History Chapter 12 Test

Contrast Baroque and Rococo art?

Baroque: Huge, colorful, and exciting. Glorified historical battle and the live of saints. Rococo: Lighter, personal, elegant, and charming. Popular with the middle class and upper class. Philosophers called it superficial, furniture featured delicate shells and flowers and more pastel colors were used. Noble subjects were in rural settings were in the portraits

Who were the Jacobins?

A revolutionary political club, the Jacobins were mostly middle-class lawyers or intellectuals. They used pamphlets and sympathetic newspaper editors to advance the republican cause

What was the Congress of Vienna and what was its chief goal?

A conference of European diplomats, leaders, and royals that was hosted by Emperor Francis I of Austria. Its chief goal to create a long-lasting peace by protecting the system of monarchy, and establishing a balance of power

Describe the challenges the Hapsburgs faced after the Thirty Years' War. What was the effect of these challenges on the Hapsburg empire?

After the Thirty Years' war the Hapsburgs wanted to expand Austria by adding Bohemia, Hungary, and eventually parts of Poland and Italy. - The lands were divided by lands and languages - The lands had very diverse people and cultures

How did Henry IV reunited France?

By converting to the Catholicism, issuing the Edict of Nantes (Huguenots religious toleration and other freedoms), and expanding government influence

How did Catherine succeed where Peter the Great had failed?

Catherine the Great secured a warm water port for Russia, where Peter did not

What kind of government did Rousseau favor in order to insure more freedom?

Democracy - the people vote for everything

Divine Right

European monarchs believed their authority to rule came directly from God

What groups of people made up each of the Estates in France?

First Estate: the clergy (high church leaders) Second Estate: the nobility of french society Third Estate: Bourgeoisie (middle class and peasants)

How did Philip II influence the art of Spain's golden age?

He was an enthusiastic patron of the arts during Spain's golden age. During the golden age of art, paintings of figures and authority were common.

What were the results of the Peace of Westphalia?

France was the main winner gaining territory on both its Spanish and german frontiers, the Hapsburg's were forced to accept almost total independent of all the prince of the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands and the Swiss federation won recognition as in dependent states, German lands were divided into more than 360 separate states (still under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire, although had their own churches)

What was Fredrick the Great's goals as monarch of Prussia?

Fredrick II saw himself as a servant of the state with a duty to work for the common good. He tried to bring Prussia into the modern age by increasing religious toleration, reducing torture, and allowing free press. To make the government more efficient, he simplified laws and reorganized the government's civil service

What economic system did Adam Smith favor?

Free enterprise system - commerce and business compete for profit with little government interference

What effect dud Paul Revere's engraving of the Boston Massacre have on the public?

He was trying to get support from the people to go against Britain by showcasing the unjust treatment of the people in the colonies

What was the purpose of the Navigation Acts?

In the 1600s, Parliament had passed the Navigation Acts to regulate colonial trade and manufacturing

What is the significance of the English Bill of Rights?

It ensured the superiority of Parliament over the monarchy

What did the Concordat of 1801 accomplish?

It kept the Church under state control, but recognized religious freedom for Catholics. The Concordat made peace with the Catholic Church

Why was the storming of the Bastille important?

It signaled the end of the absolute monarchy and a step toward freedom

Why did Elizabeth I work with parliament and James I resist working with Parliament?

James I was not skilled in working with parliament, he believed in absolute power through divine right in a time where many people in parliament did not. Elizabeth was skilled at handling parliament because she needed money

What was Joseph II considered the most radical of the enlightened despots?

Joseph granted more rights to and eased some restrictions on Protestants and Jews in his Catholic empire. He ended censorship by allowing a free press and attempted to bring the Catholic Church under royal court. Joseph even abolished serfdom and dealt directly with his subjects

What was responsible for Napoleons rise to power?

Napoleon's military success combined with his promises to make France orderly, secure, and efficient enabled him to retain the support of the people of France. His usage of nationalists propaganda only served to increase his popularity

Hod did France change under the National Assembly?

Nobles voted to end their privileges like: exclusive hunting rights, special legal status, and exemption from taxes

Who were the Sans-Culottes? What caused them to riot?

Sans-Culeottes consisted of working class men and woman. They pushed the Revolution into more radical action. The Sans-Culottes wanted a government that could guarantee them a living wage, an end to the monarchy, and the creation of a republic. Battle disaster overseas quickly inflamed revolutionaries in Paris. When they suspected the king of being in league with the enemy, they rioted

What was the central idea in Hobbe's Leviathan?

People were naturally cruel, greedy, selfish. They must therefore enter a social contract to escape the brutish life

Peter the great's legacy

Peter the Great was known not only for his cruelty, but also for modernizing Russia (often by military). He embarked on a journey of westernization (western ideas), technology, and culture. He ruled with unlimited authority autocratic. Simplified the Russian alphabet and set up academies for math, science, and engineering

What type of government did John Locke Favor?

Republic - the people freely elected representatives

Who was the Maximilien Robespierre? What were his views during the French Revolution? How did he and other radicals justify the use of terror?

Robespierre was the leader of the Committee of Public Safety. He believed that terror was necessary to protect the Revolution and achieve its goals. He was one of the chief architects of the Reign of Terror

Why did Charles V have difficulty governing his empire?

Ruling two empires involved Charles in constant warfare, there was too much land to rule over, he fought to suppress the protestants and fight off the Ottoman Empire both of which posed their own difficulties

What were the successes of Maria Theresa as an absolute monarch

She strengthened royal authority by limiting the power of the nobles and the church, reorganized the bureaucracy and improved tax collection (forced the nobles and the church to pay taxes and eased the burden of taxes and labor on peasants)

What were the colonist's view on taxation?

The American colonists believed that since they had no representation in Parliament that Parliament had no right to tax them. "No taxation without representation,"

Describe the importance of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen? Describe its impact. How is it similar to the Declaration of Independence?

The Declaration of the Rights of Man was modeled in part on the American Declaration of Independence. The declaration insisted that governments exist to protect the natural rights of citizens. It declared able citizens to be equal before the law. It was the first step towards a French constitution

How did the Revolution change life in France?

The French Revolution served to spread enlightenment principles such as religious toleration, the abolition of feudalism, and the equality of the citizens before the law

What economic solution was proposed, but rejected by Louis XVI that may have oriented the French Revolution?

The taxation of the first and second estates

How did France's Social divisions contribute to the French Revolution?

The third estate did not like that the first and second estates had special privileges like: exclusive hunting rights, special legal status, and exemption form taxes

What was the Napoleonic Code?

The Napoleonic Code embodied enlightenment principles such as the equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and the abolition of feudalism. the Code undue some of the reforms of the French Revolution. Woman lost most of their newly gained rights and could not exercise the rights of citizenship. Male heads of households regained complete authority over their wives and children; order was valued over individual rights-impacted the legal system

What was the impact of the Napoleonic wars on countries France conquered?

The Napoleonic wars spread the ideas of the French Revolution. Feelings of nationalism were sparked all across Europe. The abolition of the Holy Roman Empire would eventually help in creating a new Germany

What were the causes of the Thirty Year's War?

The Thirty Year's War was set into motion by Ferdinand, the Catholic Hapsburg king of Bohemia who sought to suppress the Protestants and assert roll power over the nobles; religion.

What was the Glorious Revolution?

The bloodless overthrow of James II; there was a limited monarchy after

How did the actions of the directory lead to the rise of Napoleon?

The directory was corrupt, and an inadequate provider for the people. As chaos threatened, politicians turned to Napoleon Bonaparte, who the politicians planned to use to advance their goals. To their dismay, however, before long Napoleon would outwit them all to become ruler of France

Popular Sovereignty

The idea that all government power comes from the people

What happened after the first female Hapsburg ruler assumed power in the mid 1700s?

The other European rulers ignored their pledge to recognize Maria Theresa as a legit leader, Fredrick II of Prussia seized the Hapsburg province, and it sparked the eight year war of Austrian succession.

What were the provisions of the Petition of Right?

The petition of right prohibited the king from raising taxes without parliaments consent or from jailing anyone without legal justification

How did the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment?

The scientific revolution helped spark the enlightenment, in which thinkers emphasized the use of reason to uncover "natural" laws that govern human life

Why was the Battle of Saratoga a turning point in the American Revolution?

The victory persuaded France to join the Americans against Britain. The alliance brought the American's desperately needed supplies, trained soldiers, and French warships. Spurred by the French, the Netherlands and Spain added their support

How did Charles V and Philip II expand the Spanish State?

Through means of conquests and wars

What was Montesquieu's suggestion to protect liberty?

To divide the government into three branches (legislative, judicial, and executive)

What were the causes of the English Civil War and what changes did it bring to England's government?

the English civil war was the result of a clash between Parliament and Charles I. After the English Civil War, the age of absolutism came to an end and gave more power to parliament