History final

On which of the following premises does the concept of popular sovereignty depend?

A nation is a people sharing a common culture, language, and history.

Which of the following statements best characterizes the effect of missionaries' attempts to forcibly convert both Amerindians and Africans to Christianity during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

Africans and Amerindians merged indigenous rituals and beliefs with Christianity.

What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean?

Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations.

In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs?

Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions, while Europeans fought for forty years to force religious conformity.

What do coffee, tea, and cocoa have in common?

All are addictive stimulants that appealed to the new mercantile and professional classes in England.

What was a consequence of Europeans' introduction of firearms into North America?

Amerindian groups fought each other as they sought to increase their hunting and trapping ranges.

Which of the following accurately describes the reactions of Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti and the Haitian Declaration of Independence to French "proclamations"?

Both criticized the hypocrisy of French claims to Egyptians and Haitians.

Which of the following is a valid comparison between royal patrons in West Africa and in Europe, Asia, and the Islamic world?

Both encouraged the production of artwork that glorified the rulers' power and achievements.

In which of the following ways did the Zulu leader, Shaka, resemble Mongol leaders?

Both had the ability to incorporate defeated communities into the state.

Which of the following accurately characterizes both the American and the French Revolutions?

Both were instigated in part by complaints of excessive taxation.

Which of the following best explains the rise of Orientalist scholarship?

British imperialists' desire to understand their subject populations

What impact did the arrival of corn have in West Africa beginning in the sixteenth century?

Corn contributed the caloric energy needed to transform rain forest into arable land.

Since there was no demand for European products in Asia, what steps did the Dutch take to reduce the need to use precious metals to pay for Asian spices?

Dutch privateers captured Spanish treasure ships bound for Manila. Dutch merchants used paper money and letters of credit to pay for spices. The Dutch used their merchant ships to increase their participation in inter-Asian trade.

Which of the following prevented English monarchs, such as Queen Elizabeth I, from establishing an absolutist regime?

English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds.

By tolerating different religious and cultural traditions, Mughal rulers such as Akbar and Emperor Shah Jahan's eldest son, Dara Shikoh, put themselves in stark contrast to which of the following?

Europe

Following the Council of Trent, the Cistercians sent missionaries to the Americas, India, Japan, and China. true/false

False

Which of the following was a consequence of the fact that European buyers preferred enslaved males?

Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of the transatlantic slave trade.

Which of the following did Adam Smith see as a valid reason for creating an economy with less government regulation?

He believed that free and fair competition provided the best opportunity to produce wealth.

Which of the following shows the early Mughal Empire's attitude toward the culture of South Asia?

Hindus and Muslims shared the flourishing of art, architecture, and music.

Which of the following helps explain the degree of intermarriage between European men and native women in the Americas?

Initially, European colonists were overwhelmingly male.

In what way did Britain's political and social environment contribute to the industrial revolution?

It allowed merchants and industrialists to invest heavily in such inventions as steam power.

Which of the following led Russians to migrate to Siberia?

Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution.

Which of the following helped to destabilize the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth century?

Military campaigns and a growing population strained the empire's resources.

What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland?

Officials established caravan stations for travelers' refreshment and protection.

What did the Ottomans see as evidence that the Islamic world had a monopoly on truth, enlightenment, and culture?

Ottoman military successes proved God's favor for their culture.

Which of the following accurately describes global trade in the mid-nineteenth century?

People increasingly worked to produce goods that they could sell in the global market instead of producing subsistence crops.

How did Pizarro manage to defeat Atahualpa?

Pizarro invited Atahualpa to a meeting, and then unleashed hidden men with guns and horses.

Why was China's demand for silver so high during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets.

Which of the following was a way in which the spread of Protestant beliefs contributed to protracted warfare in Europe between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries?

Some peasants used Luther's challenge to church authority as permission to take up arms against feudal landlords.

For what reason did the Dutch kill or enslave nearly the entire population of the Banda Islands?

The Dutch wanted to buy nutmeg at a low price in the Banda Islands and sell nutmeg at many times that price in Europe.

For what reason did the Tokugawa shoguns expel all foreign traders except the Dutch?

The Dutch were Protestant and did not proselytize.

Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth-century Macau?

The Portuguese used Macau as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China.

After 1570, why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China?

The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas.

Describe the colonial empires that emerged in North America and the Caribbean between 1600 and 1750. Analyze the factors that shaped a colony's development.

The colonial empires that emerged in North America and the Caribbean between 1600 and 1750 were the French and English colonial empires. The factors that shaped the French colony's development were that the French were in control of the fur trade and they worked/cooperated with the native Americans. The factors that shaped the English colony's development were that they had control over the Atlantic coast and they fought with the natives to kick them out.

Which of the following was an important effect of the Ottoman conquest of Syria and Egypt?

The conquest enabled Ottoman leaders to treat their Sunni state as the preeminent Muslim empire.

Which of the following undermined the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires?

The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy.

According to Marx, how is the "epoch of the bourgeoisie" different from other epochs of class antagonism?

The relations between classes in this period are simplified

Which of the following is an effect of the nomadic horse culture adopted by the Plains Indians?

The status of women declined as societies transitioned to hunting from horticulture.

Why did the Chinese devote a great deal of attention to astronomy and calendrical science?

They believed that the stability of the kingdom depended on the emperor's ability to calculate correct dates for festivals, court sessions, mourning periods, and agricultural work.

What was the major reason why European states wanted to prevent their New World colonies from trading with other states?

They wanted to prevent the spread of wealth to states other than their own.

Why were women especially drawn to Fourier's proposed reforms?

Women longed for a way to address the social problems of poverty, prostitution, and the exploitation of workers

What did Marx and Engels believe would be the outcome of the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat?

a victory by the proletariat that would result in the destruction of capitalism, the end of private property, and the eventual withering away of the state

In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence?

as healers, consorts, and power brokers in the Forbidden City

What factor contributed most to Mexico's Declaration of Independence in 1821?

cooperation between the Mexican and South American elites calls for a redistribution of wealth and property among Amerindians and the poor loss of faith in the Spanish king's ability to rule effectively

. Which of the following is an example of a product that nonelite people could afford because of industrialization?

cotton clothing

As Africa became increasingly caught up in global economic exchanges during this period, African culture was heavily influenced by European culture. true/false

false

Both the Tokugawa Shogunate and Mughal leaders allowed merchants a great degree of autonomy in conducting foreign trade. true/false

false

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, how did India's traditional trade patterns change?

india became an importer of British goods such as cotton textiles and an exporter of raw materials.

Which of the following was essential to the Aztec state's legitimacy?

kinship and clan networks

Which of Thomas Paine's ideas contributed to the basis of the Declaration of Independence?

popular sovereignty

Which of the following was a common factor in the Shawnee, Maya, and Taiping rebellions?

prophecy and charismatic leadership

Which of the following helped spur global commerce in the seventeenth century?

scarcity created by the Little Ice Age increased strength of Asian empires like the Ming and Mughal new institutions such as stock markets and lending houses

According to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, history consisted of

successive forms of exploitative production and rebellions against them.

Which of the following was the most lucrative source of wealth for European planters in the Americas in the seventeenth century?

sugar

For those who had risen out of the laboring classes, what did shopping symbolize?

that shoppers had time and money to spend on luxuries

Which of the following beliefs was shared by Luther and Calvin?

the belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the Scriptures

What invention transformed sugar refining, pottery making, and textile making?

the steam engine

Which of the following was explained by Newton's Principia Mathematica?

the trajectory of falling bodies on earth and planetary motion

Which group in the Ottoman Empire closed off the studies into European science, history, and geography begun by Ibrahim Muteferrika?

the ulama

Silver, sugar, and enslaved people were considered the primary items responsible for the increase in global trade in the seventeenth century. true/false

true

true/false The American Revolution was the first of a series of revolutions inspired by new ideas of freedom to shake the Atlantic world.

true

In general, the slave trade helped shift wealth toward which African social group?

warrior elites

How did the industrial revolution affect Europe's relationships with other parts of the world?

Europe became more powerful economically by exporting manufactured goods.

Which of the following accurately describes the political revolution against the Spanish monarchy in early nineteenth-century Latin America?

It became a social struggle among Indians, enslaved peoples, mestizos, and whites.

Why did Ming China escape the sectarian warfare that ravaged Europe?

The Chinese believed it was the emperor, rather than any religious group, that held the mandate of heaven, so no sect was favored over the others.

Which of the following was included in the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing?

The Chinese ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British.

The movement of the Chinese capital from Nanjing to Beijing was made possible by the reopening of the Grand Canal. true/false

True

The Mughal dynasty made a successful effort to develop a naval presence in the Indian Ocean to forestall the growing European influence in the region. trrue/false

false

The Safavid shahs' royal palace in Isfahan lacked the fortifications of Mughal and Ottoman rulers because the Safavids faced no military threats from outside their borders. true/false

false

The demographic impact of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was as devastating as the impact of Afro-Eurasian diseases on Amerindians in the sixteenth century. true/false

false

true/false Napoleon's invasions repressed attempts to reform society in both Russia and the Ottoman world.

false

true/false Simón Bolívar's creation of Gran Colombia prevailed over localism in South America.

false

true/false The first anticolonial uprisings in Spanish America were motivated by the example of the French Revolution.

false

How did nationalist thinkers define "the nation"?

in terms of a common language, culture, and history

During the early nineteenth century, which of the following led to a crisis in southern Africa?

overpopulation that strained the region's resource base

Which of the following brought the Ukraine into Russian control?

Catherine the Great annexed Ukraine after victories over the Ottomans. The Romanovs made nobles serve as state officials. Peasant communes expanded into the region searching for more farmland.

Which of the following was a consequence of the Thirty Years' War?

Central Europe's populations and economies did not recover for more than a century.

Which of the following is an explanation of why Chinese scientists were at a disadvantage compared to Europeans during the Enlightenment?

Chinese scientists focused almost exclusively on practical applications and did not fully understand the experimental method.

What advantage was provided by the English East India Company's royal charter?

It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England.

.In what way did the Canton system seek to control trade?

It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees.

What was Egypt's main significance within the Ottoman Empire?

It served as the Ottomans' breadbasket, providing Istanbul with the largest revenue stream of any province.

Which of the following was a long-term consequence of the small number of Spanish women in Spain's early colonies?

Population expansion for the Spanish was very low, due to the small number of potential wives approved by the king.

In the Ottoman Empire, why did reform attempts, such as the Tanzimat, ultimately fail to produce revolutionary change?

Rulers hesitated to appeal to the public for support. The clergy promoted change but the military resisted it. Landowners could not hire enough labor to grow crops for export.

Analyze the factors that contributed to the reorganization of world trade by the middle of the nineteenth century. What were the effects of this increased globalization?

Some factors that contributed to the reorganization of the world trade by the middle of the nineteenth century were that states policies changed, elites supported free trade, and new technologies were made. The effects of this increased globalization were that there was a new economic divide, industrialized societies incomes grew but agrarian societies did not.

During the sixteenth century, what impact did the European presence in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea have on Asian dynasties?

The European presence enhanced Asian rulers' wealth and might.

Which of the following was a consequence of the political and economic disorder in the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century?

The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy.

. Which of the following most directly led to the spread of seditious ideas through booklets such as Common Sense?

The cost of printing declined as cylinders and steam power replaced hand-operated flat-bed presses.

Why were elite Iberian Americans initially reluctant to embrace the idea of independence?

They feared that it might generate revolts among the slaves or the Amerindians.

How did Asante kings use the wealth they acquired from trade?

They showed their link to wealth and power by displaying gold-covered spears, maces, and elephant tails.

During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce?

They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art.

How did Europe's cultural exchanges with the Americas and the Pacific compare with its exchanges with China and the Islamic world?

Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans.

The English colonial model in the New World differed from that of other European states in that it

dispossessed native peoples from their lands in order to accommodate a growing English settler population.

What types of characteristics did Linnaeus use to define racial categories?

physical characteristics, such as skin color, and social qualities

According to political arrangements that Americans made during the War of Independence, who constituted "the people"?

propertied white men

What was the primary goal of liberal European reformers, such as Lord Macaulay, concerning changes to India's educational and cultural systems?

to create a class that was Indian in blood but English in taste and culture

Why did King Louis XVI summon the Estates-General into session in 1788?

to levy new taxes in order to improve his credit

Japan, unlike Asian land-based empires, embraced outside influences that could be put to good use. true/false

true

Montesquieu believed that commerce was a cure for the most destructive forms of prejudice. true/false

true

Saints of the bhakti sect questioned traditional Hindu beliefs about fundamental equality and the role of women. true/false

true

Which of the following factors made the Safavid Empire the most unstable of the large Muslim states?

weak rulers and conflict between ethnic groups