights leaders encouraged African Americans to adopt the Double V slogan - one for victory, one for equality. (p 533)

government spending, debt

During World War II federal spending increased 1000 percent between 1939 and 1945, and the gross national product grew by 15 percent or more each year. By the war's end, the national debt was $250 billion, five times what it had been in 1941. (p. 532)

executive order on jobs

During World War II, President Roosevelt issued an executive order to prohibit discrimination in government and in businesses that received federal contracts. (p. 533)

wartime migration

During World War II, over 1.5 million African-Americans migrated from the South to job opportunities in the North and the West. (p. 533)

role of large corporations

During World War II, the 100 largest corporations accounted for 70 percent of wartime manufacturing. (p. 532)

ten-hour workday

During the 1840s and 1850s, most northern state legislatures passed laws establishing a ten-hour workday for industrial workers. (p. 174)

women in nursing

During the Civil War women played a critical role as military nurses. (p. 282)

federal government jobs

During the Gilded Age, these jobs were given to those who were loyal their political party. (p. 381)

Nixon Doctrine

During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its exisiting defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

Ferdinand and Isabella

During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.

war debts

During the war, the United States loaned huge amounts of funds to help with the war but the debts took too long to be paid back. Germany had a hard time paying back their debts.

Ethiopia

East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River.

Soviet satellites

Eastern European nations with communist puppet governments; policies were loosely controlled by the USSR

Panic of 1857

Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

military-industrial complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

anti-union tactics

Employers used the following tactics to defeat unions: the lockouts (closing the factory), blacklists (lists circulated among employers), yellow dog contracts (contracts that forbade unions), private guards to quell strikes, and court injunctions against strikes. (p. 329)

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

Employment Act of 1946

Enacted by Truman, it committed the federal government to ensuring economic growth and established the Council of Economic Advisors to confer with the president and formulate policies for maintaining employment, production, and purchasing power

Fair Employment Practices Committee

Enacted by executive order 8802 on June 25, 1941 to prohibit discrimination in the armed forces.

Back to Africa Movement

Encouraged those of African decent to return to Africa to their ancestors so that they could have their own empire because they were treated poorly in America.

Peace of Paris (1763)

Ended French and Indian War *Terms:* Britain gained all of French Canada & all territory south of Canada & east of the Mississippi River. France & Spain lost their West Indian colonies. Britain gained Spanish Florida. Spain gained French territory west of the Mississippi, including control of the port city of New Orleans.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

welfare reform

Ended guarantees of federal aid to children, turned over programs such programs to states, food stamp spending cut, added five year limit on payments to any family.

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

Ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905); signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize).

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812. Did not address grievances that led to the war (stalemate for both sides).

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

John Maynard Keynes

English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946)

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

Jay Gould, watering stock

Entered railroad business for quick profits. He would sell off assets inflate the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public. (p. 321)

Griswold v. Connecticut

Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Mapp V. Ohio

Established the exclusionary rule was applicable to the states (evidence seized illegally cannot be used in court)

Clean Water Act (1972)

Establishes and maintains goals and standards for U.S. water quality and purity. It has been amended several times, most prominently in 1987 to increase controls on toxic pollutants, and in 1990, to more effectively address the hazard of oil spills.

postwar Europe

Europe had not recovered from World War I and the U.S. insistence on loan repayment and tariffs weaken Europe and contributed to the Worldwide depression. (p. 498)

"pivot" to Asia

Events in the Middle East limited the president's planned "pivot" to Asia. The Obama administration realized that America's future would be closely tied to the Pacific Rim because within two decades the economies of Asia would soon be larger than the U.S. and Europe combined. (p. 689)

Quebec Act (1774)

Extended Quebec's boundary to the Ohio River, recognized Catholicism as its official religion, and established a non-representative government for its citizens. *Historical Significance:* Colonists feared a precedent had been established in regards to the type of government that had been established in Quebec and resented the expansion of its borders into territory to which they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763.

election of 1936

FDR (Democratic) reelected b/c of his New Deal programs and active style of personal leadership. Running against FDR was Alf Landon (Republic nominee)

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Good Neighbor policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

family size, divorce

Family size continued to drop as more people moved from the farms to the cities. Children were needed to do work on farms, but in the city they did not provide that advantage. Divorce rates increased as the legal grounds for divorce became more lenient. (p. 366)

colonial families

Family was very important in the colonies; couples married young and had many children. Most families lived on farms. Men worked, owned land, and dominated politics. Women did housework, educated the children, and worked with her husband.

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini

Boston Marathon Bombing

Fear of home-grown terrorism became real when two brothers set off two bombs at the finish line of the Boston Marathon killing three and injuring more than 250 people. The young men who did the bombing seemed motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs. (p. 690)

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Federal agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, national origin, religion, or sex in hiring, promotion, or firing.

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

federal land grants

Federal gov. granted land for railroad companies to build more routes

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

Federal law requiring employers to verify and maintain records on applicants' legal rights to work in the United States

Edmund Randolph

First Attorney General

Lexington and Concord

First battle of the American Revolution. "The shot heard 'round the world."

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

First constitution in written history (1639). Established a representative government made up of a legislature elected by the people and a governor chosen by the legislature.

Monitor vs. Merrimac

First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. On March 9, 1862, the two ships battled for five hours, ending in a draw. This marked a turning point in naval warfare, wooden ships would be replaced by ironclad ones. (p. 273)

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Anti-Masonic party

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Sputnik (1957)

First man-made satellite put into orbit by the USSR. This caused fear in the US that the Soviets had passed them by in science & technology and the arms race. Democrats scorched the Republican administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower for allowing the United States to fall so far behind the communists. Eisenhower responded by speeding up the U.S. space program (NASA), which resulted in the launching of the satellite Explorer I on January 31, 1958. The "space race" had begun. In 1969, the US would land men on the moon, a major victory.

Jeannette Rankin

First woman elected to the United States House of Representatives and the first female member of Congress. A Republican and a lifelong pacifist, she was the only member of Congress to vote against United States entry into both World War II and World War I. Additionally, she led resistance to the Vietnam War.

Security Council

Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.

transcendentalists

Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms.

China visit

Following a series of secret negotiations with Chinese leaders, Nixon traveled to Beijing in February 1972 to meet with Mao Zedong. The visit initiated diplomatic exchanges that ultimately led to US recognition of the Communist govt in 1979.

causes of immigration

Forces in the United States driving this process were (1) political and religious freedom, (2) economic opportunities in the western U.S. and cities, (3) large steamships offered relatively inexpensive transportation. (p. 361)

election of 1976

Ford vs Carter, Carter wins. Importaint because he was the first president from the south for a while and people thought he would bring fresh ideas

Delaware Colony

Formed as part of Pennsylvania but became a separate colony in 1775 because Pennsylvania couldn't govern both areas. When the Dutch originally tried to settle this area the American Indians killed them all and burned down their settlement.

reform of CIA

Former Congressman George H. W. Bush was appointed by President Ford to reform this agency after it had been accused of assassinating foreign leaders. (p. 633)

Interstate Commerce Commission

Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Standard Oil Company

Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

New Hampshire Colony

Founded by John Wheetwright and which became indendent of Massachusetts in 1679

Hudson River school

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

American Peace Society

Founded in 1828 by William Laddit. Formally condemned all wars, though it supported the U.S. government during the Civil War, WWI, and WWII. It was dissolved after the United Nations was formed in 1945.

American Antislavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

National Organization for Women

Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

Thomas Cole

Founder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings

Panic of 1873

Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver

landscape architecture

Frederick Law Olmsted established the basis for this type of architecture

debate over freedom

Freedom is a main theme in American history, but an essentially contested concept. Through the years it has meant many different things to different people: freedom to enslave others, equal rights for all, liberation from big government and federal regulations, unregulated capitalism, among others. (p. 672)

Huguenots

French Protestants

"Citizen" Genet

French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834)

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)

Geneva Conference (1954)

French wanted out of Vietnam , the agreement signed by Ho Chi Minh France divided Vietnam on the 17th parallel, confining Minh's government to the North. In the South, an independent government was headed by Diem.

former Confederacy, "Solid South"

From 1877 until the 1950s, the Democrats could count on winning every election here. (p. 381)

business prosperity

From 1919 to 1929, manufacturing output rose a spectacular 64 percent due to increased productivity, energy technologies, and governmental policy which favored the growth of big business. (p. 478)

India, Pakistan, Indonesia

From 1947 to 1949, these three countries gained their independence. (p. 582)

Algonquian

From Plymouth, wigwams, clothing from animals, good hunters, good at growing food

Algeciras Conference (1906)

Frustrated by Britain's turn toward France in 1904 and wanting a diplomatic victory to gain popularity at home, Germany's leaders decided to test the strength of the entente and drive a wedge between Britain and France. First Germany threatened and bullied France into dismissing Déclassé, France foreign minister. However rather than accept the typical territorial payoff of imperial competition in return for French primacy in Morocco, the Germans foolishly rattled their swords by insisting in 1905 in an international conference on the whole Moroccan question; nor did the Germans present precise or reasonable demands. Germany's crude bullying forced France and Britain closer together and Germany left the resulting Algeciras Conference of 1906 empty-handed and isolated (except for Austria-Hungary). (893-894)

secession

Fugitive Slave LawFormal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation

Treaty of Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

War Powers Act (1973)

Gave any president the power to go to war under certain circumstances, but required that he could only do so for 90 days before being required to officially bring the matter before Congress.

Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)

Gave reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement.

Tea Act (1773)

Gave the East India Company an unfair business advantage over colonial merchants.

Little Big Horn

General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

Valeriano Weyler

General sent by Spain to stop Cuban revolt, referred to as the "Butcher" because of harsh tactics "concentration camps, shooting civilian, ect.)

Prohibitory Act (1775)

George III's dismissal of the Olive Branch Petition which declared the colonies to be in rebellion; later forbade all trade and shipping between the two areas

Mt. Vernon Conference

George Washington hosted this at his home in VA (1785); VA, MD, PA, and DE reps agreed that problems were serious enough with the Articles to prompt further discussions at a later meeting in Annapolis, MD, where the states might be represented

East Germany

German Democratic Republic

Occupation zones

Germany split into four between the USSR, the U.S., Britain, and France; Berlin split into four as well, with the USSR controlling the Eastern half and the remaining half split between the remaining three nations

Battle of the Atlantic

Germany's naval attempt to cut off British supply ships by using u-boats. Caused Britain and the US to officially join the war after their ships were sunk. After this battle, the Allies won control of the seas, allowing them to control supply transfer, which ultimately determined the war. 1939-1945

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

Newt Gingrich

Gingrich was the Republican speaker in the House. He pushed for more conservative legislation during Clinton's presidency.

trust-busting

Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts.

National Recovery Administration

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

Granger laws

Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

Vicksburg

Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Medicare; Medicaid

Great Society programs to have the government provide medical aid to the elderly (Medicare) and the poor (Medicaid).

Framers of the Constitution

Group of delegates who drafted the United States Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787

Brain Trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

professional associations

Groups of individuals who share a common profession and are often organized for common political purposes related to that profession.

Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and Mugwumps

Groups which competed for lucrative jobs in the patronage system. (p. 381)

national bank

Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. The bank would regulate money and draw investors; showed that the constitution could be construed in many a way.

hawks and doves

Hawks are people who supported the war's goal. and Doves were people who opposed the war.

Samuel J. Tilden

Hayes' opponent in the 1876 presidential race, he was the Democratic nominee who had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes.

Richard T. Ely

He attacked laissez-faire economic thought as dogmatic and outdated and used economics to study labor unions and trusts. (p. 368)

R.H. Macy

He created a New York department store. (p. 326)

Wendell Willkie

He led the opposition of utilities companies to competition from the federally funded Tennessee Valley Authority. His criticism of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt led to his dark-horse victory at the 1940 Republican Party presidential convention. After a vigorous campaign, he won only 10 states but received more than 22 million popular votes, the largest number received by a Republican to that time.

Dean Acheson

He was Secretary of State under Harry Truman. It is said that he was more responsible for the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine than those that the two were named for.

Albert Fall

He was Secretery of the Interior during Harding's administration, and was a scheming anticonservationist. He was convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and collecting bribes, which was called the Tea Pot Dome scandal.

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Robert Kennedy

He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans.

James Meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

John L. Lewis

He was a miner known for creating the United Mine Workers. He helped found the CIO and was responsible for the Fair Labor Standards Act.

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

George Kennan

He was an American diplomat and ambassador best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.

William Graham Sumner

He was an advocate of Social Darwinism claiming that the rich were a result of natural selection and benefits society. He, like many others promoted the belief of Social Darwinism which justified the rich being rich, and poor being poor.

Timothy Dwight

He was an educated Reverend (president of Yale College) who helped initiate the Second Great Awakening. His campus revivals inspired many young men to become evangelical preachers.

Lincoln Steffans

He was another muckraking journalist that worked for McClure's. He is known for exposing corruption in major American cities. His first installment- "Tweed Days in St. Louis" may have been the "first muckraking article". He also wrote an autobiography that Dr. Ferdon liked called the Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens. He said after returning from Communist Russia, "I've seen the future and it works."

James Earl (Jimmy) Carter

He was elected president in 1976. He was a former Democratic governor of Georgia. (p. 634)

Thomas Watson

He was from Georgia and he appealed to poor farmers of both races to join the Populists party. (p. 387)

J. Strom Thurmond

He was nominated for president on a States' Rights Party (Dixiecrats) in the 1948 election. Split southern Democrats from the party due to Truman's stand in favor of Civil Rights for African American. He only got 39 electoral votes.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Thomas Dewey

He was the Governor of New York (1943-1955) and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948. As a leader of the liberal faction of the Republican party he fought the conservative faction led by Senator Robert A. Taft, and played a major role in nominating Dwight D. Eisenhower for the presidency in 1952.

James B. Weaver

He was the Populist candidate for president in the election of 1892; received only 8.2% of the vote. He was from the West.

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Matthew C. Perry

He was the military leader who convinced the Japanese to sign a treaty in 1853 with the U.S. The treaty allowed for a commercial foot in Japan which was helpful with furthering a relationship with Japan.

Henry George

He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

He wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book's purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

George Creel

Headed the Committee on Public Information, for promoting the war effort in WWI

headriht system

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Joseph Henry Noyes

Helped found the Oneida Community. 1848 in NY, shared property and marriage partners. "free love"

Henry Clay; American System

Henry Clay aimed to make the US economically independent from Europe (e.g., support internal improvements, tariff protection, and new national bank)

Henry Hobson Richardson

His architectural designs of the 1870s, based on the Romanesque style, gave a gravity and stateliness to functional commercial buildings. (p. 370)

election of 1916

Hughes, Wilson, issues: Wilson ran for reelection for the Democrats on the call that he had kept the United States out of the war. Charles Evans Hughes was the Republican candidate who attacked the inefficiency of the Democratic Party. Wilson won the election, so was able to continue his idealistic policies.

Freeport Doctrine

Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so

Universal White Male Suffrage

Idea that as US democracy progressed voting restrictions on white males were eased allowing Jackson's popularity in the election of 1824 and finally his victory in the Election of 1828

propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

John Davenport

In 1637, he founded a settlement south of Hartford, by the name of New Haven. (p. 30)

Frame of Government (1682)

In 1682-1683, William Penn provided the Pennsylvania colony with a Frame of Government which guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners and a written constitution. (p. 34)

Judiciary Act (1789)

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

two-term tradition

In 1796, George Washington decided to step down after two terms (four years per term) as president. This set the precedent, until Franklin Delano Roosevelt won four elections. In 1951, the 22nd amendment made two-term limit part of the Constitution. (p. 115)

Robert Fulton; steamboats

In 1807, he built a boat powered by a steam engine. Commercial steamboat lines soon made river shipping faster and cheaper. (p. 161)

Tariff of 1828; "tariff of abominations"

In 1828, during President John Quincy Adams' term, Congress created a new tariff law which pleased northern manufacturers, but alienated southern planters. (p. 194)

abolitionism William Lloyd Garrison; The Liberator

In 1831, he started the radical abolitionist movement with the "The Liberator" newspaper. He advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215)

Samuel Gridley Howe

In 1832, he became the first director of the New England Institution for the Education of the Blind (now Perkins School for the Blind), the first such institution in the United States. Howe directed the school for the rest of his life

Cherokee trail of tears

In 1838, the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and march to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the trip. (p. 196)

Frederick Douglass; The North Star

In 1847, this former slave started the antislavery journal, "The North Star". (p. 215)

Spanish-speaking areas

In 1848, the New Mexico territories, border towns, and the barrios of California were dominant spanish-speaking regions. (p. 346)

mining frontier, boomtowns

In 1848, the discovery of gold in California caused the first flood of newcomers to the territory. Gold and silver were later discovered in many other areas of the west. These discoveries caused towns to grow up very quickly, then often lose population and collapse after the mining was no longer profitable. (p. 340)

Trent Affair

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release

French in Mexico

In 1865, Secretary of State William Seward invoked the Monroe Doctrine when Napoleon III sent French troops to occupy Mexico. He threatened U.S. military action unless France withdrew their troops, and they did. (p. 410)

Yellowstone, Yosemite

In 1872, this area of Wyoming was declared the first national park. In 1864 this area in California was declared a state park, later it became a national park. (p. 346)

Election of 1880

In 1880, James A. Garfield was elected president in a very close election. His vice president was Chester A. Arthur. (p. 382)

Immigration Act of 1882

In 1882, this act placed restrictions on the immigration of undesirable persons, such as paupers, criminals, convicts, and mentally incompetent. (p. 362)

American Railroad Association

In 1883, this organization divided the country into four different time zones, which would become the standard time for all Americans. (p. 320)

electric power; lighting

In 1885, George Westinghouse produced a transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current, which made possible the lighting of cities, electric streetcars, subways, electrically powered machinery, and appliances. (p. 326)

Eastman's Kodak camera

In 1888, George Eastman invented the camera. (p. 325)

Edward Bellamy

In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000.

Pan-American Conference (1889)

In 1889, this conference was called by Secretary of State James G. Blaine. It created an organization of cooperation between the United States and Latin American countries. (p. 412)

Ocala Platform of 1890

In 1890, a national organization of farmers, called the National Alliance, met in Florida to address the problems of rural America. It fell short of becoming a political party, but many of the reform ideas would become part of the Populist movement. (p. 352)

Farmers' Alliances in South and West

In 1890, this group of discontented farmers elected senators, representatives, governors, and majorities in state legislatures in the West. (p. 386)

rise of the Populist Party

In 1892, delegates met in Omaha, Nebraska to draft a political platform that would reduce the power of trusts and bankers. They nominated James Weaver as their candidate for president. (p. 386)

John Muir, Sierra Club

In 1892, he founded this organization, with the goal of preserving some natural areas from human intervention. (p. 347)

Cleveland blocks annexation

In 1893, President Grover Cleveland block the annexation of Hawaii because he opposed imperalism. However, in 1898, President McKinley did annex Hawaii. (p. 414)

Antisaloon League

In 1893, this organization became a powerful political force and by 1916 had persuaded twenty one states to close down all saloons and bars. (p. 367)

Coxey's Army, March on Washington

In 1894, Populist Jacob A. Coxey led a march to Washington to demand that the federal government spend $500 million on public works programs. (p. 388)

African American migration

In 1894, the International Migration Society was formed to help blacks emigrate to Africa. Other blacks moved to Kansas and Oklahoma. (p. 350)

Cleveland and Olney

In 1895 and 1896, President Grover Cleveland and Secretary of State Richard Olney insisted that Great Britain agree to arbitrate the border dispute between Venezuela and the British colony of Guiana. (p. 412)

gold standard and higher tariff

In 1897, William McKinley became president just as gold discoveries in Alaska increased the money supply under the gold standard. The Dingley Tariff increased the tariff rate to 46 percent. (p. 390)

Second Hay Note

In 1900, the U.S. was fearful that the international force sent to Beijing might try to occupy China. A second note was written to all the major imperialist countries, stating that China's territory must be preserved and that equal and impartial trade with all parts of China must be maintained. (p. 417)

TR supports Panama revolt

In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt orchestrated a revolt for Panama's independence from Columbia. The revolt succeeded quickly and with little bloodshed. (p. 418)

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

In 1903, the Panama government signed this treaty with the United States. It granted the U.S. all rights to the 51 mile long and 10 mile wide Canal Zone, in exchange for U.S. protection. (p. 418)

firing of Pinchot

In 1910, he was head of the Forest Service, but was fired by President Taft. (p. 440)

Manchurian problem

In 1911, the U.S. was excluded from investing in railroads in Manchuria because of a joint agreement between Russia and Japan, which was in direct defiance of the Open Door Policy. (p. 420)

Lodge Corollary

In 1912 Senate passed resolution to Monroe Doctrine. It stated that non-European powers (such as Japan) would be excluded from owning territory in Western Hemisphere.

Edward House

In 1915, he was President Wilson chief foreign policy adviser. He traveled to London, Paris, and Berlin to negotiate a peace settlement, but was unsuccessful. (p. 459)

Puerto Rico citizenship

In 1917, an act of Congress granted U.S. citizenship and limited self government for this island. (p. 422)

recession, loss of jobs

In 1921, the U.S. plunged into recession and 10 percent of the workforce was unemployed. (p. 467)

Latin America policy

In 1927, the United States signed an agreement with Mexico protecting U.S. interests in Mexico. (p. 487)

Pan-American conferences

In 1933, the United States attended a conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, in which we pledged to never again intervene in the internal affairs of any Latin American country. At a second conference in 1936, the U.S. agreed to the cooperation between the U.S. and Latin American countries to defend the Western Hemisphere against foreign invasion. (p. 523)

reciprocal trade agreements

In 1934, Congress enacted a plan that would reduce tariffs for nations that reciprocated with comparable reductions for U.S. imports. (p. 524)

Independence for Philippines

In 1934, President Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass the Tydings-McDuffie Act which provided independence for the Philippines by 1946. (p. 524)

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill (1944)

In 1944, the federal government made unprecedented educational opportunities available to World War II veterans. It subsidized veterans so they could continue their formal education, learn new trades, or start new businesses. It also contained pension, hospitalization, and other benefits.

Levittown

In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.

racial integration of military

In 1948, President Truman ordered the end of racial discrimination throughout the federal government including the armed forces. The end of segregation changed life on military bases, many of which were in the South. (p. 559)

States-Rights party (Dixiecrats)

In 1948, Southern Democrats formed this new party in reaction the President Truman's support of civil rights. (p. 560)

Dennis et al. v. United States

In 1951, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Smith Act. (p. 570)

Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW)

In 1953, President Eisenhower consolidated welfare programs under this new department, run by Oveta Culp Hobby, the first woman in a Republican cabinet. (p. 580)

atoms for peace

In 1953, President Eisenhower's proposal to the U.N. to slow down the arms race. (p. 585)

Iranian overthrow

In 1953, the CIA helped overthrow this government and established a monarch ruler with close ties to the U.S. He provided favorable oil prices and purchased American military arms. (p. 582)

Montgomery bus boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

NDEA, NASA

In 1958, Congress created the National Defense and Education Act (NDEA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (p. 586)

fall of Diem

In 1963, South Vietnam's leader was overthrown and killed by South Vietnamese generals. (p. 613)

privacy and contraceptives

In 1965, the Supreme Court ruled in Griswold v. Connecticut case that a citizen's had the right to privacy, and a state could not prohibit the use of contraceptives by adults. (p. 610)

March to Montgomery

In 1965, this was a voting rights march from Selma Alabama to the capitol in Montgomery. Television showed protesters being beaten and tear gassed and the march was a turning point in the civil rights movement. President Johnson sent federal troops to protect the marchers. (p. 607)

off the gold standard

In 1971, President Nixon took the U.S. off the gold standard, which helped to devalue the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies. (p. 628)

cost of living indexed

In 1972, Congress approved automatic increases for Social Security benefits based on the rise in the cost of living. (p. 628)

National Rifle Association (NRA)

In 1974, this organization, which led the gun lobby, was angered when the Anti-Crime Bill banned the sale of most assault rifles. (p. 666)

Cambodia genocide

In 1975, the U.S. supported government in Cambodia fell to the Khmer Rouge, a radical Communist faction that killed over one million of its people in an effort to rid the country of western influence. (p 633)

Iranian hostage crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

battle over inflation

In 1979-1980, inflation seemed completely out of control and reached the unheard of rate of 13 percent. (p. 636)

Paul Volcker, high interest rates

In 1980, the chairman of the Federal Reserve Board pushed interest rates to 20 percent in order to combat inflation. (p. 636)

Chernobyl meltdown

In 1986, this nuclear plant in the Soviet Union exploded killing many people. (p. 639)

Exxon Valdez accident

In 1989, this oil tanker ran aground and created a massive oil spill off the coast of Alaska. (p. 639)

START I and II

In 1991, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Gorbachev signed the START I agreement which reduced the number of nuclear warheads to under 10,000 for each side. In 1992, President Bush and Yeltsin signed the START II agreement which reduced the number of nuclear weapons to just over 3,000 each. The U.S offered economic assistance to the troubled Russian economy. (p. 663)

humanitarian missions

In 1993, United States soldiers were killed in the civil war in Somalia while on a humanitarian mission. In 1994, President Clinton sent 20,000 troops into Haiti to restore its elected president after a military coup. (p. 669)

deficit reduction budget

In 1994, Congress passed this budget which included $225 billion in spending cuts and $241 billion in tax increases. Part of the budget would go towards increased spending on education and job training. (p. 666)

Madeleine K. Albright

In 1997, she became the first woman to serve as secretary of state. (p. 669)

bombing of U.S. embassies

In 1998, terrorists bombed two U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. The U.S. responded by bombing Al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan and the Sudan. (p. 682)

Northern Ireland accords

In 1998, the U.S. played a key diplomatic role in negotiating an end to British rule and the armed conflict in Northern Ireland. (p. 669)

growth of Hispanics

In 2000, the Hispanic population was the fasted growing segment of the population and emerged as the largest minority part in the nation. (p. 671)

Hispanic Americans

In 2000, they became the country's largest minority group. (p. 637)

European Union (EU); euro

In 2002, the European Union (EU) became a unified market of 15 nations, 12 of which adopted the euro as their currency. The EU grew to include 27 European nations by 2007, including ten former satellites of the USSR. (p. 669)

"connect the dots"

In 2004, a bipartisan commission on terrorism criticized the FBI, CIA, and the Defense Department for failing to work together to "connect the dots" that may have uncovered the 9/11 plot. Congress followed up on their recommendations, creating a Director of National Intelligence position. (p. 683)

2nd Amendment and Heller case

In 2008, the Supreme Court ruled that the 2nd amendment protects an individual's right to posses a firearm unconnected with service in a militia. (p. 692)

ban on torture

In 2009, President Obama placed a formal ban on torture by requiring that Army field manuals be used as the guide for interrogating terrorist suspects. (p. 687)

repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell"

In 2010, Congress repealed the Clinton era "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" to end discrimination of gays in the military. (p. 692)

U.S. credit rating

In 2011, the uncertainty and gridlock in Washington led Standard & Poor's to downgrade the US AAA credit rating. (p. 688)

Latino voters

In 2012, 1 in every 6 American voter was a Latino voter, and President Obama won 71 percent of the Latino votes in this election. (p. 690)

drawdown in Afghanistan

In 2012, the U.S. and Afghanistan signed a long-term agreement which called for the U.S. to train and support the Afghanistan military, and for the U.S. to end combat missions by 2014. (p. 689)

Mitt Romney

In 2012, this conservative, Mormon, former governor of Massachusetts, was the Republican presidential candidate. (p. 690)

sequester cuts

In 2013, Congress was unable to compromise on the budget so these cuts went into effect. (p. 690)

infant industries

In Alexander Hamilton's Financial Program, these newly developing businesses needed to be protected from foreign competition in the form of tariffs on imported goods

Tampico incident

In April 1914, some U.S. sailors were arrested in Tampico, Mexico. President Wilson used the incident to send U.S. troops into northern Mexico. His real intent was to unseat the Huerta government there. After the Niagara Falls Conference, Huerta abdicated and the confrontation ended.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

escalation of troops

In April 1965, President Johnson used U.S. combat troops in Vietnam for the first time. Johnson continued a step-by-step escalation and by March 1969 there were 540,000 troops deployed to Vietnam. (p. 613)

Beirut bombings

In April 1983, an Arab suicide bomber killed 63 people at the U.S. embassy in Beirut. A few months later, an Arab terrorist drove a bomb-filled truck into a U.S. Marines barracks, killing 241 servicemen. (p. 660)

Nicaragua; Sandinistas

In Central America, Reagan supported right-wing dictators as long as they were friendly to the United States and anti-Communists. In Nicaragua, a Marxist movement known as the Sandinistas had overthrown the dictator. The U.S. responded by providing military aid to the "contras" in their efforts to remove the Sandinistas. (p. 660)

Soviet Afghanistan invasion

In December 1979, Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan, an action that ended a decade of improving U.S.-Soviet relations. (p. 635)

corruption in Congress

In George W. Bush's second term, Republican's reputations were tarnished by scandals including, taking bribes from lobbyists, committing perjury and obstruction of justice, and having improper relations with congressional pages. (p. 685)

Wilson in Paris

In January 1919, President Wilson traveled to the World War I peace conference held at the Palace of Versailles outside Paris. (p. 464)

Paris Accords of 1973

In January 1973, the North Vietnamese agreed to an armistice, in which the United States would withdraw the last of its troops and get back over 500 prisoners of war (POWs). The agreement also promised a cease-fire and free elections. However, the armistice did not end the war, but it allowed the United States to extricate itself. (p. 627)

escort convoys

In July 1941, the U.S. began to provide protection for British ship carrying U.S. arms being transported to Britain. (p. 530)

Korean armistice

In July 1953, China and North Korea agreed to an armistice that would divide Korea into North Korea and South Korea near the 38th parallel. (p. 583)

Watergate cover-up

In June 1972, a group of men hired by Nixon's reelection committee were caught breaking into the offices of the Democratic national headquarters in the Watergate complex. This break-in and attempted bugging were only part of a series of illegal activities. No proof demonstrated that Nixon had ordered the illegal activities. However, it was shown that Nixon participated in the illegal cover up of the scandal. (p. 630)

death of bin Laden

In May 2011, he was killed by the U.S. in clandestine operation in Pakistan. (p. 689)

2013 shutdown of government

In October 2013, the Republican effort to defund the Affordable Care Act resulted in a shutdown of the government for 16 days, and threatened default on the national debt. The approval rating of Congress dropped to 10 percent. (p. 690)

Japan takes Manchuria

In September 1931, Japanese troops invaded Manchuria, on China's eastern seaboard. The League of Nations passed a resolution condemning the action but did not take action. (p. 521)

oil and steel embargo

In September 1940, Japan joined the Axis powers. The United States responded by prohibiting export of steel and scrap iron to Japan and other countries. In July 1941, when Japan invaded French Indochina, the U.S. cut off Japanese access to many vital materials, including U.S. oil. (p. 530)

Lehman Brothers

In September 2008, this large Wall Street investment bank declared bankruptcy, which led to a panic in the financial industry. (p. 685)

service of African Americans

In World War I, nearly 400,000 African Americans served in segregated military units. (p 462)

Ezra Pound

In a Station of the Metro

rebates and pools

In a scramble to survive, railroads offered rebates (discounts) to favored shippers, while charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers. They also created secret agreements with competing railroads to fix rates and share traffic. (p. 321)

Operation Iraq Freedom

In early 2003, President Bush declared that Iraq had not complied with numerous U.N. resolutions, and that "the game was over". In March 2003 the United States launched air attacks on Iraq, and within 4 weeks U.S., British, and other allies captured the capital city, Baghdad. (p. 684)

2007 troop surge

In early 2007, President George W. Bush sent an additional 30,000 troops in a "surge" to establish order in Iraq. (p. 684)

Fannie May, Freddie Mac

In early 2008 the federal government took over these two quasi-governmental mortgage institutions. (p. 685)

withdrawal from Iraq

In early 2009, President Obama developed a plan to wind down US ground combat operations in Iraq. In 2011, the last of U.S. forces were withdrawn. However, Sunni and Al-Qaeda insurgents continued to terrorize the majority Shiite government. (p. 688)

colonial legislatures

In every colony the lower of these two houses was elected; this lower house controlled taxes. Only in Rhode Island and Connecticut were the upper houses elected.

Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes

In her Letters on the Equality of the Sexes, and the Condition of Woman of 1838, (initally published as a series of letters in a newspaper) Sarah Grimké responded to Catharine Beecher's defense of the subordinate role of women. She was particularly concerned to attack two of Beecher's arguments.

Gustavus Swift

In the 1800s he enlarged fresh meat markets through branch slaughterhouses and refrigeration. He monopolized the meat industry.

popular election of president

In the 1832 presidential election, all states except South Carolina, allowed voters to choose their state's slate of presidential electors. (p. 192)

Rio Grande; Nueces River

In the 1840s the United States believed the southern Texas border was the Rio Grande River. Mexico believed the border was further north on the Nueces River. (p. 233)

speculation and overbuilding

In the 1870s and 1880s railroad owners overbuilt. This often happens during speculative bubbles, created by exciting new technology. (p. 321)

lynch mobs

In the 1890s, more than 1,400 African American men were lynched (hung by a mob without trial) by Southerns.

high tariff

In the 1890s, tariffs provided more than half of the federal revenue. Some Democrats objected to the tariffs because the raised the price on consumer goods and made it for difficult for farmers to sell to export because foreign countries enacted their own tariffs. (p. 385)

fusion of Democrats and Populists

In the 1896 presidential election the Democrats and Populists both nominated William Jennings Bryan for president in fused campaign. (p. 389)

electric appliances

In the 1920s, refrigerators, stoves, vacuum cleaners, and washing machines became very popular as prices dropped due to reduced production costs and as electrical power to run them became more available. (p. 478)

impact of the automobile

In the 1920s, this product had the largest impact on society. It caused a growth of cities and suburbs, and workers no longer needed to live near their factories. It provided job opportunities and was a much more efficient way of transportation. (p. 479)

immigration issues

In the 1950s, Congress dropped the bans on Chinese and other Asian immigrants and eliminated race as barrier to naturalization. (p. 590)

social critics

In the 1950s, conformity was valued. William Whyte documented the loss of individuality in his book, "The Organization Man" (p. 591)

Asian Americans

In the 1980s, this group became the fastest growing minority population. (p. 639)

growth of upper incomes

In the 1980s, well educated workers and yuppies (young urban professionals) enjoyed higher incomes from the deregulated marketplace while the standard of living for the middle class remained stagnant or declined. (p. 658)

technology boom

In the 1990's national productivity was improved by personal computers, software, Internet, cable, and wireless communications. (p. 668)

Contract with America

In the 1994 congressional elections, Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut.

China, India, Brazil

In the 21st century, these three countries would soon surpass many of the older industrial powers. The growing gap between rich and poor nations of the world caused tensions. (p. 671)

big-city political machines

In the North, one source of Democratic strength came from big-city political machines. (p. 381)

immigrant vote

In the North, one source of Democratic strength came from the immigrant vote. (p. 381)

racial segregation laws

In the Progressive era (1901 - 1917), racial segregation was the rule in the South and the unofficial policy in the North. (p. 443)

increased lynching

In the Progressive era, thousands of blacks were lynched (hung) by racist mobs. (p. 443)

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

In the Valladolid Debate, this Spaniard argued that the American Indians were less than human. (p. 11)

euro crisis

In the early 2010s, the European Union was struggling with a debt crisis in Greece, Spain, and Ireland. It took German leadership to save the euro as a common currency. (p. 689)

segregation in San Francisco schools

In the early 20th century San Francisco schools required that Japanese American students attend segregated schools. In 1908, President Roosevelt worked out a "gentleman's agreement" with Japan, Japanese American students would be allowed to attend normal schools and Japan would restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the United States. (p. 420)

Eastern trunk lines

In the early days of the railroads, from the 1830s to the 1860s, railroad lines in the east were different incompatible sizes which created inefficiencies. (p. 320)

ethnic support

In the early part of World War I Americans supported neutrality. However, 30 per-cent were first or second generation immigrants and their support was usually based on their ancestry. (p. 456)

New Nationalism and New Freedom

In the election of 1912, the Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were the main competitors. Roosevelt called for a "New Nationalism", with more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage (voting rights), and more social welfare programs. Wilson supported a "New Freedom", which would limit both big business and big government, bring about reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small business. (p. 441)

divided electorate

In the late 1800s, Republicans kept memories of the Civil War alive to remind war veterans of the pain caused by the Southern Democrats. Democrats could count on winning every former Confederate state. (p. 381)

markets and farmers

In the late 1800s, farming became increasingly commercialized and specialized. They became dependent on large and expensive machinery and small, marginal farms were often driven out of business. (p. 350)

spectator sports, boxing, baseball

In the late 19th century professional sports started. (p.372)

social class and discrimination

In the late 19th century, sports such as golf and tennis became popular with wealth members of athletic clubs. The very rich pursued polo and yachting. (p. 372)

causes of "Indian wars"

In the late 19th century, the settlement of the thousands of miners, ranchers, and homesteaders on American Indian lands led to violence. (p. 344)

corner saloon, pool halls

In the late 19th century, young single men often centered their lives around these establishments. (p. 372)

foreign commerce

In the mid-1800s, the growth in manufactured goods as well as in agriculture products (Western grains and Southern cotton) caused a significant growth of exports and imports. (p. 238, 239)

colonial governors

In the royal colonies, these were appointed by the King; in the proprietary colonies, these were appointed by the proprietor; in Rhode Island and Connecticut, these were elected by popular vote

Watts riots, race riots

In the summer of 1965 the arrest of a black motorist in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles led to a six-day riot that resulted in the deaths of 34 people and the destruction of 700 buildings. (p. 608)

streetcar cities

In these cities, people lived in residences many miles from their jobs and commuted to work by horse-drawn streetcars. (p. 363)

Election of 1994

In these midterm elections, Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress for the first time since 1954. (p. 667)

elections of 1952, 1956

In these two presidential elections Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon defeated Adlai Stevenson quite easily. (p. 580-581)

election of 1918

In this mid-term congressional election Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress. This was a problem for Democrat President Woodrow Wilson because he need Republican votes to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. (p. 466)

election of 2004

In this presidential election George W. Bush was reelected, defeating Senator John Kerry. The Republicans energized their base of voters by focusing on the war against terrorism, more tax cuts, and opposition to gay marriage and abortion. (p. 684)

election of 2012

In this presidential election the Great Recession and Obamacare (new healthcare act) were the top issues. Barack Obama defeated Mitt Romney in this election. (p. 690)

crop price deflation

Increased crop production and global competition drove prices down while farmers still had mortgages to pay with high interest rates.

expanding middle class

Industrialization helped expand the middle class by creating jobs for accountants, clerical workers, and salespeople. The increase in the number of good-paying jobs after the Civil War significantly increased the size of the middle class. (p. 327)

Initiative, Referendum, Recall

Initiative: people have the right to propose a new law. Referendum: a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto. Recall: the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office. These all made elected officials more responsible and sensitive to the needs of the people, and part of the movement to make government more efficient and scientific.

fraud and corruption, Credit Mobilier

Insiders used construction companies to bribe government officials and make huge profits. (p. 321)

Harold Ickes

Interior Secretary under the Roosevelt administration. He organized liberal Republicans for Roosevelt in 1932.

Earth Day (1970)

International day of celebration and awareness of global environmental issues launched by conservationists on April 22, 1970

Joseph Glidden

Invented barbed wire

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the mechanical reaper

John Deere

Invented the steel plow

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Rosenberg case

Involved Julius and Ethel Rosenberg who were American communists. They were executed for passing nuclear weapons secrets to the USSR.

transatlantic cable

Is an undersea cable running under the Atlantic Ocean used for telegraph communications. The first was laid across the floor of the Atlantic.

Al-Qaeda

Islamist terrorist organization that launched a series of attacks against U.S.

West Bank and Gaza Strip

Israel granted home rule to the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and parts of the West Bank territories, and signed a peace treaty with Jordan in 1994. Israeli-Palestinian peace process slowed down after the assassination of the Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1995. (p. 670)

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

The Catcher in the Rye

J.D. Salinger; explored the mental anguish of a teenage boy estranged from the crass materialism of his parents

military "advisers"

JFK increased the number of these , who trained the South Vietnamese army + guarded weapons and facilities. Helped created "strategic hamlets" [fortified villages]

Proclamation to the People of South Carolina

Jackson's edict stating nullification and disunion were treason

Revolution of 1828

Jackson's election showed shift of political power to "the common man" (1828), when the government changed hands from quincy adams to jackson

rotation in office

Jackson's system of periodically replacing officeholders to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government

election of 1884

James G Blaine was nominated by the Republicans, while Grover Cleveland was the Democratic nominee. The Independent Republicans, known as "Mugwumps," supported Cleveland, which cost Blaine the election. The Democrats controlled the House, while the Republicans dominated the Senate.

Zimmermann telegram

January 1917 the British intercepted a telegram from the German government to the Mexican government offering German support if Mexico declared war against the US; offered to return land Mexico lost the US

Japanese internment

Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during WWII. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder-roughly 110,000 me, women and children-were sent to hastly constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Pottawatomie Creek

John Brown rode with 4 sons & 2 others to Pottawatomie Creek; dragged 5 proslavery settlers from beds and murdered them

"yellow journalism"

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Henry Grady

Journalist from Georgia who coined the phrase "New South". Promoted his ideas through the Atlanta Constitution, as editor. He planned Atlanta's International Cotton Exposition

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Frederick Lewis Allen

Journalist who wrote "Only Yesterday" breath taking change from 1919 to 1920 overnight. Book had Mr. and Mrs. Smith who emulated typical 20's family and how progressed: can foods, radio, bob hair cuts, smoking , clubs, etc.

Syngman Rhee

Korean leader who became president of South Korea after World War II and led Korea during Korean War.

Election of 1964

LBJ beats Senator Goldwater who voted against the civil rights act and was a conservative republican

mass circulation newspapers

Large circulation newspapers had been around since 1830, but the first to exceed one million subscribers was Joseph Pulitzer's New York World. (p. 371)

redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Brady Bill

Law passed in 1993 requiring a waiting period on sales of handguns, along with a criminal background check on the buyer.

Espionage Act (1917)

Law which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty during WW1

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Jim Crow laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Force Acts (1870, 1871)

Laws designed to stamp out KKK terrorism in the South

quota laws of 1921 and 1924

Laws passed to limit immigration. (p. 485)

slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

George Rogers Clark

Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779., secured the Northwest Territory for America

Eugene Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Louis Armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

debts and high tariffs

Leading up to the Great Depression, the United States insisted on full World War I loan repayments and high tariffs on imports. This weakened Europe and contributed to the worldwide depression. (p. 498)

League of Women Voters

League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Legalized segregation with regard to private property.

campaign finance reform

Legislation aimed at placing limits on political candidates accepting money and gifts from individuals and special interest groups

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Equal Pay Act (1963)

Legislation that requires employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work

22nd Amendment

Limits the president to two terms.

election of 1864

Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins

election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Eugene O'Neill

Long Day's Journey Into Night

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Made it so that meat would be inspected by the government from coral to can. It began a quality rating system as well as increased the sanitation requirements for meat producers.

Dwight Moody

Made the Moody Bible Institute. Helped generations of urban evangelists to adapt traditional Christianity into city life.

strikes of 1919

Major strike in Seattle where 60,000 unionists held a peaceful strike for higher pay. Boston police went on strike to protest firing of police officers who tried to unionize and Governor Calvin Coolidge sent in National Guard. U.S. Steel Corporation had a strike, after considerable violence, the strike was broken by state and federal troops. (p. 467)

"permanent alliances"

Making a permanent pack with another country that you will support them and they will support you economically and in war, Washington warned against these in his farewell address.

Department of Interior

Manages and protects the nations public lands and natural resources

black pride

Many African American leaders agreed with Marcus Garvey's ideas on racial pride and self-respect. This influenced another generation in the 1960s. (p. 483)

Soviet Union breakup

Many republics declared independence; the Soviet government was clearly powerless to stop the fragmentation. The Communist Party and Soviet government became powerless and ceased to exist. (p. 663)

compulsory school attendance

Many states passed laws, which made it mandatory for children to go to public schools. (p. 437)

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

realism, naturalism

Mark Twain became the first realist author and his books often showed the greed, violence, and racism in American society. Authors known for their naturalism focused in how emotions and experience shaped human experience. (p. 369)

fall of Saigon

Marked the end of the Vietnam War in April, 1975 when North Vietnamese invaded South Vietnam, forcing all Americans left to flee in disarray as the capitol was taken

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

gun violence

Mass shootings at a Colorado movie theater and a Connecticut school sparked another debate over guns. President Obama's proposals to tighten gun laws went nowhere because of gun rights advocates. (p. 690)

Minutemen

Member of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds

Migration for jobs

Mexican Americans moved to find work, such as the sugar beet fields and mines of Colorado, and the building of western railroads. (p. 346)

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

General Huerta

Mexican revolutionary whose bloody regime Wilson refused to recognize and nearly ended up fighting

anti-trust movement

Middle class people feared a growth of new wealth due to the trusts. In the 1880s trust came under widespread scrutiny and attack. In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed, but it was too vaguely worded to stop the development of trusts. Not until the Progressive era, would the trusts be controlled. (p. 324)

race riots

Migration of African Americans to nothern cities increased racial tensions, which led to violence in many cities. Conditions were no better in the South than in the North.

military intervention

Military action undertaken in order to change what is happening or might happen in another country

"hard" money vs. "soft" money

Money backed by gold vs. paper money not backed by specie (gold or silver). (p. 384)

urban middle class

Most Progressives were urban middle-class men and women. They included: doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers, office workers, and middle managers. (p. 432)

English cultural domination

Most of the population of the colonies was English, but Africans and Europeans created some diversity in the culture of the colonies.

Anglo-Saxon heritage

Most supported Republicans and temperance or prohibition. (p. 381)

City Beautiful Movement

Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world.

social mobility

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another

greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

jazz age

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

NSC-68

National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

close elections

National elections between 1856 and 1912, were very evenly matched. The objective was to get out the vote and not alienate voters on the issues. (p. 381)

national networks

Nationwide radio networks enabled people all over the country to listen to the same news, sports, soap operas, quiz shows and comedies. (p. 480)

Metacom

Native American chief who fought against English colonists in the King Philip's War

Maise

Native American name for corn

white, old stock Protestants

Native-born, their churches preached against vice and taught social responsibility. (p. 432)

Nye Committee

Neutrality Acts1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."

Works Progress Administration

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

"barnburners"

New England Emigrant Aid CompanyConscience Whigs and Free-soilers were known as this; their defection threatened to destroy the Democratic Party

Mikhail Gorbachev; glasnost, perestroika

New Soviet leader who impletmented changes in their domestic politics with these reforms: 1) glasnost: an openness to end political repression and move toward greater political freedom for Soviet citizens. 2) perestroika: reconstruction of the Soviet economy by introducing some free-market practices. (p. 661)

Walter Rauschenbusch

New York clergyman who preached the social gospel, worked to alleviate poverty, and worked to make peace between employers and labor unions.

new social sciences

New fields such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science emerged. (p 368)

penitentiaries

New prisons built in Pennsylvania that experimented with the technique of placing prisoners in solitary confinement; these experiments were dropped because of the high suicide rate.

nationalist media

Newspapers and magazines published printed stories about ]distant and exotic places. This increased public interest and stimulated demands for a larger U.S. role in world affairs. (p. 411)

"a splendid little war"

Nickname for Spanish American war coined by Hay, indicative of US attitude and cockiness

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

recognition of China

Nixon established a trade policy and recognized the People's Republic of China, which surprised many because China had been an enemy during the Korean and Vietnam Wars.

southern strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

Catch-22

No win situation

Lakota Sioux

Nomadic tribe that followed Bison. Based in Great plains. Sitting Bull is a famous chief. Fight with the US in Dakotas, end up getting crushed. Massacred at Wounded Knee

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement

nonsectarian

Not limited to or associated with a particular religious denomination

Harpers Ferry raid

Occurred in October of 1859. John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist cause.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Trade Expansion Act

October, 1962 - The Act gave the President the power to reduce tariffs in order to promote trade. Kennedy could lower some tariffs by as much as 50%, and, in some cases, he could eliminate them.

Kent State

Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles

Guam and Philippines

On December 10, 1898, the Spanish-American War treaty was signed in Paris. Under the treaty the U.S. acquired Guam and also the Philippines. (p. 415)

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

LBJ withdraws

On March 23, 1968, President Johnson made a television address in which he said that the U.S. would limit bombing of North Vietnam and negotiate peace. He also announced that he would not run for president in 1968. (p. 615)

assassination in Dallas

On November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas, after just two and a half years in office, President John Kennedy was shot and killed. (p. 603)

Middle East War (1973)

On October 6, 1973, the Syrians and Egyptians launched a surprise attack on Israel in an attempt to recover the lands lost in the Six-Day War of 1967. President Nixon ordered the U.S. nuclear forces on alert and airlifted almost $2 billion in arms to Israel to stem their retreat. The tide of battle quickly shifted in favor of the Israelis. (p. 631)

Poland; blitzkrieg

On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded this country using overwhelming air power and fast-moving tanks, a term of warfare called lightning war. Britain and France then declared war against Germany. (p. 528)

World Trade Center

Once an icon for the global economy in New York, became a target for terrorism in 1993 and 2001; al Queda was solely responsible for the 9-11 attacks

railroad strike of 1877

One of the worst outbreaks of labor violence erupted in 1877, during economic depression, when railroad companies cut wages in order to reduce costs. It shut down 2/3 of country's rail trackage. Strike quickly becoming national in scale. For the first time since 1830s federal troops used to end labor violence. More then 100 people killed.

early marriages

One sign of confidence in post World War II era was an explosion of marriages at a younger age and new births. (p. 558)

sinking of the Maine

One week after the de Lome letter made headlines on February 15,1898, the U.S. battleship Maine was at anchor in the harbor of Havana, Cuba when it suddenly exploded. 260 Americans were killed on board. The yellow press accused Spain of blowing up the ship, even though experts later concluded that the explosion was an accident.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.

Panama invasion (1989)

Ordered by Bush in December 1989 to remove the autocratic General Manuel Noriega. The said purpose of the invasion was to stop Noriega from using the country as a "drug pipeline" to the US.

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Organization created to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory.

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Organizations that led protests, helped American soldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British.

Captain John Smith

Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".

National Grange Movement

Organized by Oliver H. Kelley primarily as a social and educational organization for farmers and their families. By the 1870s however, the Grange organized economic ventures and took political action to defend members against the middlemen, trusts, and railroads.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Far West

Pacific states that were the focus of Manifest Destiny: California, Oregon, Texas, etc.

"Wisconsin Idea"

Package of reform ideas advocated by LaFollette that included Initiative, Recall, Referendum

Yasser Arafat

Palestinian statesman who is chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (born in 1929)

equal protection of the laws

Part of the Fourteenth Amendment emphasizing that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

Part of the policy of detente, attempted to reduce the weapons each country contains

Liberal Republicans

Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside. Significantly dampered further Reconstructionist efforts.

corrupt politicians

Party patronage, the process of providing jobs to faithful party members was more important than policy issues during the Gilded Age. (p. 381)

Declaratory Act (1766)

Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

Mann-Elkins Act

Passed in 1910, it empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) for the first time to initiate rate changes, extend regulation to telephone and telegraph companies and set up a Commerce Court to expedite appeals from the ICC rulings

National Security Act (1947)

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

Passed under President Hoover, it raised tariffs up to sixty percent which became the nation's highest protective tariff during peacetime. Hoover & Republicans hoped it would help US economy, but instead it resulted in retaliatory tariff increases against the US by other countries. It deepened depression and increased international financial chaos.

Deborah Sampson

Patriot who disguised herself as a man and served in the Continental Army.

reparations

Payment for war damages

Camp David Accords (1978)

Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel; hosted by US President Jimmy Carter; caused Egypt to be expelled from the Arab league; created a power vacuum that Saddam hoped to fill; first treaty of its kind between Israel and an Arab state

anthracite coal miners' strike (1902)

Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike for an increase in pay and a shorter working day. When the mine owners refused to negotiate, President Theodore Roosevelt threatened to seize control of the mines. A compromise was finally agreed upon. (p. 438)

Separatists

People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

election of 1972

Placed Nixon against Democrat George McGovern, with the former being the embodiment of the radical movements Nixon's "silent majority" of middle-class Americans opposed, resulting in a landslide victory for Nixon

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown.

Connecticut Plan; Great Compromise

Plan which provided for a two house Congress; the Senate with two representatives per state and the House of Representatives with representatives based on population

Barbary pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Communist satellites

Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, all of these were satellites, or nations under the control of a great power; in this situation, the Soviet Union.

William (Boss) Tweed

Polical Machine Leader of NYC's Tammany Hall. Corrupt in spending tax dollars. Benefit voters for votes and politicians for graft/greed.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Omaha Platform

Political agenda adopted by the populist party in 1892 at their Omaha, Nebraska convention. Called for unlimited coinage of silver (bimetallism), government regulation of railroads and industry, graduated income tax, and a number of election reforms.

Greenback party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Know-Nothing Party

Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant

Ostend Manifesto (1852)

Polk wanted to buy Cuba for 100 million from Spain, but Spain refused to sell the last part of its former empire. Later, Pierce secretly negotiated to buy Cuba from Spain, but it failed due to an information leak and antislavery members of Congress were furious.

Edwin Stanton

Popular Secretary of War who is fired by Johnson and leads to Johnson's impeachment

implied powers

Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution

vertical integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

President Abraham Lincoln offers his conciliatory plan for reunification of theUnited Stateswith his Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction. By this point in the Civil War, it was clear that Lincoln needed to make some preliminary plans for postwar reconstruction.Nov 13, 2009

Afghanistan, Taliban

President Bush declared he wanted Osama bin Laden and other Al-Qaeda leaders "dead or alive". The Taliban refused to turn them over, so in response the U.S. quickly overthrew the Taliban government in Afghanistan. U.S. led troops pursued bin Laden to the mountains bordering Pakistan, but were unable to catch him. (p. 682)

privatization of Social Security

President Bush pushed Congress to privatize Social Security by encouraging Americans to invest part of their Social Security payroll deductions into various market investments. (p. 685)

failure of health reform

President Clinton asked Hillary Rodham Clinton (his wife) to head a task force to propose a plan for universal health coverage. It ran into opposition from the insurance industry, small business organizations, and the Republicans. It failed to pass. (p. 666)

modern Republicanism

President Eisenhower's views. Claiming he was liberal toward people but conservative about spending money, he helped balance the federal budget and lower taxes without destroying existing social programs.

reorganization plan

President Franklin Roosevelt proposed a plan that allowed the president to appoint a new Supreme Court justice for each current justice over the age of 70. Congress refused to pass this legislation. (p. 509)

Bush tax cuts

President George W. Bush cut taxes on the top tax bracket, gradually eliminated estate taxes, increased child tax credits, gave all taxpayers an immediate rebate. Bush pushed for tax cuts for stock dividends, capital gains, and married couples. (p. 680)

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

War on Poverty

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

DOT and HUD

President Lyndon Johnson established the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). (p. 606)

Afghanistan surge

President Obama made fighting Al-Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan a priority. He sent an additional 47,000 troops to Afghanistan. The counter-terrorism surge proved effective in Afghanistan, but the increase in drone attacks on terrorists in Pakistan intensified anger against the U.S. (p. 689)

Expand military

President Reagan expanded the military to fight against the Soviet Union which he referred to as the "evil empire". The defense budget grew from $171 billion in 1981 to $300 billion in 1985. (p. 659)

budget and trade deficits

President Reagan's tax cuts combined with large increases in military spending lead to federal deficits of more than $200 million a year. During his two terms the national debt tripled from $900 million to $2.7 trillion. The U.S. trade deficit reached $150 billion a year. (p. 658)

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

role of American money

President Taft believed that private U.S. investment in China and Central America would lead to greater stability there. His policy, was thwarted by growing anti-imperliasm both in the U.S. and overseas. (p. 420)

bad vs. good trusts

President Theodore Roosevelt did make a distinction between breaking up "bad trusts", which harmed the public and stifled competition, and regulating "good trusts" which through efficiency and low prices dominated a market. (p. 438)

conservation of public lands

President Theodore Roosevelt's most original and lasting contribution in domestic policy may have been his efforts to protect the nation's natural resources. (p. 439)

Peace without victory

President Wilson call to the fighting nations that neither side would impose harsh terms on the others. Wilson hoped that all nations would join a "league for peace".

taxes and bonds

President Wilson raised $33 million in two years by increasing taxes and selling Liberty Bonds. (p. 461)

Wilson's stroke

President Woodrow Wilson went on a speaking tour to rally public support for the Treaty of Versailles which required joining the League of Nations. In September 1919, he collapsed after delivering a speech in Colorado. He returned to Washington and a few days later suffered a massive stroke from which he never recovered. (p. 466)

"imperial presidency"

President is seen as emperor taking strong actions without consulting Congress or seeking its approval

Hamid Karzai

President of Afghanistan, helped overthrow Taliban, sought international aid for Afghanistan.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Boris Yeltsin

President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the US during Great Depression and World War II

John F. Kennedy

President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis

Abu Ghraib prison

Prison in Iraq made famous by revelation of photos taken by Army Reserve MP guards in the acts of humiliating and torturing prisoners

Auburn system

Prison reform in 1790, based on concept that solitary confinement would induce meditation and moral reform; actually led to many mental breakdowns; Auburn system, 1816, allowed congregation of prisoners during the day

survival of the fittest

Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection

"ethnic cleansing"

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

assembly line

Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks

Operation Wetback

Program which apprehended and returned some one million illegal immigrants to Mexico

Hillary Clinton

Prominent child care advocate and health care reformer in Clinton administration; won U.S. senate seat in 2000

Bank of the United States

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Proposed by Senator Douglas (Illinois) and advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories (vote by people of territory whether they would be slave or free state). Douglas wanted it to facilitate the building of the transcontinental railroad on a central route through Illinois, thus benefitting his state economically. K/A Act passed but backfired terribly as extremes of both sides of slavery debate flooded into Kansas. Votes on constitutions were plagued with fraud and "Bleeding Kansas" begins as violence erupts between pro/anti-slavery groups.

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

Provided that Americans could trade with all nations except Britain and France (1809)

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Underwood Tariff (1913)

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax

large department stores

R.H. Macy and Marshall Field made these stores the place to shop in urban centers. (p. 326)

George Wallace

Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction that required 50% of a state's 1860 voters to take an "iron clad" oath of allegiance and a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials; pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.

railroads and middlemen

Railroads and middlemen were able to charge high or discriminatory rates in the food supply chain because they had little competition. (p. 351)

nation's first big business

Railroads created a nationwide market for goods. This encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization. (p. 320)

Morrill Tariff Act (1861)

Raised tariff rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers; high protective tarrifs to project industrialists

self-reliance

Ralph Waldo Emerson

business deregulation

Reagan followed up on the promise of "getting governmnet off the backs of people" by reducing federal regulations on business and industry. Restrictions were eased on savings and loans, mergers and takeovers by large corporations, and environmental protection. (p. 657)

election of 1984

Reagan ran against Walter Mondale , who chose Geraldine Ferraro the 1st woman for VP. Reagan won by a landslide with 525 electoral votes

"tear down this wall"

Reagan said this in a speech in front of the Berlin Wall to challenge Mikhail Gorbachev into falling through with his reforms. (p. 661)

PACTO strike

Reagan took a tough stand against unions, he fired thousands of striking federal air traffic controllers for violating their contract and decertified their union. (p. 657)

Shays's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

disarmament

Reduction of armed forces and weapons

"corrupt bargain"

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government

inflation and labor unions

Relaxed controls on the Office of Price Administration resulted in an inflation rate of about 25 percent during the first year and a half after World War II. Workers and unions wanted wages to increase after years of wage controls during World War II. (p. 559)

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Kellogg-Briand Treaty (1928)

Renounced the aggressive use of force to achieve national ends.

21st Amendment

Repeal of Prohibition

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

Replaced the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809; reopened trade with both Britain and France but held that if either agreed to respect America's neutrality in their conflict, the United States would end trade with the other.

Berlin Wall falls (1989)

Represents an end of communism in eastern Europe.

Robert LaFollette

Republican Senator from Wisconsin - ran for president under the Progressive Party - proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations

"Billion Dollar Congress"

Republican congress of 1890. passed record # of significant laws that helped shape later policies and asserted authority of federal govt., gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890

expansionist politicians

Republican politicians generally endorsed the use of foreign affairs to search for new markets. (p. 411)

Whig past, pro-business

Republicans followed the tradition of Hamilton and the Whigs, supporting a pro-business economic program of high protective tariffs. (p. 381)

"Quids"

Republicans who criticized the War of 1812 (even though it was started by a Republican president) because it did not follow the traditional Republican idea of limited federal government.

white backlash

Resistance to Black demands led by "law and order" advocates whose real purpose was to oppose integration.

Contract Labor Act of 1885

Restricted the immigration of temporary workers, to protect American workers. (p. 362)

Clinton impeachment

Result of a political sex scandal emerging from a sexual relationship between United States President Bill Clinton and a 22-year-old White House intern, Monica Lewinsky.

run on gold reserves, J. P. Morgan bail out

Result of the panic of 1893, Banker steps in to support the dollar and gold standard

suburban growth

Resulted as a desperate need for housing arose following the war; Levittown= project of 17000 family homes on Long Island, NY.

Providence

Rhode Island

Standard Oil Trust

Rockefeller's company, in 1881, owned 90 percent of the oil refinery business, with a board of trustees at the head

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Roger Taney1857 Supreme Court decision that stated that slaves were not citizens; that livig in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves; and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitional

election of 1980

Ronald Reagan won over Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation.

"evil empire"

Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union because of his fierce anti-communist views and the USSR's history of violation of human rights and aggression.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Destroyers for Bases Deal

Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean.

"big-stick policy"

Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen

Citizens United (2010

Ruled that corporations were "legal persons" and had the same rights as individuals to buys ads to influence political elections.

Persian Gulf War (1991)

Saddam Hussein's Iraq invaded Kuwait over oil dispute on the border against US wishes (Saddam had formerly been US ally). US invaded Iraq to liberate Kuwait; Iraq set Kuwait's oil fields on fire so the Americans couldn't gain the oil; this conflict caused the US to set military bases in Saudi Arabia; also called Operation: Desert Storm.

urban frontier

San Francisco, Denver, Salt Lake City created because of gold rush or natural resources

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

revivalism

Second Great Awakening led to it. Revived a great faith in Christianity with more Americans belonging to the church. HS: Led to more people advocating equal rights such as blacks and women.

John Kerry

Secretary of State

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Reservationists

Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge

Irreconcilables

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations

Yugoslavia breakup

Serbian dictator, Slobodan Milosevic carried out a series of armed conflicts to suppress independence movements in the former Yugoslav provinces of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Kosovo. (p. 670)

Aroostook War

Series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842.

Confiscation acts

Series of laws passed by fed gov. designed to liberate slaves in seceded states; authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and stated that all slaves who fought with Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters; virtually emancipation act of all slaves in Confederacy

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Pendleton Act of 1881

Set up by the Civil Service Commission, it created a system where federal jobs were awarded based on competitive exams. (p. 384)

California; Bear Flag Republic

Short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States.

assassination of James Garfield

Shot by a crazed man because he was not given a job, this assassination led to a reform of the spoils system within politics

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s.

Roanoke Island

Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

steel-framed buildings

Skyscrapers were made possible by this type of building. The first, was the Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago. It was made possible by a steel skeleton, Otis elevator, and central steam heating system. (p. 363)

Margaret Fuller

Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".

spreading religion and science

Some Protestant Americans believed that the United States had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and our superior science technology. (p. 411)

business and imperialist competitors

Some in the United States believed that the nation needed to compete with the imperialistic nations for new territory or it would be reduced to a second class power.

business vs. consumers

Some people objected to the high tariffs because the raised the prices on consumer goods. (p. 385)

Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore

Son of George Calvert, Cecil Calvert set about making his father's dream come alive in Maryland (1634)

Dawes Act of 1887

Sought to "Americanize" Native Americans.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Southern white conservatives

Southerners Newt Gingrich, Tom DeLay, and Trent Lott took over the leadership of the Republican party, making it more conservative and partisan. (p. 679)

war hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Thomas Eakins

Specialized in painting the everyday lifes of working-class men and women and used the new technology of serial-actions photographs to study human anatomy and paint it more realistically.

Oregon territory

Split between U.S. and Great Britain, the U.S. had finally achieved its goal of Manifest Destiny.

Poland, Lech Walesa

Starting in Poland 1989 the election of Lech Walesa, the leader of the once-outlawed Solidarity movement, the communist party fell from power in many countries in eastern Europe. (p. 663)

Elkins Act (1903)

Strengthened the *Interstate Commerce Act* by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them

Shelby County v. Holder (2013)

Struck down provision of Voting Rights Act of 1965 requiring states engaged in past discrimination to get federal preclearance before instituting changes in voting laws or practices; allowed restrictive state voter ID laws to go forward (Roberts Court)

Tiananmen Square (1989)

Students protest for democracy in Beijing. Chinese government sends troops and tanks to Tiananmen Square. Student protesters are brutally massacred.

Thomas Gallaudet

Studied techniques for instructing hearing impaired people and established the first american school for the hearing impaired

Sumner-Brooks incident

Sumner was an MA senator and unyielding foe of slavery. He was physically attacked by Senator Brooks of SC in retaliation for a two-day speech made denouncing the proslavery Missourians who had crossed into Kansas and Brook's pro-slavery uncle who supported the Missourians- showed the split of the government

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

Lochner v. New York

Supreme Court case that decided against setting up an 8 hour work day for bakers

Fletcher v. Peck

Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution

Schechter v. U.S.

Supreme Court declared that the NRA was unconstitutional

Miranda v. Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

city manager plan

System of city government in which a small council, chosen on a nonpartisan ballot, hires a city manager who exercises broad executive authority

Asiento System

System that took slaves to the New World to work for the Spanish. Required that a tax be paid to the Spanish ruler for each slave brought over.

intervention in Nicaragua

Taft sent marines here when a civil war broke out, help in financial affairs, remained until 1933

railroads in China

Taft succeeded in securing American participation in agreement in 1911 to buy railroads in China with Germany and France, US was excluded from buying railroads in Manchuria because of joint agreement between Russia and Japan, direct defiance of Open Door Policy

Noble Peace Prize (1906)

Teddy Roosevelt received this award for his global peace keeping efforts

Washingtonians

Temperance movement which involved relying on each other, sharing alcoholic experiences and relying upon divine help, to help keep each other sober. Total abstinence from alcohol was their goal. The group taught sobriety and preceded Alcoholics Anonymous by 100 years.

Third World

Term applied to a group of "developing" or "underdeveloped" countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.

Chesapeake colonies

Term for the colonies of Maryland and Virginia

peaceful coexistence

Term used by Khrushchev in 1963 to describe a situation in which the United States and Soviet Union would continue to compete economically and politically without launching a thermonuclear war.

Old Northwest

Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions.

September 11, 2001

Terrorist attacks on World Trade Center and pentagon

common man

The "average" American citizen, whose concerns are represented in government.

massive retaliation

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

rise of modern urban industrial society

The 1896 election was a victory for big business, urban centers, conservative economics, and moderate middle-class values. Rural America lost its dominance of American politics. (p. 390)

Engel v. Vitale

The 1962 Supreme Court decision holding that state officials violated the First Amendment when they wrote a prayer to be recited by New York's schoolchildren.

Chicago convention

The 1968 Democratic Convention was held in Chicago. Television showed what looked like a "police riot" as antiwar protesters were brutally beaten. (p. 616)

United States v. Nixon

The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive priveledge was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions

Internet, e-commerce

The 1990s saw growth in the Internet and in electronic commerce (purchases made online). (p. 668)

rise of South and West

The 2000 census reported the population of the United States was 281.4 million people. The fastest growing regions were the West and the South. Greater populations meant more congressional representatives and electoral votes. (p. 671)

gaming casinos

The American Indians attacked widespread unemployment and poverty on reservations by building these facilities. (p. 638)

Siouan

The American Indians had 20 language families and 400 distinct languages. This tribe from the Great Plains was one of the largest. (p. 4)

2009 stimulus bill

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provided $787 billion economic stimulus package designed to create or save 3.5 billion jobs. It featured tax cuts, aid to state and local governments, and funding for construction projects, health care, education, and renewable energy. (p. 687)

Big Four

The Big Four were the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

against prohibition

The Catholics, Lutherans, and Jews were generally against this policy. (p. 381)

war's long term effects

The Civil War had long term effects on women. The field of nursing was now open to women for the first time. The enormous responsibilities undertaken by women gave impetus to the movement to obtain equal voting rights for women. (p. 282)

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms

The Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms was a document issued by the Second Continental Congress on July 6, 1775, to explain why the Thirteen Colonies had taken up arms in what had become the American Revolutionary War.

Adlai Stevenson

The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower.

Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP)

The Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 created this controversial program. The federal government used $700 million to purchase failing assets, that included mortgages and mortgage-related securities, from financial institutions. Conservatives called it socialism, and liberals called it a bailout of the people who had caused the problems in the first place. (p. 685)

Suffolk Resolves

The First Continental Congress endorsed Massachusetts's Suffolk Resolves, which declared that the colonies need not obey the 1773 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties.

Free-Soil party

The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. This Free-Soil Party foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party.

weak presidents

The Gilded Age presidents were not memorable and only served one term. (p. 380)

F. Scott Fitzgerald

The Great Gatsby author

effects of Great Recession

The Great Recession started in late 2007. The stock market dropped dramatically but recovered by 2013, unemployment peaked at 10 percent in 2009 and stayed at 7 percent until 2013. Obama enacted a number of Keynesian programs to promote recovery. (p. 687)

Hamiltonian tradition

The Hamilton tradition supported a strong central government. (p. 381)

Hollywood blacklists

The House Un-American Activities Committee created a list of people who would be denied work in the film industry. (p. 570)

federal treaty policies

The Indian Appropriation Act of 1871 ended recognition of tribes as independent nations by the federal government and nullified previous treaties made with the tribes. (p. 345)

National War Labor Board

The National War Labor Board (NWLB) was a United States federal agency created in two different incarnations, the first by President Woodrow Wilson from 1918-19 during World War I and the second by President Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1942-45 during World War II.

wartime solidarity

The New Deal helped immigrant groups feel more included, and serving together in combat or working together in defense plants helped to reduce prejudices. (p. 534)

OPEC; oil embargo

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries that placed an embargo on oil sold to Israel's supporters. Caused worldwide oil shortage and long lines at gas stations in the US.

government regulation and ownership

The Populist movement attacked laissez-faire capitalism and attempted to form a political alliance between poor whites and poor blacks. (p. 387)

Alliance of whites and blacks in South

The Populist party tried to form a political alliance with these poor farmers. (p. 387)

Soviet Union recognized

The Republican presidents of the 1920's had refused to grant diplomatic recognition to the Communist regime that ruled the Soviet Union. President Franklin Roosevelt promptly changed this policy by granting recognition in 1933. (p. 524)

"soft on communism"

The Republican's term to describe the Democrats after China adopted Communism and the Korean War stalemate. (p. 569)

Nathaniel Hawthorne

The Scarlet Letter

freedom of expression in arts

The Second Red Scare, the search for Communists, had a chilling effect on freedom of expression. (p. 570)

ABC powers

The South American countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, which attempted to mediate a dispute between Mexico and the United States in 1914.

Codes of Chivalry

The Southern aristocratic planter class ascribed to a code of chivalrous conduct, which included a strong sense of personal honor, defense of womanhood, paternalistic attitudes toward all who were deemed inferior. (p. 180)

open-skies

The Soviets rejected this proposal for open aerial photography of eachothers territory in order to eliminate surprise nuclear attacks. (p. 585)

civil war in Syria

The Syrian leader, Bashar al-Assad used poisonous gas on the people in the country who were rising up against him. Military action was avoided when the Syrians agreed to give up all their chemical weapons. (p. 691)

rejection of treaty

The Treaty of Versailles required the U.S. to join the League of Nations. It was never ratified by Congress. (p. 466)

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The US federal agency with a mission to protect human health and the environment.

railroads and time zones

The United States was divided into four time zones by the railroad industry. (p. 320)

unilateralist approach

The United States would pursue its own defense policy with little or no cooperation with other nations. (p. 683)

Jones Act (1916)

The act that granted the Phillipines territorial status and promised independence as soon as stable government was achieved

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

super-committee

The bipartisan committee that was to determine what the $900 billion spending cuts were to be. (p. 688)

Hundred Days

The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France

Building the Panama Canal

The building of the Panama Canal was important because it would benefit American Commerce and military capability, but Columbia rejected the deal. When America realized Panama was its own nation, Panama accepted the deal. The building was hard because there was a big mosquito disease and the canal had to be dug.

slave trade

The business of capturing, transporting, and selling people as slaves

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

poor regulation of financial institutions

The causes of the Great Recession will be debated for years, causes include: Excessive deregulation of the financial industry Real estate bank fraud Federal Reserve kept interest rates too low Government efforts to promote home ownership (p. 685)

census of 1890

The census of 1890 declared that except for a few pockets, the entire frontier had been settled. (p. 343)

decolonization

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

General Westmoreland

The commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

government shutdowns

The confrontations of between Newt Gingrich and President Clinton resulted in two shutdowns of the federal government in late 1995. Many Americans blamed overzealous Republicans in Congress for the shutdown. (p 667)

Sixteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

Nineteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote.

social reformers, temperance

The core of Republican support came from middle-class Anglo-Saxon Protestants who supported temperance or prohibition, along with business men. (p. 381)

industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

mining frontier

The discovery of gold in CA in 1848 caused the first flood of newcomers to the West. A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful young prospectors pushing into the Western mountains.

election of 1988

The election in which George Bush (R) defeats Michael Dukakis (D)

era of Republican dominance

The election of McKinley in 1896 started an era of Republican dominance of the presidency (seven of next nine elections) and Congress. (p. 390)

impact of 1965 immigration law

The end of ethnic quotas favoring Europeans opened the United States to immigrants from all parts of the world. (p. 637)

federal land grants and loans

The federal government provided land and loans to the railroad companies in order to encourage expansion of the railroads. (p. 320)

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first elected assembly in the New World, established in 1619

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Bill of Rights; amendments

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added to protect the rights of individual citizens, and adopted in 1781. (p. 108)

industrial design

The fusion of art and technology during the 1920s and 1930s created the new profession of industrial design. (p. 482)

growth of leisure time

The growth of leisure time activities was a result of the reduction of work hours, improved transportation, advertizing, and the decline of restrictive values. (p. 371)

U-2 incident

The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

Dow Jones index

The index of stock prices that fell from its high of 381 before the crash to an ultimate low of 41 during the Great Depression.

U.S. Steel

The largest steel company of the US, created by J.P. Morgan by merging Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel and several other steel companies together; at the time, the largest corporation in existence.

Ghost Dance movement

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.

Clean Air Act (1970)

The law aimed at combating air pollution, by charging the EPA with protecting and improving the quality of the nation's air.

Students for a Democratic Society

The leader of this movement was Tom Hayden. Port Huron Statement (declaration of beliefs): "We are the people of this generation, bred in at least moderate comfort, housed in universities, looking uncomfortable to the world we inherit." Also, the idea of "participatory democracy" was upheld.

Iroquois Confederation

The league of Indian tribes in the Northeast that fought with the English in the French-Indian War and supported the Loyalists in the America Revolution.

abortion rights; Roe v. Wade

The legalization of abortion in the 1973 Roe v. Wade Supreme Court case, sparked the right-to-life movement. The movement united Catholics and fundamentalist Protestants, who believed that life begins at conception. (p. 655)

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s).

Southern Manifesto

The manifesto was a document written by legislators opposed to integration. Most of the signatures came from Southern Democrats, showing that they would stand in the way of integration, leading to another split/shift in the Democratic Party.

longhorns, vaqueros

The name for the cattle which were brought to Texas from Mexico. The name for the Mexican cowboys who raised and rounded up the cattle in Texas. (p. 341)

Boland Amendment

The name given to three U.S. legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984, all aimed at limiting U.S. government assistance to the rebel Contras in Nicaragua.

circus trains

The national rail network made possible traveling circuses. (p. 371)

pardon of Nixon

The pardon of Richard Nixon, which occurred in 1974, was US history's most significant presidential pardon. Given by Gerald Ford, the President at that point in time, the pardon of Richard Nixon removed all punishment towards Richard Nixon as a result of Nixon's attempt to steal information from the Democratic Party at Watergate. Richard Nixon was impeached as a result of the Watergate incident, although he did not have to serve any time in prison as a result of this pardon. This is significant as this was the first and only pardon of a presidential impeachment.

interlocking directorates

The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. J. P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s.

"brinksmanship"

The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.

political polarization

The process by which the public opinion divides and goes to the extremes.

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

The program under which the US supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war material between 1941 and 1945.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

preparedness

The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.

Quarantine speech

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

balanced budgets

The spending cuts and tax increases during President Clinton's first term, along with record growth in the economy, created this budget in 1998. (p. 667)

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

"log cabin and hard cider" campaign

The term for the 1840 presidential campaign. Popular war hero, William Henry Harrison was the Whig candidate. He used log cabins and hard cider to portray his down-home heritage. He attacked Martin Van Buren as an aristocrat. Harrison and John Tyler won the election. (p. 199)

"the Good War"

The term for the unity of Americans supporting the democratic ideals in fighting World War II. (p. 533)

Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam

The three cities that held conferences for the leaders of the Allied powers, United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Union during World War II. (p. 538)

antebellum period

The time period before the Civil War during which there were many reforms, including the establishment of free (tax-supported) public schools, improving the treatment of the mentally ill, controlling/abolishing the sale of alcohol, winning equal legal/political rights for women, and abolishing slavery.

Gross National Product

The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.

Second American Revolution

The transformation of American government and society brought about by the Civil War.

old rich vs. new rich

The trusts came under widespread scrutiny and attack in the 1880s, urban elites (old rich) resented the increasing influence of the new rich. (p. 324)

patronage politics

The use of government resources to reward individuals for their electoral support. (p. 381)

"iron law of wages"

Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.

Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos

These American Indians were located in the New Mexico and Arizona region. They developed farming using irrigation systems. (p. 4)

buffalo herds

These animals were essential to the nomadic Native American tribes. In early 19th century there were 15 million of these animals on the Great Plains, but by 1900 they were nearly wiped out. (p. 339)

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

refrigeration; canning

These developments in the food industry changed American eating habits. (p. 326)

Great Plains tribes

These nomadic tribes, such as the Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, and Comanche, had given up farming in colonial times after the introduction of the horse by the Spanish. By the 1700s, they had become skillful horse riders and their lives centered on hunting buffalo. (p. 343)

rice plantations

These plantations grew food for the West Indies, and relied on slave labor. Found in South Carolina.

Union and Central Pacific

These railroad companies were chartered to work together to create the first transcontinental railroad. One was to begin in Omaha, Nebraska, and end in California. Irish men were the main labor force. The other began in California and Chinese men laid the tracks.

Protestant religion

These religious groups usually supported Republicans. (p. 381)

Southwest tribes

These tribes in the Southwest, such as Navajo and Apache adopted a settled life, raising crops and livestock, and producing arts and crafts. (p. 343)

transcontinental railroads

These were built across North America in the 1860s, linking the railway network of the Eastern United States with California on the Pacific coast; made communication and trade throughout the country easier; opened west to miners and open range ranching; Irish and Chinese workers played role in construction; led to the near extinction of buffalo

amateur sports, bicycling, tennis

These were late 19th century sports of the middle and upper classes. (p. 372)

country clubs, golf, polo, yachts

These were late 19th century sports of the wealthy. (p. 372)

tobacco farms

These were mainly small farms in North Carolina, but larger tobacco plantations were found in other parts of the colonies.

Hepburn Act (1906)

This Act tightened existing railroad regulation. Empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records.

Adena-Hopewell

This American Indian culture centered in Ohio created large earthen mounds as tall as 300 feet. (p. 4)

Tom L. Johnson

This Cleveland mayor devoted himself to the cause of tax reform and three-cent trolley fares. He fought for public controlled city utilities and services, but failed. (p. 436)

Stephen Kearney

This Colonel, under the direction of Polk, led a small army that captured Santa Fe with no opposition. He then proceeded to California where he joined a conflict already in progress that was being staged jointly by American settlers

Henry the Navigator

This Portuguese prince who lead an extensive effort to promote seafaring expertise in the 14th century. Sent many expedition to the coast of West Africa in the 15th century, leading Portugal to discover a route around Africa, ultimately to India.

John McCain

This Republican senator was a prisoner of war during the Vietnam War and is seeking the Republican nomination in the 2008 presidential election

Richmond (tobacco)

This Southern city became the capital of the nation's tobacco industry. (p. 347)

Birmingham (steel)

This Southern city developed into one the nation's leading steel producers. (p. 347)

Memphis (lumber)

This Southern city prospered as the center of the South's growing lumber industry. (p. 347)

Samuel M. Jones

This Toledo mayor used "Golden Rule" as his middle name. He instituted free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds. (p. 436)

Immigration Act of 1986

This act attempted to create a fair entry process for immigrants, but failed to stop the problem of illegal entry into the U.S. from Mexico. It was criticized for granting amnesty to undocumented immigrants from Mexico and the Americas. (p. 671)

Federal Reserve Act (1914)

This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today.

Embargo Act (1807)

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Stamp Act (1765)

This act required colonists to pay for an official stamp, or seal, when they bought paper items.

Forest Management Act of 1897

This act withdrew federal timberland from development and regulated their use. (p. 347)

Interstate Commerce Act of 1886

This act, created in 1886, did little to regulate the railroads. (p. 322)

National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities

This agency formed in 1965 provided federal funding for the arts and for creative and scholarly projects. (p. 605)

Romanesque style

This architecture style featured massive stone walls and rounded arches. (p. 370)

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Virginia Colony

This colony was founded in 1607. First settlement was Jamestown. Charter to stock company/royal. Tobacco was vital to its survival.

Homeland Security Department

This department combined over 20 federal agencies with 170,000 employees, including Customs, Immigration and Naturalization, the Coast Guard, and the Secret Service. It was one of the largest governmental reorganizations since the introduction of the Department of Defense following World War II.

Food Administration

This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.

white supremacists

This group favored separating (segregating) public facilities, as a means of treating African American as social inferiors. (p. 349)

Joseph Galloway

This influential politician in colonial Pennsylvania served in the First Continental Congress in 1774. In an effort to defuse the growing political crisis, he proposed a plan of imperial union with Great Britain in which the British Parliament and a Colonial Congress would both have to approve colonial legislation. But as Americans grew more radical and pushed for independence, the congress as a whole rejected his compromise proposal by a vote of six colonies to five.

Enron, corporate corruption

This large corporation falsified stated earnings and profits with the help of accounting companies. (p. 681)

Volstead Act (1919)

This law that established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department was under budgeted and largely ineffective, especially in strongly anti-prohibition states

Dawes Plan (1924)

This loan program was crafted to give money to Germany so that they could pay war reparations and lessen the financial crisis in Europe; the program ended with the 1929 stock market crash.

Clarence Thomas

This man was an African American jurist, and a strict critic of affirmative action. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush to be on the Supreme Court in 1991, and shortly after was accused of sexual harassment by Anita Hill. Hearings were reopened, and he became the second African American to hold a seat in the Supreme Court.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

Article X

This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

German Nazi party

This party arose in 1920's Germany in reaction to deplorable economic conditions after war and national resentments over the Treaty of Versailles. By 1933, the party under leader Adolph Hitler, had gained control of the German legislature. (p. 524)

Socialist Party of America

This party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. The platform called for more radical reforms such as public ownership of the RRs, utilities, and even of major industries such as oil and steel.

Bowles-Simpson plan

This plan would have eliminated the deficit by 2035 through $2 of spending cuts for every $1 increase in revenues. It was rejected by both parties. (p. 688)

World Bank, G-8

This powerful bank made loans to and supervised the economic policies of poorer nations with debt problems. The Group of Eight, made up of the world's largest industrial powers (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States), controlled two-thirds of the world's wealth. (p 670)

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

cattle drives

This refers to the forced migration of massive numbers of cattle to the railroads where they could be shipped to the East.

U.S.S. Cole

This ship sunk in 2000 after an Al Qaeda terrorist attack.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act

This tariff passed in 1922, raised tariffs on foreign manufactured goods by 25 percent. It helped domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade, and was one cause of the Great Depression of 1929. (p. 476, 488)

Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894

This tariff provided a moderate reduction in tariff rates and levied a 2 percent income tax. (p. 388)

Treaty of Paris (1783)

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

Treaty of Paris: Puerto Rico

This treaty was signed on December 10, 1898 with Spain. It provided for: 1) Cuban independence, 2) Purchase of Puerto Rico and Guam, 3) Purchase of the Philippines. (p. 415)

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

New Zion

This was a religious community established by the Mormons on the banks of the Great Salt Lake in Utah.

Tallmadge Amendment

This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Shiloh

This was battle fought by Grant in an attempt to capture the railroad of the South. The battle was fought in the west prevented the north from obtaining an easy victory. However, the Confederates strong resistance showed that they would not go quietly and the war was far from over.

tariffs; excise taxes

This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. High tariffs were placed on imported goods to help new and developing industries. (p. 110)

Salvation Army

This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.

regional artists

Thomas Benton and Grant Wood celebrated the rural people and scenes of the American heartland. (p. 482)

relief, recovery, reform

Three components of the New Deal. The first "R" was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance. The second "R" was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health, achieved by 1937. Finally, the third "R" let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor. There was no major anti-trust program.

U.S. joined international force

To protect American lives and property, U.S. troops participated in an international force that marched into Peking (Beijing) and quickly crushed the rebellion of the Boxers. (p. 417)

Cleveland threatens lower tariff

Toward the end of Grover Cleveland's first term he urged Congress to lower the tariff rates. (p. 385)

historians: traditionalists vs. revisionists

Traditional historians believe the Cold War was started by the Soviet government subjugating the countries of Eastern Europe in the late 1940s. In the 1960s, revisionist historians began to argue that the United States contributed to starting the Cold War. (p. 572)

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

Transferred public acreage to the state governments which could sell land and use proceeds for the establishment of agricultural colleges (for example, Texas A&M). Called "Land-Grant" colleges, it help spread public education in America.

Treaty of 1818

Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.

Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

Treaty in which Spain agreed to cede its claims to Oregon and give Florida to the Americans in exchange for Texas

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and CA in exchange for $15 million

Committee on Civil Rights

Truman bypassed the southern Democrats in key seats in Congress and established this committee to challenge racial discrimination in 1946.

Hiroshima; Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

mail-order companies

Two companies, Sears Roebuck, and Montgomery Ward, used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers to sell many different products. The products were ordered by mail from a thick paper catalog. (p. 326)

Laird rams

Two confederate warships being constructed in British shipyards, they were eventually seized by the British for British use to remain neutral in the Civil War.

RFK assassination

Two months after MLK's assassination in 1968, Robert Kennedy was assassinated in the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel in LA. The killer, Sirahn Sirahn is still in jail for the crime. This prompted the Secret Service to protect not only the incumbent president, but also presidential candidates.

UN inspections

U.N. inspections failed to find WMD's in Iraq. However, the Bush administration continued to present claims of their existence based on intelligence information that proved to be false. (p. 683)

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

U.S. acquisition of land south of the Gila River from Mexico for $10 million; the land was needed for a possible transcontinental railroad line through the southern United States. However, the route was never used.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

U.S. and Great Britain *Terms:* Settled the boundary dispute between Maine and Canada. Ended the slave trade on the high seas.

Harry Daugherty

U.S. attorney general and a member of Harding's corrupt "Ohio Gang" who was forced to resign in administration scandals

Jay Treaty (1794)

US & Great Britain *Terms:* Stopped the search and seizure of American ships by the British, made America pay pre-revolutionary debts, and opened British ports.

Pinckney Treaty (1795)

US & Spanish Empire *Terms:* Established the 31st parallel as the border between the United States and Spanish West Florida.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

John J. Pershing

US general who chased Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him

containment policy

US policy to stop expansion of Soviet Union and Communism

"spirit of Geneva"

USSR and US conferring on peace in 1955, couldn't agree on demilitarization or Open Skies but suspended nuclear tests

CIA, covert action

Undercover intervention in foreign government by the CIA during Eisenhower's presidency. (p. 582)

David Farragut

Union naval admiral whose fleet captured New Orleans and Baton Rouge

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

"Old Ironsides"

United States 44-gun frigate that was one of the first three naval ships built by the United States

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Louis Sullivan

United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase 'form follows function' (1856-1924)

George Goethals

United States army officer and engineer who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal (1858-1928)

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Oliver Hazard Perry

United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812

Scott Joplin

United States composer who was the first creator of ragtime to write down his compositions (1868-1917)

Mary Mcleod Bethune

United States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)

Jay Gould

United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)

Denmark Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)

Dwight Eisenhower

United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany

William Rehnquist

United States jurist who served as an associate justice on the United States Supreme Court from 1972 until 1986, when he was appointed chief justice (born in 1924)

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Joseph Pulitzer

United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911)

Brigham Young

United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith

Gouverneur Morris

United States statesman who led the committee that produced the final draft of the United States Constitution (1752-1816)

Mark Twain

United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)

Helen Hunt Jackson

United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (1830-1885)

"King Caucus"

Up until 1820, presidential candidates were nominated by caucuses of the two parties in Congress, but in 1824, this idea was overthrown., Andrew Jackson's term for selection process of candidates

Upton Sinclair

Upton Sinclair was an American novelist, essayist, playwright, and short-story writer, whose works reflect socialistic views. He gained public notoriety in 1906 with his novel The Jungle, which exposed the deplorable conditions of the U.S. meat-packing industry.

The Jungle; Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Upton Sinclair's novel drove this act to be passed; forbade the manufacture, sale, + transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods + drugs

urban reformers

Urban reformers stated more than 400 settlement houses in the cities. They provided services to help poor immigrants. (p. 365)

Bush v. Gore

Use of 14th Amendment's equal protection clause to stop the Florida recount in the election of 2000.

submarine warfare

Used during World War I mainly between German U-Boats and Atlantic supply convoys for Great Britain

Great American Desert

Vast arid territory west of the Missouri River & east of the Rocky Mountains; encouraged westward expansion after Stephen Long's Expedition

Richard Nixon

Vice President under Eisenhower and 37th President of the United States

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

bonus march (1932)

WWI vets were promised a bonus in 1945. Since many were suffering in the Depression, there was a bill proposed in the Senate to pay the bonus immediately. Thousands of vets and their families gathered in a huge Hooverville (shanty town) in DC to support bill. The bill fails, vets decided to maintain their protest. Hoover sends Douglas MacArthur to clear them out with army. MacArthur overreacts, burns down the Hooverville destroying all the vets possessions, kills two people & kills Hoover's chances in 1932 election

Office of Price Administration

WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation

uneven income distribution

Wages had risen relatively little compared to the large increases in productivity and corporate profits. Economic success was not shared by all, as the top 5 percent of the richest Americans received over 33 percent of all income. (p. 497)

assimilationists

Wanted to eradicate tribal life and assimilate Native Americans into white culture through education, land policy, and federal law.

Mexican civil war

Wanting democracy to triumph there, Wilson refused to recognize the military dictatorship of General Victoriano Huerta, who had seized power in Mexico in 1913 by arranging to assassinate the democratically elected president.

Chinese civil war

War between communist Mao Zse Tong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan

debt moratorium

War debts could no longer continue, it was so bad. Hooever proposed a suspension on the payment of international debts, Britain and Germany agree, but France declined. The international economy suffered from massive loan defaults.

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Saddam Hussein

Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

Toussaint l'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

overland trails

Westward trail route of wagon trains bearing settlers; collective experience; despite contradicting stories, Indian attacks were extremely rare & more helpful than harmful

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

kamikaze attacks

When Japanese pilots would deliberately crash their planes into American ships, killing themselves but also inflicting severe damage

Hungarian revolt

When the Hungarians tried to win their freedom from the Communist regime in 1956, they were crushed down by Soviet tanks. There was killing and slaughtering of the rebels going on by military forces.

Poor Richard's Almanack

Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

"Buffalo Bill" Wild West Show

William F. Cody brought this show to urban populations. (p. 372)

McGuffey readers

William Holmes McGuffey, a PA teacher, created a series of elementary textbooks that became widely accepted as the basis of reading and moral instruction in hundreds of schools; extolled virtues of hard work, punctuality and sobriety

start of the modern presidency

William McKinley emerged as the first modern president, he would make America an important country in international affairs. (p. 390)

McKinley victory

William McKinley won the presidential election of 1896 by carrying the all the Northeast and the upper Midwest. (p. 389)

Holy Experiment

William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all.

Walker Expedition

William Walker, a southern adventurer, tried to take Baja California from Mexico in 1853; took Nicaragua to develop a proslavery empire but collapsed when he was killed by Honduran authorities

expeditionary force

Wilson ordered General Pershing to pursue Pancho Villa into Mexico. They were in nothern Mexico for months without being able to capture Villa. Growing possibility of U.S. entry into World War I caused Wilson to withdraw Pershing's troops.

Conciliation treaties

Wilson's commitment to democracy was shared by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan. Bryan negotiated treaties in which nations pledged to submit disputes to international commissions and observe a one-year cooling-off period before taking military action. Thirty of these treaties were negotiated. (p. 422)

aid to auto industry

With General Motors and and Chrysler near collapse, the Obama administration stepped in to help. The government temporarily took over General Motors while in bankruptcy, and guided the sale of Chrysler to Italian automaker Fiat. (p. 687)

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)

With the fear of foreign competition gone, it lowered rates to 38%. Democrats felt it did not go far enough and passed the Underwood Tariff in 1913 to further lower taxes.

4 million freedmen

With the passage of the thirteenth amendment in 1865, 4 million African Americans were now free. (p. 282)

women in the workplace

Women took men's place in jobs during wartime giving them more rights.

attitudes toward suffrage

Women's contribution to the war effort prompted President Wilson and Congress to support the 19th amendment. (p. 462)

causes of labor discontent

Worker's discontent was caused by performing monotonous task required completion within a certain time, dangerous working conditions, and exposure to chemicals and pollutants. (p. 328)

effects on jobs

Workers and unions in the richest nations often resented globalization, because they lost their jobs to cheaper labor markets in the developing world. (p. 671)

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Twentieth Amendment

Written by George Norris and also called the "Lame Duck Amendment," it changed the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year.

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

election of 1944

Year in which Republicans nominated Thomas E. Dewey for president and John W, Bricker (an isolationist senator) for vice president. Democrats renominated Roosevelt but changed vice president to Harry S. Truman. Roosevelt won with sweeping victory. 4th term for Roosevelt.

Yugoslavia civil war

Yugoslavia started to disintegrate in 1991, a civil war broke out in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992. (p. 664)

Act of Toleration

a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

James Blaine

a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State, and champion of the Half-Breeds. He was a dominant Republican leader of the post Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland

Alfred Thayer Mahan

a United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. Several ships were named USS Mahan, including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers. His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890

Stokely Carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

organized crime

a business supplying illegal goods or services

established church

a church supported by the government

Burger Court

a conservative jurist appointed by Nixon that nonetheless continued the judicial activism of the Warren Court as seen by Roe v. Wade; this was due to the other members of the court rather than his own liberal beliefs

Second Continental Congress (1775)

a convention of delegates from the 13 Colonies, managed the colonial war effort, sent The Olive Branch Petition,moved incrementally towards independence, adopted the Declaration of Independence, acted as the de facto national government.

consumer culture

a culture in which personal worth and identity reside not in the people themselves but in the products with which they surround themselves

cooperatives

a farm, business, or other organization that is owned and run jointly by its members, who share the profits or benefits.

Federal Trade Commission

a federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices

Australian ballot

a government-printed ballot of uniform dimensions to be cast in secret that many states adopted around 1890 to reduce voting fraud associated with party-printed ballots cast in public

National American Woman Suffrage Association

a group formed by leading suffragist in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

a group formed in the 1960s to regain the Arab land in Israel for Palestinian Arabs

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

a group of 28 countries that has agreed to protect each other in case of attack; founded in 1949

Credit Mobilier

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

March on Washington (1963)

a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march. Widely credited as helping lead to the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the National Voting Rights Act (1965). 80% of the marchers were black. Organized by union leader A. Philip Randolph.

Statue of Liberty

a large statue symbolizing hope and freedom on Liberty Island in New York Harbor

Holocaust

a large-scale destruction, especially by fire; a vast slaughter; a burnt offering

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Dodd-Frank Act

a law enacted in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008-2009 that strengthened government oversight of financial markets and placed limitations on risky financial strategies such as heavy reliance on leverage

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799)

minimum wage

a minimum price that an employer can pay a worker for an hour of labor

consumerism

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

romantic movement

a movement in response to the cold rationality of the Enlightenment that stressed poetic, religious, and visionary human experience; sought to combine the "reason" of the Enlightenment with a renewed "faith" in the poetic powers of the human being

Second Bank of the United States

a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency.

ethnic neighborhoods

a neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs

Political Machines/Bosses

a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state

nonviolent protest

a peaceful way of protesting against restrictive racial policies

Indochina

a peninsula of southeastern Asia that includes Myanmar and Cambodia and Laos and Malaysia and Thailand and Vietnam

Mayas

a people who established a great civilization in Middle America

stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

Prophet

a person regarded as an inspired teacher or proclaimer of the will of God.

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Josiah Strong

a popular American minister in the late 1800s who linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas

National Child Labor Committee

a progressive organization formed in 1904 to promote laws restricting or banning child labor

housing bubble

a rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

a resolution adopted by Congress in 1964, giving the president broad powers to wage war in Vietnam

research and development

a set of activities intended to identify new ideas that have the potential to result in new goods and services

liquidity crisis

a severe shortage of liquidity throughout a sector of the economy or the entire economy, during which companies can't get enough cash to meet their operating needs

land bridge

a strip of land that connects two larger landmasses, enabling migration of plants and animals to new areas

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

insurrection

a violent uprising against an authority or government

dry farming

a way of farming dry land in which seeds are planted deep in ground where there is some moisture

Immigrant Act (1965)

abolished discriminatory quotas based on national origins

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

Henry Highland Garnet

abolitionist leader who had escaped slavery and advocated slave rebellion

religious toleration

acceptance of religious differences

Sedition Act (1918)

added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces.

regulatory commissions

agencies of the executive branch of government that control or direct some aspect of the economy

executive departments; cabinet Henry Knox

agencies of the federal government responsible for carrying out laws, administering programs, and making regulations in their particular area of responsibility

Berlin airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Big Three

allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

John C. Fremont

an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

Platt Amendment (1901)

an amendment added to Cuba's constitution by the Cuba government, after pressure from the United States; it provided that Cuba would make no treaties that compromised its independence or granted concessions to other countries without U.S. approval. The amendment was abrogated in 1934.

David Ruggles

an anti-slavery activist who was active in the New York Committee of Vigilance and the Underground Railroad. He claimed to have led over six hundred people, including friend and fellow abolitionist Frederick Douglass, to freedom in the North.

Sudetenland

an area in western Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler

laissez-faire capitalism

an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference

economic nationalism

an emphasis on domestic control and protection of the economy

Frederick W. Taylor

an engineer, an inventor, and a tennis player. He sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management especially time-management studies.

Lewis and Clark expedition

an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States

debt ceiling

an explicit, legislated limit on the amount of outstanding national debt

"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"

an insult made against NY Irish-Americans by a republican clergyman in the 1884 election. Blaine's failure to repudiate this statement lost him NY and contributed to his defeat by Grover Cleveland.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

an international economic organization whose member countries all produce and export oil

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

National Urban League

an interracial organization formed in 1910 to help solve social problems facing African Americans who lived in the cities

Taiwan

an island in southeastern Asia 100 miles off the coast of mainland China in the South China Sea

Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner

an order signed by multiple nativists groups, demands included; banning Catholics or aliens from holding public office, enacting more restrictive naturalization laws, and establishing literacy tests for voting.

Women's Rights Movement

an organized effort to improve political, legal and economic status of women in American society

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

anti-union law passed by increasingly conservative Congress over Truman's veto. Prohibited the closed shop (union only), permitted states to ban union-shop agreements (to become anti-union "right to work" states), forbade union contributions to candidates in federal elections, forced union leaders to swear in affidavits that they were not communists, and mandated an 80 day cooling off period before carrying out strikes. This enraged labor, who called it a "slave labor" law. Helped contribute to massive decline in unions.

asymmetric warfare

armed conflict between actors with highly unequal military capabilities, such as when rebel groups or terrorists fight strong states

sit-in movement

began in Greensboro, North Carolina when four students sat at a "whites only" lunch counter.

Arab nationalism

belief that all Arabs should ban together and form one large arab country. nasser (leader of egypt at the time) was major component and leader of this new arab country. power struggles soon began between countries.

anti imperialism

belief that the U.S. should not expand its territory overseas and that the U.S. should just be a normal country and leave the other countries alone

atomic bomb

bomb dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities

Haymarket bombing

bomb thrown at protest rally, police shot protestors, caused great animosity in employers for workers' unions

Baker v. Carr

case that est. one man one vote. this decision created guidelines for drawing up congresional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state

white-collar workers

category of workers employed in offices, sales, or professional positions

Roger Taney

chief justice of the supreme court who wrote an opinion in the 1857 Dred Scott case that declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional

state regulation of education and safety

civic-minded volunteers and reformers lobbied vigorously and with considerable success for better schools, juvenile courts, liberalized divorce laws, and safety regulations for tenements and workers

bank holiday

closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen

New Deal coalition

coalition forged by the Democrats who dominated American politics from the 1930's to the 1960's. its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.

New Jersey Colony

colony with a diverse population, including Dutch, Swedes, Finns, and Scots, Territory given to Sir John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Territory was diverse religiously and ethnically.

Civil Rights acts of 1957, 1960

commission on civil rights to attempt to guarantee the ballot to blacks; showed government's changing views of race relations

Warren Commission

committee that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy

Hague Conference 1907)

conference where the Great Powers discussed arms reduction and demonstrated internationalism

Charter of Liberties (1701)

constitution by Penn, which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

King Cotton

cotton and cotton-growing considered, in the pre-Civil War South, as a vital commodity, the major factor not only in the economy but also in politics.

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

created by delegates from nine colonies, set forth view of British power in colonies. Parliament didn't have right to tax colonists without their legislative consent and demanded repeal of Stamp and Sugar Acts

Kerner Commission

created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States

Kim II Sung

created the Communist government of North Korea and has existed since World War II and ruled North Korea as a dictator today

November 11, 1918

day that Germany signed Armistice ending WWI

electoral college system

delegates assign to each state a number of electors equal to the total of that state's representatives and senators; instituted because the delegates at Philadelphia feared that too much democracy might lead to mob rule

due process of law

denies the government the right, without due process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property

Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin

depicted the evils of slavery (splitting of families and physical abuse); increased participation in abolitionist movement, condemned by South

market revolution

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

Trickle Down Economics

economic theory that holds that money lent to banks and businesses will trickle down to consumers

mineral resources

elements, chemical compounds, minerals, or rocks concentrated in a form that can be extracted to obtain a usable commodity

Alaska purchase (1867)

ended Russian territorial presence and completed U.S. expansion on North American mainland.

Office of War Information

established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort.

Public Land Act (1796)

established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices

"jingoism"

extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy

single-parent families

families in which one parent resides with and cares for one or more children

subsistence farming

farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced

xenophobia

fear of foreigners

Hiram Revels

first African American senator

Lady Bird Johnson

first lady after Jackie Kennedy, contributed to the environment with her Beautify America campaign

Sandra Day O'Connor

first woman supreme court justice. appointed by Reagan

National Consumers League

formed in the 1890's under the leadership of Florence Kelly, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions.

Alexander H. Stephens

former vice president of the Confederacy, who claimed a seat in Congress during reconstruction under Johnson. Congress denied him and other Confederates seats in Congress

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War.

W. E. B. Du Bois

fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP

W.E.B. Du Bois

fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP

James Oglethorpe

founder of Georgia in 1733; soldier, statesman , philanthropist. Started Georgia as a haven for people in debt because of his interest in prison reform. Almost single-handedly kept Georgia afloat.

William James

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment

Milton Freidman

free market economist who gave evidence in the 1970s of a steady shift to the right, away from the liberalism of the 1960s.

Amnesty Act of 1872

gave forgiveness to former Confederates and Whites in the South and allowed them to vote again

unconditional surrender

giving up completely without any concessions

INF agreement

gorbachev & reagan agreed to remove and destroy all intermediate-range missiles

Railroad Administration

government agency which took all railroads from private hands until after the war

Sarah Palin

governor of Alaska who was the first female to ever be nominated for VP as a Republican

spoilsmen

group of corrupt and manipulating politicians which arose during the Grant administration, causes Grant to lose credibility with Reformers

Weathermen

group that branched off of the SDS; advocated terrorism in the US to stop another Vietnam from happening; name came from Bob Dylan lyrics "don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows"; dwindle away after 4 of them die in an explosion in Greenwich Village

utopian communities

groups of people who tried to form a perfect society

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

Hughes Hiram Johnson

helped to break the dominant grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics in 1910.

Alfred Kinsey

his research described human sexual behavior and was controversial (for its methodology & findings)

Lincoln-Douglas debates

house-divided speech1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

campaign financing

how money is earned to pay for political campaigns

cult of domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

100th meridian

imaginary line from the Dakotas to Texas dividing the East and the West

new Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe

old immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandenavia, or Northern Europe

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

border states

in the civil war the states between the north and the south: delaware, mayland, kentucky, and missouri

industrial technology

industrialization of 1840s on created shoes, sewing machines, ready-to-wear clothing, firearms, precision tools, and iron products for railroads, etc.

fireside chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

settlement houses

institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people

Eli Whitney; interchangeable parts

inter-changeable parts become the basis for mass production methods in factories; parts were produced individually, the new part would precisely substitute for the old

Elias Howe

invented the sewing machine

Samuel F. B. Morse

invented the telegraph

Specie Circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation

Civil Rights Act of 1866

law that established federal guarantees of civil rights for all citizens

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period

J. Robert Oppenheimer

lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb."

American Indian Movement

led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre

Suez Canal crisis (1956)

left Gamal Abdel Nasser as the leading figure in the Arab world.

Writs of Assistance

legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled

standard of living

level of economic prosperity

house-divided speech

made by Abraham Lincoln before he was elected stating that the United States will either be all slave or all free because it can't be half and half and still succeed.

Smith Act (1940)

made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the US government by force or violence

same-sex marriage

marriage between partners of the same sex

sit-down strike

method of boycotting work by sitting down at work and refusing to leave the establishment

depression mentality

millions of people developed an attitude of insecurity and economic concern that would always remain, even in times of prosperity.

Cotton Mather

minister, part of Puritan New England important families, a scholar, one of first americans to premote vaccination of smallpox when it was believed to be dangerous, strongly believed on witches, encouraged witch trials in salem

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

Tamany Hall

most famous political machine led by "Boss" Tweed in NY City

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

millennialism

much of religious enthusiasm of the time was based on the widespread belief that the world was about to end with the second coming of Christ; preacher William Miller gained tens of thousands of followers by predicting a specific date when the second coming would occur (didn't happen-Millerites will become Seventh Day Adventists)

Carrie Nation

muscualr and anti derranged woman, she estroyed saloons in her wild anti drinking crusade.

rock and roll

music that grew out of rhythm and blues and that became popular in the 1950s

"The Star-Spangled Banner"

national anthem written by Francis Scott Key during the war of 1812

Bull Moose party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Massachusetts 54th Regiment

one of the first black units in the US Armed Forces. Earned place in history at Fort Wagner

divided government

one party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress

political parties

organization that tries to influence gov. policy by promoting its ideas and backing candidates for office

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

soil-bank program

paid farmers to non use land, goal: decrease farm production to increase cost/income

"Gold Bug" Democrats

part of the Democratic Party that broke away from the principle of unlimited coinage of silver and the rest of the Democratic Party; included Grover Cleveland

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

passed to amend and clarify the Sherman Antitrust Act

economic discrimination

paying a person a lower wage or excluding a person from an occupation on the basis of an irrelevant characteristic such as race or gender

buying on margin

paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest

"enemies list"

people Nixon had something against or had done something to him

"plumbers"

people whose job it was to stop leaks of what Nixon was trying to achieve from being let out of the White House

James Weldon Johnson

poet, lawyer, and NAACP executive secretary

wage and price controls

policies and regulations making it illegal for firms to give raises or raise prices without government permission

cash and carry

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

neutrality

policy of supporting neither side in a war

Identity politics

political activity and ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power and benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological or universal or even statewide goals

Coin's Financial School

popular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey that portrayed pro-silver arguments triumphing over the traditional views of bankers and economics professors

causes of migration

poverty, overcrowding, persecution, economic opportunities, jobs, and cheap passage we all causes for _______

James K. Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

cultural nationalism

pride in one's own culture

"one man, one vote"

principle meaning that election districts would have to be redrawn to provide equal representation for all of states citizens

lassiez-faire economics and politics

principle that government should not be allowed to control economy

race to the moon

race between the Soviets and the US in the advance of science and space exploration

Benjamin Wade

radical republican and a senator of OH wanted to abolish slavery completely, was the chair of the committee on the conduct of the war

McKinley Tariff of 1890

raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition.

Lowell System; textile mills

recruited young farm-living women and housed them in company dormitories; began use of child labor

Florence Kelley

reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers

asylum movement

reformers proposed setting up new public institutions such as state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses; hope was that the inmates of these institutions would be cured of their antisocial behavior by being treated to a disciplined pattern of life in some rural setting

religious fundamentalism

religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy

Impeachment/Resignation of Nixon

resigned because of the watergagte scandle

temperance

restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food

Indian Reorganization (Wheeler-Howard) Act (1934)

returned lands to the control of tribes and supported the preservation of Native American cultures

concentration of wealth

richest 10 percent of US in 1890s controlled 90 percent of nation's wealth

Lancaster Turnpike

road built in the 1790s by a private company, linking Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania

De facto segregation means

segregation because of previous conditions, not deliberate government intention

Intolerable Acts

series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party

Civil Rights Commission

set up by the Civil Rights Act and was made to investigate violations of civil rights and authorized federal injunctions to protect voting rights

King assassination (1968)

shot and killed by a white man on a hotel balcony in Memphis, Tennessee. Riots errupted

"Fifty-four Forty or Fight!"

slogan used in the 1844 presidential election as a call for us annexation of the oregon territory

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

paperbacks

started in 1940s, sales exceeded hardbacks in 1960 and today makes up about 60% of the market

Sunbelt

states in the south and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative

barbed wire

strong wire with barbs at regular intervals used to prevent passage

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

Lecompton constitution

supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Worchester v. Georgia

supreme court ruled that georgia law could not be enforced in the cherokee nation

Encomienda System

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

New Federalism

system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states

strategic bombing

tactic of dropping bombs on key political and industrial targets

The Affluent Society

term used by economist John Kenneth Galbraith to describe the American economy in the 1950s, during which time many Americans became enraptured with appliances and homes in the suburbs

televangelists

term used to describe ministers who would spread their messages via television networks

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Roman Catholic

the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy

Nuclear arms race

the Cold War competition between superpowers to develop more powerful and greater numbers of nuclear weapons

Yates v. United States

the First Amendment protected radical and revolutionary speech, even by Communists, unless it was a 'clear and present danger" to the safety of the country

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

U.N. police action

the United Nations starting a military action without declaration of war; against violators of international peace and order

Operation Desert Storm

the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)

budget deficits

the amount by which a government's spending in a given fiscal year exceeds its revenue

scientific management

the application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace

legislative branch

the branch of government that makes the laws

flexible response

the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

Federal Reserve

the central bank of the United States

Warren Court

the chief justice that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in Brown v. Board of Education (1954); he was the first justice to help the civil rights movement, judicial activism

specialization

the concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities

separation of church and state

the division between religion and government

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Selective Training and- Service Act (1940)

the first peacetime draft that provided for all men 21-35 to register for the military

political action committees (PACs)

the fundraising arms of interest groups

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

the government agency that insures customer deposits if a bank fails

"graying" America

the growing percentage of older people in the U.S. population

Supreme Court

the highest federal court in the United States

House of Representatives

the lower legislative house of the United States Congress

declaration of war

the power of Congress to vote to go to war with another country

executive power

the power to execute, enforce, and administer law

reapportionment

the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census

securitization

the process of transforming loans or other financial assets into securities

homogeneity

the quality of being similar or comparable in kind or nature

"regime change"

the replacement of a country's government with another government by facilitating the deposing of its leader or leading political party

Sir William Berkeley

the royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry.' His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion

Mayflower

the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed from England to Massachusetts in 1620

"malaise" speech

the speech Carter delivered in response to the energy crisis, it was most notable for Carter's bleak assessment of the national condition and his claim that there was a "crisis of confidence" that had struck "at the very heart and soul of our national will". The speech helped fuel charges that the president was trying to blame his own problems on the American people.

nuclear proliferation

the spread of nuclear weapons

national debt

the total amount of money that a country's government has borrowed, by various means.

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Homestead Act (1862)

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

George Ripley

transcendentalist, established a utopian community known as Brook Farm in 1841

Wampanoags

tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers

reverse discrimination

using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people

John Wilkes Booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Highway Act (1956)

was enacted on June 29, 1956, when a hospitalized Dwight D. Eisenhower signed this bill into law. Appropriating $25 billion for the construction of 40,000 miles (64,000 km) of interstate highways over a 10-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history to that point.

presidential Reconstruction

was the President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.

distribution of income

way in which the nation's income is divided among families, individuals, or other designated groups

Protestant work ethic

way of life based on Biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and all work is a noble duty to be performed toward God

WMDs

weapons of mass destruction

party nominating convention

where party politicians and voters would gather in a large meeting hall to nominate the party's candidates (Anti-Masonic Party was the first to do such a thing), replaced the king caucus

Smith v. Alwright

white primaries are illegal

Countee Cullen

wrote "Any Human to Another," "Color," and "The Ballad of the Brown Girl;" American Romantic poet; leading African-American poets of his time; associated with generation of poets of the Harlem Renaissance

T. S. Eliot

wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," "The Waste Land" and "The Hollow Men;" British WWI poet, playwright, and literary critic

Stephen Crane

wrote Red Badge of Courage; American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; style and technique: naturalism, realism, impressionism; themes: ideals v. realities, spiritual crisis, fears