History Ch 1,2,3,4

James oglethorpe

(22 December 1696 - 30 June 1785) was a British general, Member of Parliament, philanthropist, and founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prisons, in the New World.[1]

Hernando cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Fransisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533. (p. 438)

pequot war

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Nathaniel Bacon

1647-76, American colonist, born in England: leader of a rebellion in Virginia 1676.

samuel de champlain

"The Father of New France", was a French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He founded New France and Quebec City on July 3, 1608. He is important to Canadian history because he made the first accurate map of the coast and he helped establish the settlements.

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

king louis XIV

(1643-1715) Created Versailles to keep eye on nobles. Embodied French absolutism. Lived lavishly. All of his successors died of implied incest-caused diseases.

Queen annes war

(1702-1713), as the North American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession was known in the British colonies, was the second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought between France and England, later Great Britain,[1] in North America for control of the continent. The War of the Spanish Succession was primarily fought in Europe. In addition to the two main combatants, the war also involved numerous Native American tribes allied with each nation, and Spain, which was allied with France. It was also known as the Third Indian War.[3]

coureurs de bois

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America.

Brazil

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england 1700

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great awakening

..., Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

willem kieft

1. Became governor-general of the New Netherlands in 1639..in 1645 ordered a massacre at an encampment of indian refugees who had refused to pay him tribute

John calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

John rolfe

1585-1622) was one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy.

House of burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

Mayflower compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by 41 of the 101 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

John winthrop

1629 - He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.

Martin Luther

16th century German monk and professor who is considered to be the person who started the Protestant Reformation; he began by criticizing Church practices (mainly indulgences) and ultimately broke with the Catholic Church to form his own new religious faith..in 1517

anglican

16th century, became England's official church in which everyone had to support it or else they would be fined or imprisoned

Jamestown

1st permanent English settlement in North America i 1607 in virginia

John Locke

29 August 1632 - 28 October 1704), was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism". Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.[5] Locke's theory of mind is often cited as the origin of modern conceptions of identity and the self, figuring prominently iLocke was the first to define the self through a continuity of consciousness. He postulated that, at birth, the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa. Contrary to Cartesian philosophy based on pre-existing concepts, he maintained that we are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience derived from sense perception.

halfway covenant

A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

dutch east india company

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British..founded in 1602

joint stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts...used to raise money for colonization

Roger williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the southHe was a student of Native American languages and an advocate for fair dealings with Native Americans. Williams was arguably the first abolitionist in North America, having organized the first attempt to prohibit slavery in any of the original thirteen colonies.

Encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.

Smallpox

A is a disease that is believed to have killed over 40% of inhabitants by 1600

Age of enlightenment

A movement that attempted to apply unaided human philosophy to all areas of man's life in order to establish a new social order. 17th century

pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations...was baptized in the church of engalnd and renamed rebecca

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Scientific method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Social contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

middle passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Northwest passage

A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.

Ann hutchinson

A woman who believed that many of the clergy in the Puritan church were not of the elect (except John Cotton and her brother-in-law). Challenges church authority, and champions rights for women in religious affairs, prevents John Winthrop's re-election.....(1591-1643), was a Puritan spiritual adviser, mother of 15, and important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638. Her strong religious convictions were at odds with the established Puritan clergy in the Boston area, and her popularity and charisma helped create a theological schism that threatened to destroy the Puritans' religious experiment in New England. She was eventually tried and convicted, then banished from the colony with many of her supporters.

Autocratic

Absolute in power or authority

Act of toleration

Act of Toloration, 1649 guaranteed toleration to all Christians; decreed death penalty to those who didn't believe in Jesus- protected; Catholics- created in Maryland passed in 1649 ..religious freedom law

benjamin franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

johnathan edwards

An American theologian and congregational clergyman whose sermons stirred the religious revival (Great Awakening); known for sinners in the hands of an angry god sermon.

sir humphrey gilbert

An English explorer and the half-brother of Walter Raleigh, he spearheaded England's efforts to colonize Newfoundland. Sadly, before he could accomplish this, he lost his life while at sea in 1583..was also a notorious cruel veteran of the irish campaign

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Freemen

Colonial period; term used to describe indentured servants who had finished their terms of indenture and could live freely on their own land.

indentured servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

treaty of paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

Thomas Hobbs

English philosopher in the 1600s, strongly believes in government. Hobbs claimed that human beings would naturally compete for territory, resources, and power. Without laws people would live with confusion and fear.....(social contract)..

Giovanni de varrazano

He was the first European explorer to name the new sites in North America after people and places in the Old World.

cecilius calvert

George Calvert's son, aka Lord Baltimore & owner of new colony, Maryland....managed the Province of Maryland from his home....continued the legacy of his father by promoting religious tolerance in the colony.

The columbian exchange

Global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas. Important foods: potatoe, corn, tomato, sugar cane. Spread of diseases: Syphilis, Typhus, Flu, Measles, Smallpox, Malaria.

Encomiendas

Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies.

plains indians

Included people from many Indian nations including Cheyenne, Arapahos, Piutes, and Sioux. Came into great conflict with settlers because settlers did not respect the Indian land.

Richard frethorne

Indentured servant seeking fortune in Virginia; found disease and starvation but was under contract for seven years..had to complete his term of work in order to pay for his passage

powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia..father of pocahontas

fundamental orders

It has the features of a written constitution, and is considered by some as the first written Constitution. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut is a short document, but contains some principles that were later applied in creating the United States government. Government is based in the rights of an individual, and the orders spell out some of those rights, as well as how they are ensured by the government. It provides that all free men share in electing their magistrates, and uses secret, paper ballots. It states the powers of the government, and some limits within which that power is exercised.

christopher columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Virginia company

Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England., A group of London investors who sent ships to Chesapeake Bay in 1607

King George war

King George's War (1744-1748) is the name given to the military operations in North America that formed part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). It was the third of the four French and Indian Wars. It took place primarily in the British provinces of New York, Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, and Nova Scotia. Its most significant action was an expedition organized by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley that besieged and ultimately captured the French fortress of Louisbourg, on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, in 1745.

King Williams war

King William's War (1689-97, also known as the Second Indian War,[2] Father Baudoin's War,[3] or Castin's War[4]) was the North American theater of the Nine Years' War (1689-97, also known as the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg). It was the first of six colonial wars (see the four French and Indian Wars, Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War) fought between New France and New England along with their respective Native allies before France ceded all of its remaining mainland territories in North America in 1763.

George Calvert

Known as Lord Baltimore..a nobleman that acquired 10 million acres from King charles I in 1632..he was catholic..wanted to set up a settlement but died before it could happen , Catholic man who asked the king of England for land in America for a colony where Catholics and others would be free to worship; title was Lord Baltimore

filles du roi

Literally "Daughters of the King" Young women sent to marry settlers in New France by King Louis XIV. They were often orphan girls, or simply women with nothing to lose.

William Penn

Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

Redemptioner

People who worked as servants to pay for their passage to America

opechancanough

Powhatan's brother who became the head of the native confederacy after Powhatan's death. He resumed the effort to defend tribal lands from European encroachments. Important because his attacks on the white settlers of Jamestown helped to end the Virginia Company and to begin the colony coming under the control of the English crown.

Lost colony

Roanoke Colony 1585 Raleigh attempted to create a colony left for 3 years upon his return found it abandoned ..with no clue where the colonist went thus naming it the lost colony., One of England's first attempts at colonization of America was the Roanoke Island Colony by Sir Walter Raleigh. However the settlers were left at Roanoke, and when a supply ship returned about a year later, there was no trace of civilization. Roanoke Island Colony became thus known as the Lost Colony.

Massachusets bay colony

The Massachusetts Bay Colony was an English settlement on the east coast of North America (Massachusetts Bay) in the 17th century, in New England, situated around the present-day cities of Salem and Boston. The territory administered by the colony included much of present-day central New England, including portions of the U.S. states of Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Territory claimed but never administered by the colonial government extended as far west as the Pacific Ocean.

Council of indies

The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilites.

stono rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

fur trade

The trading of animal pelts (especially beaver skins) by Indians for European goods in North America.

Dutch republic

United Provinces of the Netherlands; tolerant of all religions. 1st half of 17th century was golden age-govt. consisted of organized confederation of 7 provinces each w/ rep. govt. It established the Bank of Amsterdam and became the leading financial center on the Continent.

holy experiment

William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all.

Virginia settlers

Young men, uneducated, lower middle class, mostly indentured servants, looking for money, no sense of community.

beaver wars

a long struggle between the hurons and the iroquois in the 1640s, Wars that resulted from furious trading and hunting of Beaver pelts by the Dutch, the French, and the New Netherlands. The Overhunting of Beavers sent prices so high in 1742 that the Dutch armed the Iroquois and what resulted was bloody battles against Pro-French tribes.

Quakers

a persecuted religious sect ..pacifist

John davenport

a puritan clergyman and co-founder of the American colony of New Haven,In 1637 he acquired the patent for a colony in Massachusetts and sailed with much of his congregation for Boston. In March of 1638 he co-founded the Colony of New Haven, As a burgess, he was an important figure in the colony up until his departure to Boston in 1669

cahokia

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.

slave codes

declared slavery to be a lifelong condition that passed from slave parers to their children ..slaves had no legal rights and were under the complete control of their masters

New england settlers

families, churches, school, Jail house- much different than south

real whig ideology

feel that having and army and a strong central government will take away their personal liberties

sieur de la salle

followed the mississippi to the gulf of mexico claiming the entire valley (that he named louisiana in honor of king louis XIV) for france

Predestination

in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God.[1] Explanations of predestination often seek to address the so-called "paradox of free will", whereby God's omniscience seems incompatible with human free will. In this usage, predestination can be regarded as a form of religious determinism; and usually predeterminism.

pilgrims

is a traveler (literally one who has come from afar) who is on a journey to a holy place

Bill of rights 1689

is an Act of the Parliament of England passed on 16 December 1689.[2] It was a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William and Mary in March 1689 (or 1688 by Old Style dating), inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England.

john cabot

italian mariner that explored canada on englands behalf

Treaty of tordesillas

june 7th 1494 divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain along a meridian 370 leagues[note 1] west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa). This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde Islands (already Portuguese) and the islands entered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Spain), named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antilia (Cuba and Hispaniola).

Labor cost in america

labor cost was high...colonial workers commanded high wages because there was so few of them...

samuel de champlain

led an expedition up the st.lawrence river and founded a permanent settlement in quebec "father of new france"

treaty of lancaster

negotiation in 1744 where by Iroquois chiefs sold virginia land speculators the right to trade at the forks of the ohio

albany plan of union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown..called for an intercontinental union to coordinate defense ,levy, taxes, and regulate indian affairs

george washington

privilaged virginian..1st president of the united states..

olaudah equiano

son of an igbo chief, (1745-1797) African who was sold into slavery and bought his way out-kidnapped as a boy (age 11) from his home he was sold into slavery and sold amongst slave traders many times-he served in the Seven Years' War as a captain's boy and was then sold to a slave trader where he went to the Caribbean-from there a white colonist bought him and he eventually bought his way out of slavery-he went to England to live and published a book about slavery and his experiences-his message was widespread and helped to inspire the abolition of slavery

plymouth colony

the first of the new england settlements was founded in 1620, A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists,The Separatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691.

the french and indian war

the seven years war 1754-1763 final conflict ..from 1689 -1763..french authorities in north america started establishing a string of forts in the ohio country west of the allegheny mountains and in the ohio valley ..a military contingency by george washington engaged a french force but would lose a month later to the french..went from being local to being a european matter..giving it the seven years war...with 3 phases (1)localized actions in north america between british and french forces.(2) decelerating a war between started phase 2..(3) when the british decided to concentrate on north american theatre of operations and led them to victory..the war ended by the treaty of paris in 1763

enumerated products

things that could only be shipped to england or to another english colony

west india company

tried to colonize profitable land in Americas - New Netherlands, New Amsterdam; didn't work very well..founded in 1621

Jaques Cartier

was a French explorer of Breton origin who claimed what is now Canada for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map

jean francois de la roque

was commissioned by the king to establish a permanent settlement in canada

Navigation act 1651

were a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between Britain and its colonies. They began in 1651 and ended 200 years later. They reflected the policy of mercantilism, which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside the Empire, and minimize the loss of gold and silver to foreigners. They prohibited the colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, and their colonies. The original ordinance of 1651 was renewed at the Restoration by Acts of 1662, 1663, 1670, and 1673 subsequently subject to minor amendment. These Acts formed the basis for British overseas trade for nearly 200 years.