History chapter 15
What was the impact of the triangular trade on Africans?
-African States and societies were torn apart -Individuals died young -11 million reached the Americas - ~ 2 million died
What were the causes of the Columbian Exchange?
-Age of exploration begins -Europeans bring plants and animals to the Americas
What were the effects?
-Columbus and other Europeans journey to new lands -Native American diet improves -Donkeys and horses transport people/goods. -Population growth globally
List effects if exploration to Spanish empire in Americas?
-Europeans had conquered millions of Native Americans.
List effects of exploration in spain?
-Seized huge quantities of goods -Used Native American Labor to establish silver mines in Peru and Mexico -Treasure fleets sailed with gold and silver -Spain became wealthy and powerful
Effect on Native Americans
-They believed their sufferings marked the end of the world -Some survivors felt that their gods were weaker than their conquistador's gods. -Stopped resisting -Converted to Christianity hopefully
What was the empire eventually divided into?
4 provinces including Mexico and Peru.
Who was Bartelone de las casas?
A bold priest who protested the system.
What was the triangular trade?
A three part international trade network.
What was the Columbian exchange?
A transfer of food crops from one continent to another -A global change that would impact the world
What is a civil war?
A war fought between groups in the same nation.
What are Mulattoes,
Africana nd European descent
Who was Olaudah Equiano?
An enslaved african that formed part of the slavs trade
What happened during this compelling?
Another Spanish force arrived on the coast to challenge them.
Weapons of Indians?
Arrows and spears
Who was Moctezuma 1?
Aztec Emperor
What groups were fighting for control?
Aztecs, Spanish, Native Americans
What did they do?
Built mission churches. Also introduced Europran clothing, Spanish language, and new crafts
What animals were prominent in the new world?
Cattle, pigs, goats, chickens (horses and donkeys)
Why do we call it the Columbian exchange?
Columbus started to bring plants and animals to Spain, starting this exchange process
What are conquistadors?
Conquerers
What did Atuhualpa refuse to do?
Convert to Christianity or become a Spanish Vassal.**
What were 2 important foods in the old world?
Corn and potatoes
What happened in 1521?
Cortes and Indian allies captured and ruined Tenochtitlan. Spanish built Mexico City on the ruins.
Who were next?
Creoles who owned plantations, ranches, and mines
What did he write?
Detailed reports of horrors that Soanish yke brought to Indians.
What was the most important weapon?
Disease helped cnquistadors take control of the Taínos and other Native Americans
What was her name also known as?
Doña Marina
What places did this trade network link?
Europe, Africa, and the Americas
What was the impact of the slave trade on the Europeans?
European merchants and traders became extremely wealthy and provided labor to help colonial economies grow.
What were the New Laws of the Indies?
Forbade enslavement and abuse of Indians. Spain couldnt enforce them***
What dis conquistadors use this system to do?
Force Native Americans to work under brutal consitions.
Who did Cortes inspire?
Fransisco Pizarro
By mid 1500s How far did Soanish empire stretch?
From California to South Ameica
What were the most valuable goods shipped from Spanish America to Spain?
Gold and silver
What happened to the Spaniard and Aztec relationship?
Grew strained. Spanish did not approve of Aztecs religion and wanted to convert them to Christianity
What weapons were used by the Spanish?
Guns, cannons, metal armor, and horses
How did the Spanish treat these people and what did they do?
Harshly. Colombus's men assaulted men and women, claimed their land, and seized some to return to the spanish king.
What happened to Pizarro later on?
He was killed by a rival spanish FACTION after he established the city Lima.
Why was Moctezuma scared?
He wondered if the leader of the Spanish (Cortes) was Quetzalcoatl (Aztec godking)
What did Las Asas urge colonists to do to fill the labor shortage? Why?
Import Africans. He believed that they were immune to tropical diseases and had skills.
What did they do to gain control?
Imprisoned Moctezuma and forces him to sign over his land and treasure.
Where did these people arrive?
In the Americas
Who was Atahualpa?
Incan ruler who had one the throne of his brother in a civil war.
What are Mestizos?
Indian abd European descent
What happened to the Native American population?
It decreased by 90%
What had happened to Spains empire?
It had added much of South America to it.
In 1519, Where did he go?
Landed on Mexico coast with 600 men, 16 horses, ans cannons.
Who helped the Viceroy rule?
Lesser officials and advisory councils of Spanish Settlers**
Leg 2:
MIDDLE PASSAGE. Slaves transported to Americas. Slaves exchanged for plantation manufactured goods.
Leg 3:
Merchants carried sugar, cotton, molasses, furs, and rum. They were shipped to Europe.
Who were lower class?
Mestizos and Mulattoes
Who baptized Indians?
Missionaries
What did the Council of Indies do?
Monitored colonial officials to ensure they didnt overassume authority.
Were their more Spanish conquistadors or Native Americans?
Native Americans
What was the cultural blending between?
Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans
Who was Hernan Cortes?
One early conquistador. He was a landowner in Cuba who heard of Spanish expeditions being repelled by Indians.
What were colonist limitations?
Only could export to spain and buy spanish manufactered goods
What was the result of Spanish being driven from Tenochtitlan?
Over hald died and Moctezuma died.
Who were at the top of the social colonial class? What dud they do?
Peninsulares (Spain natives) High powerr in colonial governments and the Catholic Church.
Where dis Pizarro arrive in 1532?
Peru
What was Pizarro interested in?
Peru's Inca empire
Where were these used?
Plantations and mines.
What did he do to stop it?
Pleaded to the king to end the abuse.
What did Indians do to resist
Preserved culture: language, traditions, and clothing
What were viceroys?
Representarives who rules in his name in each province.
What were encomiendas?
Rights to demand labor or tribute from Indians in an area.
What did Aztecs do to their captives?
Sacrificed many of them to Aztec gods
What did Mocrezume do when he was afraid?
Sent gifts but urged then to not continue to Tenochtitlan
Who Malinche and what did she do?
Served as Hernan's translator/ advisor. She knew both the Maya and Aztec languages. Told Cortes that Aztecs gained poee by conquering. She helped Cortes form aliances with the conquered peoples and fight the Aztecs with them.
What was the Council of the Indies?
Set up by the King of Spain to pass laws for the colonies.
What are privateers?
Some pirates who operated with the approval of European governments.
Who were the first major partners in the slave trade ?
Spanish. They bought slaves to labor in Spain's South American empire.
What did thriving trade lead to?
Successful European cities
What resource was introdcued to West Indies?
Sugarcane (refined into sugar, molasses, and rum)
What made up one part of the triangular trade?
The Atlantic slave trade
What is Tenochtitlan?
The Aztec Empire capital
Who worked together to concert Native Americans to Christianity?
The Catholic Church and government
What was the problem advantage of carrying these diseases?
The Indians woukd die because of lack of immunity
Who were the Taíno people?
The people that columbus encountered when he first arrived in the West Indies
What did the Spanish demand? And what happened?
They demanded a huge ransom** for the ruler. Inca paid it but they killed Atahualpa anyway
What would happen if they did not follow any of these rules?
They were tortured or killed.
What did spanish force Native Americans to do?
To convert to christianity
Where did he trek to?
Toward Tenochtitlan
What did colonies build?
Universities
What did the king appoint?
Viceroys
What were advantages to Pizarro and the Spanish?
Weapons, diseases.
What did Moctezuma do?
Welcomed Cortes to his capital.
What did Pizarro do in response?
With Indian allies, he captured him and slaughtered Incas.
What are peons?
Workers forced to labor for a landlord to pay off a debt.
Who dud the spanish MONARCHS first grant these to?
conquistadors
What did the Taíno people grow?
corn, yams, and cotton
What was the biggest threat to the slaves on the ships?
diseass
What then would happen in Europe?
goods Traded at a profit for European commodities needed to be returned to africa*******
Where did they first settle?
islands of hispaniola, cuba, and puerto rico.
Leg 1:
merchant ships brought guns, cloth, cash to Africa trading them for slaves
What caused decrease jn Aztec population?
smallpox
What were these diseases?
smallpox, measles, and influenza
Discovered foods?
tomatoes, pumpkin, peppers, wheat, grapes, bananas, sugarcane
Where did Spanish settlers generally live?
towns and cities
