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With the rise of the "New Woman," conservative women such as Octavia Hill called upon women to:

"Temper this wild struggle for place and power."

How was the life of a child in Europe or America in 1900 most likely to be different from the life of his parents? A. the child was being educated in a public school B. the child was working longer hours in a factory C. the child had fewer brothers and sisters

The second half of the nineteenth century saw an increase in literacy in Europe to about:

50 percent.

Although the majority of people possessed few books, at most a Bible and one or two other religious works, it appears now that literacy rates were much higher than had previously been believed, perhaps as high as _____ percent for men and _____ percent for women in European urban centers.

85; 60

Third Estate

97% of the population (the rest of France) They consisted of the bourgeoisie, the san-culottes and the peasants; they paid high taxes and had no special privileges

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

???

Napoleon Bonaparte

???

According to Rousseau's social contract, for whose benefit should society operate? A. the common good B. the Catholic Church C. the aristocracy and monarchy

Louis Blanc

Advocated socialism ( from each according to his own ability, to each according to his need)

The Tennis Court Oath

After getting locked out of the National Assembly (Estates General) Third Estate goes to a hand ball court and vows never to leave until a new constitution is created,

As a result of the pope's 1494 Line of Demarcation, what was the only American colony established by Portugal? A. Brazil B. Peru C. Argentina

Free Masonry organizations were similar to contemporary churches in that they A. performed acts of charity, practiced rituals, and fostered a sense of community B. sponsored concerts and provided financial support to innovative artists C. provided financial support to innovative writers and sponsored concerts

From the 1430's onward, the Medici family held political and cultural dominance in what Italian city? A. Florence B. Milan C. Rome

How did Italy become home to four of Europe's five largest cities by 1400? A. Most of Europe's Mediterranean trade passed through Italy B. Italy had the largest population in Europe C. Italian nobles forced their subjects to live in cities

Haiti

Became the first independent state in Latin America on January 1, 1804 (western part of Hispaniola); before this, this area had revolted against French plantation owners

George I

Began Honoverian line of Kings

Age of Industry

Began in Europe and America. A period of great progress for western civilization. 1760-1900

In England, Charles II triggered a crisis not unlike that produced by his father's rule when he:

Began modeling his kingship on the absolutism of Louis XIV.

Baron Haussmann.

Beginning in the mid 1850s under Napoleon III, much of Paris was rebuilt with both social and political concerns in mind. This reconstruction was directed by:

"Classical conditioning," as developed by Ivan Pavlov, became a part of the psychological school of:

Behaviorism.

Although cruelty abounded under imperialist rule, what European ruler was known for inflicting the worst atrocities?

Belgian king Leopold II

7 Years War (1756-1763)

Between France and Britain, once again, fighting for dominance over power of the seas and colonial trade. Britain won, and was now in command of the seas.

False

Bismarck supported the monarchy and fiercely opposed the liberal movement, despite being born into the Junker class of the liberal working class.

Kaiser Wilhelm I needed him to control a liberal Parliament.

Bismarck was appointed to the post of minister-president of Prussia in 1862 because:

an illustration of his desire for power and influence for Prussia.

Bismarck's policies can be best understood as:

fight short, deliberate wars to achieve limited ends that would eventually lead to unification.

Bismarck's quest for a united Germany required that he:

Mary Tudor's nickname was: a. Bloody Mary b. The Virgin Queen c. Church Protector d. None of the above

Bloody Mary

Martin Luther

Born a German peasant (the son of a miner), became a monk and professor of religion. He began the Protestant Reformation with the publication of his propositions on indulgences called the Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences on All Saints' Day (October 31), 1517.

Boxer Rebellion?

Boxers attacked and murdered dozens of Christian missionaries in China

After the collapse of the Ottoman empire, Austria's main rival in central Europe was:

Brandenburg-Prussia.

Printing Press

Created by Johannes Gutenburg in the 15th century, made it easier to mass produce texts, which helped the protestant reformation spread the ideas of martin luther

Protectorate

Cromwell's new government

Czar Alexander I of Russia

Czar withdrew his country from the Continental system and began trade with England

Under the Russian Tsar Nicholas II, Russification:

Extended the language and culture of Greater Russia over all non-Russian subjects.

The artistic movement known as futurism was introduced to Europe by:

F. T. Marinetti.

While the housing in the cities did not allow for gardens, families were able to gain access to good, cheap food at city markets, thanks to the increasingly inexpensive transportation system

False

T/F: All governments in Europe strove to be absolutist over the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

False.

T/F: France entered into war with Britain on behalf of the American colonies following the battles of Lexington and Concord.

False.

T/F: French colonies in North America were largely self-sustaining.

False.

T/F: French intendants usually served in the region in which they were born.

False.

T/F: In Britain, the manufacturing of cheap steel in large quantities allowed it to outstrip German industrialism.

False.

T/F: Laissez-Faire economics originated in the writings of the Scottish economist Adam Smith who argued against state monopolies and for the encouragement of individual interests in the economy.

False.

T/F: The "Junkers" were a group of enserfed peasants in Prussia.

False.

T/F: The Glorious Revolution occurred completely without bloodshed.

False.

T/F: The Rurik dynasty ruled Russia after the death of Ivan the Terrible.

False.

T/F: The Third Republic of France was created after the fall of the Second Repulic during the French-Iberian War.

False.

T/F: The degree of social mobility in all absolutist states was extremely low.

False.

T/F: The dominant trend in business during the second industrial revolution was a decreased cooperation between governments and industry.

False.

T/F: The near-universal adoption of the gold standard in currency exchange greatly diminished world trade.

False.

T/F: While Louis XIV persecuted Huguenots in his realm mercilessly, all Catholics enjoyed similar rights and freedoms.

False.

T/F: Zionism was based on the hierarchical principles of the Jewish faith and hoped to establish a homeland in which the caste-like system of the ancient twelve tribes could once again organize Jews into a single, organized people.

False.

T/F: Captain Cook was killed by cannibals in New Zealand, adding to the ferocity of the western image of the Maori.

False. Captain James Cook was killed in Hawaii by South Pacific Islanders, not by cannibals in New Zealand.

T/F: Due to the high regard the "philosophes" such as Voltaire had for England, English became the language of the Enlightenment.

False. French, not English, was the lingua franca of much Enlightenment discussion.

T/F: Literacy rates were highest in the country where industry was slower and communities were closer to enable education and the borrowing of books.

False. Literacy actually ran highest in cities and towns, not in the country; countryside-dwellers were "separated" from the Enlightenment.

T/F: Rousseau argued that men and women should receive the same education to enable them to be and create good citizens.

False. Rousseau actually suggested that a man's education should make him a good citizen; a woman's, in contrast, should only be beneficial for men.

T/F: Tabula rasa means "human mind."

False. Tabula rasa means, "blank tablet," not "human mind."

T/F: The "Dictionnaire" was the greatest achievement of the philosophes, bringing an understanding of language and its history to the common people.

False. Their greatest achievement was the "Encyclopedia," not the "Dictionnaire."

French Society was legally divided into the Three Estates, which legally divided society into an Upper (first), Middle (Second), or Lower (Third) class

False: it was clergy, aristrocracy, and others

The dominant trend in business during the second industrial revolution was a decreased cooperation between governments and industry

False: it was increased

Mass consumption was one of the greatest changes in the second industrial revolution as the traditional buying habits of the consumer both within and outside urban areas were quickly changed and society became much less stratified

False: it's more

Judson

Father of American Missions

Voltaire

Father of Enlightenment Eleavted the philosophy of Rationalism

Rutherford

Father of Nuclear Science - nuclear theory of the atom

Schleiermacher

Father of Theological Liberalism

Goble

First Baptist missionary to Japan. invented Rickshaw

Crowther

First black bishop of the church of Engalnd

Primogeniture

First born son inherited title and land from the father

Victor Emmanuel II

First king of United Italy

Quebec

First permanent French Colony

Walpole

First prime minister of Britain

George Stephenson

First steam-powered locomotive

Jenner

First vaccine

What new texts did abolitionists use in their petitions and campaigns to end the slave trade and slavery in the New World?

Firsthand accounts of slavery written by freed slaves

John Kay

Flying shuttle

Napoleon's Wars (1799-1815)

He heavily believed that in order to be on top he had to keep winning wars. France became more of a police state. In 1807 this was the max point of power for Napoleon. France expanded, which left England unconquered.

Why did Napoleon sign a concordat with the pope in 1801?

He believed that religion was a powerful component for maintaining social order.

Which of the following actions did Napoleon undertake in 1804 with the pope's blessing?

He crowned himself emperor.

Napoleon's Estrangement

He essentially created his own empire and no longer believed in human equality. He reinstated slavery in the Caribbean and withdrew the rights of the Jews.

What measures did Napoleon impose on the colonized populations in the annexed territories and satellite kingdoms of France?

He forcibly introduced French-style reforms, including the abolition of serfdom and the introduction of the Napoleonic Code, as well as conscripting and taxing local populations.

Voltaire's attitude toward injustice, fanaticism, and intolerance was solidified due to a murder case tried in 1762; the defendant in the case was:

Jean Calas.

Although most Enlightenment thinkers did challenge certain central tenets of eighteenth-century culture and politics, a few held truly radical views. Among this radical group was:

Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

The person who took the Protestant Reformation to Scotland was: a. John Wycliffe b. Martin Luther c. John Knox d. None of the above

John Knox

In 1778, France: a. Joined the Americans in their war against Britain b. Joined the British in their war against the Americans c. Remained neutral regarding the American Revolutionary War d. None of the above

Joined the Americans in their war against Britain

What new mentality spread throughout Europe after 1848 and rejected idealism in favor of tough-minded realism aimed at strengthening the state and tightening social order?

Realpolitik

Richthofen

Red Barron shot down 80 Allied planes

The Suez Canal, which opened in 1869, connected the

Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea.

Louis XIV's finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, was a confirmed mercantilist who believed that France's wealth would increase if it:

Reduced its imports and increased its exports.

Lajos Kossuth

Regent-President of the Kingdom of Hungary during the revolution of 1848-49.

the creation of more disciplined and law-abiding societies.

Regular police forces and prison reform were geared toward

Culture Relativism during the Enlightenment

Religious toleration arose, and people were more critical of received opinion but others' beliefs weren't being seen as inferior

The revolution of 1830 and the subsequent reforms that were implemented were ultimately caused by

The Congress of Vienna

Florence Nightingale.

The Crimean Ware prompted dramatic changes in the British Army's medical service due to the actions of individuals such as:

True

The Crimean Wars was, in essence, a response to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

Mexico and the United States.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war between:

Flintlock

The flintlock was a much more productive way to reload firearms and cannons. rather than using fuses and chewinng up more time, there was a simple flint that created a spark when the hammer was drown forward which would ignite the gunpowder thus sending a projectile. This development helped the French during their revolution.

T/F: The outbreak of World War I was all that prevented civil war in Ireland in the early twentieth century.

True.

T/F: The second industrial revolution created a strong demand for technical expertise, which meant that university degrees became more important than on-the-job apprenticeships.

True.

T/F: Unlike many places in Europe during the seventeenth century, there was a high degree of religious tolerance in the Dutch Republic.

True.

T/F: Unlike the writers of the scientific revolution, the Enlightenment writers wrote for large audiences.

True.

T/F: Voltaire's reputation stemmed not from his philosophy, but from his effectiveness as an advocate.

True.

Louis XIV asserted his authority over the Marquis of Canillac and other nobles who acted independently by:

Trying and convicting them in courts of law.

Treaty of Adrianople

Turks were forced to sign treaty. Agreed to submit to terms offered by England, France, and Russia

George III

Under his rule England had colonized Georgia, the last of the English colonies in North America, for a total of 13.

Crimean War

a military conflict fought from October 1853 to March 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was a part of the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church

Whose election as Holy Roman Emperor caused Francis I to try to gain land in Italy? A. Henry II B. Charles V C. Catherine de Medicis

Philip Spencer

Assembly of piety ( pietists)

. The Confederation of the Rhine, established in 1806, resulted from

a mere rumor disseminated by Metternich, who sought to sway Napoleon into negotiating a truce by feigning the establishment of a pan-German military alliance.

National Covenant

a pledge made by the Scottish resisting any attempt to change religious institutions without consent

A Primary Concern of the Enlightenment was A: The Danger of Arbitrary and unchecked authority B. the value of religious toleration C. the overriding of importance of law D. the importane of reason in all affairs E. all of the Above

E. All of the Above

T/F: Mass consumption was one of the greatest changes in the second industrial revolution as the traditional buying habits of the consumer both within and outside urban areas were quickly changed and society became much less stratified.

False.

William Harris

Famous Liberian Evangelist

The founder of the Society of Jesus was: a. Thomas Moore b. Ignatius Loyola c. Thomas Aquinas d. None of the above

Ignatius Loyola

The motto of the Enlightenment "Dare to know!" was coined by:

Immanuel Kant.

Zinzendorf

Important Moravian leader- German trained at the Pietist University of Halle in Germany- his estate became the site for Moravian settlement of Herrnhut-

Why do many historians and philosophers consider the Enlightenment to be the origin of modernity?

It advanced the secularization of European society and the idea that human reason, rather than theological doctrine, should govern social and political life.

How did the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) set the parameters for future relations between European states?

It established a new framework for international relations based on periodic meetings, or congresses, between the major powers.

Unification of Italy

Italian unification, or the Risorgimento, was the political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century

The "philosophes" of the Enlightenment, as exemplified by Voltaire, particularly admired England because of:

Its constitutional monarchy and policy of religious toleration.

Ford

Model T and Assembly line

Nightingale

Modern Nursing Profession

Sankey

Moody's song leader

Throughout nineteenth century Europe, imperial policy was usually a matter of

a series of quick responses, often improvised, to particular situations.

The Great Fear

Peasants working for lords revolted against them by invading their lords' houses. A series of bad harvests and a rise of population lead to famished people. Peasants were afraid that the nobles would counter-rebel.

Thermidorian Reaction

Period of cooling off. The government managed to reverse the terror. Upper middle class came back to power. In 1799 Napoleon came in to save the world.

Peter the Great

Peter the Great a Russian Czar in the late 17th century, who is best known for his extensive reforms to try and establish Russia as a great nation

What did the writers of the Enlightenment call themselves?

Philosophes

the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-states

Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed.

Pierre and Marie Curie

Polonium and radium

Social Class During This Plantation System

Poor got poorer, and elites were thriving.

What theory led many Europeans to believe that they could solve all social problems through the scientific analysis of facts?

Positivism

Edmund Cartwright

Power Loom

The real political authority in the Dutch Republic lay with:

Powerful merchants.

Rhodes

Prime minister of Cape colony

Armistice Day

Veterans Day

Atherosclerosis

fatty deposits build up on walls of the arteries and clog them.

Enlightened absolutism

monarchs such as Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria followed the advice of the philosophes and ruled by enlightened principles, establishing a path to modern nationhood

Menstrual Cycle

monthly cycle of changes in females.

Delacroix

most famous French Romantic artist; rejoiced in combining theatricality and movement with a daring use of color

Livingstone

most famous explorer to Africa ( Victoria falls- Africa's largest waterfall)

Muller

most famous humanitarian- German

Maria Winkelmann

most famous of female astronomers in Germany; original contributions including an undiscovered comet

Revolutions of 1848

popular revolts had initiated revolutionary upheavals that had led to the formation of liberal constitutions and liberal governments; followed by disaster-unity of the revolutionaries had made the revolutions possible, but divisions soon shattered their ranks

Systolic pressure

pressure caused by the ventricles contracting.

Cyrus McCormick

reaper

Benjamin Disraeli

served twice as Prime Minister of Great Britain and played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of 1846

Alveoli

small sac-like found at the end of the bronchioles. Oxygen is exchanged with cells.

Nephrons

specialized kidney cells

Declaration of the Right of Man and the Citizen

the assembly provided the ideological foundation for its actions and an educational device for the nation; reflected the ideas of the major philosophes of the French Enlightenment and also owed much to the American Declaration of Independence and American state constitutions

Parlements

the supreme court of law in pre-revolutionary France

Interneurons

these are the brain and spinal cord. They send messages from sensory neurons to motor neurons.

Bronchioles

these are tubes into which the bronchi carry air. These are much smaller than the bronchi.

Proteins

these are used for replacement and repair , and for growth. Made up pf amino acids. Found in eggs, cheese, milk, and meat.

Unlike conservatives, nineteenth-century liberals supported the Enlightenment ideals of personal liberty and free trade because

they believed that greater liberty in politics and economic matters would promote social improvement and economic growth.

Atriums

upper 2 chambers

Studd

Cricket player became missionary to China. India, and Africa

Who succeeded Henry VIII in England? A. Edward VI B. James C. Phillip II

Morgan

Banking

Council of Trent

Ecumenical council of RCC after protestant reformation

Treaty of Ryswick

Established the existing state before the war

Carver

agricultural scientist

Individualism

an interest in the unique traits of each person

Who did James G. Blaine marry?

the daughter of his best friend

Reign of terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

Liberals - Conservatives

1) middles class of the Industrial Age 2) nobility and other wealthy people

Which "Great" Prussian ruler fought wars against Austria, Russia, and France, introduced agricultural improvements, put an end to torture and capital punishment, and codified the laws of the realm? A. Frederick II B. William C. Otto

Which Renaissance thinker believed if he wove together the insights of all the major Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and Arabic thinkers, he could produce a single logical system of thought? A. Giovanni Pico della Mirandola B. Petrarch C. Erasmus

The theory of absolutism became popular in the seventeenth century in response to:

A desire for order after the chaos and war of the previous century.

Although discovered much earlier, the development of electricity in the late 1800s led to all of the following EXCEPT:

A dramatic improvement in air quality.

What resulted from the Berlin conferences of 1884 and 1885 that determined European control of Africa?

A linear dissection of the continent that cut across indigenous boundaries of African ethnicities, a ban on the sale of alcohol, and limits on the flow of firearms to Africans

Absolutism

A pure form of government, received the Divine Rights of Kings, only answered to God and no more estates general.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

To achieve the goal of absolutist rule, ______ was an absolute necessity.

A strong, centralized, loyal bureaucracy

Industrial Revolution

A time of dramatic changes in agriculture, industry, and technology

The book The Jungle?

About Immigrants on meat packing production

Huxley

Agnostic - Materialism

Articles of Confederation

America's first attempt to build a national government - proved to be unworkable and inadequate

Galen

Among the following, the individual not associated with advances in medicine and chemistry is

Estates-General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France

Peter the Great's authority to rule Russia was threatened during the early part of his reign by:

An attempt to depose him and place his half sister on the throne.

Russia lost its influence in the Balkans.

As a result of the Crimean War:

Dalton

Atomic Theory

Legacy of the French Revolution

Balance of Power in Europe, Nationalism, Colonies

Louis XIV recruited members of the ______ to work as royal intendants.

Bourgeoisie

By entering the Thirty Years' War on the side of the German Protestants, Cardinal Richelieu A. ensured that France would turn Protestant B. brought the war to a swift and bloodless end C. put his country's interests above his religion's concerns

Which country gave large amounts of money, ships, and soldiers to help the Americans in their quest for independence? A. Germany B. Spain C. France

Why were women, rather than male alchemists or astrologers, targeted during the European witch-hunts? A. Women were excluded from the new scientific societies B. Male alchemists and astrologers were too clever to fall into the witch-hunt trap C. Women were vulnerable targets in a society dominated by men

The Kulturkampf of Otto von Bismarck was a campaign waged against the:

Catholics.

Under the reign of Peter the Great, Russian colonization efforts were directed toward:

Central Asia.

all of these.

Central to the Jeffersonian Revolution was:

James I son ( next king)

Charles I

Howard

Concerned about the state of prisons

What did Napoleon III offer Maximilian, the brother of the Austrian emperor Francis Joseph?

Control of Mexico

Eli Whitney

Cotton Gin

Conditions of these factories

Could be portrayed through Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" because humans were essentially slaves in which they became "one" with the factories.

James I

Divine right of kings

Napoleon Bonaperte

Drove the legislators of the directory from their chambers and proclaimed a new republic (consulate) made a new constitution Napoleon Law Code Signed the concordat 1801

False

During the Crimean War, the advances of medicine and improved camp conditions resulted in very few deaths for the French and English troops from diseases such as typhus or cholera, which usually took as many lives as the actual battles.

.Reign of Terror

During the ___________________, thousands of French citizens were executed with the guillotine on suspicion of treason

was controlled by the Mountain, which defeated the less radical Girondins.

During the early stages of the "Radical Revolution," the National Convention

The changes Napoleon made in French society gave rise to a new elite composed of: A. Bankers. B. Merchants C. Landowners D. Businessmen E. all of them

Renaissance humanists helped lay the foundation for the scientific revolution by: a. Emphasizing the necessity of reexamining the texts and knowledge of classical antiquity b. Favoring natural philosophy as the route to truth c. Their rejection of ancient knowledge d. Enlisting the help of the church

Emphasizing the necessity of reexamining the texts and knowledge of classical antiquity

During the 17th and 18th centuries, absolutism was a theory that: a. Encouraged rulers to claim complete sovereignty within their territories b. Demonstrate the grandeur of his rule and to control the French nobility c. Make other European rulers jealous d. None of the above

Encouraged rulers to claim complete sovereignty within their territories

One of the most remarkable publications of prerevolutionary France was Denis Diderots's

Encyclopedia

Treaty of Utrecht

Ended the War of the Spanish Succession

Coalition of William III of England

Ended up defeating Louis XIV

Ottoman power in southeastern Europe declined rapidly after the Ottomans:

Failed to capture the Habsburg capital of Vienna.

Although the French government had been ruled by one committe or another since the revolution began in 1789, this came to an end in 1799 when Napoleon Bonaparte assumed the title of

First Consul

Laing

First European to reach the trading post of Timbuktu

Raikes

First Sunday school

French Summoning of the Estates General

Forced nobility to accept tax reforms. On May 1789 they questioned whether the three estates should assemble together where the third estate would have the majority, or if they should sit in separate rooms where the nobility would have all the power. They decided to go with the latter, the third estate breaks off and forms its own National Assembly.

Who is associated with public schools? Where?

Horace Mann, Mass.

Which Statement best describes the Industrial Revolution

It was unplanned and affected different industries in different countries at different rates of speed

Count Camillo di Cavour.

Italian Unification was achieved both on the battlefield and through diplomacy. The diplomatic fight was led by:

Cathrine de Medici

Italian born queen of 16th Century France and also a regent

Who was the second person to come into the white house as a bachelor?

James G. Blaine

During the Glorious Revolution, violence broke out to protest:

James II's support of Catholicism and his absolutist policies.

Who is associated with the Settlement House System?

Jane Addams

The royal finance minister who increased revenues in France during the reign of Louis XIV was:

Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

Louis XVI's wife

Marie Antoinette

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, culture entered a new era that has been labeled as:

Modernism.

Talleyrand

Name for the period of time for the wealthy, sweetness of life, reminds us of the monstrous act for wealth.

Battle of Waterloo

Napoleon's final defeat. Combined British and Prussian armies led my Wellington crushed the French army

Child Labor

No limitations to working hours. Dangerous working conditions.

led to Austrian hegemony being restored in Hungary.

Passed in March 1848, the March Laws:

John Bunyan

Pilgrim's Progress ( England's greatest allegory)

The discovery of which medicine removed a roadblock to European conquest of Africa?

Quinine

Who ran for the Bull Moose Party?

Roosevelt

Booth

Salvation army - Young Men's Christian Association

What is the Settlement House System?

She would provide food, shelter, daycare, and education for immigrants

Many educated or middle-class Christians were troubled by the implications of the writings of Charles Darwin because those writings:

Showed that the world was governed by random chance and constant, undirected struggle.

What was the first trust to be busted?

Standard Oil

James Watt

Steam engine

Who ran for the Republican party?

Taft

as the final stage in German unification.

The Franco-Prussian War was waged:

Prussia's most successful counter to Austrian power was the creation of a customs union that established free trade among the German states and a uniform tariff against the rest of the world. This custom union was called

The Zollverein

After the revolutions of 1848, political power across most of Europe belonged to which of the following?

The aristocracy

materialism

The belief that everything mental, spiritual, or ideas was simply a result of physical forces is known as

According to Ptolemy, not only did the heavens orbit the earth but: a. The planets followed grooves in space b. The universe was finite c. Animals lived on other planets d. The heavens and earth were made of different matter and followed different laws of motion

The heavens and earth were made of different matter and followed different laws of motion

the government's failure to resolve its debts and other economic problems

The most immediate cause of the French Revolution was

Socialism

The poor conditions of the Industrial Revolution gave rise to an ideology for change known as _____________; an ideology that wanted to introduce equality into social conditions and believed that human cooperation was superior to the competition of early industrial capitalism.

all of these.

The reformers and revolutionaries of the mid 19th century had as one of their goals:

What determined the division of the working class into subgroups

The skills, wages, and gender

coal

The success of the steam engine in the Industrial Revolution made Britain dependent upon

Great Exhibition

The worlds first fair

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) Outcome

This war was won by the Protestants only because a Roman Catholic Cardinal , Richelieu, entered to help the Protestant effort.

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) A multi-problem war

This was was not merely a war on religion (Catholicism v. Protestantism) but also a political war (Holy Roman Empire vs. Electors of the states) and an international war (both sides seeked outside help, Protestants from the French and Catholics from the Habsburg family).

Paris Encyclopedia

This was why France led the enlightenment era. Paris had this encyclopedia which carried heavy criticism of society and pushed for social progress.

The Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels

This writing was based all historical development on class struggle.

The steam engine, was originally developed by ______________ to remove water from mines. a. Thomas Newcomen b. James Hargreaves c. Matthew Boulton d. James Watt e. John Kay

Thomas Newcomen

In the Nineteenth century, middle class success stories were mostly a myth since

Those that occured were from the middle class itself, the sons of well-off farmers or professionals.

By the mid-nineteenth century, the world economy had divided into two major groups:

Those who produced manufactured goods and those who supplied the necessary raw materials

. What was the goal of the Japanese reformers who enacted the Meiji Restoration in 1868?

To combine the innovations of Western science with a restoration of Eastern values as a way of "making new"

What was one of the main purposes of the Dual Alliance forged by Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1879

To defend against Russian aggression, particularly in the Balkans

T/F: The Estates-General in France never met during the reign of Louis XIV.

True.

T/F: The League of Augsburg united Holland, England, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, the Rhine, the Palatinate, and the Austrian Habsburgs against Louis XIV.

True.

T/F: The absolute monarchs ruled only with the consent of their nobles and people.

True.

The growth of Mussolini's Fascist movement was aided by: A) Nationalistic resentment toward Italy's treatment following World War I B) Crop failures in 1920 and 1921 C) The reaction against Italy's communist government, formed after World War I D) None of the above

The incident that began the Franco-Prussian War was: A) An international misunderstanding created by Bismarck B) The assassination of the Prussian ambassador to France C) A public scandal that implicated Bismarck D) A banquet held in honor of Napoleon's victory at Jena

The principal idea which guided the Congress of Vienna was: A) The principle of legitimacy B) The restoration of the French monarchy C) The creed of economic and political liberalism D) None of the above

Which Bolshevik leader made the most notable contribution to Lenin's efforts in the fall of 1917? A) Trotsky B) Bukharin C) Stalin D) Zemstov

Which of the following suffered the highest number of casualties in World War I? A) Russia B) France C) the United States D) Belgium

Romanticism

a 19th century intellectual and artistic movement that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment. Instead, Romantics stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing

Karl Marx

a Prussian-born philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Born in Trier to a middle-class family, he later studied political economy and Hegelian philosophy. As an adult, he became stateless and spent much of his life in London, England, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and published various works, the most well-known being the 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto.

Toleration Act

a step to true religious freedom in England

Jonathan Edwards

began GA with preaching - Sinners in the hand of an Angry God

Arteries

carries blood away from the heart. Oxygen-rich blood.

La Salle

claimed the MS valley and named it Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV

League of Augsburg

coalition against France

Autonomic system

controls involuntary actions.

Somatic System

controls voluntary actions

Versalius

corrected Galen's assertion that the great blood vessels originated from the liver and through his observations made it apparent they came from the heart; did cling to a number of Galen's erroneous assertions

As a result of the Crimean War: A) Russia gained absolute control over the Balkans B) Romania lost its independence C) The Ottoman army was destroyed D) Russia lost its influence in the Balkans

Stomach

digested machanically by peristasis and chemically by digestive solutions with the help of enzymes.

Open Door Policy?

equal trading in China

British middle-class respectability required

hard work, character, and financial independence

Rods

help u see in dim light.

In the Spirit of the Laws, Baron de Montesquieu argued

in favor of the separation and balancing of the powers of government checks and balances basically

Adam Smith's concept of laissez-faire economics argued that

in order to maximize the effect of market forces and the division of labor, the economy should be free of government intervention and control

Locke

influential philosopher - empiricism

Eli Whitney

invented the cotton gin

Hemophilia

lack of platelets.

Francis Bacon

largely responsible for creating the scientific method, which was build on inductive principles

Kelvin

laws of thermodynamics and scale for measuring temperature

Blackstone

leading authority of English Law

Spinal cord

made of bundles of neurons that carry impulses to and from the brain.

Central Nervous System

made up of the brain and spinal cord.

Carbohydrates

main source of energy. Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Humphry Davy

miner's safety lamp

Diaphram

muscle that contracts and relaxes to move gases in and out of the lungs.

Esophagus

muscular tube moves food to the stomach using peristalsis, muscular waves

British Bobbies

named after Sir Robert Peel, who introduced the legislation that created the force; primary goal was to prevent crime

One of the factors that significantly shaped the revolutions of 1848 in Europe was: a. Romanticism. b. nationalism. c. rationalism. d. socialism. e. chartism.

nationalism.

The scientific revolution established a new methodology for investigating and understanding the world based on: a. observation and experimentation. b. close logical arguments based on scripture. c. the need to fit observation with spiritual reality. d. speculation, theorizing, and inspiration.

observation and experimentation.

Sicklecellanemia

occurs when cells become sickle-shaped, and red blood cells dont preform properly.

Rockefeller

oil industry

Mazzini

organized Young Italy

Testes

paired male reproductive organs used for producing testosterone.

Brain Stem

part of the brain that extends from the cerebrum and connects to the spinal cord. Medulla is found in the brain stem.

Cerebrum

part of the brain that interprets the senses, stores memory, and controls movement. Largest part of the brain. Covered by the cortex, which allows complex thoughts to be processed.

The Great Fear

peasant rebellions that took place in five major areas of France; peasants forced their lay and ecclesiastical lords to renounce dues and tithes and burned charters listing their obligations

Gentry

people of good social position, specifically the level below nobility

Daimler

perfected a gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine

Reign of Terror

period of violence that occurred after the french revolution, two social parties collided

Churchill

planned the Gallipoli Campaign the largest British offence in the East

Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) was known throughout the world for

playing a leading role in Latin America's struggle for independence from Spain and Portugal.

Feminism

pointed out two contractions in the views of women held by Enlightenment thinkers as Rousseau; to argue that women must obey men was contrary to the beliefs of the same individuals that a system based on the arbitrary power of monarchs over their subjects or slave owners over their slaves was wrong; if women have reason, then they are entitled to the same rights that men have

Diastolic pressure

pressure caused by the ventricles filling with blood.

Cotton Industry

produced by the "putting -out" or "domestic" system where merchant-capitalist entrepreneurs bought the raw materials and "put them out" to rural workers, who spun the raw material into yarn and then wove it into cloth on simple looms in eighteenth century Europe; capitalist entrepreneurs sold the finished product, made a profit, and used it to manufacture more

Pancreas

produces hormones that control the blood sugar levels in the blood. Insulin is an example.

Pituitary gland

produces hormones that effect growth and reproduction. HGH controls growth.

male reproductive system

produces sperm and semen.

Pig Iron

product of smelting iron ore with coke to produce wrought iron

Pope Pius IX and his Syllabus of Errors (1864) put the Catholic church at odds with

progress, liberalism, and modern civilization.

In the late eighteenth century, European women greatly benefited from the expanding interest in

reading and books

FTC (Federal Trade Commission)

regulate companies and the way they do buisness

Melatonin

regulates wake-sleep patterns

The initial goals of the French elites who drove the early revolution were to attack despotism and to a. revive the monarchy. b. rejuvenate the nation. c. establish a republican oligarchy. d. reaffirm all feudal privileges.

rejuvenate the nation.

Faraday

relationship between electricity and magnetism

British cultural policy towards it's colonies always

remained open as they could never agree on a single policy

National Convention

replaced the Constituent Assembly

Water

required for survival. Nutrients must be dissolved in water. 60% of the body is water. You loose water daily by sweating, exhaling, and waste products.

Medulla

responsible for involuntary actions such as breathing.

Following Napoleon's defeat at Leipzig in 1813 and his abdication in 1814, the allies

restored Louis XVIII to the throne.

Bohr

revised Rutherford's work and produced the Planetary Model of the Atom

Great Awakening

revival spreading across American

Suffrage

right to vote - granted by the Reform Bill

Napoleon Bonaparte

rose quickly through the ranks of the military and became commander of the French army in Italy; was made consul for life in 1802 and returned France to a monarchy when he crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I in 1804; worked on rationalizing the bureaucratic structure of France by making the tax collection systematic and efficient; made sweeping victories of other European countries to expand the French empire; was ultimately defeated by the power of Great Britain and the rise of Nationalism in the countries he conquered; was baited into Russia, and many of his forces were caught there during the winter and froze to death or near death; exiled to Elba but escaped; defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by Prussian and British forces and ultimately exiled to Saint Helena until his death

The philosophes of the eighteenth century used people's houses in which to meet and converse on a more informal basis than that provided by the royal academies. These informal meetins were known as:

salons

Triple Entente

sealed alliance with Britain, France, and Russia

Who was Ballenger?

secretary of interior, authorized timber cutting on federal land

Jethro Tull

seed drill

Touch

sensory receptors are found in internal organs and skin. They pick up changes in touch pressure, pain, and temperature. They send messages to brain or spinal cord.

As part of its program for modernization, the Meiji government in Japan

sent students, entrepreneurs, and government officials to the West to gain knowledge of technology and industry.

Kidneys

serves as filters. Nephrons filter everything. Each kidney has one million nephrons.

In 1764, James Hargreaves invented the: a. flying shuttle b. spinning jenny c. thread loom d. cloth splicer e. fiber spreader

spinning jenny

Complex carbohydrates

starch and fiber; fiber is found in whole-grain breads, beans, and peas

popular Education

started with the Sunday school

The first technological innovation of the second industrial revolution was with

steel

John Deer

steel plow

Imperialism?

stronger nation controlling weaker land and its people

Antibodies

substances in blood that fight foreign materials.

Simple carbohydrates

sugars; which are found in fruit, honey, and milk

Heliocentric Conception

sun centered conception

Red blood cells

supplies your body with oxygen. Contains hemoglobin.

What was the Greenback party?

supporters of paper money

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

targeted group of assassinations and waves of catholic mobs against the Huguenots

Taste

taste buds are found on the tongue and contain the major sensory receptors for taste.

Tariffs

taxes on imports

After his victories east of France, Napoleon granted independence to a section of Poland and a. Belgium. b. Gascony. c. the Basque region. d. the Confederation of the Rhine.

the Confederation of the Rhine.

Committee of Public Safety

the Convention set this up to quell the growing anarchy

Radical Phase

the goal of this phase was to get rid of monarchy all together; during this phase the government goes from a constitutional monarchy to a republic 1792-1794; escalating violence led to the end of monarchy and the reign of terror

Monopause

the gradual shut down of the ovaries, which ends ovulation and the menstrual cycle.

Principle of Intervention

the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions to restore legitimate monarchs to their throne

East Indian troops of the British army launched the Indian Rebellion of 1857 because they were angered by tightening British control and by

the rumor that Britain would force soldiers to use cartridges greased with cow and pig fat, which violated Hindu and Muslim religious rules, respectively.

Estates

the traditional tripartite division of European society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth or economic standing, first established in the Middle Ages and continuing tinto the eighteenth century; traditionally consisted of those who pray (clergy), those who fight (nobility), those who work (all the rest)

Natural Laws/Rights

thought to be inalterable privileges that ought not to be withheld from any person; included equality before the law, freedom of religious worship, freedom of speech and press, and the right to assemble, hold property, and seek happiness

Principle of Legitimacy

to reestablish peace and stability in Europe Metternich considered it necessary to restore the legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions

Middle passage

to the part of the trade where Africans were packed onto ships and shipped to the west-indies

The French Revolution came to an end in 1799 when Napoleon Bonaparte

took power after a coup, ousted the Directory, and established himself as First Consul.

Trachea

tube held open by rings of cartilage. Lined with cilia and mucus membranes.

Ureter

tube that each kidney has that carries waste to the bladder

Reed and Gorgas

two American army doctors- proved Finlay's theory was right about yellow fever

Dual Monarchy

two separate kingdoms are ruled by the same monarch, follow the same foreign policy, exist in a customs union with each other and have a combined military but are otherwise self-governing. Used in Austria and Hungary

Enzymes

type of protein that quickens chemical reactions in the body. Help with digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Tithes

usually one-third of the peasants' crops; intended for parish priests, in France only 10 percent of the priests received them; usually ended up in the hands of towns and aristocratic landowners

One means by which some nineteenth century companies attempted to dominate an industry was to control every step of production, from the acquisition of raw materials to the distribution of the final product, in a:

vertical combination

Reign of Terror

victims were persons who opposed the radical activities of the sans-culottes (ordinary patriots without fine clothes); killed 16,000 people in nine months by guillotine

Mary Wollstoncraft

viewed by many as the founder of modern European feminism

real wages

wages as compared to the cost of living

Septum

wall between the atriums and the ventricles. It prevents oxygen-poor blood and oxygen-rich blood from mixing.

Phagocytosis

white blood cells destroying diseases

Martin and O'Higgins

won Chilean Independence

Domestic system w

work done in small private shops

Any Carmichael

worked in India to save young girls from a life of prostitution

Robispierre

worked with danton in the beginning of the revolution; then become crazy; took control of the CPS in 1793 then killed loads of people; created the religion of the supreme being and was killed

Edmund Burke

wrote "Reflections of the Revolution in France"; conservative; maintained that society was a contract

Meyer

wrote devotional studies

Unsaturated fats

you want most of your fats to be unsaturated

Francke

young professor at the German University of Leipzig- effected by the Pietist movement)

Factory

Became the chief means of organizing labor for the new machines.

Samuel de Champlain

" Father of New France" Founded Quebec Discovered Lake Champlain

Gladstone

" The Grand Old Man"

Bolivar

" The Liberator" led an army that won independence for Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela

Until the Russo-Japanese War, ordinary Russians continued to believe that the tsar was their "Little Father" and would do what he could to aid them in their lives. This trust was shaken on January 22, 1905, a date afterward referred to as:

"Bloody Sunday."

One of the most remarkable publications of pre-revolutionary France was Denis Diderot's:

"Encyclopedia."

Which of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's books sold especially well among women?

"Julie."

T.E. Lawrence

"Lawrence of Arabia " Led Arab revolts against Turkish rule in the Arabian Peninsula

Louis XIV

"Sun King" Palace of Versailles

In response to the growing materialism and free thought in the world, Pope Pius IX issued an encyclical entitled:

"Syllabus of Errors."

In his groundbreaking publication of 1859, Charles Darwin dealt with the natural world and developed his theory of evolution by means of natural selection. That book is entitled:

"The Origin of the Species."

Although not well understood when first published in the eighteenth century, Jean-Jacques Rousseau's book, ______, would become very influential during the French Revolution later in the same century.

"The Social Contract"

Laissez-faire

"let people do as they choose"

The Enlightenment

"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity"; a movement of intellectuals who dared to know; all institutions and all systems of thoughts were subject to the rational, scientific way of thinking if only people would free themselves from the shackles of old, worthless traditions, especially religious ones

Fall of Napoleon (1808-1815)

(1) Peninsular wars when the British fought by proxy for the Spanish and Portuguese. He lost. (2) In 1812 Napoleon tried to invade Russia, an ally, but Russians used Guerrilla Warfare on them and their winter's destroyed the French troops.

Causes of the Industrial Revolution in England (1780)

(1)Increased population in Great Britain led to greater agriculture production (scientific agriculture) and as efficiency increased this could be used to increase labor force. (2)Industrial revolution was characterized by an abundance of inventions. IR was the time for iron everything. Made water powered machines (1785)

Bartolome de la casas

(1484-1566) Protector of the Indians. He wrote a famous book criticizing spanish treatment of the Native Americans but suggested using unfree Africans instead. He later recated those views as well. He believed that Africans were more well suited to work in the tropical heat conditions and were much more likely to survive than any European.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

(1543-1616) First shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate. He took over when Hidyoshi died and created peace in Japan that would last for 200 years. He passed laws that forbid the Japenese from leaving the country. He also had a problem with Christianity and persecuted Christians as a whole as well as kicking out the portugese.

Peace of Augsburg

(1555) Stated that the religion of the ruler was the religion of the state. This was an unstable arrangement because when rulers died citizens would have to convert religions if they had differing ones. Calvinists were not represented under this treaty.

Thirty Years War

(1618-1648) This was the worst part of the 80 years wars. Millions of people died and was the second deadliest conflict of this period. Many countries were involved in this conflict. The war rearragned the the European structure power structure.

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the "Sun King" France's greatest absolute Monarch. He completed the centralization of authority in France. He created the Divine right of Kings. He also is responsible for the building of the Palace of Versailles. He took the throne young and out lived his direct heirs until great grandkids.

Louis XIV reign of France

(1643-1715) This man wasn't only a powerful monarch, but monarch to a very powerful country. Louis XIV wanted to completely centralize France power and to unify them. He stated "I am the State" and never summoned the estates general.

Treaty of Westphalia

(1648) This was written over 4 years. Ultimately, the French were calling all the shots and the Holy Roman Empire collapsed. This ended wars of religion in Europe. This restored the Peace of Augsburg but included Calvinists. States were no longer religiously unified.

French Revolution

(1789-1790) People had become tired of being treated the way they were treated and began to rebel. Ultimitately it shows how the will of People can lead to whatever they would like to achieve.

The lower aristocrats

The Third Estate was composed of all of the following except

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Which of the following is true of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818)?

. It warned that innovation and science could bring pain and unhappiness, not just progress.

. How did Napoleon view women's roles within his new paternalistic vision of French society?

. He believed women should be restricted to the private sphere of the home; his legal code curtailed women's rights, and he took little interest in girls' education.

Bill of Rights (1689)

-No dispensing powers -Right to bare arms -Regulated Succession to throne (resulted in no catholic ever being allowed to be ruler or England, Scotland, or Ireland)

What were the problems of the working class?

-low wages -long hours -few jobs -child labor -poor housing

Who was Rutherford B. Hayes?

-was a president -His most significant act was to end Reconstruction -attempted to re-establish honest govt. -vetoed efforts to restrict Chinese immigration

Who was Chester A. Arthur?

-was a president -became president after Garfield was shot in the back by Stalwarts -he supported a bill reform that expanded the number of government employees hired based on their qualifications rather than their political connections

Who was James Garfield?

-was a president -more interested in spoils and patronage then reform

Why was Italian unification in 1861 led by the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia?

. It had industry, a good economy, a strong army, and the backing of France

Causes of French Revolution

1) The economic and financial crisis that led to the calling of the Estates General. 2) The political incompetence of Louis XV and XVI. 3) The unfair taxation between the three estates

First, second, and third Estates

1) clergy 2) nobility 3) middle- class or peasants

Universal Law of Motion

1) every object continues in a state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless deflected by a force 2) the rate of change of motion of an object is proportional to the force action on it 3) to every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction

Slaves working on sugar plantations in the French Caribbean accounted for the livelihoods of approximately ______ of the French population.

1/25th

How many hours did people work?

10-16 hrs

Suleiman the Magnificent

1494-1566 He was also known as the law giver. He was a religious and secular leader. He was in charge of ruling the Ottoman Empire at its greatest point. He was responsible for the creation of the millet system. The point was so members of certain religions (Muslim, Jew, Christian) had rule over themselves and their set of laws. In return the religious groups sworn loyalty and to protect the empire and fight back if ever attacked.

Even with the literacy rate that Europe enjoyed, formal schooling remained an unattained goal. For example, by the end of the eighteenth century in Russia, only ______ out of a population of 40 million had attended any kind of school.

22,000

Paul Revere's representation of the Boston Massacre was intended to A. portray a violent mob as innocent citizens unfairly attacked by British troops B. warn Americans about the dangers of mob violence C. rally American support for King George III and Parliament

The pre-modern belief that all things in creation were linked in a hierarchical structure was called A. the great chain of being B. divine right monarchy C. the four humors

The uprisings in France which helped convince the young Louis XIV that the monarchy must be the center of political power were called the A. Fronde B. Parlement C. Taille

Under Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, serfs were treated as A. property B. members of the master's family C. useless people

What idea did Renaissance scholars find in Plato's philosophy that was enormously liberating? A. Reality was based on universal laws of nature that humans could understand B. Divine inspiration was sufficient for grasping all truth C. The world was actually in motion and rotated around the sun

What was the result of the Seven Years' War? A. Great Britain became the predominant power in Europe B. The Netherlands ceded control of Indonesia and Dutch Guiana to the Spanish C. France became the predominant power in Europe

What was the ultimate aim of Frederick the Great's reforms? A. ending serfdom B. weakening the aristrocrats C. enhancing state power

Which country was the third largest in Europe at the beginning of the 18th century, and by the end of the century was completely dissolved? A. Poland B. Russia C. Britain

Which group gained the least under Napoleon? A. women B. peasants C. business owners

Which historical event motivated Thomas Hobbes to write Leviathan? A. the execution of King Charles I by his Puritan opponents B. the Protestant Reformation C. the Black Plague epidemic

Which of these nations saw the most dramatic social change as a result of independence? A. Haiti B. Brazil C. Chile

Who pioneered the first efficient steam engine? A. James Watt B. Thomas Edison C. Henry Ford

Who was burned at the stake by the Catholic Church for championing the new learning advanced by Copernicus and Galileo? A. Giordano Bruno B. Blaise Pascal C. Thomas Hobbes

Why was the Battle of Saratoga a turning point in the American Revolution? A. It convinced France to recognize the United States and provide aid needed to win the war B. It marked the failure of the American effort to take control of Canada C. It confirmed Washington's authority and power as commander-in-chief of the army

Napoleon

A French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Ocean.

Guillotine

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

What was imperialism?

Acquiring territory or gaining control over the political or economic life of other countries

Versailles

A city built for Louis that's an architectural marvel. This place housed governmental offices for the bourgeoisie. Here, Louis trained the nobility for ridiculous tasks in order to keep an eye on them so they won't rebel against him.

First coined during the French Revolution, what did the term ideology come to mean during the nineteenth century?

A coherent set of beliefs about the way the social and political order should be organized

"Science" involves: a. Textual evidence b. Ancient research c. Theological accuracy d. A community of practitioners

A community of practitioners

Sigmund Freud argued that mental disorders are caused by:

A conflict between natural drives and cultural restraints.

The National Assembly

A group of Third Estate delegates that broke ties with the Estates General. Drafted a constitution for France at the Oath of the Tennis court. Marked the first stage of the revolution.

the hundreds of literate and influential French army and navy officers who had fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War.

A key conduit of "enlightened" American political and moral ideas back to Europe came in the form of

Catherine the Great's effort to codify Russian Law along enlightened models was abandoned after:

A massive peasant revolt intervened.

The Enlightenment was

A movement that attempted to apple unaided human philosophy to all areas of man's life in order to establish a new social order

The Fronde

A period of civic disturbance from the nobles and bourgeoisie to oppose the king and keep power local.

private property.

According to Rousseau, the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes was

a social consensus to which the individual must bow.

According to The Social Contract, the "general will" was

What did expansionists want to do?

Acquire territory overseas

Piedmont-Sardinia.

After the failed revolutions of 1848, the hopes of moderates working for Italian unification no longer centered on popular movements but rather on political moves by:

True

After the formation of the United Provinces in 1586 as a modern nation-state, no new states were formed in Europe until after 1850.

The Great Fear

Agrarian revolts in the French countryside served as the backdrop to the _____________, a vast panic that spread like wildfire through France during the revolution

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over land newly found by Christopher Columbus

Although much exploration was carried out by the French and the English, people from many other nations participated in the exploration of the New World. One of these, _____, was hailed by Charles Darwin as "the greatest scientific traveler who ever lived."

Alexander von Humboldt

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

All are equal before the law. Freedom of the individual and representation of government. 7000 women marched on versailles and threatened the Royal family because they were starving.

The "invisible hand" of Adam Smith's theory could best guide economic activity because:

All humans are rational and are the best judges of their own interests.

In her "Vindication of the Rights of Women," Mary Wollstonecraft argued that:

All men and women share a common humanity.

Louis XVI wanted to better the lot of the French people by enacting reforms. Unfortunately, his plans were not completely successful. Among the improvements that he failed to enact was: A. abolishing of torture B. revamping the administrative system C. shifting the tax burden from the poor to the rich D. restructing the tax system E. all of these

All of these E

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, absolutism was a political theory that:

Allowed rulers to govern by divine right and according to their own will.

Franco-Prussian War

Also known as the War of 1870, significant conflict pitting the Second French Empire against the Kingdom of Prussia and its allies in the North German Confederation, as well as the South German states of Baden, Württemberg, Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt.

False

Although Prussia had an active and liberal intelligentsia, an engaged press, and a liberal civil service, the liberal political movement was not popular enough to win a majority of votes to ever confront the king.

trade unions and legalized strikes to win favor with workers.

Although he believed in personal power and a strong central government, Napoleon III permitted the creation of:

How did Napoleon's tactics for achieving order differ from those used during the French Revolution?

Although he strictly limited political expression, imposing surveillance and arbitrary imprisonment on his opponents, Napoleon never used mass executions to maintain control

the Haitian Revolution against Napoleonic France.

Although it would prove to be a long and uneven process, the abolition of slavery was begun in the modern world with:

all of these.

Although none were completely successful, the revolutionaries of 1848 in _____ realized that their goals could only be accomplished in a modern nation-state.

August Ludwig von Rochau.

Although the term Realpolitik was closely associated with Otto von Bismarck, it was coined by the former German revolutionary:

AFL?

Am. Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers

Plebiscite

An election in which the people express their will

Thomas More

An english lawyer, statesman, social philosopher, author, and noted Renaissance Humanist

Crystal Palace

An enormous structure made entirely of glass and iron, a tribute to British engineering skills. Covering 19 acres, the structure contained 100,000 exhibits that showed the wide variety of products created by the Industrial Revolution. 6 million people visited the fair in 6 months, a gigantic symbol of British success.

Bismarck's polocies can best be understood as

An illustration of his desire for power and influence for Prussia

William the Orange

Became king of England

James II of England angered his critics and set off a national crisis when he:

And his second wife, Mary of Modena, had a son: a Catholic heir to the throne.

The Third Republic in France was shaken in 1894 by the "Dreyfus Affair" that saw the rise of _______ in French society.

Anti-Semitism

Foreign Trade

Atlantic trade routes were bustling, this includes Africa, America, and Asia. Most capital came from foreign trade. Indes companies trades all over the world. A lot of them did fail, because they didn't have governmental support.

Quadruple Alliance

Austria- Prussia- Russia- Great Britain

How did the spinning jenny increase the speed of production? A. It produced more and stronger thread B. It took only one worker to run C. It assisted weavers in their work

In Aristotle's world view, what was the quintessence? A. the special power that planets like Venus had over humans B. the mysterious fifth element that lay in the region above the moon C. the workings of unmerited divine grace in the physical world

One of the few early industrial innovations for which an American was responsible was the development of A. the railroad locomotive B. steam-powered boats C. the power loom

The Industrial Revolution began in A. France B. Britain C. Spain

The biggest loser as a result of developments in 16th and 17th century Europe was A. the nobility B. the Catholic Church C. the merchant class

The main source of Oliver Cromwell's power as ruler of England was A. the support of Parliament B. the support of the New Model Army C. he was the last male heir of Henry VIII

What did buyers believe they were paying for when they bought indulgences? A. forgiveness of their sins B. a release from doing penance for their sins C. freedom to sin without punishment

What is similar about the aftermaths of the reigns of Frederick the Great and Joseph II? A. The church rose up in opposition to the reforms B. Their reforms were quickly overturned C. Most of their reforms remained intact

What role did Karl Marx play in 19th century industrialization? A. He was a leading labor union organizer B. He was a harsh critic of industrialization C. He was the father of the modern banking system

Which of the following individuals was NOT a champion of women's rights during the Enlightenment? A. Mary Wollstonecraft B. Jean-Jacques Rousseau C. Abigail Adams

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately reflect the way city-states developed in different parts of Italy? A. the southern half of Italy was a feudal kingdom centered on Naples B. the western rim of Italy was a consolidated union of city-states under regional authority C. some of the city-states called themselves republics

Who is credited with beginning the movement known as the Great Awakening? A. John Wesley B. George Whitefield C. Thomas Paine

William Shakespeare would best be described as A. more popular in his own time than today B. a writer who transcended his age and country C. the best-selling author in England during his lifetime

Thomas Edison developed the A. steam engine B. light bulb C. spinny jenny

The new diplomatic goal that emerged in western and central Europe in the mid-seventeenth century was:

Balance of power politics.

Peter the Great's victory against Sweden in the Great Northern War resulted in Russian ports on the:

Baltic Sea, which facilitated a lucrative grain trade.

Although much admired in many segments of the population, Voltaire's forthrightness kept him in trouble and even got him a short stay in prison in the:

Bastille.

Battle of Trafalgar

Battle where British navy destroyed French and Spanish fleet

HIndenburg and Ludendorff

Became supreme commanders of all Central Power Forces

Heliocentric conception believed that the universe was divided into 8 spheres with the sun at the center and the stars in the 8th sphere. All of the planets moved around the sun, and the Earth rotated on an axis.

Briefly explain heliocentric conception.

The Civil War was caused by the rights of the states versus the national as a whole. The southern states depended on the use of slaves to work on the plantations that generated significant financial and economical dependence. This went against the Abolitionist Movement of the North which believed that all men are created equal.

Briefly explain one cause of the Civil War.

The Emancipation Proclamation was an Executive Order issued by President Lincoln that freed the slaves in the ten southern states who were still in rebellion, but it did not include the areas that were not in rebellion.Briefly explain the Emancipation Proclamation.

Briefly explain the Emancipation Proclamation.

Capital

Britain had a ready supply of cash and assets for investment in the new industrial machines and factories needed to house them

World Market

Britain imported from India and depended on outside exploitation to keep the IR growing. Raw materials turned into textiles then sold as exports. Relied on slave trade.

Crimean War

Britain joined with France and Sardinia to stop Russia

Seven Years War

British and Prussians against the Austrians, Russians, and French; Europe-ended by Peter III's withdrawal of Russian troops from the Prussian lands they occupied and the Peace of Hubertusburg in 1763; The French and Indian War in America; found between the French and Indians and the British; ultimately the British defeated the French and Indians, and The Treaty of Paris ended the conflict

1833 British Government Intervenes

British parliament finally limited number of hours that children could work and mandated that schools were given to the children of workers.

The Stamp Act required revenue stamps to be affixed to what items? A. bottled beverages and foodstuffs B. all British exports C. legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards

The conflict between the Puritans and both James I and Charles I led to the dissolution of the House of Commons, the emigration of many Puritans, and the eventual takeover by Oliver Cromwell, then the restoration of the monarchy under a Catholic king. Which of these could be considered the outcome of the conflict? A. the rule of the Protestant government was reaffirmed and solidified B. the conflict led to no major long-term reforms in the English government C. the trust between the middle class and the aristocracy was eroded irreversibly

What was the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine? A. to acknowledge the independence of new nations in South and Central America B. to warn against European meddling with British trade rights in the Americas C. to warn against the establishment of new European colonies in the Americas

Which of the following developments contributed most to the Industrial Revolution? A. the growth of state power B. a close relationship with nature C. new inventions encouraged by competition

Which of the following men became known as the "father of humanism"? A. Boccaccio B. Erasmus C. Petrarch

Which ruler used the ideas of the Enlightenment to improve the efficiency of the Russian government? A. Maria Teresa B. Frederick the Great C. Catherine the Great

Who wrote The Divine Comedy, in which those who abuse God's gift of reason are severely punished in the afterlife? A. St. Thomas Aquinas B. Plato C. Dante Alighieri

Why did Shakespeare stop writing plays in 1613? A. The Globe burned to the ground in an accidental fire B. He lost his sight when he fell from a horse C. He wrote to make a living and could afford to retire

Why did the Europeans use Africans rather than Indians as slave labor in the Americas? A. Indian warriors were harder to subjugate B. It was cheaper to transport Africans to plantations C. Indian populations had been decimated by European diseases

Edict of Nantes (1685)

Called for religious toleration but was repealed by Louis XIV because he didn't want to tolerate Protestants or Jansenists. This caused many people to emigrate to places where they were tolerated.

Huguenots

Calvinist Protestants in France

In the Treaty of Paris of 1763, France officially acknowledged its defeat overseas, ceding which of its territories to Great Britain?

Canada

Price Wage Scissors

Capital became prominent and circulated rapidly. Prices of industrial goods rose but wages of workers stayed the same.

Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia- he convinced Austria to join Prussia in a war against Denmark, to take the two Duchies ( Schleswig and Holstein)

Evolutionary theories had existed from the time of the ancient Greeks, but the first modern theory of evolution was developed by:

Charles Darwin.

William Laud

Charles I appointed him as archbishop of Canterbury

The English Revolution (1640-1641) Rundown

Charles I on multiple occasions dissolved parliament attempted to rule without Parliament. This resulted in a supremacy conflict between the monarch and parliament. Oliver Cromwell led the Parliamentarians to victory against Charles I and ultimately dissolved monarchy in England when they executed Charles I for treason. Cromwell took over to rule England until he died in 1658.

Eleven years' Tyranny

Charles I wanted to rule England without a Parliament

Great Britain began to lose its lead in the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the nineteenth century due to new industries being developed by other countries, industries such as.

Chemical processes and energy

Treaty of Versailles

Chief result of the peace conference

In his novel "Emile", Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that:

Children are by nature good and are equal in their capacity to learn.

How much money did women and children get?

Children- 10 cents a day Women- $1 to $2 a week

The Boxer Rebellion resulted in

China being forced to make new trade concessions to foreigners.

Saturated Fats

Cholesterol comes from saturated fats

What was the main difference between colonialism and imperialism?

Colonialism typically involved settlers dependent on slave labor, whereas imperialism involved more indirect forms of economic exploitation and political domination.

England's Glorious Revolution created the necessary climate to increase the power of the:

Commercial classes.

Reign of Terror

Committee of Public Safety, under leadership of Robespierre instituted this reign ( some 40,000 people died)

Which of the following factors was essential to the emergence of a "white-collar" service sector in the late 1800s?

Compulsory primary school education, which allowed workers to acquire literacy and mathematical skills they could use in offices

The sexuality of working class women was

Conditioned by poverty and the absence of privacy

Finlay

Conquered the disease yellow fever

Which of the following ideologies argued for the restoration of social and religious hierarchies in the years after the Napoleonic wars?

Conservatism

Charles I of England was: a. Able to work well with Parliament and bring about great prosperity for England b. Constantly clashing with Parliament over taxes, budgets, and the military c. The son of Elizabeth I e. None of the above

Constantly clashing with Parliament over taxes, budgets, and the military

Frances first written constitution

Constitution of 1791

James Watt

Created a steam engine that could pump water from mines three times as quickly as previous engines. He later created a steam engine with a rotary engine that could turn a shaft and thus drive machinery.

Some of the more influential economic reforms of the eighteenth century were suggested by a group of economists in France called the physiocrats. What reforms did they support?

D. They urged the government to deregulate the grain trade, make the tax system more equitable, and abolish urban guilds that prevented free entry into the trades.

Why was the English naturalist Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species (1859) so controversial?

Darwin challenged Judeo-Christian dogma, arguing that life had taken shape over millions of years through a process called evolution, not through God's miraculous creation of the universe in six days.

A cornerstone of Enlightenment thinking was skepticism, as developed by the Scottish philospher:

David Hume.

National Assembly adopted

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Rump Parliament

Declared Charles I guilty of treason and had him beheaded

In the Crimean War of 1853-1856, Britain and France fought to achieve what geopolitical objective?

Defending the Ottoman Empire from dismemberment by Russia

Confrontations and Battles of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) ; Defenestration of Prague, battle at white mountain, danish interlude

Defenestration of Prague (1618)- advisers of Ferdinand were defenestrated into a pile of chicken manure which angered the Holy Roman Empire and led to the next battle. Battle at White Mountain (1620)- Merciless slaughter of protestants and ultimate Catholic victory. Danish interlude- Danish sided with protestants but ultimately lost to the Holy Roman Empire's hiring of mercenary Wallenstein.

Which of the following refers to eighteenth-century believers who believed in God but gave him no active role in earthly affairs?

Deists

In general, the syndicalists:

Demanded that workers share in the ownership and control of the means of production.

universal suffrage for white males.

Democrats under Andrew Jackson campaigned for:

Louis XIV built the palace of Versailles to: a. Show off his love for art b. Demonstrate the grandeur of his rule and to control the French nobility c. Make other European rulers jealous d. None of the above

Demonstrate the grandeur of his rule and to control the French nobility

Louis XIV used the palace of Versailles to:

Demonstrate the grandeur of his rule and to control the French nobility.

Which of the following did the most to stimulate the new consumer culture in the late nineteenth century?

Department stores and mail order catalogs

All of the following describe attitudes or policies of Frederick the Great EXCEPT:

Dependent on a foreign policy of diplomacy in the service of maintaining peace with his neighbors.

the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking.

Descartes believed that the world could be understood by

Hegel

Dialectic thinking

The concodat of 1801

Did not revoke the principle of religious freedom established by the revolution

Diesel

Diesel engine

17th amendment?

Direct election of senators

Historians refer to the form of imperialism takes when a country annexed territories outright and subjugated the peoples who lived there as

Direct rule

Fifth government in France

Directory

According to the Abbe Guillaume Thomas Francois Raynal, the one event that had a profound impact on Europeans was the:

Discovery of the New World.

Although none were completely successful, the revolutionaries in 1848 in ___ realized that their goals could only be accomplished in a modern nation state A. Germany B. Poland C. Italy D. Austria E. all of these

One of the many environmental changes caused by the Industrial Revolution was: A. air pollution caused by industries B. water pollution caused by population increases in urban centers C. air pollution by home heating with wood D. Water pollution caused by mining detritus E. all of these

The industrial revolution caused changes in which of the following areas: A. the nature of work B. the physical landscape of Europe C. the private lives of people D. the wealthy and poor E. all of these

The reformers and revolutionaries of the mid-nineteenth century had as one of their goals: A. economic development B. bringing about the end of privilege C. national unity D. representative government E. all of these

The radical stage of the French Revolution was destructive for many reasons; among these reasons was the weakening of the traditional institution of the: A. Church B. guild C. parish D. family E. all of these

E: all of the above

By the early twentieth century, many European socialists were beginning to doubt some of the core assumptions of Marxist doctrine. In Germany, these "revisionists" were led by:

Eduard Bernstein.

True

Education was a goal of the Prussian reformers prior to 1848.

Islands Napoleon was exiled to

Elba and St. Helena

Queen Victoria of England ascended to the throne in 1837 and became one of the country's most successful monarchs, in no small mesasure because she

Embodied the traits important to the middle class, whose habits of mind we now call Victorian.

Alfred Dreyfus received support from many prominent members of the literary community; among them was:

Emile Zola.

European women, having attained the right to control their own property, viewed _______ as the symbol of full legal personhood.

Enfranchisement

Conditions of the Factory Workers

Engels, a factory owner himself, published a book on the harsh conditions of workers. Luddites took action (grassroots)

Which of the following factors contributed to the emergence of England as the first site of the Industrial Revolution?

England had a good supply of private investment capital, ready access to raw cotton from its overseas plantations, and the necessary natural resources at home.

The outcomes of the War of the Spanish Succession made clear that military dominance in Europe lay with the:

English Navy.

Carey

English shoemaker saved during the Wesleyan Revival. Began his historic ministry in India ( Father of Modern Missions)

Luddites

English workers who destroyed machinery, especially in cotton and woolen mills, that they believed was threatening their jobs `

Scientific Method

Englishman Francis Bacon put forth a new, proper method to examine and understand the physical realm. This development of a ______________ was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world. He urged scientists to proceed from the particular to the general and believed that from carefully organized experiments and thorough, systematic observations, correct generalization could be developed

What label have historians given to eighteenth-century rulers who aimed to promote Enlightenment reforms without giving up their absolutist powers?

Enlightened despots

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, freedom meant

Equal citizens obeying the laws they had made themselves

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, freedom meant:

Equal citizens obeying the laws they had made themselves.

Enlightened Despotism

Essentially an acceleration of old monarchy but more secularized. There was no longer a responsibility to God or Church, no more "Divine Rights of King." They more justified their ruling as to how useful they could be to their kingdoms. Warfare and monarchy was heavily reformed according to reason.

The berlin conference of 1884

Established the ground rules for a new phase of European expansion

Age of Absolution

Europe Monarch reached the height of its power

Comparative Economies [Britain vs. The Continent]

Europe was far behind Britain. Belgium began to industrialize in the 1830s. French and German states in 1840-1870. Britain had geographical advantages and political advantages b/c they were past their civil revolutions.

Why did western Europeans support the Greek independence movement?

Europeans identified with the Greeks because Greece was viewed as the birthplace of Western civilization.

The Storming of the Bastille

Event occurred on July 14, 1789, symbolizing the toppling absolutism and the ancient regime of France

Frederick William I made Prussia strong by: a. Exerting prudent financial leadership and building a large army b. Emphasizing religious toleration c. Extorting payments from the French in exchange for keeping his armies at home e. None of the above

Exerting prudent financial leadership and building a large army

Frederick William I made Prussia strong by:

Exerting prudent financial leadership and building a large army.

What do mukrakers do?

Expose problems in society

papacy.

Following the occupation of Rome in 1870, an attempt was made to solve the problems of relations between the new Italian state and the:

In 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst:

Founded the Women's Social and Political Union.

France and Britain after 1713

France and Britain were led by Walpole and Fleury. Britain followed constitutionalism and France followed absolutism. Both were governed to keep financial peace, did this by trying to stay out of war. Fleury was a lazy ruler and Walpole was the first prime minister and established the cabinet government.

In 1789, Louis XVI calld a meeting of the Estates-General, which had not met since 1614, because

France faced severe economic hardship and financial chaos

Effects of Colbert's financial stuff

France failed to industrialize early because they relied so heavily on the production of luxury items which couldn't be "mass-produced" through assembly lines and such.

Quintuple Alliance

France joined the Quadruple Alliance

In the war against its American colonists, Britain found itself opposed also by:

France, Spain, and the Netherlands.

Triple Entente

France- Great Britain - Russia

A method of reasoning that progresses from the specific to the general was developed by: a. René Descartes. b. Francis Bacon. c. Isaac Newton. d. Blaise Pascal.

Francis Bacon.

The most transformative event in French history in the second part of the nineteenth century was the:

Franco-Prussian War.

The Enlightenment battle cry of "Ecrasez l'infame" best represents the ideas of:

Francois Marie Arouet (Voltaire).

The best known of the philosophers were a. Francis Bacon. b. Thomas Jefferson. c. Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire). d. Isaac Newton.

Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire).

Which Enlightened absolutist, whose reforms and accomplishments included the abolition of torture and the support of religious toleration, boasted, "I am the first servant of the state"?

Frederick the Great of Prussia

Who is associated with the scientific management system?

Fredrick W. Taylor

A "philosophe" may be defined as an individual who was a [an]:

Free thinker.

Why did many European countries abandon free-trade policies in the late nineteenth century?

Free trade caused huge trade deficits that slowed job growth and increased social unrest, so governments had broad popular support to tax imports and prevent outside competition.

In general, the centralization of state power in eastern Europe came at the expense of the:

Freedom of peasants.

Abolition of Feudalism

French National Assembly send out the declaration of the rights of man. The duties which the peasants owned the obligation to the local lords ended.

Nobility of the Robe

French aristocrats whose rank came from holding specific judicial or administrative post

Miracle of Marne

French forces stopped German advance

Nationalism

French people's emphasis on brotherhood and solidarity against other peoples; unique cultural identity of people based on a common language, religion, and national symbols

Why did Kaiser William II dismiss Otto von Bismarck from the German government in 1890?

He became convinced that Bismarck not only hindered his nationalistic plans but also might prove to be a rival for power.

Pascal

French scientist who sought to keep science and religion united

Treaty of Paris (1763)

French was defeated but Britain gained command of the seas.

Pasteur

Germ theory of disease

Which political party became the model Marxist party in the late nineteenth century?

German Social Democratic Party

Einstein

German of Jewish descent- theories of relativity

Otto von Bismarck

German statesman who dominated European affairs from the 1860s to his dismissal in 1890, unified most of the German states into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership.

The Thirty Years' War created the greatest devastation in: a. Germany b. Africa c. England d. None of the above

Germany

Which of the following two countries came to rival Britain in industrial strength?

Germany and the United States

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Germany was eager to flex its muscles and demonstrate its strength to the older, established nation of Europe

Triple Alliance

Germany- Austria- Hungary- Italy

the papacy.

Giuseppe Mazzini's vision of the future for Italy was not shared by all Italians, some of whom, unlike Mazzini, wanted to see an Italy united under:

Alexander II's Great Reforms were intended to do what?

Give greater democracy to the people and thus avoid any upheaval

The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) altered the balance of power in Europe by:

Giving Great Britain trading rights and desirable French territory in the New World.

Deism, the religion of the Enlightenment, expressed the belief that

God created the universe, but no longer took any active interest in it

Deism, the "religion" of the Enlightenment, expressed the belief that:

God created the universe, but no longer took any active interest in it.

Although the majority of the "philosophes" held relatively disparaging views of Judaism, ______, a German philosopher, was a notable exception.

Gotthold Lessing

Bureaucracy

Government by men whio sit as desk

Mercantilism

Government pursued this which meant there was an increase in exports and decrease in imports. The French followed this the most.

Moody

Great American evangelist

By 1914, the largest overseas buyer of food commodities was:

Great Britain.

Hudson Taylor

Greatest British missionary to China - founded China Inland Missions

Captain James Cook

Greatest British navigator and explorer

Samuel Johnson

Greatest literary figure of the 18th century

Spurgeon

Greatest preacher of the Victorian Era - Prince of Preachers

Battle of Austerlitzs

Greatest victory of Napoleon

Jacobin Club

Group that wanted the revolution to to extremes Named this because they met in an old Jacobin monastery

Who was elected as president in the election of 1884?

Grover Cleveland

As a result of the 1905 revolution, Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, which:

Guaranteed individual liberties, more liberal franchise for the election of a Dumas, and veto powers for the Dumas--all of which Nicholas repealed over the next two years.

Gustavus Adolphus and Richelieu's entry into the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)

Gustavus Adolphus built up a large and skillful army for the Protestants. He was successful against the catholics until he was assassinated and the Catholics won. Richelieu on the other hand, came in and was the reason the war lasted until 1648. He was, ironically, a French Roman Catholic cardinal who initially was only a proxy for the Protestants until Gustavus died so he sent French troops. He managed to beat the Catholics finally in order to gain French dominance over Europe.

Charles Darwin completed the fieldwork that served as the basis for his theories during the time he spent as an unpaid naturalist on an around-the-world voyage aboard the ship:

H. M. S. "Beagle."

Copernicus

He hoped that his heliocentric or sun-centered conception would offer a simpler and more accurate solution; conservative and did not reject Aristotle's principle of the existence of heavenly spheres moving in circular orbits

Napoleon's Domestic Policy

He implemented a strong dictatorship (eventually crowned himself emperor in 1804), he guaranteed security of private property and he made peace with the church (Concordat with the Vatican).

Napoleon attempted to undermine British power in which of the following ways?

He instituted the Continental System in 1806.

How did Giuseppe Garibaldi help derail Napoleon III's plan to prevent Italian unification?

He liberated Sicily and southern Italy with the assistance of his red-shirted volunteers and then threw his support behind King Victor Emmanuel.

Who was Thomas Nast?

He made political cartoons about Boss Tweed

In 1812, Napoleon made what disastrous military error?

He opened a second front by invading Russia.

Who was Boss Tweed?

He ran Tamney Hall in NYC

Brahe

He rejected the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system, but was unable to accept Copernicus's suggestion that the earth actually moved

James I rule

He ruled England from 1603-1625. Was unable to successfully rule 3 kingdoms because they had very different systems and religions.

Charles I rule

He ruled England from 1625-1649. He came up with the "Star Chamber," he didn't believe in consulting anyone before he ruled on anything. Charles I taxed without representation because Parliament didn't want to help pay off all the military bills that Charles accumulated. He was eventually executed in 1649.

James II rule

He ruled England from 1685 to 1688. He was a Catholic which was a problem because 95% of his country was protestant. He used Dispensing powers to appoint catholic people to authority and dismissing them from having to partake in the test act. This angered the Protestants and they seeked out help from William.

Why did Louis XVI restore the parlements in 1774, despite the fact that they had been abolished by his predecessor, Louis XV?

He succumbed to the demands of the aristocrats, who viewed the dissolution of the parlements as an attack on privilege

John Stuart Mill

He thought that conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control.

Warfare under Louis XIV

He tried his best to engage in war as often as possible because he loved the glory. He appointed Le Tellier/Louvois to organize the French army and they did everything to please Louis.

Why did Otto von Bismarck grant Germans universal male suffrage despite his conservative principles?

He trusted that "ordinary" Germans would be more conservative and loyal to the monarchy than the liberals in the Prussian parliament.

How did Napoleon rebuild the French army, which had been in shambles when he came to power in 1799?

He united all the armies and generals into one Grand Army under his personal command, and he fought alongside his soldiers on the battlefield, inspiring almost fanatical loyalty.

Kepler

He used Brahe's detailed astronomical data, arrived at his three laws of planetary motion which confirmed his interest in the "music of the spheres, and confirmed Copernicus's heliocentric theory while modifying it in some ways

Bismarck enacted several measures concerning national health legislation because:

He wanted to win the loyalty of the German working class.

Reformers

Helped pass the Factory Act of 1833 which eliminated the employment of boys under ten and all women n mines Eventually men also benefited from the move to restrict factory hours.

For what did Florence Nightingale achieve fame in the mid-nineteenth century?

Her pioneering work in the field of nursing

The expression "survival of the fittest" was first used by:

Herbert Spencer.

Duke of Wellington

Hero of the Napoleonic wars - prime minister

The government of France under Louis XIV would be best described as:

Highly centralized, with everyone being appointed by and reporting to the king.

Ferdinand

Him and his wife were assassinated by a Serbian revolutionary in the town of Sarajevo

John Locke is best known today as a political philosopher, but in the eighteenth century he was better known for his studies of:

Human knowledge.

Parisian Vanguard

Humanized criminal law. They were against the assumption of guilt. They held salon parties where they have intellectual conversations over the encyclopedia for an international audience. They criticized existing institutions.

Austro

Hungarian Empire- a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire - Austria-Hungary consisted of two monarchies (Austria and Hungary), and one autonomous region: the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia under the Hungarian crown, which negotiated the Croatian-Hungarian Settlement (Nagodba) in 1868. It was ruled by the House of Habsburg, and constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg Monarchy.

Censorship

Idea was to protect people from "harmful ideas" but mostly used by the French Roman Catholic Church and Parliament. This discouraged people from saying certain things but pushed for others to write on a more abstract level in which they used innuendos to hide their true messages. This felt like rebellion to some, so it appealed to readers to buy the stuff.

Kant

Idealism - relativism

Relationship of the Enlightenment to the Scientific and Glorious Revolutions

Ideas carried over from France. Isaac Newton and John Locke influenced Voltaire. Methodology was based on direct observation of nature and with the use of reason and math, not preconceived ideas.

In general, the religious policies of Louis XIV aimed to:

Impose religious unity upon all French people.

Although a few challenges to representational art had occurred earlier, the first significant break emerged in France with the:

Impressionists.

Ashley

Improved conditions for children, laborers, and mentally handicapped

Britain Capitol from 1700-1790

In 1700 20% of British exports went to the colonies. In 1790 more than 50% went to the colonies. This gave them financial stability for the IR.

French Revoution

In 1789, King Louis XVI, faced with a huge national debt, convened parliament. The Third Estate, or Commons, a division of the French Parliament, then claimed power, and the king's resistance led to the storming of the Bastille, the royal prison. The people established a constitutional monarchy. When King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette attempted to leave the country, they were executed on the guillotine. From 1793 to 1794, Robespierre and extreme radicals, the Jacobins, instituted a Reign of Terror, executing thousands of nobles as well as anyone considered an enemy of the Revolution. Robespierre was then executed, as well, as the Directory came into power. This governing body proved incompetent and corrupt, allowing Napoleon Bonaparte to come to power in 1799, first as a dictator, then as emperor. While the French Rev threw off the power of a corrupt monarchy, its immediate results were likely not what the original perpetrators of the revolt had intended.

National Railways 1825

In 1825 British laid track between two large manufacturing cities, Liverpool and Manchester. This made nationwide markets to be possible by transporting imports and it encouraged the industrial work force to grow.

Young Italy.

In 1831, Giuseppe Mazzini founded a nationalist group, _____, dedicated to Italian Unification.

Irish potato famine

In 1845, this fungus struck the crop and turned the produce black resulting in more than 1 million of the population died from starvation and disease

when French voters overwhelmingly voted for the restoration of the empire

In 1852 the Second Empire in France was created

John Stuart Mill.

In 1859, the classic defense of liberty, On Liberty, was written by:

doubled the franchise by extending the vote, in general, to all skilled workers.

In 1867, the conservative government of Great Britain passed the Great Reform Bill which:

Versailles.

In 1871, William I was proclaimed kaiser, or emperor, of the Second Reich in

"a holy struggle against anarchy."

In Austria, the Habsburg emperor referred to the revolution of 1848 as:

power is divided between the three branches of government

In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where

6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws

In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued

avoiding sentimental language by using careful observation and description.

In addition to examining everyday life, the literary Realists of the mid-nineteenth century were also interested in

In "The Spirit of the Laws," Baron de Montesquieu argued:

In favor of the separation and balancing of the powers of government.

the right of women to vote.

In his book The Subjection of Women, John Stuart Mill advocated for:

Closely following voyages of discovery, many Enlightenment thinkers such as Denis Diderot believed that the Tahitians best represented humanity:

In its natural state.

the kingdom of Piedmont.

In seeking unification, many Italian nationalists in the 1850s looked for leadership from

The Troppau Memorandum, whic was signed by Russia, Prussia and Austria, called upon the signatories to aid one another:

In suppressing revolution

universal male suffrage, although votes were weighted based on taxes paid.

In the aftermath of the 1848 revolution, Frederick William of Prussia rejected a new constitution; ten years later he accepted a constitution that allowed for the election of a Parliament with voting based on:

slavery and serfdom:

In the nineteenth century, both the United States and Russia shared a similar problem in building their respective nations, which was:

Primogeniture

In the practice of ___________, the eldest son received all or the largest share of the parents' estate and thus was treated as the favorite.

16th amendment?

Income tax

The court culture at Versailles was ordered by:

Incredibly detailed rules of etiquette.

Liberal Meaning

Individual rights and civil liberties. Liberal meant an equal chance for all people.

Louis XIV endeavored to control potential rebellions among the noble class by:

Insisting that all nobles spend part of the year with Louis at Versailles.

Suez Canal made what flourish

International trade

Irish home rule was debated for many years in the British Parliament and had support from the Irish Parliamentary Party in the last decades of the nineteenth century, but by the end of the century, a more radical position calling for full independence was revived by the militant political organization called the:

Irish Republican Brotherhood.

Nickname of Cromwell's army

Ironsides

Social scientists of the late nineteenth century often reached experimental results that undermined the very scientific method they employed, since those results generally showed that human beings were:

Irrational.

Abolition of Slavery

Issue brought up in France in 1791 but was soon put down by French planters; Friends of the Blacks advocated for this; Issue revisited and taken care of in 1794 guided by ideals of equality

What features characterized the 1880s movement known as new unionism?

It featured nationwide unions with salaried managers who could organize a widespread general strike across the trades, focusing on common goals such as the eight-hour workday

. How did the rise of public opinion as a force independent of court society influence European politics in the eighteenth century?

It forced leaders, including monarchs, to engage with their citizens and take reform and opposition to reform seriously.

What were political bosses?

It gives immigrants food, shelter, and a job but the immigrant has to vote the way they want them to

Why did Jean-Jacques Rousseau's theory of "the social contract" pose a direct threat to the perceived legitimacy of eighteenth-century governments?

It implied that people would be most free and moral in republican or democratic societies.

The war fought in Spain was significant because

It indicated that Napoleon could be defeated on the battlefield.

The militarization of Prussian society in the late eighteenth century led to which of the following effects?

It kept the peasants enserfed to their lords and blocked the middle classes from access to estates or high government positions

What was the significance of the Factory Act of 1833 in Great Britain?

It outlawed the employment of children under nine years of age in most textile mills and limited the number of days and hours older children could work.

How did the Encyclopedia contribute to Enlightenment goals of social reform?

It promoted the spread of knowledge that could be used to make informed decisions about social problems.

What effect did the French revolution of 1830 have on the rest of Europe?

It sparked revolts throughout Europe, especially among populations desiring independence or government reform.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian general and politician, commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led eventually to the formation of a unified Italy.

The eighteenth century Enlightenment produced an elite or high culture that was typified by:

Its cosmopolitan nature.

The South Pacific region was explored extensively by both the French and the English. The French explorer, Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, searched the South Pacific in search of a new route to China. He was soon followed by the English explorer:

James Cook.

The eighteenth century saw the birth of a new literary genre, the novel, and the growing acceptance of women as authors. The most famous woman from this period, as recognized today, was the English novelist:

Jane Austen.

The goal of Peter the Great's foreign policy was to:

Secure year-round ports for Russia.

Waterloo

June 18th, place where Napoleon suffered a bloody defeat to the English and the Duke of Wellington with Prussia

all change in history is the result of clashes between directly antagonistic elements.

Karl Marx embraced the German philosopher Hegel's idea of the dialectic, meaning

Louis XVI

King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Francis Joseph I

King of Hungary and the emperor of Austria

What well-educated nobleman took the lead in devising the settlement at the Congress of Vienna and shaping the post-Napoleonic European order?

Klemens von Metternich

Efforts were made by what groups to restrict immigration?

Labor unions, American Protective Association, and social Darwinists

Unlike the French physiocrats who believed that the wealth of a nation came from the land and agricultural production, Adam Smith believed that the wealth of a nation came from its:

Labor.

sought independence and a parliamentary government for Hungary.

Lajos Kossuth:

The Russian Table of Ranks reordered the class system in Russia to be, from lowest to highest:

Landlord, administrative, military.

Committee for Public Safety

Led by Robespierre and the Jacobin party, it closed churches and promoted the "cult of reason" and said that women could divorce their husbands and inherit their property. It oversaw the reign of terror and the 40,000 executions and imprisonments.

Lenin

Led the Communist revolutionaries - over threw the Provision Government in the Bolshevik Revolution and established a Communist dictatorship in Russia

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) Consequences

Left Germany with no centralized authority and they had no unity. The Holy Roman Empire collapsed meanwhile Germany was left in physical devastation which led to famine and starvation of the people. Germany was now Secularized, meaning they had no unified religion and political affairs could not be regulated by theological representatives.

Russian peasants were:

Legally the property of their landlords.

Estates-General

Legislative body in France before the French revolution

In his "Two Treatises of Government," John Locke argued that:

Legitimate government authority is conditional and contractual.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Lenin took Russia out of the war by signing this with the central powers

In the early 1880s, what touched off a scramble among European countries for colonies in Africa?

Leopold of Belgium claimed a huge territory in the Congo region.

John Stuart Mill

Liberal; wrote on liberty

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain occurred due to the amount of capital the country had readily available, early industrial entrepreneurs, mineral resources, favorable role of government, and a supply of markets.

List one reason why the Industrial Revolution began in the country that it did.

The general culture that developed from the eighteenth-century Enlightenment was:

Literary.

Vernacular

Local language of any given area. It is important because during this time the bible was being printed into numerous languages, so people other than just clergymen could read the bible

Peel

London Metropolitan police system

Victoira

Longest ruling monarchy in English history (64 year reign)

Greatest naval hero

Lord Horatio Nelson

Longest Reigning King

Louis XIII

The War of the Spanish Succession broke out when:

Louis XIV's grandson succeeded to the Spanish throne.

Which of the following rulers did not attempt at least some enlightened reforms inspired by the "philosophes?"

Louis XV

Executed on the guillotine

Louis XVI

External War and the Execution of the French King Louis XVI

Louis XVI was charged with treason after he was caught fleeing. The revolutionaries (Jacobins) declared war on Prussia and Austria. French were in danger of invasion. Louis XVI accepted the new constitution. France became a republic.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Louis's XIV minister of France

The South Pacific island of Tahiti was first discovered for the Europeans by:

Louis-Antoine de Bougainville.

"bourgeois monarch."

Louis-Philippe became known as the

What was the term used for English workers who wrecked machinery and burned mills in order to protest industrialization?

Luddites

The eventual adoption of the Peace of Westphalia, in 1648: a. Made England the dominant power in Europe for twenty years b. Made France the dominant power in Europe for the next two centuries c. Was made possible by Cardinal Richelieu d. None of the above

Made France the dominant power in Europe for the next two centuries

What state was the first to prohibit alcohol?

Maine

the abolition of serfdom.

Many demands were made of the Austrian empire during the 1848 revolution; one concession made by the government was:

Why were laws requiring the education of children difficult to enforce?

Many poorer parents needed their children's help with farmwork or domestic tasks.

Hapsburgs

Maria Theresa-curtailed the role of the diets or provincial assemblies in taxation and local administration; Joseph II-determined to make changes and also carry on his mother's chief goal of enhancing Habsburg power within the monarchy and Europe; abolished serfdom, abrogated the death penalty, introduced complete religious toleration and restrictions the Catholic Church

Napoleons second wife

Marie Louise- daughter of Australian Emperor

The Second International (1889) was an organization that sought

Marxist revolution.

Sept Massacre 1792

Mass killing of unarmed people who opposed the French Revolution.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of the great powers of the time (Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia); goal was to contain the revolution dat he revolutionary forces by restoring much of the old order

Burke

Member of the British Parliament

Robespierre

Member of the Committee of Public Safety Member of Jacobin Club most influential man in the French Government

In the early nineteenth century, in what way did peasant households fail to conform to notions of traditional family life?

Men frequently migrated seasonally to earn money in factories, leaving women at home to tend crops and animals.

What were the most frequent destinations for international migrants who left Europe seeking economic opportunity?

North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand

In the late nineteenth century, in the midst of the continued decline of the Ottoman empire, a nationalist movement emerged in Turkey under the guidance of a group calling themselves the "Young Turks," who successfully forced the sultan to establish a constitutional government in 1908. In the following year they deposed the sultan and placed him with his brother:

Mohammed V.

______ was a Jewish philosopher who argued that religion should be voluntary, that secular states should promote tolerance, and that progress for everyone would come through humanitarianism.

Moses Mendelssohn

War of the Spanish Succession

Most costly war of Louis XIV reign

Erie Canal

Most famous canal- connected Lake Erie to the Hudson

Zheng He

Munich who served the Youngle Emperor from 1371-1435. he was responsible for seven famous voyages. He was born Muslim and was later adopted and recieved a position under Youngle. Designed the voyages to establish a Chinese presence and impose imperial control over the Indian Ocean trade, impress foreign peoples in the Indian Ocean basin, and extend the empire's tributary system.

Parliament imposed additional taxes and "no taxation without representation."

Name one of the causes of the American Revolution, which was discussed in this week's lectures.

The Enlightenment was vitally concerned with each of the following EXCEPT the:

Need to subordinate sensual pleasure to the disciplined, rational mind.

Indian Ocean Trade Network

Network in the Indian Ocean where Muslim sailors were sailing around Europe and over to Asia to trade goods such as Iron, Spice, Fish, Pelts, Textiles, Gold, Clothes, and more. This netwwork of trade was at the hands of seasonal monsoon winds that would carry the sailors and make this a 1 year voyage. The trade provided good relations between countries and the spread of goods and religion throughout the areas.

What made the nineteenth-century Victorian culture such a unique social phenomenon?

Never before had a British monarch influenced popular mores and manners to such a degree.

Commerce and Industry during the 18th Century: Scientific Evolution

New wealth accumulated due to an increase of scientific knowledge which allowed for new techniques and industrial devices. This also resulted in more manufacturing which made for more productive agricultural farming.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Nicknamed "The Beating Heart of Italy", activist for the unification of Italy also helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state.

Second Estate

Nobility

The most important opponents of royal absolutism were:

Nobles.

To advance the economic development of France, the mercantilist Colbert saw overseas expansion as: a. A total waste of time and resources b. Increasing France's vulnerability c. Something that should be pursued privately by merchants themselves d. None of the above

None of the above

The balance of power in eastern Europe was realigned in 1721 with the Peace of:

Nystad.

Why was Egypt an early and attractive target for European takeover in the age of imperialism?

Occupying Egypt gave Europeans easy access to the interior of central Africa, especially down the Nile corridor and through the Sudan.

the industrial development of France

Of the following, under the Second Empire, Napoleon III was most interested in

National Assembly

Official representatives of the people of France

Voltaire

One of the greatest of all French writers. He continues to be held in worldwide repute as a courageous crusader against tyranny, bigotry, and cruelty. Through its critical capacity, wit, and satire, Voltaire's work vigorously propagates an ideal of progress to which people of all nations have remained responsive. His long life spanned the last years of classicism and the eve of the revolutionary era, and during this age of transition his works and activities influenced the direction taken by European civilization.

True

One of the most powerful forces driving the internal politics of the Austrian empire was ethnic nationalism.

creating a single house of representatives.

One of the radical demands made by the popular movement of students and artisans to the Austrian Habsburg monarchy in 1848 was:

the uniting of Venetia with the rest of Italy.

One result of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 was:

Austria was forced to give up all claims to Schleswig and Holstein.

One result of the Seven Weeks' War in 1866 was that:

Anabaptists believed that: a. Only adults should be baptized - not children b. Children and adults could be baptized c. Baptism was unimportant d. None of the above

Only adults should be baptized - not children

Eunuchs

Only men that were allowed to enter inner courtyards of forbidden city, where the imperial family and concubines lived. Other men including male relatives could not enter and had to leave during the night. Emasculation was thought to turn eunuchs into non humans that could enter the Emperor's realm w/o violating it. This would present a threat to the emperors privacy. Also eunuchs had to be careful, if they made a mistake in front of the king it would be equivalent to putting the king's life in danger. Might get beaten to death.

What was the target of Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf in the 1870s?

Organized religion

Darwin

Origin of Species - evolution - Darwinism

The most profitable French colonies were located in:

The Caribbean.

What were Napoleon III's main international goals?

Overcoming the containment of France imposed by the Congress of Vienna and living up to the Bonaparte name by acquiring international territory

Which of the following made Ireland especially vulnerable to famine from 1846 on?

Overpopulation and overdependence on a single crop

Dissatisfied minority ethnic groups in the Austrian Empire began turning to which transnational movement in protest of their lack of opportunities for self-rule?

Pan-Slavism

John Miller

Paradise Lost ( England's greatest epic)

British Parliament

Parliament had the power to make laws , levy taxes, pass the budget, and indirectly influence the king's ministers

Restoration of the England King (1660)

Parliament ultimately decided to restore the King. Charles II, the son of Charles I, took crown and no king was to ever tax w/o parliament's approval.

Stepped Terraces

Part of the Inca Empire. Type of arcitecture that incorporates agrculture that includes steps up the side to the roof with plants cover each one and all the levels. The plants would not freeze because the walls radiated heat. the cities had running water and plumbing and there was no such thing as private property.

The French painter recognized as "The Father of Modern Art" for his transformation of art into a vehicle for an artist's self-expression was:

Paul Cezanne.

Of the few Enlightenment thinkers who were atheists, the most famous was:

Paul Henri d'Holbach.

Indulgences

Payments to the church for your own salvation and to help past relatives who may be in purgatory go to heaven

Chinese Exclusion Act?

Placed a ban on all new immigrants from China

William Pit the Elder

Prime minister of England - wanted to defeat the French and drive them out of North America

Cavour

Prime minister of Sardinia

Victoria's husband

Prince Albert

Metternich

Prince of Diplomats

Glorious Revolution (1688)

Prince of Netherlands, William, and Mary jointly take crown over England. Parliament is empowered during this time. Bill of rights established and the triennial act is made.

Intervention

Principle of _____________ meant that the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones.

David Lloyd George:

Proposed a controversial budget in 1909 that included a progressive income tax.

Deism

Proposed by the philosophes in which God was less personal and merely the creator of the universe. This allowed for people to begin to see that progress was out of God's hands and now into the hands of the people. Humans could now keep discovering and use the laws of nature in order to "perfect" human society.

The Act of Toleration of 1689 granted:

Protestant dissenters the right to worship freely in England.

Justification by faith

Protestant idea that faith alone could save someone

William Cary

Protestant missionary

Asiento

Provided Britain complete control of the slave trade and they built immense wealth from this.

the Zollverein.

the triumph of authoritarian and militaristic values over liberal and constitutional values in the new German state.

Prussian leadership of German unification meant that

True

Prussian victories in war weakened liberal opposition to the king and Bismarck's policies by refocusing the attention of the people on international affairs and positive outcomes.

William I appointed Otto von Bismarck chancellor in 1862 in the hope that Bismarck would do which of the following?

Put down the growing power of the liberals in the Prussian parliament

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Louis XIV persecuted some Catholic sects in France because some, like the:

Quietists and Jansenists, diminished the role of priests as mediators of the faith.

Europe, between the mid-sixteenth and the mid-seventeenth centuries, witnessed: a. Very little war b. Economic prosperity c. Religious war, political rebellions and economic crises. d. None of the above

Religious war, political rebellions and economic crises.

Female midwives during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

Replaced by men who used devices and techniques derived from the study of anatomy.

Absolute monarchs developed all of the following institutions to enhance their power EXCEPT:

Representative legislative bodies.

The governmental system used by the United Provinces in the Netherlands throughout the seventeenth century was a(n):

Republic.

Contract Labor Laws?

Restricted temporary workers to protect American workers

Causes of the French Revolution (1789-1815)

Result of enlightenment because more thinkers put forward ideas of natural human rights and equality. This promoted liberal principles and local bodies wanted liberty. The French also had high debts because of past wars with insufficient taxation. 1780s budget was merely trying to pay off interest.

Right- center- Left

Right- those who supported the king Center- fence sitters Left- wanted the revolution to go further

Who is associated with the direct primary?

Robert La Follette

Robespierre's Army (The Committee of Public Safety) "The Terror"

Robespierre began to purge/murder their political opponents and guillotined the moderates. He used bayonets to play dirty. Every able bodied man had to be armed and as a result the French army began to win. Robespierre was eventually executed and the terror ended.

Nineteenth-century poets and writers who collected old legends and folktales that expressed a shared cultural and linguistic heritage stretching back to the Middle Ages embraced what ideology?

Romantic nationalism

Beethoven, whose compositions bridged the gap between Classicism and Romanticism.

Romanticism in art and music was well characterized by

Who are the progressive presidents?

Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson

Battle of Naseby

Roundheads defeated the Cavaliers

The Trans-Siberian Railroad played a key role in the expansion of what country into northern Asia?

Russia

Which of the following European countries was the slowest to industrialize?

Russia

Where did the U.S. get Alaska from and for how much?

Russia and $7.2 million

The Crimean War began as a war between which states?

Russia and the Ottoman Empire

As a result of the Crimean War ... a. Russia gained absolute control over the Balkans. b. Austrian influence in the Balkans increased. c. Romania lost its independence. d. the Ottoman army was destroyed. e. Russia lost its influence in the Balkans.

Russia lost its influence in the Balkans.

The revolution of 1905 in Russia was caused by:

Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War.

Poland suffered repeated losses of its territory to which countries?

Russia, Austria, Prussia

Which European government developed into an autocracy in the early modern period?

Russia.

In what way was Nineteenth century Russian imperialism different from that of other European countries?

Russian championed a policy of only annexing lands bordering itself; it had no overseas colonies

After uprisings by minority nationalist groups, Tsar Alexander II insisted that minorities in the Russian Empire adopt the Russian language and culture, a policy known as

Russification

After securing a foothold on the Gulf of Finland, Peter the Great built a capital there named:

Saint Petersburg.

The "philosophes" of the eighteenth century used people's houses in which to meet and converse on a more informal basis than that provided by the royal academies. These informal meetings were known as:

Salons.

In 1784, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant used which of the following phrases to represent what he felt the Enlightenment stood for?

Sapere aude ("Dare to know")

The nineteenth-century political theory of liberalism looked to _______ to confirm its tenets.

Science

The genesis of the Enlightenment may be found in the

Scientific revolution of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries

The genesis of the Enlightenment may be found in the:

Scientific revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Technological advances in Europe, matched by advances in medicine and agriculture, brought about a period of renewed growth in the nineteenth century known as the:

Second industrial revolution.

Great Britain

Seven Years' War was fought between two coalitions, one led by France, the other by

Age of Reason

Several English philosophers and writers adopted forms of rationalism, deism, and other humanistic philosophies

Catherine the Great of Prussia

She couldn't afford to listen to enlightenment talk. She believed it was useless to compare all that talk to real life. She did not implement any of this ideals on her country.

commoners.

Sieyès wrote "What is the Third Estate?" to support the political demands of the

peasant and laboring classes.

Sixty percent of the victims of the Reign of Terror were

In the nineteenth centry, both the United States and Russia shared a similar problem in building their respective nations, which was

Slavery and serfdom

Which of the following statements best expresses the philosophes' attitude toward slavery?

Slavery corrupted its victims, and so slaves were not ready for freedom.

all of these.

Slavery was an issue:

Trans Atlantic Slave Trade

Slaves accounted to up to 25% of merchandise made.

The wealthy elites of nineteenth-century Europe often quoted principles from which of the following theories to justify their success and assert their natural superiority over the poor?

Social Darwinism

What ideology helped enable the expansion of European imperialism by using racist ideas of European superiority to justify the conversion of trade with Africans into conquest of their lands?

Social Darwinism

Marxism came to Russia in two forms: one based on industrial capitalism known as the Social Democratic Party and the other based on the populist appeal to the peasantry known as the:

Social Revolutionary Party.

By the 1860s, _______ were the leading voices for an expanded franchise in many European countries.

Socialist parliamentarians

One "philosophe" organization, founded by Warville de Brissot, which called for the abolition of slavery was the:

Society of Friends of Blacks.

Why did slavery and the slave trade continue for several decades after Britain and France abolished its practice in their empires in the 1830s and 1840s?

Spanish and Portuguese traders continued to trade slaves to Brazil, Cuba, and the United States, where the practice of slavery continued unabated.

What was De Lome Letter?

Spanish diplomat letter that was highly critical for President McKinley and an insult against the U.S. national honor

Richard Arkwright

Spinning Frame

James Hargreaves

Spinning Jenny

Samuel Crompton

Spinning Mule

Many European advocates of imperialism believed that whites had a "civilizing mission"; what did this mission entail?

Spreading superior European knowledge and culture to colonial subjects through education or even violence, if necessary

Counter Reformation

Started in the 1540s as a reaction to Protestantism and progressed aka the Catholic Reformation. Lead to the council of trent and the whole reformation of the church as a whole. indulgences were fixed and the religion was evaluated as a whole.

Tirpitz

State Secretary for naval affairs - organized naval league and set out to build up German sea power

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

coal

Steam engines were powered by

Carnegie

Steel industry

The first technological innovation of the second industrial revolution was with:

Steel.

August 4 Decrees

Stopped letting lord's take advantage of the peasants

July 14th, 1789

Storming of the Bastille ( Old castle strong hold in Paris used as a prison)

The purpose of reorganizing class structure in Russia by creating the Table of Ranks was to:

Strengthen the war machine in Russia by luring nobles into military service.

Under the reign of Louis XIV, French colonies dominated the:

Sugar trade.

Plantation System

Sugar was brought in large quantities from Asia to the Caribbean, this created a new economic system. Had lots of land, sizable supply of capital, and cheap labor. This lead to the use of slavery from Africa.

In general, the "philosophes" considered Judaism and Islam:

Superstitious and backward religions.

Patented medicenes?

Suppose to cure many things

The first country to admit women to medical schools for training as medical doctors was:

Switzerland.

In terms of their impact, what set Marx and Engels apart from other socialist and communist intellectuals?

The Communist Manifesto became the foundation document for communist revolutions around the world.

True

T/F: At the Tennis Court Oath, a pivotal moment in the early stages of the French Revolution, members of the Third Estate declared themselves to be a National Assembly, though they had no legal right to constitute themselves as such.

True

T/F: During the era of the Directory, the economic regulations and controls adopted by the Committee of Public Safety were dropped in favor of more laissez-faire policies.

True

T/F: In 1861 the new kingdom of Italy was subordinated to the control of Piedmont and Victor Emmanuel II.

True

T/F: In her Vindication of the Rights of Women, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that the Enlightenment was based on the ideal that reason is innate in all human beings, including women.

False

T/F: Jacques-Louis David painted in the Rococo style.

False

T/F: Napoleon Bonaparte was an Enlightened leader.

False

T/F: President Abraham Lincoln formally declared an end to the Civil War on August 20, 1866

False

T/F: Romanticism as an ideology and a mood embraced emotionality but avoided individualism, emphasizing notions of collectivity instead.

True

T/F: Seventeenth century treatment of disease was highly influenced by Galen's doctrine of four bodily humors: blood, yellow bile, phlegm, and black bile.

False

T/F: The American Revolution was greatly admired by most Europeans in the 1770s and 1780s because it established a republican form of government rather than a monarchy.

False

T/F: The Crimean War was caused primarily by the Ottoman Empire's attempt to destroy the Christian holy places in Jerusalem and Palestine.

True

T/F: The eighteenth-century agricultural revolution in Britain reduced the cost of food, thus giving the British extra income to purchase items produced by the Industrial Revolution.

Alexander Graham Bell

Telephone

What concerns drove middle-class social reformers to form temperance societies throughout Europe and the United States?

Temperance advocates saw drunkenness as a sign of moral weakness and a threat to social order.

National assembly took what oath

Tennis Court Oath ( vowed continue meetings until national constitution had been written)

What main critique of organized Christianity did Voltaire include in his influential Philosophical Dictionary (1764)?

That Christianity had been the prime source of fanaticism and brutality among humans

Although the issue remained controversial, what argument did nation-building reformers use to push for women's access to higher education in the nineteenth century?

That a good education would make women more interesting wives and better mothers of future citizens

In his 1755 book The Natural History of Religion, the Scottish philosopher David Hume made what argument about religion?

That belief in God was rooted in fear and superstition

For all the Philosophers, an important implication of John Locke's tabula rasa was

That environment determines all social progress

For the philosophers, an important implication of John Locke's "tabula rasa" was:

That environment determines all social progress.

The British political theorist Edmund Burke (1729-1799) was known for what influential belief?

That government should be rooted in experience and that all change should be gradual and respect tradition

The Scottish philosopher Adam Smith (1723-1790) made what contention about individual self-interest?

That it contributed ultimately to the general welfare of society

What was the reasoning behind the 1834 passage of a new poor law in Great Britain, dubbed by its critics the "Starvation Act"?

That the distress caused by the separation of family members from one another in workhouses would encourage the poor to move to areas of higher employment

the election of the all-German Assembly in Frankfurt.

The 1848 revolution in Germany entered its second stage with:

but refused them the right to speak in their meetings.

The 1848 revolution in Germany saw the creation of many political clubs that admitted, for the first time, women

the preeminence of the national government over states' rights.

The American Civil War resulted in many changes for the United States, among which were the abolishment of slavery, a rapid expansion of the national economy, and:

proving that the ideas of the Enlightenment could be realized politically.

The American Revolution affected Europeans by

Edgar Allan Poe

The American romantic author of The Fall of the House of Usher was

Why did the 1848 revolution in Hungary ultimately fail to achieve political autonomy?

The Austrian government took advantage of ethnic and social divisions within the revolutionary movement to suppress the nationalist revolt.

freedom of religion

The Bill of Rights ratified by the new United States guaranteed

Benjamin Disraeli.

The British leader who urged increasing the franchise in the hope it would result in more conservative votes was:

What was the intention behind the French invasion and occupation of Egypt in 1798?

The Directory wanted to strike a blow at British trade by cutting off Great Britain's route to India.

if the conditions of provision for state welfare were intentionally made miserable, then the poor would be encouraged to find profitable employment.

The English Poor Law of 1834 was based on the theory that

Rousseau

The Father of French Romanticism Developed philosophy of Romanticism " man is naturally good, but society is bad.

in the Habsburg empire.

The Frankfurt Assembly argued two separate configurations for a united Germany: a "Great Germany" to include all Germans and a "Small Germany" to include all Germans with the exception of those:

the problem of nationality.

The Frankfurt Assembly was plagued by:

"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!"

The French revolutionary slogan neatly evoking the ideals of the rebellion was

Cause of the French Revolution (1789-1815)

The French were not taxing the nobility and this caused a large portion of money that they could have been receiving to pay off debts.

was created at the Congress of Vienna

The German Confederation:

Divine Right Absolutism

The God given right for a king to rule

Greek Revolution

The Greeks revolted against their Ottoman Turkish masters; spread into a noble cause and Russia defeated the Ottomans; Greek fate was now in the hands of Russia France and Britain; only successful revolt in Europe until 1830

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) Cause

The Habsburg ruled the Holy Roman Empire, but population of Germany was divided between Catholicism and Protestantism. New Protestants (Calvinists) were not represented under the Peace of Augsburg.

True

The Haitian Revolution, though freeing the slaves of Saint-Domingue, had the consequence of expanding slavery in the United States and Brazil.

Absolutism was difficult for the Habsburgs to achieve in the Holy Roman Empire because:

The Holy Roman Empire was made up of many individual states that ruled in their own interests.

was on a mission to bring democracy to the common people of the world.

The Italian Romantic nationalist, Giuseppe Mazzini:

The balance of power in central and eastern Europe was reshaped at the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth centuries because of the loss of power of:

The Ottoman Empire.

each order voting separately and having veto power over the other two.

The Parlement of Paris sought to resolve the controversy over voting in the Estates-General by calling for the method used in 1614, which involved

Old regime

The Political and Social system that existed in France before the French Revolution

The American war for independence is also known as

The Revolutionary War

False

The Russian emancipation decree of 1861 revolutionized land holding within Russia, with devastating results for the large-scale landowners.

Silk Road

The Silk Road was a network of trade routes, formally established during the Han Dynasty of China, which linked the regions of the ancient world in commerce. The Han officially opened trade with the west until 1453ce when the Ottoman Empire boycotted trade with the west and closed the routes.

Civil War

The ________ was fought between the Union states of the North and the Confederate forces of the South. What began as a war to save the Union became a war against slavery.

Industrial Revolution

The ___________'s effect on the standard of living especially benefited the middle classes; led to much increased disparity between the richest and poorest classes in society; eventually led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the working classes

False

The abolition of the slave trade in America and Europe stopped the transport of slaves to markets, though it did not emancipate those already in service.

Chartism

The aim of the group was to gain political rights and influence for the working classes. It got its name from the formal petition, or People's Charter, that listed the six main aims of the movement.

the impact of steamboats on a town located on the Mississippi.

The book's excerpt from Mark Twain's Life on the Mississippi describes

series of stunning victories over the enemies of France.

The chief reason for Napoleon's fast rise to power was/were his

generous military and financial aid from various European states, especially France.

The colonists won their war for independence due to

produced limited change and was difficult to enforce.

The decree emancipating 22 million Russian serfs in 1861:

False

The disciplined toughness of the English along with superior battle tactics, such as the use of the Light Brigade, earned an English victory over the Russian troops in 1856.

Austria.

The dominant foreign power in Italy prior to unification was

German princes supported Luther and accepted Lutheranism for a number of reasons, including: a. Their desire to force the Pope to reform the Catholic Church. b. The economic impact of the confiscation of Church lands. c. To strengthen Germany against the Ottoman Turks. d. None of the above

The economic impact of the confiscation of Church lands.

Which of the following was the most dramatic of Alexander II's Great Reforms?

The emancipation of almost fifty million serfs

The rapid growth of European cities such as Manchester, Birmingham, and Essen was due to

The expansion of manufacturing and mining in the areas surrounding these places.

the question of who would benefit as the Ottoman empire lost its grip in southeastern Europe.

The expression the "Eastern Question" refers to:

Rome became the capital city following the withdrawal of French troops.

The final act of Italian unification occurred in 1870 when

First Estate

The first class of French society made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church.

Wilhelm I.

The first emperor of a united Germany was:

cotton textile industry.

The first step toward the Industrial Revolution in Britain occurred within its

Europe reached a point of political crisis with

The french Revolution of 1848

What issue took precedence over social reform and constitutional changes in the German states in 1848?

The goal of German unification

Civil Constitution of Clergy 1790

The government pays the clergy a salary if they swear allegiance. This brought revolutionaries in open conflict with the clergy. Civil war between the Clergy and the government.

Jan Kollar.

The idea that the Slavic peoples of Europe should be united as one through their unique culture was promoted through the writings of:

an international misunderstanding created by Otto von Bismarck.

The incident that began the Franco-Prussian War was:

Agricultural revolution

The increase of food production because agriculture with new advances could feed more people at lower prices with less labor.

canals, roads, and bridges; not internal customs posts.

The infrastructure advantages in Britain promoting rapid industrialization included all of the following:

In general, the policies of Peter the Great of Russia included:

The introduction of Western ideas and customs.

Which of the following technological developments was key to the acceleration of Western penetration of Africa and Asia in the late nineteenth century?

The invention of the machine gun

What reforms did the revolution of 1830 achieve in France?

The king extended political liberties and doubled the number of voting men, though that number remained miniscule, and the king's reforms did little to improve the situation of the poor and working classes.

William Wilberforce.

The leader of the British abolition movement of the nineteenth century was:

False

The massive rebuilding effort in France, financed by Credit Mobilier, was especially focused on preserving the medieval center of Paris as a symbol of its glorious past.

In the eighteenth century, the ranks of what social class grew steadily in western Europe as the result of economic expansion?

The middle class

The election of 1884 was known as what?

The most mud slinging election of time

The event that marked the beginning of the French Revolution was

The oath of the tennis court

The life and career of Cesare Beccaria was dedicated to the idea that

The only legitimate rationale for punishment was to maintain the social order

The life and career of Cesare Beccaria was dedicated to the idea that:

The only legitimate rationale for punishment was to maintain the social order.

The 1842 Treaty of Nanking forced China to permit a continuation of which of the following?

The opium trade

Giuseppe Mazzini's vision of the future for Italy was not shared by all Italians, some of whom, unlike Mazzini, wanted to see an Italy under

The papacy

Nineteenth century liberals were least concerned with

The plight of the agricultural laboreres

The failure of the 1848 uprisings in Italy, Germany, and the Austrian Empire had their individual causes, but they shared which major problem?

The rebels' failure to agree on goals beyond overthrowing the existing government

False

The revised German system of voting, in which voters were divided into three classes according to how much tax they paid, was a much more representative system than the medieval electoral system of representation by estate.

no longer owned the means of economic production and could only sell their labor for a wage.

The rise of the industrial factory system deeply affected the lives and status of workers who now

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's somewhat conflicting views of female nature illustrate:

The shifting meaning of "nature" by the middle of the eighteenth century.

True

The task of unifying Italy was especially daunting as it had not been a united nation since the height of the Roman Empire almost 1,500 years before the unification movement.

the United States overspread the continent.

The term Manifest Destiny was used to express the desire of many to see:

Jeffersonian Revolution

The term associated with Thomas Jefferson's election in 1800. The election ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party in the First Party System. Combined democratic aspirations with national expansion

Unification of Germany

The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France. Princes of the German states gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm I of Prussia as German Emperor after the French capitulation in the Franco-Prussian War.

European liberal politics of the mid-nineteenth century relied for its power on:

The upper class.

Why did the Seven Years' War have such a significant impact on American-British relations?

The war removed the threat of French invasion from the north, which made the colonists less dependent on British naval might and thus more willing to act on their grievances.

Maria Theresa.

The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was

According to Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's what is Property?, property is

Theft

Which pairing is correct?

Theodor Herzl, "The State of the Jews"

How did British religious reformers attempt to combat religious indifference among the working classes?

They banned popular recreations on Sundays.

What was the opinion of Enlightenment writers on the role of religion in society?

They did not necessarily oppose organized religion, but they strenuously objected to religious intolerance.

What role did eighteenth-century Parisian salons play in the spread of Enlightenment ideas?

They gave intellectual life an anchor outside the royal court and church-controlled universities by providing a forum for philosophes to discuss ideas.

Why did new immigrants experience discrimination?

They had darker coloring, they didnt speak english, and there was a shortage of jobs

How French and English merchants thrived

They had plenty of governmental standing to support them. This time showed that unassisted business enterprises wasn't enough to be successful.

Enlightenment Philosophes

They popularized ideas that was drawn from the scientific revolution. They were freelance writers in which they wrote literature for the public in a way they could understand. They made thoughtful and skeptical people digress from religion.

Appropriating of Church Lands

They tried to confiscate the Roman Catholic lands to try and resolve financial problems. The confiscated lands were purchased by developers and divided into smaller tracts to be given to the peasants.

Factory Owners

They were now a new subclass of the middle. Power and self-confidence of the British middle class increased.

Assault on the Bastille July 1789

Third estate, impoverished people, took action and stormed the Bastille to only find old muskets and prisoners. This still showed that they were serious.

The Peace of Utrecht (1715)

This concluded the war and partitioned the Spanish empire. Britain gained the Asiento. France ultimately suffered great poverty and famine as a result of the high war costs left over from Louis XIV.

The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe

This group of people were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities.

The English Poor Law Act of 1834

This law established workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live.

Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian-born leader of German unification

This leader practiced Realpolitik in conducting domestic and foreign policy

Frederick the Great of Prussia (1740-1786)

This man became King at 28 years old. He was an atheist and a free thinker. He believed religion is ridiculous. "I am the first servant of the State." He did whatever he believed was best for his State. His people were calm. He promoted religious freedom. He simplified and codified judicial stuff. He invented kindergarten because he was interested in the education of young people.

Patronage

This term allowed wealthy landed aristocrats to gain support in the House of Commons elections.

During the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) and beyond, British prime minister Robert Castlereagh (1769-1822) had which of the following goals?

To make Great Britain the chief arbiter of European affairs

What was the aim of the Chartist movement, which organized in Britain in the 1830s?

To transform Britain into a democracy

After the turn of the twentieth century, futurist artists sought out a response to "end-of-century" malaise by looking:

Toward the machine age using new techniques and mediums.

Friedrich Nietzsche believed that human beings must become "supermen" and:

Transcend the bounds of cultural conformity.

After the Congress of Vienna, a ruler was made legitimate by international treaties and support, not divine right

True

Although discovered much earlier, the development of electricity in the late 1800's led to: A. new techniques in the chemical industry B. electrification of metropitan areas C. improvements in subway systems D. changes in the living habits of ordinary people. E. ALL OF THESE

True

Although this takes many forms, the seizure of control is central to imperialism

True

Imperialism is the process of extending one's states control over another

True

In order to mobilize the funds needed for large scale enterprises, most European countries enacted limited liability laws that ensured stockholders could lose only the value of their shars in the event of bankruptcy

True

Prussian victories in war weakened liberal oppostions to the King and Bismarck's policies by refocusing the attention of the people on international affairs and positive outcomes.

True

The aims of Tsar Alexander's Holy Alliance were to establish Justice, Christian charity, and peace

True

The civil constitution of the clergy demanded the clergy serve France, rather than Rome

True

The expansion of an informed reading public helped make it impossible for conservatives to restore the old order

True

The industrial revolution intensified human labor much more than it eased it

True

The second industrial revolution craeted a strong demand for technical expertise, which meant that university degrees became more important than on the job apprenticeships.

True

The task of unifying Italy was especially daunting as it had not been a united nation since the height of the Roman Empire almost 1,500 years before the unification movement of 1848

True

The technology of artillery made innovations such as the machine gun an effective deterrent to armed resistance by the native peoples, as seen in it's use by the British Army in Africa

True

Volk refers to the German people to whom Herder attributed a creative genius

True

New Imperialism brought fierce competition among the nations and was a profoundly destabilizing force.

True.

One of the most powerful forces driving the internal politics of the Austrian empire was the etnic nationalism

True.

Russia under Tsar Alexander II had made many liberal changes such as the freeing of the serfs. All liberal tendencies in the government came to an end with the assassination of the tsar.

True.

T/F: "Tories" was a nickname for the supporters of King Charles II.

True.

T/F: A "pogrom" is a Russian term for a violent attack on civilians.

True.

T/F: A powerful new tool of a general strike of all industrial workers was proposed by the syndicalists, who argued that it would do more to bring down the state than electoral politics.

True.

T/F: According to Lessing, religion is authentic or true only insofar as it makes the believer virtuous.

True.

T/F: Among the fastest growing group of readers in the eighteenth century was the female middle class.

True.

T/F: Futurism, as introduced to Italy by F. T. Marinetti, was an aggressive new art movement influenced by technology and the bustle of urban life.

True.

T/F: In order to mobilize the funds needed for large-scale enterprises, most European countries enacted limited-liability laws that ensured stockholders could lose only the value of their shares in the event of bankruptcy.

True.

T/F: In spite of Jean-Baptiste Colbert's efforts, Louis XIV left France's finances in ruins.

True.

T/F: In spite of all legal hindrances, votes for the Social Democratic Party in Germany quadrupled by 1881, the year Bismarck resigned.

True.

T/F: In the late seventeenth century, European wars almost always had a colonial aspect.

True.

T/F: Lenin regarded revolution as the only answer to Russia's problems.

True.

T/F: Of all the thinkers from the scientific revolution, John Locke had the widest ranging impact on Enlightenment scholars.

True.

T/F: The Enlightenment was not only a western European trend in thinking, it was also found in central and southern Europe.

True.

T/F: The first daily newspaper was printed in London.

True.

Versailles

Where the Estates-General opened at on May 5???

Limitations of Frederick the Great of Prussia

Under his rule there was a serf system for peasants in which they couldn't do much without approval from their lords. Frederick wanted to centralize authority and wanted to do it all himself. He trained no successor because he didn't want to give responsibility to others less gifted than he. Prussia ended up collapsing under Napoleon when Frederick died.

With the rise in literacy and the book business in the eighteenth century, censorship was:

Uneven in its implementation.

Mantra of Enlightenment

Universalists wanted a unity of humankind under natural laws. According to the philosophes, no nation was superior. Ideas were prized. Literary societies flourished. New language of thought, feeling, and happiness. Not so much concerned with political liberty.

What differentiated Karl Marx's views about the possibilities for social change from those of utopian socialists?

Unlike utopian socialists, who believed in cooperation, Marx was a realist whose views were based on scientific analysis and who saw class struggle as the basis for social change.

One means by which some nineteenth-century companies attempted to dominate an industry was to control every step of production, from the acquisition of raw materials to the distribution of the final product, in a/an _______ combination.

Vertical

Edward VII

Victoria's son

Small Intestine

Villi increase the surface area to increase absorption. Blood transports the absorbed nutrients to cells.

Although the "philosophes" condemned slavery, they did not argue for its immediate abolition and used many different means of avoiding the issue. One of their number, ______, exposed the hypocrisy of this approach by wondering how the Europeans would view slavery if they themselves were being enslaved.

Voltaire

religious intolerance.

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

France after 1792

War escalated between France against Austria, Prussia, Spain, Holland, and Britain. France was in chaos. There was a division within the National Assembly between Mountain/Jacobins and Girondistes.

The newly efficient taxation systems in many European realms of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries paid for many expenses, but by far the most expensive expenditure made by states was:

War.

Colbert

Was a financial wizard to Louis XIV. They wanted to raise taxes and he decided that the government should subsidize luxury items, in that way they intervened with the economy.

Tsar Alexander II:

Was assassinated in spite of freeing the serfs.

Test Act (1678)

Was created when James II becomes King because he is a catholic and 95% of England was Protestant at that time. They didn't want any catholics to come to office so they created this so people would have to swear allegiance to Protestants in order to get the position.

Published in 1903 and 1905, "The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion":

Was forged by the Russian secret police and detailed a Jewish plot to dominate the world.

The French Revolution was caused by multiple things including long-term problems and short-term crises. Among the reasons were classes among the estates or classes of French citizens, ideas of Enlightenment, strong opposition by the third class citizens to their duties to the church and also their landlords, poor harvests, and high unemployment particularly among those who lived in urban areas.

Was the French Revolution caused by long-term problems, short-term crises, or both?

What is social gospel?

We all have an obligation to contribute to society

Labor unions?

We're illegal at first, threatened people with letters, Knights of Labor, anyone could join

Louis XV

Weak ruler

Domestic System

Wealth was based on agriculture. People who worked on the countryside couldn't only do farm work because of the seasons. But they still worked in cottages.

The wars of Louis XIV:

Were an enormous drain on the treasury of France.

Issues before The English Revolution (1640-1641)

When the Tudor family died out in 1603 and James VI came to throne. James I and later son Charles I both had trouble ruling Scotland, Ireland, and England all at the same time because they had 3 very different kingdoms. Charles I also was a bad ruler.

Compulsory education from ages five to eight meant that could follow written instructions from factory supervisors; not-The small size of children facilitated their movement around machines, Children represented a cheap supply of labor, Children made up an abundant supply of labor.

Which of the following is not a reason owners of cotton factories employed children?

His theory emphasized the idea of the "survival of the fit" in which advantageous natural variants and environmental adaptations in organisms determine their survival.

Which of the following statements best applies to Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory?

The popular name for those who opposed Charles II's move toward absolutism was:

Whigs.

Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Who lead the "Thousand" that set out to liberate Sicily from Bourbon rule in 1860?

the liver as the beginning point of the circulation of blood

William Harvey's On the Motion of the Heart and Blood refuted the ideas of

What was New Freedom?

Wilson's plan

Who ran for the Democrats?

Wilson, he won

an act of Parliament.

Women were given the right to take qualifying exams for medical school in Britain in 1876 by

According to the ideology that historians call domesticity, what role were women expected to play in society?

Women were to devote themselves to their family and their home, living their lives entirely within the domestic sphere.

By 1884, Germany, France, and Britain had extended voting rights most broadly, but even in those countries the members of society who continued to be denied the vote as a group were:

Women.

Big Four

Woodrow Wilson- Prime minister David Lloyd George- Premier Georges Clemenceau- Vittorio Orlando

Grenfell

Worked with the people of Labrador and Newfounland

The Paris Commune obtained its greatest support from the:

Workers of Paris.

What does the "putting-out" system of the nineteenth century refer to?

Workers producing goods at home with raw materials supplied by outside contractors

Jean Paul Marat

Wrote Friend of the People, angry individual that lived in sewers, murdered, becomes martyr and figure of the revolution, Popular to most people.

Joseph II of Austria

Wrote an aspiration of universalism in which he sought to overcome the prejudice of the customs to the subjects. He was his own philosophe.

Mazarin

Young trained Cardinal who rule for young Louis XIV

Pantheism

____________ identifies the great force in nature with God. The Romantics would have nothing to do with the deist God of the Enlightenment, the remote creator of the world-machine.

After the fall of France, the most powerful nation in Europe became: A) Russia B) Germany C) Italy D) Spain

All were results of the Crimean War except: A) Loss of the Turkish fleet in Sinope B) British poor management of the war provoked waves of intense criticism C) First tactical use of railroads and telegraphs D) Russian influence in the Balkans was drastically curbed

By the end of the nineteenth century, the sole major independent kingdom in Africa was: A) Ethiopia B) Egypt C) Sudan D) The Congo Free State

One of the environmental changes caused by the Industrial Revolution was: A) Water pollution caused by mining detritus B) Air pollution caused by industries C) Air pollution caused by home heating with wood D) None of the above

One significant effect of the Great Depression in Europe was: A) The rise of authoritarian movements in many areas of Europe B) The complete destruction of Communist parties C) Huge unemployment rates in all nations but Great Britain D) The growth of fr4ee trade in order to spur economic recovery

Results of the Great Terror of 1937-1938 included all except: A) Lenin and Trotsky were killed B) Communist parties in Poland and Ukraine were also victims of the purges C) Nearly a million people died D) The top level of the Bolshevik party itself was almost completely purged

The Frankfurt Assembly was plagued by: A) the problem of nationality B)The question of working-class demands for social reform C) Disunity caused by religious differences D) The question of national religion

The German Confederation: A) Was created at the Congress of Vienna B) Provided a common defense and real executive power C) Did not include either Austria or Prussia D) Was created by Otto von Bismarck

The Industrial Revolution caused changes in which of the following areas? A) The nature of work B) The private lives of people C) Wealth and poverty D) All of the above

The Stalinist era in the 1930s witnessed: A) Millions of ordinary citizens arrested and sent into forced labor camps B) The decline of industrialization C) An abundance of liberal social legislation D) Improvements in the status of minorities

The Treaty that officially announced Russia's withdrawal from World War I was: A) the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk B) the Treaty of Portsmouth C) the Treaty of Utrecht D) None of the above

The effects of the Treaty of Versailles on postwar Germany included all of the following except: A) The strengthening of the Weimar Republic B) Germany was left with a staggering amount of debt C) Germans blamed their losses on the treaty D) Most Germans felt shame and dishonor

Confessionalism

a belief in the importance of full and unambiguous to the whole of a religious teaching

What was the Civil Service Reform?

a bill reform that expanded the number of government employees hired based on their qualifications rather than their political connections

Otto von Bismarck

a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. In the 1860s, he engineered a series of wars that unified the German states, significantly and deliberately excluding Austria, into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership. With that accomplished by 1871, he skillfully used balance of power diplomacy to maintain Germany's position in a Europe

Salons

a cultural hub, responsible for the dissemination of good manners and sociability during the revolution in france

The end that Enlightenment thinkers sought was summarized by Alexander Pope in his "Essay on Man" when he wrote, "the science of human nature [may be] like all other sciences reduced to:

a few clear points."

A philosophe may be defined as an individual who was

a free thinker

Cardinal of Richelieu

a french clergyman, nobel man, statesman, during the rule of King Louis XIII

Synapses

a gap between the axon endings of one neuron and the dendrites of another.

Grand Army

a group of more than 600,000 men under Napoleon that entered to try and take over Russia

Enlightened Despotism

a leaders espousal of "enlightenment ideas and principles" to enhance the leaders powers

Kidney failure

a person can live normally with one perfect kidney. If both fail, person will need dialysis. This machine filters the blood. Required 3 times a week for 3-4 hours.

Olympe de Gouges

a playwright and pamphleteer who refused to accept the exclusion of women from political groups; penned a Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

. Following Austria's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, Francis Joseph reluctantly agreed to the establishment of a "dual monarchy," which granted Magyars

a restored Hungarian parliament with control over domestic matters in Hungary.

Revolution of 1830

a revolutionary wave in Europe which took place in 1830. It included two "romantic nationalist" revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland.

Nationalism

a sense of national consciousness baed on awareness of being part of a community - a "nation" - that has common institutions, traditions, language, and customs, and that becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty

Revolution of 1848

a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history. The revolutions were essentially democratic in nature, with the aim of removing the old feudal structures and creating independent national states.

Cabinet Government

a system where administrators had a legislative seat so he could rig votes in parliament, he selected people who could side with him.

Infanticide

abandoning children at foundling homes during times of economic crises when children proved a burden on families

Cartesian dualism

absolute duality between mind and body

John Locke maintained that humans had originally lived in a state of nature characterized by: a. absolute freedom and equality b. absolute domination by powerful rulers c. fear and distrust d. None of the above

absolute freedom and equality

Bill of Rights

added to the constitution as the new governments first piece of business; 10 amendments that guaranteed freedom of religion, speech, the press, arms, property

By urging Austria to join Prussia in a war to save the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein from Danish territorial ambitions, Bismarck shrewdly

affected Austria's political and military overextension and set the stage for an Austro-Prussian confrontation.

Anemia

affects red blood cells. Loss of blood can cause it.

Leukemia

affects white blood cells. Production of too many white blood cells in the blood. The weak ones crowd out healthy ones.

Declaration of Independence

affirmed the Enlightenment's natural rights of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" and declared the colonies to be "free and independent states absolved from all allegiance to the British crown"

The invisible hand of Adam smiths theory could best guide economic activity because

all humans are rational and are the best judges of their own interests

In her Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that

all men and women share a common humanity

In her Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that a. republicanism was an ill-conceived idea dedicated to the violent disruption of society. b. there was no such thing as a natural division of labor in any human society. c. women deserved the protection of men because they were the weaker sex. d. all men and women share a common humanity.

all men and women share a common humanity.

Thomas Jefferson

an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809

Andrew Jackson

an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837 and was the founder of the Democratic Party. Before being elected to the presidency, he served in Congress and gained fame as a general in the United States Army. As president, he sought to advance the rights of the "common man" against what he saw as a "corrupt aristocracy" and to preserve the Union.

Alexander hamilton

an American statesman and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was an influential interpreter and promoter of the U.S. Constitution, as well as the founder of the nation's financial system, the Federalist Party, the United States Coast Guard, and The New York Post newspaper. As the first Secretary of the Treasury, he was the main author of the economic policies of the George Washington administration

Realism

an artistic movement that began in France in the 1850s, after the 1848 Revolution. these artists rejected Romanticism, which had dominated French literature and art since the late 18th century.It revolted against the exotic subject matter and exaggerated emotionalism and drama of the Romantic movement.

Liberalism

an ideology based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible

Conservatism

an ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted change, especially abrupt change

Socialism

an ideology that calls for collective or government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods

What was jingoism?

an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy

Lister

antiseptics

Trade Unions

associations formed by skilled workers in a number of new industries including the cotton spinners, ironworkers, coal miners, and shipwrights; serve two purposes 1)preserve their own workers' position by limiting entry into their trade, 2) gain benefits from employers

Parathyroid gland

attached to the back surface of the thyroid. Regulates calcium levels.

realism

attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements.

Montesquieu

attempted to apply the scientific method to social and political arena to ascertain "natural laws" governing the social relationships of human beings; distinguished three basic kinds of governments: republics-suitable for small states and based on citizen involvement, monarchy-appropriate for middle-small states and grounded in the ruling class's adherence to law, and despotism-apt for large empires and dependent on fear to inspire obedience; also stressed the importance of checks and balances and a separation of powers

Mary Shelley

authored Frankenstein, which was considered Gothic literature during the Romantic period

What was the Teller Amendment?

authorized war, once peace was restored Cubans could govern themselves

All of the following prompted the Russian people to revolt against their tsar in 1917 except: A) The terrible loss of life in World War I B) The mistreatment of Rasputin by the tsar's family C) A complete loss of faith in the government D) Lack of food in most areas of the country

Although the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary had ethnic problems within many of its provinces, the most volatile proved to be within the province of: A) Albania B) Bosnia C) Croatia D) Serbia

Bismarck's quest for a united Germany required that he: A) Defeat both Austria and Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession in 1870 B) Fight short, deliberate wars to achieve limited ends that would eventually lead to unification C) Placate Austria as much as possible so as not to cause Austria to declare war to stop Prussia D) None of the above

Hitler's rise to power included all of the following except: A) Being appointed chancellor of the Weimar Republic B) Leading a successful overthrow of the Weimar Republic in 1932 C) Suspending civil rights as a defensive measure against Communists D) Convincing Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag

Stalin's Five Year Plans were designed to: A) Promote the arts in the Soviet Union B) Rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union C) Gradually introduce democracy into the Soviet Union D) None of the above

The Decembrist Revolt resulted in: A) Democratic reforms in Russia B) The execution of its organizers C) The overthrow of the Russian monarchy D) None of the above

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain began in which of the following industries? A) Oil B) Textiles C) Rubber D) Shipping

The Opium Wars began when: A) Most European nations prohibited the smoking of opium B) The Chinese banned opium imports C) The United States intensified its expansion into Asia D) None of the above

The basis of nineteenth century conservatism was a belief in political stability which the conservatives thought would be guaranteed by: A) The army B) The monarchy C) The middle class D) The peasantry

The first Fascist state in Europe was: A) Germany B) Italy C) Russia D) Italy

Heliocentrism

belief that the son is at the center of the universe

Rousseau

believed that liberty was achieved through being forced to follow what was best for all people, because what was best for all was best for each individual; believed that education should foster rather than restrict children's natural instincts; precursor of Romanticism by his belief in a balance between heart and mind and sentiment and reason

Whitefield

best-known GW evangelist

Gothic Literature

bizarre and unusual literature which marked the Romantics

Patronage

bribery used to enable wealthy landed aristocrats to gain support

Chronic bronchitis

bronchial tubes become irritated and swell. This produced too much mucus and and coughing which can damage cilia, form scar tissue.

Nicholas I

brother of Alexander; succeeded him; became a strict reactionary after a military revolt at the beginning of his reign in Russia; He would not allow revolts

Scientific Revolution

brought about a dissolution of the medieval worldview

Agricultural Revolution

brought changes in the methods of farming and stock breeding that characterized an agricultural transformation that led to a significant increase in food production

Zeppelin

built air ship called a dirigible

Between 1800 and 1840, many European countries began to close the industrial gap with Great Britain,

but by 1850, continental Europe was still almost twenty years behind Great Britain in industrialization.

Hitler's anti-Semitic policies in the 1930s: A) Did not exclude Jews from legal, medical, and teaching positions B) Would remain minimal and largely harmless until World War II C) Reached their most violent phase during Kristallnacht D) Required all Jews to be forcibly removed from Europe

In Victorian England, the ideal woman was: A) A nurse attending soldiers during the Napoleonic Wars B) Unmarried and celibate C) A devoted wife and mother D) A factory worker

Luddites were people who: A) Planned to assassinate the king of England B) Supported absolute monarchy C) Opposed machines in the workplace D) Supported the idea of women serving in Parliament

Napoleon's successor became: A) Alexander I B) Louis XVII C) Louis XVIII D) Klemens von Metternich

Otto von Bismarck intended to achieve his goal of strengthening Prussia's place in international affairs through: A) Liberalism B) Conservatism C) Realpolitik D) Corporatism

The Boxer Rebellion of 1900: A) Was an armed rebellion against the British in Hong Kong B) Was a successful plot to overthrow the Chinese government C) Was one of the anti-imperialist movements of the nineteenth century D) Did not include participation from the United States

The Franco-Prussian War was waged: A) In order to destroy the North German Confederation B) To allow Bismarck to seize power in Prussia C) As the final stage in German unification D) To reduce the power of the Habsburg empire

The Great Famine of 1845-49: A) Took place during a time when the Irish population was naturally declining B) Affected only the Irish; it did not occur anywhere else in Europe C) Was responsible for the deaths of at least one million Irish D) Virtually wiped out the Irish population, allowing the English to take over the country as a colony

The event in 1933 that led to Hitler's being given unlimited power was the: A) Great Depression B) Occupation of the Rhineland by France C) Reichstag fire D) Collapse of the Deutschmark

Which of the following is true of liberalism? A) It supported absolute monarchy B) It was a reaction against the Enlightenment C) It was a product of the Enlightenment D) None of the above

Which of the following was NOT a major reason for the German collapse in November of 1918? A) The surrender of Austria B) Scarce food supplied that left some Germans on the verge of starvation C) The sudden death of Kaiser Wilhelm's heir D) Socialist revolts throughout the country

World War I dead numbered approximately: A) 3 million B) 5 million C) 10 million D) 15 million

Fats

called lipids. needed to help body absorb vitamins. Excess energy taken in your body is stored as fat.

Descartes

called the father of modern rationalism; deduced the separation of of mind and matter; Cartesian dualism came about which stated that "the mind cannot be doubted but the body and material world can, the two must be radically different"; also proposed a different approach in scientific methodology by emphasizing deduction and mathematical logic

Paracelsus

came to be known as the father of modern medicine through his concepts of disease and his recognition of "new drugs" for medicine

Veins

carries blood to the heart. Oxygen-poor blood.

Sensory nerve cells

carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord.m

Axons

carry the messages away from the cell body. The messages that are carried by neurons are called impulses.

During the early nineteenth century, liberals supported nationalism across Europe because it a. celebrated the achievements and the awakening of the common people. b. denounced conservatives. c. called for a united Europe. d. emphasized the distinctiveness of individuals. e. sought to suppress the role of religion in society.

celebrated the achievements and the awakening of the common people.

Rapid economic and population growth in northwest Europe was made possible by declines in mortality and a. an in-migration of people from Asia. b. a vast improvement in medical sciences. c. the adoption of paper money. d. the discovery of gold in Russia. e. cheaper foods.

cheaper foods.

Hormones

chemical messages sent by endocrine glands.

Hemoglobin

chemical that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Zollverein

coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories.

The four types of imperialism?

colonial- a stronger country governs weaker land political-a stronger country controls the political doings of a weaker one economic-one country controls the economy of another land socio-cultural- stronger country controls the popular culture of a weaker one

Battle of Leipzig -aka Battle of Nations

combined forces of Europe beat Napoleon's new army

Oliver Cromwell

commander of Parliament's armies

Third Estate

commoners of societies; constituted overwhelming majority of French population

Motor neurons

conducts impulses from brain to muscles and glands.

Crimean War

conflict between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the French Empire, the British, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia. Part of a long-running conflict for influence over territories near the Black Sea and the Crimean penisular

Dendrites

connect to the cell body and receive the messages and send them to cell body

Peripheral nervous system

connects nerves from spinal cord and brain to all other nerves in the body.

Conservatives believed in monarchy and a hierarchical society. They also believed that a. the common people should be allowed their rightful place in the political system. b. all legitimate power came from the people themselves. c. conserving the past and cultivating tradition would ensure a solid and good future. d. the past and even history itself had few usable lessons fit for the future. e. the best way to secure a good future was to prevent all change.

conserving the past and cultivating tradition would ensure a solid and good future.

First Estate

consisted of clergy

Napoleon's founding of the Legion of Honor in 1802 was part of his campaign to

create a new nobility by establishing a social hierarchy based on merit.

Separation of Powers

created out of the importance of checks and balances

Diderot

created the twenty eight volume Encyclopedia

Scientific Method

crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world; established the proper means to examine and understand the physical realm

Continental Europe lagged behind Great Britain in industrializing due primarily to: A) A lack of natural resources and capital to finance factories B) A lack of interest in moving from the countryside to the cities C) A decline in the birthrate throughout Europe D) The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars

One element of the Treaty of Versailles which most Germans found difficult to accept was: A) The reductions imposed in the size of the German military B) The loss of Germany's Latin American empire C) The loss of all political independence for a period of twenty years D) the "War Guilt Clause," which imposed heavy reparations on Germany

Otto von Bismarck, Prussian chancellor, is most well-known: A) for being the first Socialist elected to office B) for being called the "sick man of Europe" in diplomatic circles C) for his attitude that German unification would occur through acts of kindness and charity towards his European neighbors D) for his attitude that German unification would be achieved through "blood and iron"

The 1848 revolution in Germany entered its second phase with: A) A strike by textile workers B) The assassination of Kaiser Wilhelm I C) The appointment of Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor D) The election of the all-German assembly in Frankfurt

The Afrikaners, or Boers, were European settlers from: A) Sweden B) France C) Germany D) The Netherlands

The United States entered the war on the side of the Allies largely because of: A) The sinking of the Lusitania B) Genocide attempted by the Germans on the Eastern Front C) The victory of the Bolsheviks in Russia D) Interception of the Zimmermann telegram

The first emperor of a united Germany was: A) Otto II B) Wilhelm Friedrich II C) Wilhelm II D) Wilhelm I

The founder of modern socialism was: A) G.W.F. Hegel B) Theodore Herzl C) Friedrick List D) None of the above

What event galvanized the cause of Irish nationalism during World War I? A) The founding of the Sinn Fein political party B) The outspoken support for Irish independence by the Prince of Wales C) The appalling losses among Irish soldiers during the battle of the Somme D) The execution of the leaders of the Easter Rebellion

Which of the following was true of Mein Kampf? A) It made no mention of Hitler's anti-Semitism B) It outlined in detail Hitler's plan to take power through a massive rebellion C) Immediately became a bestseller throughout Europe D) Was autobiographical and set forth Hitler's ideology of Aryan supremacy

Cholera

deadly disease that ravaged Europe in the early 1830's and late 1840's and were especially rampant in overcrowded cities

William Harvey

demonstrated that the heart and not the liver was the beginning point of circulation of blood in the body, that the same blood flows in both veins and arteries, and most important, that the blood makes a complete circuit as it passes through the body

John Locke

denied Descartes's belief in innate ideas and argued that every person was born with a tabula rasa; our knowledge is derived from our environment not from heredity, from reason, not faith

Emphysema

disease of the alveoli, which enlarge and fail to function properly. Leads to shortness of breath and heart problems.

A romantic would probably argue that human nature is

diverse, and therefor subject to no natural laws.

Lord Byron

dramatized himself as the melancholy Romantic hero, author of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage

Diderot

editor of the encyclopedia

Primogeniture

eldest son received all or the largest share of the parent's estate and thus was treated as the favorite

Samuel Morse

electric telegraph

Salons

elegant drawing rooms in the urban houses of the wealthy were invited philosophes and guests gathered to engage in witty, sparkling conversations that often centered on the ideas of the philosophes; important in bringing together writers and artists with aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy bourgeoisie in France

Romanticism

emphasis on heart and sentiment

Rococo

emphasized grace and gentle action; rejected strict geometrical patterns and had a fondness for curves; it liked to follow the wandering lines of natural objects, such as seashells and flowers; made much use of interlaced deesigns colored in gold with delicate contours and graceful curves

Economic Liberalism

emphasizing the economic liberty of the individual; Adam Smith was a proponent

The English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588: a. Was made possible by the support of the French navy b. Caused Spain to lose all New World colonies to the English c. encouraged English nationalism and anti-Catholic prejudices in Great Britain d. None of the above

encouraged English nationalism and anti-Catholic prejudices in Great Britain

Enclosure Acts

end of open-field system that led to the demise of cooperative farming of village communities; was enacted through Parliament legislation; forced many small farmers to become wage laborers or tenant farmers

Effects of the French Revolution

ended absolutism in france, the bourgeoisie gained political power, revolutionary ideas spread throughout europe

European women, having attained the right to control their own propery, viewed ___ as the symbol of full legal personhood

enfranchisement

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, freedom meant a. the worst corruption of the "social contract." b. equal citizens obeying laws that they themselves had made. c. the total absence of any restraints in society. d. the ability of human beings to think on their own.

equal citizens obeying laws that they themselves had made.

What is the federal reserve act?

est. 12 banking districts

Maria Merian

established a reputation as an important entomologist

Plymouth

established by English Separatist

Wesley

evangelist that brought revival to England

Because the allied powers still feared Napoleon after his final defeat in 1815, they

exiled him to St. Helena, a tiny, remote island in the middle of the South Atlantic.

Catherine the Great

expanded Russia's territory westward into Poland and southward to the Black Sea; initially advocated equality of all people in the eyes of the law, and after a rebellion collapsed, she responded with even greater repression of the peasantry

A distinction may be drawn between liberals and republicans on the issues of

expanding the franchise

Institutional Church

experienced change because of new state policies but did not sustain any dramatic internal changes

Conservatism

favored obedience to political authority believed that organized religion was crucial to social order, hated revolutionary upheavals, and were unwilling to accept either the liberal demands for civil liberties and representative governments or the nationalistic aspirations generated by the French revolutionary era

Bismarck's quest for a united Germany required him to: a. placate Austria as much as possible so that Austria would not declare war on Prussia. b. use diplomacy to achieve unification, because Austria and France remained the military powers in Europe. c. fight short, deliberate wars to achieve limited ends that eventually would lead to unification. d. create a House of Nobles in addition to the legislative assembly to give a voice to the rulers of all the independent German states in exchange for uniting with Prussia. e. defeat both Austria and Russia in the War of the Austrian Succession in 1870.

fight short, deliberate wars to achieve limited ends that eventually would lead to unification.

White blood cell

fights bacteria and viruses.

Jamestown

first English settlement in the New world

Claperton

first European to cross Sahara Desert and discovered Lake Chad

Galileo

first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by means of telescope

Napoleon III

first President of the French Republic and ruler of the Second French Empire.

Wright Brothers

first airplane

KDKA

first commercial broadcasting station

Frankfurt Assembly

first freely elected parliament for all of Germany, was both part of and the result of the "March Revolution" in the states of the German Confederation

Liberia ( capital Monrovia)

first independent African republic

Carey and Teague

first missionaries to Liberia

Benz - Ford

first modern automobiles

Robert Fulton

first practical steamship ( Clermont)

Lusitania

first victim of the submarines

Smell

food and other objects give off molecules into the air. They stimulate nerve cells called olfactory cells in the nose. Then they travel to brain and are interpreted.

Accessory Organs

food doesn't pass through them. Aids the food process. Include liver, tongue, teeth, etc.

Mechanical Digestion

food is chewed, mixed, churned. Saliva breaks down food quickly.

Blood pressure

force of blood on the walls of blood vessels.

Antigens

foreign substances in the blood

Garibaldi

formed group called the red shirts

Although eighteenth-century food riots were a direct response to the lack of available food, they were also a reaction to

government-mandated military service for lower-class men for years on end, which left their families without economic resources.

To address the health issues of urban dwellers, a. governments gradually began to pass laws to clean up the cities. b. private corporations took the lead in developing approaches to urban problems. c. governments pushed people back into the countryside. d. cooperatives of citizens began to develop cleaner neighborhoods. e. factory owners led the way in addressing pollution.

governments gradually began to pass laws to clean up the cities.

Edict of Nantes

granted the Calvinist Protestants in France substantial rights

Wilberforce

great Christian statesmen of English History help abolish slave trade

George Washington

great hero of War for Independence and an important leader at the Constitutional Convention, first President

Voltaire

greatest figure of the Enlightenment; criticized traditional religion and championed religious tolerance and deism

Edison

greatest inventor in history

A major precondition of industrialization in Britain was its____________________, which Britain had developed far earlier and more fully than other countries.

growing supply of capital

Skepticism

growing toward religion at the end of the seventeenth century by portraying the churches as enemies of scientific progress

As a result of the 1905 Revolution, TSAR NICHOLAS II issued the October Manifesto, which:

guaranteed individual liberties, more liberal franchise for the election of a Dumas, and veto powers for the Dumas - all of which Nicholas repealed over the next two years.

In the early 1820s, rebellions against the monarchies in Spain and Russia were led by army officers because these men

had been influenced by French ideas about reform during the long campaigns against Napoleon.

Mary Wollstonecraft believed that equality laid the basis for virtue and thus argued that society ought to seek "the perfection of our nature and capability of:

happiness."

When an adviser to Frederick William III of Prussia (r. 1797-1840) wrote, "We must do from above what the French have done from below," to what was he referring?

he institution of French-inspired reforms that included the abolition of serfdom and an overhaul of the army to open the way for the appointment of middle-class officers

Bismarck enacted several measures concerning national health legislation because

he wanted to win over the loyalty of the German working class

Who was Thomas Reed?

he was from Maine, became speaker of the house, he instituted an autocratic rule over the House that took years to break

Who was Pincho?

head of the national forest

What was yellow press?

headlines of crime, disaster, and scandal

Cones

help you see in color.

Woodrow Wilson

helped congress decide to go to war against Germany

Hypertension

high blood pressure

Bladder

holding place for urine. When people urinate the urine flows from the bladder out the tube called the urethra.

Uterus

hollow pear shaped organ.

Federal Workman's Compensation

if you get hurt at work you get paid

Amendments to state constitutions offered voters what?

initiative, referendum, and recall

Minerals

inorganic nutrient. these help the body control chemical reactions in the body. Calcium and phosphorus are used mostly by the body.

What are muckrakers?

investigative stories

Wrought Iron

iron of a high quality; malleable and able to withstand strain

Platelets

irregularly shaped cell fragments that clot blood.

Klemens von Metternich

leader of the Congress of Vienna; an Austrian foreign minister; thought it was necessary to restore the legitimate monarchs and preserve traditional institutions

Count Cavour

leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification. He was the founder of the original Liberal Party and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia

Allenby

led British and Australian troops and captured Jerusalem

Ultra Loyalists

liberals who were eager to extend the revolutionary reforms; hoped to return to a monarchical system dominated by a privileged landed aristocracy and to restore the Catholic Church to its former position of influence

Vision

light enter the eye through the cornea. The lens forcuses the images on the retina behind the eye.

Plasma

liquid part of the blood. Nutrients, minerals, and oxygen are dissolved in plasma. Carries wastes away from cells into kidneys.

Adrenal gland

located at the top of the kidneys. One hormone it produces is adrenaline, which helps adapt to stress.

Cerebellum

located behind the cerebrum. Interprets stimuli from the eyes, ears, muscles, and tendons. Coordinates voluntary muscle movement, maintains muscle tone, and helps balance.

Thyroid gland

located below the larynx and it produces hormones that regulate the metabolic rate.

Ovaries

located deep in the pelvis. Produces female hormones called estrogen and progesterone. They regulate the female reproductive cycle.

Pineal gland

located deep within the brain. Produces melatonin.

Thymus

located in upper chest behind the sternum. Help fights infections.

Ventricles

lower 2 chambers

Bronchi

lower end of the trachea branches off into two short tubes called bronchi.

Historians attribute the massive population growth of European cities in the mid-nineteenth century to

massive rural emigration, as overpopulation on the land made agriculture an unsustainable way of life for many people.

Nutrients

materials that provide energy for cell development, growth, and repair.

High culture

means the literary and artistic world of the educated and wealthy ruling classes

Capillaries

microscopic blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. Removes wastes and carbon dioxide.

Who were the advocates for imperialism?

missionaries, politicians, naval power, and the press

Alexander II

most significant reform as emperor was emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as "" the Liberator. The tsar was responsible for other reforms, including reorganizing the judicial system, setting up elected local judges, abolishing corporal punishment. Emperor of Russia from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881. He was also the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Finland.

Vitamins

needed for growth and preventing disease. Well balanced diets usually give your body all the vitamins it needs. Water-soluble and fat-soluble.

Second Estate

nobility

National Assembly

on June 17, 1789 the Third Estate voted to constitute itself a "National Assembly" and decided to draw up on constitution

female reproductive system

one a month, ovulation occurs. This is the realsing of eggs from the ovaries.

Beethoven

one of the few composers to singlehandedly transform the art of music; served as a bridge from the classical era to Romanticism

Napoleonic wars

one of the most important series of wars in history

Margaret Cavendish

one of the most prominent female scientists of the seventeenth century; participant in the crucial scientific debates of her time; did not hesitate to attack what she considered the defects of the rationalist and empiricist approaches to scientific knowledge especially of the growing belief that humans would be masters of nature

The Concert of Europe was an alliance system established to a. exclude Russia from any active involvement in European affairs. b. support Greek independence. c. address the issues of the revolutions of 1848. d. oppose liberal notions of popular representation and national self-determination. e. restore Spanish rule in Central and South America.

oppose liberal notions of popular representation and national self-determination.

Industrial Revolution

originated in Great Britain due to their supply of capital, early industrial entrepreneurs, mineral resources, favorable role of governmental support, and a supply of markets with a ready outlet for manufactured goods

William Pit the Younger

outstanding British leader of the beginning of the 19th cen

Liberalism

owed much to the Enlightenment era; began with the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible

What was progressivism?

people wanted to build on the existing society, making moderate political changes and social improvements through government action

What was the Cuban Revolt?

people would sabotage and lay wastes on Cuban plantations so Spain sent 100,000 troops, Weyler forced civilians into armed camps

English Bill of Rights

permanently established English traditional political liberties

Hume

promoted philosophy of Skepticism

Constitution

proposed creating a central government distinct from and superior to the governments of the individual states

Zimmermann note

proposed that Mexico and Germany form an alliance if the U.S entered the war

Planck

quantum theory of matter and energy

Maximilien Robespierre

radical Jacobin leader and one of the principle figures of the French revolution

Articles of Confederation

ratified in 1781, didn't do a lot to provide for a strong government; revised later after a movement for a new government started

Popular Culture

refers to written and unwritten lore of the masses, most of which is passed down orally

What was the sinking of the Maine?

ship exploded off the harbor of Cuba, killed 260 americans onboard

In his 1869 work The Subjection of Women, John Stuart Mill

showed the family as a despotic institution, lacking modern values such as rights and freedom.

Treaty of Paris

signed in 1783, recognized the independence of the American colonies and granted the Americans control of the territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River

Newton

spelled out the mathematical proofs demonstrating his universal law of gravitation; defined basic concepts of mechanics by elaborating three laws of motion; synthesized the scientific method into one single method by uniting Bacon's empiricism with Descartes's rationalism

Rationalism

split between mind and matter and between mind and body

Prior to the French Revolution, a. professional revolutionaries and troublemakers had infiltrated France from America. b. tensions were rising and fault lines were appearing among the social classes, which could be displeased with a government and economy that did not serve their needs. c. the British consistently sought to weaken France by stirring up domestic problems among France's intellectuals. d. the Catholic Church had aggressively waged war on any belief other than strict conservative Catholicism.

tensions were rising and fault lines were appearing among the social classes, which could be displeased with a government and economy that did not serve their needs.

Louis XVI

the French monarch who ruled during the French Revolution; was beheaded

What provided the core of the identity and values of the new middle classes of the nineteenth century was a. their loyalty to their political associations. b. the education they received in British public schools. c. the concept of the family. d. a strong sense of rugged individualism. e. a fundamental desire to achieve personal liberty.

the concept of the family.

One of the demands made by the students and artisans of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy in 1848 was: a. provision of a separate constitution for the kingdom of Bohemia. b. the immediate closing of the state university. c. the creation of a single house of representatives. d. the abdication of Emperor Francis Joseph I. e. the abolition of all fees and tuition for higher education.

the creation of a single house of representatives.

Harris

the first diplomatic representative that America sent to Japan

John Marshall

the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1801-1835). His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law and many say made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. Previously, he had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1799 to 1800. He was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801.

Rationalism

the idea that man's reason is the sole criterion for truth

Philosophies

the intellectuals of the 18th-century enlightenment

The basis of the nineteenth century conservatism was a belief in political stability which the conservatives thought would be guaranteed by the

the monarchy

Declaration of Independence

the most important human statement of political principles in the history of the world

Napoleon III

the only President (1848-52) of the French Second Republic and, as Napoleon III, the Emperor (1852-70) of the Second French Empire. He was the nephew and heir of Napoleon I. He was the first President of France to be elected by a direct popular vote.

In general, the Romantics would be likely to argue that a. reason was capable of revealing the world as it existed. b. all poetic imagination must be subject to the laws of knowledge. c. nature reveals nothing, the mind everything. d. truth could be found in the art of the ancient world. e. the philosophes had elevated reason above emotion and spontaneity.

the philosophes had elevated reason above emotion and spontaneity.

The American Civil war resulted in many changes for the U.S, among which were the abolishment of slavery, a rapid expansion of the national economy, and:

the preeminence of the national government over states' rights

Menstration

the release of blood and uterin lining tissue. Phase one starts with mentrual flow and lasts 4-6 days. Phase two involves thikening of the uterus and ovulation. This occurs between day 6 and day 21. Phase three continues with preperation and ends with decreasing hormone levels.

Serfdom

the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of bondage, which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century

The English social theorist Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) argued that

the unfit should be allowed to perish so as not to block the path of progress.

De-Christianization

the word "saint" was removed from street names, churches were pillaged and closed by revolutionary armies, and priests were encouraged to marry; adoption of a republican calendar

Empiricism

theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience -John Locke

Rationalism

theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than religious belief and emotional response

Chyme

thin, watery liquid in the stomach.

Continental system

this forbade the importation of British goods into any European country under French control

Long Parliament (13 years)

this prevented the king from dissolving the assembly as he had before.

During the nineteenth century, middle-class success stories were mostly myths, because a. nineteenth-century society remained very stagnant as far as social mobility was concerned. b. no one from the middle class ever broke through into the upper class; class distinctions were rigidly enforced by law. c. they were entirely the creation of the popular novelists of the day. d. Europe had, by that time, developed a truly classless society based on merit. e. those that occurred originated in the middle class itself, with the sons of well-off farmers or professionals.

those that occurred originated in the middle class itself, with the sons of well-off farmers or professionals.

Authoritarian kings

those who expect unconditional obedience to their authority

Enzymes

type of protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions in the body. Most of them help in degestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Perishing

under his command the American Expeditionary Force arrived in France at the rate of 300,000 men a month. This halted the German advance

The British made Canada a united, self-governing dominion in 1867, in part to

undercut a demand by the United States that it be allowed to annex Canada.

Geocentric Conception

universe was seen as a series of concentric spheres with a fixed or motionless earth at its center

Socialism

wanted to introduce equality into social conditions and believed that human cooperation was superior to the competition that characterized early industrial capitalism

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen a. was never accepted by Louis XVI and thus never went into effect. b. was renounced two years later in favor of the Constitution of 1791. c. gave equal political and social rights to all men and women. d. was a moral document specifying the natural rights of human beings.

was a moral document specifying the natural rights of human beings.

Abolitionists in Britain, such as William Wilberforce, argued that slavery a. was injurious to free trade. b. was detrimental to the relations of the races. c. was inherently immoral. d. violated universal human rights. e. was uneconomical.

was inherently immoral.

The Italian Romantic nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini ... a. held secret meetings with Napoleon III to secure Elba for Italy. b. sought to unite Italy under the leadership of Victor Emmanuel II. c. led a successful invasion of Sicily from Switzerland in 1848. d. detested the Carbonari for its role in advocating labor strikes. e. was on a mission to bring democracy to the common people of the world.

was on a mission to bring democracy to the common people of the world.

Commonwealth

was proclaimed republic under the command of Cromwell

The Haitian Revolution was important because it a. showed that Napoleon had a liberal/philosophical side and a military side. b. anticipated the more moderate stage of the French Revolution to come. c. carried on the French monarchy in its fight against the revolution. d. was the only successful slave revolt in history.

was the only successful slave revolt in history.

What was the Department of Labor?

way the federal government introduces things, 8 hr work day with federal contracters

Louis XVI

weak ruler France would come to the sweeping of a revolution

Neurons

what makes up a nerve. They are made up of a cell body, an axon, and dendrites.

Hearing

when an object vibrates it produces sound waves. They are necessary to produce sound. Travel easier through denser materials. Outer ear catches sound and funnels it into the middle of the ear. There it vibrates and causes the sound waves to move through the bones called the anvil, hammer, and sternum. Vibration in the inner ear causes fluids in the cochlea to vibrate. Middle ear is responsible for balance.

Chemical Digestion

when chemicals break down food. Saliva and stomach acids.

Farsightedness

when light is focused behind the retina. Can be corrected using convex lenses.

Nearsightedness

when light is focused in front of the retina. Can be corrected by concave lenses.

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