History Chapter 3 Short Answers

In what ways did division of labor contribute to the growth of a civilization? ***

Division of labor contributed to the growth of civilization because that way people could work on things than just hunting and gathering. They can work on things like crafting, cooking, art, government working, religious leading, food and much more. They could get things accomplished as a community. The emeralds contributes to this in daily life environment, and laws and government.

What was Hammurabi's Code? Why was it necessary?

Hammurabi's code was a set of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life. There were laws on everything from trade, loans, theft to marriage, injury, and murder. Some of them are very harsh! This is necessary because everyone would be kept in line and was a controlled empire. These enforced laws also helped make it a safe, prosperous society.

Why do think Mesopotamia is sometimes called the "cradle of civilization".

I think Mesopotamia is called the "cradle of civilization" because it was the first civilization, it was where new things were created, and it influenced other cultures.

Why might living near a river be instrumental in the growth of a civilization? ***

Living near a river might be instrumental in the growth of a civilization because they used the river for cooking, cleaning, bathing, traveling, crops/irrigation, trading products, trading ideas, and swimming. They pretty much used the river for everything.

Describe (geographically) the region known as Mesopotamia?

Mesopotamia region was between two rivers (the Tigris and the Euphrates), and it had a large arc of fertile farmland, which is called the Fertile Crescent. Northern Mesopotamia was a plate bordered on the north and east of the mountains. Southern Mesopotamia was a flat plain. The tigris and the Euphrates flowed from the hills into that low-lying plain. The Syrian Desert was west of Mesopotamia and the Zagros Mountains were east. North, was the Taurus Mountains.

Where did Mesopotamia's civilization begin? What is the area called?

Mesopotamia's civilization began in southern Mesopotamia. The area was called Sumer.

Who was the most famous king of the Chaldeans and what did he build? Why did he build it?

Nebuchadnezzar was the most famous king of the Chaldeans. He built a grand palace and featured the famous Hanging Gardens. He built this to make his wife happy. These hanging gardens were so beautiful that they seemed to hang in the air.

Discuss all of the technical advances and discoveries that the Sumerians made, especially in the area of farming.

Sumerians made technical advances and discoveries that the Sumerians made, especially in the area of farming. Some of the advances and discovery were cuneiform, which was the word's first writing system and the styluses, which was used to make wedge shaped symbol on clay tablets. Other inventions were the wheel, which was used for transpiration and making pottery, and the plow, which pulled oxen, plows broke through hard clay soil of Sumer to prepare it for planting. Lastly, they produced make and glass jewelry and leaned how to use bronze to make stronger tools and weapons.

How did Assyrian kings rule their empire. Give examples.

The Assyrian kings ruled their empire through local leaders. For example, they would govern a small area, collect taxes, enforce laws, and raise troops for the army. Another example, messengers on horseback were sent to deliver orders to faraway places. They built the world's first library, with over 25,000 clay tablets. They were very ruthless and yet very cultured!

How were the Hittites successful in taking control of Asia Minor and beyond?

The Hittites were successful in taking control of Asia Minor because they had two key military advantages over rivals, which was the mastering of ironwork for the strongest tools and skillfully using the chariot, which allowed Hittite soldiers to move quickly.

What is the Phoenicians most famous achievement?

The Phoenicians most famous achievement was the alphabet. The development.made writing much easier. The alphabet we use today is based on the Phoenicians, as modified by later civilizations. It had a major impact on the ancient world and on our own.

Who were the Phoenicians and why were they so successful? Where is modern day Phoenicia?

The Phoenicians were the people who lived at the western end of the Fertile Crescent, along the Mediterranean Sea . They were so successful because of its trade. They would sail all over and trade many things. Modern day Phoenicia is now Lebanon.

Discuss Sumerian architecture.

The Sumerian architecture included that Sumerian rulers lived in large palaces. Other rich Sumerians had two-story homes with as many as a dozen rooms. Most people, however lived in in smaller, one-story houses. Large and small houses stood side by side along narrow, unpaved streets of the city. Bricks made of mud were the houses' main building blocks. Also, Sumerians also had ziggurats, which was a pyramid shaped temple tower and was the largest and most impressive buildings in Sumer. These rose above the city and outdoor staircases led to a platform and a shrine at the top. Some architects added column to make the temples more attractive. The Sumerian architecture was filled with lots of creativity.

Discuss Sumerian art and music.

The Sumerian art and music was amazing. The arts consisted of pottery, which was known for quantity not quality, jewelry, which was a popular item in Sumer, and Cylinder seals, which were stone cylinders engraved with designs that were used in many different ways. Kings and temples hired musicians. to play on special occasions. Children learned songs in school and people sang hymns to gods and kings. Art and music are major parts in Sumer and today.

Describe the Sumerian religion.

The Sumerian religion played a role in nearly every aspect of public and private life. They practice polytheism. They worshipped over 3000 gods and was the center of daily life. Also, priests were powerful and controlled land too. Sumerians built the larges and the most impressive buildings in Sumer, which were called Ziggurats. These were their temples. Every thing revolved around the religion and the Ziggurats of ancient Sumer.

Describe the Sumerian social structure.

The Sumerian social stricture started with Kings/ gout officials at the top. Below, was priests. Then, skilled craftspeople such as merchants, traders, and fisherman. Next, came farmers. Lastly, came slaves.

Discuss the advancements/discoveries that the Sumerians made in terms of science.

The advancements that the Sumerians made in terms of science were long lists to record their study pf the natural world. These tablets included the names of thousands of animals, plants, and minerals. Science contributed to some of the scientific practices today.

Discuss the advancements/discoveries that the Sumerians made in terms of medicine.

The advancements/discoveries that the Sumerians made in terms of medicine were using ingredients from animals, plants, and minerals to produce healing drugs. The Sumerians even cataloged their medical knowledge, listing treatments according to symptoms and body parts. Without medicine, we wouldn't be able to get better from a sickness.

Discuss the advancements/discoveries that the Sumerians made in terms of math.

The advancements/discoveries that the Summering made in terms of math were a math system based on the number 60 . Based on this system, they divided a circle into 360 degrees. Dividing a year into 12 moths- a factor of 60. Sumerians also calculated the areas of rectangles and triangles. Math was a major discovery that plays a part in people's lives every day.

Describe the highlights of the Akkadian Empire.

The highlights of the Akkadian Empire were that they spoke a different language and were not Sumerians, they lived in peace for many years and then Sargon sought to extend Akkadian territory by building a new capital Akkad on the Euphrates river. Sargon was also the first ruler to have a permanent army armed with bows and arrows. His soldiers defeated all the city states of Sumer and conquered northern Mesopotamia, which brought the entire region under his rule. With these conquests, Sargon established the world's first empire.The Akkadian Empire had many accomplishments.

Discuss the roles of men and women in Sumerian society.

The men and women of Sumerian society played different roles. Men held political power and made laws. Women took care of the home and children and some educated women also were priestesses in Sumer's temples. Education was usually reserved for men, but some upper class women were educated as well.

What are the names of the two major rivers running through Mesopotamia?

The names of the two major rivers through Mesopotamia are the Tigris and the Euphrates.

Why was this region called the Fertile Crescent?

The region was called the Fertile Crescent because it was filled with a large arc of rich, fertile farming land.

What scientific advancements did the Chaldeans make?

The scientific advancements that the Chaldeans made included astronomy where they charted the positions of the stars and kept track of economic, political, and weather events. They also created the calendar and solved complex problems in geometry.

What are the other two (2) names used to describe this region?

The two other names used to describe this region were the "Land between the rivers" and "The cradle of civilization".

What helped the Assyrians build a vast empire in Mesopotamia?

Their strong army helped the Assyrians build a vast empire in Mesopotamia. Their army used iron weapons and was very well organized. The were the most feared and fierce army that the world had ever seen!