History Final

St. Francis of Assisi

1182-1226 Felt that material goods weighs one down and makes it hard to approach God. Determines to live in poverty. Doesn't criticize wealthy church leaders, but still preaches against the accumulation of wealth Famous for having communed with our birds. Wrote "All Creates of Our God and King." Receives the "stigmata."

Magna Carta

1215 thought of as the English constitution. King John, brother of King Richard the Lion hearted. (Evil King John). No free man shall be taken, dispossessed, outlawed, banished, etc. The king has to respect the law, customs and privileges of the nobility. The barons can be called into session to make sure that the king is not transgressing the laws. If the king violates the laws, the aristocracy can rebel and make war against him.

Great Western Schism

The Western Schism or Papal Schism was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417 in which three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414-1418). For a time these rival claims to the papal throne damaged the reputation of the office.

Clovis

The most important Franc ruler. Crowned 481. Converts in 493. Marries a Christian and converts. Becomes a trinitarian Christian. Germanic people become Catholic Christians.

Peasant economic mentality

They were conservative. They stuck with what they knew. They were not agricultural innovators. Believe they are fated to live a life of poverty. If you have a little good fortune, take a vacation, have a feast, celebrate because you're never going to get rich or get ahead. They didn't think about getting ahead because they thought they were stuck in poverty.

Late Medieval Advancements

Universities Trivium: science of words Grammar, rhetoric, dialectic Quadrivium: science of numbers Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music Scholasticism: trying to reconcile the teachings of Christianity with science, and classical writings. Used deductive reasoning, used the words of those in authority to find answers.

tax farming

• Goal: collect as much taxes as possible • Method: Tax Farming • Tax Farming: Private companies or individuals are given contracts to collect a set amount of taxes. They get to keep anything more they collect.

Teotihuacon

100-700 CE Large city, religious and commercial center. Traded with Mayans. City of over 100,000 people that controlled the Valley of Mexico. Aztec's referred to it as the city of the gods. Jaguars.

Aztecs

1325-1519 People of Azlan, Mexica. Quetzalcoatl (god of peace and Tezcatlipoca (god of war) were fighting, got drunk together and Quetzalcoatl had a drunken public affair with his daughter. Settled by a salty lake. Populuated the area to 200,000. Built up Chanampas to grow maize and build up the city. Formed a complex triple alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan. Exacted tribute and flower wars of surrounded tributary states. The Aztec's terrified their opponents. Human sacrifice. Sacrifices reenact the death of Coyolxauhqui. In Aztec theology, you only get to heaven if you die on the stone (sacrifice) or for women, die in childbirth. Climatic clashes (El Nino) made them obsessed with appeasing the gods. Aztec society Altepetal, the ethnic confederation Tlatoani, Dynastic Ruler (hereditary ruler) voted in by proving themselves as warriors Pipiltizin, nobles had some control over Tlatoani Calpolli, Clan group (ethnic wards of city of Tenochtitlan) Mayeques, slaves Merchants, Pochteca (long distant merchants, also served as spies)

Black Death

1347-1351. Bubonic plague attacked the lymph system, spread by fleas. The pneumonic plague, spread by respiratory secretions. Killed a 1/3 of the population. Economic effects: conditions improved for common people because there was greater demand for work. Agriculture improved because the marginal lands did not have to be farmed anymore. The nobility were impoverished. They had less control of their surfs and not as much revenue coming in. Religion: raised questions about why God was punishing them.

Ming Empire

1368-1500 Chinese leader Zhu Yuanzhang overthrew Mongol's Yuan Empire in 1368 and established Ming Dynasty. Reaction against Mongol culture; closed off trade with Central Asia and Middle East; resurrected Confucian ideology. Capitol stays in Beijing.

Averroes

14 April 1126 - 10 December 1198) A medieval Andalusian polymath. He wrote on logic, Aristotelian and Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, psychology, political theory and the theory of Andalusian classical music, geography, mathematics, as well as the medieval sciences of medicine, astronomy, physics, and celestial mechanics. Ibn Rushd was born in Córdoba, Al Andalus (present-day Spain), and died at Marrakesh in present-day Morocco. His body was interred in his family tomb at Córdoba. The 13th-century philosophical movement in Latin Christian and Jewish tradition based on Ibn Rushd's work is called Averroism. Ibn Rushd was a defender of Aristotelian philosophy against Ash'ari theologians led by Al-Ghazali. Although highly regarded as a legal scholar of the Maliki school of Islamic law, Ibn Rushd's philosophical ideas were considered controversial in Ash'arite Muslim circles. Whereas al-Ghazali believed that any individual act of a natural phenomenon occurred only because God willed it to happen, Ibn Rushd insisted phenomena followed natural laws that God created. Ibn Rushd had a greater impact on Christian Europe, being known by the sobriquet "the Commentator" for his detailed emendations to Aristotle. Latin translations of Ibn Rushd's work led the way to the popularization of Aristotle.

In what ways was the Europe of 1500 a product of classical civilization (i.e., Hellenic, Hellenistic, and Roman)? In what ways was it the result of Germanic, Islamic, Chinese, and Indian influences?

1500s looking to the past Greek: Aristotle "the Philosopher, Ptolemy, Greek columns Rome: Romanesque, arches, catholic church came out of the Roman political structure, latifundia, China: gunpowder, canons, stirrups, paper, china, silk, plague India: spices, monasticism, asceticism, number system German: days of the week, folklore, dragons, unicorns, Santa Claus, German pagan holidays Islam: science, astronomy, classical writings

Ögödei

7 November 1186 - 11 December 1241, was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, succeeding his father. He continued the expansion of the empire that his father had begun, and was a world figure when the Mongol Empire reached its farthest extent west and south during the Mongol invasions of Europe and East Asia. Like all of Genghis' primary sons, he participated extensively in conquests in China, Iran, and Central Asia.

Huitzilopochtli

A fierce goddess, Coatlicue, being impregnated as she was sweeping by a ball of feathers on Mount Coatepec. Her other children, who were already fully grown (400 southerners), were the four hundred male Centzonuitznaua and the female deity Coyolxauhqui. These children, angered by the manner by which their mother became impregnated, conspired to kill her. Huitzilopochtli burst forth from his mother's womb in full armor and fully grown. He attacked his older brothers and sister, defending his mother by beheading his sister and casting her body from the mountain top. He also chased after his brothers, who fled from him and became scattered all over the sky.

Manoralism

A manor is the estate of the nobleman. The nobleman (Lord) held the fief in usufruct. He has peasants (serf) who are tied to the land--who in return for being allowed to live on the land serve the nobleman. Allodial land was farmed by the serfs. Serfs gave corvee labor and a share of harvest from his own land. Serfs were given a certain amount of land that they could farm. A manor house, church, peasant village and agricultural lands. Each manor was trying to be self-sufficient. The villagers lived on the edge of starvation.

nomadism

A nomad (Greek: νομάς, nomas, plural νομάδες, nomades; meaning one roaming about for pasture, pastoral tribe) is a member of a community of people who live in different locations, moving from one place to another. Among the various ways nomads relate to their environment, one can distinguish the hunter-gatherer and the pastoral nomad owning livestock. Nomadic hunting and gathering, following seasonally available wild plants and game, is by far the oldest human subsistence method. Pastoralists raise herds, driving them, or moving with them, in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures beyond their ability to recover. Nomadism is also a lifestyle adapted to infertile regions such as steppe, tundra, or ice and sand, where mobility is the most efficient strategy for exploiting scarce resources. For example, many groups in the tundra are reindeer herders and are semi-nomadic, following forage for their animals. These nomads sometimes adapt the use of high technology such as solar photovoltaics to reduce their dependence on diesel fuel.

Feudalism

A political system. The response in central Europe to the collapse of political order. Shift from Urban life to the countryside. According to feudal theory, all the land in the kingdom belonged to the king. The king then gives part of that land for use to individuals who are allies and helpers. Vassals then promise military service to the king or Suzerian a certain number of days out of the year. Vassals provide protection from Vandals and Vikings. Vassals make the rules and laws and collects taxes. Suzerian vassals became very powerful. Many vassals were knights. Decenteralized power. Suzerians were sometimes more powerful than kings. Act of Homage: vassal (literally boy) knelt bareheaded before seigneur (senior) in attitude of prayer. Seigneur took vassal's hands between his.

tributary system

A tribute (from Latin tributum, contribution) is wealth, often in kind, that a party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often the case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance. Various ancient states exacted tribute from the rulers of land which the state conquered or otherwise threatened to conquer. In case of alliances, lesser parties may pay tribute to more powerful parties as a sign of allegiance and often in order to finance projects that benefited both parties. To be called "tribute" a recognition by the payer of political submission to the payee is normally required; the large sums, essentially protection money, paid by the later Roman and Byzantine Empires to barbarian peoples to prevent them attacking imperial territory, would not usually be termed "tribute" as the Empire accepted no inferior political position. Payments by a superior political entity to an inferior one, made for various purposes, are described by terms including "subsidy".

Genghis Khan

Achievements of Genghis Khan: United/conquered much of central Asia and a substantial part of China Genocidal massacre of many popluations Decreed Uighur script as writing system for Mongol Empire Yasa Meritocracy (social mobility, power delegated) Religious tolerance Brought Silk Road under coherent political unity Succeeded by his son Ogedei Khan

Beijing

After the First Emperor unified China, Beijing became a prefectural capital for the region. During the Three Kingdoms period, it was held by Gongsun Zan and Yuan Shao before falling to Cao Cao's Wei Kingdom. The AD 3rd-century Western Jin demoted the town, placing the prefectural seat in neighboring Zhuozhou. During the Sixteen Kingdoms period when northern China was conquered and divided by the Wu Hu, Beijing, as Jicheng, was briefly the capital of the Xianbei Former Yan Kingdom. After China was reunified during the Sui Dynasty, Beijing, known as Zhuojun, became the northern terminus of the Grand Canal. Under the Tang Dynasty, Beijing as Fanyang, served as a military frontier command center. During the An-Shi Rebellion and again amidst the turmoil of the late Tang, local military commanders founded their own short-lived Yan Dynasties and called the city Yanjing, or the "Yan Capital." In 938, after the fall of the Tang, the Later Jin ceded the entire northern frontier to the Khitan Liao Dynasty, which renamed the city Nanjing, or the "Southern Capital", one of four secondary capitals to complement its "Supreme Capital", Shangjing (modern Baarin Left Banner in Inner Mongolia). Some of the oldest surviving structures in Beijing date to the Liao period, including the Tianning Pagoda. Longevity Hill in Beijing where Kublai Khan wrote his poem. The Liao fell to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1122, which gave the city to the Song Dynasty and then retook it in 1125 during its conquest of northern China. In 1153, the Jurchen Jin made Beijing their "Central Capital", called Zhongdu. The city was besieged by Genghis Khan's invading Mongolian army in 1213 and razed to the ground two years later. Two generations later, Kublai Khan ordered the construction of Dadu (or Daidu to the Mongols, commonly known as Khanbaliq), a new capital for his Yuan dynasty to be located adjacent to the Jurchen Jin ruins. The construction took from 1264 to 1293, but greatly enhanced the status of a city on the northern fringe of China proper. The city was centered on the Drum Tower slightly to the north of modern Beijing and stretched from the present-day Chang'an Avenue to the Line 10 subway. Remnants of the Yuan rammed earth wall still stand and are known as the Tucheng.

Heavy Wheel Plow

Allowed them to break through thick sod. In the north, you needed a plow capable of cutting through the sod.

Three field system

Another agricultural development. Three fields, one Autumn, one Spring and one to lay Fallow (not used). Gave the soil a rest.

Grand Canal

Begun in 486, 1114 miles long, 24 locks. Connects Beijing and Hangzhou.

Avignon

Between 1309 and 1377, during the Avignon Papacy, seven successive popes resided in Avignon and in 1348 Pope Clement VI bought the town from Joanna I of Naples. Papal control persisted until 1791 when, during the French Revolution, it became part of France.

Charles Martel

Charles the hammer. Defeated the Muslims at the battle of Tours. Muslims withdraw and restrict themselves to the Iberian pennisula.

Just Price

Church taught that there was a "just price" for a bushel of wheat and that prices should not be adjusted by supply and demand. It is a sin to exploit those who want to buy or sell a good at less or more than the just price.

Tikal

Classic Mayan city, Star Wars Episode 4

Merovingians

Clovis divided realm among his four sons. They defended it against external threats. Internally Merovingian France described as degeneracy, faithlessness and congenital criminality. Real power was Mayor of the Palace who ran the kingdom for the king.

Maya

Collapses in 800 but reappears later. Archaic 9000-2500 BCE Preclassic 2500 BCE-200 CE Classic 300-900 CE Postclassic 900-1500 CE Colonial 1500-1800 CE Maya Calendars (Time was cyclical. Mayans were obsessed with time, thought of the world as being cyclical--creation and destruction. Used the calendars to put off destruction.) Sacred Round Calendar: when to perform sacred ceremonies 260 days (13 months, 20 days) Solar Calendar: 365 days (18 months and 20 days plus 5 days) Same four date names occurred every 52 years: 52-year cycle Long Count: cumulative dating that went back to August, 3114 BCE Maya MInd Pre-eminent indigenous people Math Astronomy Development of writing to express abstract ideas: only true writing system to evolve in New World Concept of zero Cyclical history: especially evident in Books of Chilam Balam Much of astronomical and mathematical expertise died with end of Classic Period Maya Religious Practices Sacrifices by decapitation, especially of children and adolescents Ball games Blood-letting: tongue, lips, penis Hallucinogenic enemas: bufo marinus toad Veneration of ancestors Caves: link with underworld Alien gods and practices were imported from Central Mexico (Tlaloc, Kukulcan or Quetzalcoatl (feathered serpent), Chac-Mool) No Mayan Empire--City states. No overarching government.

Explain how the Egyptians, Chinese, Indians, Greeks, Western Europeans, and Aztecs understood the nature of humanity? How did each attempt to define the "good" life?

Egyptians: Good Life: Egyptians: Cult of Osiris, the good life was based on morals, Old Kingdom, grave goods. Nature of Humanity: Humans have the potential to be good or bad, your choices matter. Life is good, humanity is an enjoyable experience. "take it with you." Book of the Dead, mummification, the body deserved to be preserved. The afterlife, working in a field--the way we've always done it. Benevolent Gods. Chinese: Good Life: Confucianism, respect for elders, collectivism, (Chin Dynasty) legalism: people are depraved, a good life is a system that keeps people in check. Daoism: complimentary (male and female), harmony balance with nature, ancestor worship, blood is thicker than water Nature of humanity: humanity is a system, a group, life is a hierarchy Analects, Lessons of Women India: Vedic religion, Hinduism, dharma, fulfill your dharma, Rig Veda, Bhagavad Gita, you get what you deserve, karma, humanity is accountable for your actions, Moksha Buddhism: nirvana, enlightenment, become part of the one, asceticism, Jainism: don't accumulate karma, anything we do is bad, better to do nothing, Laws of Manu, cyclical, life goes on... Greeks: Good Life: Arete->virute (the perfect version of yourself), intelligence, stoicism (you can't control your circumstances), epicurism (hedonistic, seek pleasure), Sophists (relativism, people do not have the capacity to understand truth). Nature of humanity: dualism, you can't control your environment, competition, perfect forms, ideals, free thinkers. Odyssey, Trial of Socrates Western Europeans: Christianity, men are fallen, peasant mentality (stuck in their position) peasant spends his money on food, not an investment, the good life is heaven, St. Augustine City of God (how to live in the world), Magna Carta, Divine Comedy, Dante Aztecs: Being sacrificed, die on the alter, be a good warrior, die while giving birth, creation story, cyclical life and time, mutually dependent relationship with the gods, Huitzilopochti, Were-jaguars

T'ang Empire

Empire expands all the way to Ferghana (horses there). The great power of its day.

Bodhisattvas

Enlightened individuals who choose to stay on earth to help others reach enlightenment.

Collapse of Mayan Civilization

Environmental deterioration Social turmoil: internal dissension; invasion Military intrusion from Yucatan or Gulf Coast Withdrawl of Teotihuacan influence led to increased independent control of local elites--massive building projects Hereditary elites cased social tensions

Prince Henry

Expansion of Europe Prince Henry of Portugal. Sends out expeditions along the west coast of Africa. Looking for a Christian King in Africa to form an allowance in order to drive the Muslims out of North Africa. Development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade. Organized a group of diverse experts to research and improve maritime trade

Olmec

First civilization that settled in the Americas. Mayans are not descened from the Olmec. Dates back to 1200 BCE to 400 BCE. Colossal heads. Invent the concept of zero and devised a numbering system (base 20) Dot = 1 Line = 5 Shell = 0 Ate corn, chilli peppers, beans Practiced Milpa agriculture (slash and burn). Within 40 days of farming you could reap a large harvest.

footbinding

Foot binding was the custom of applying tight binding to the feet of young girls to modify the shape of the foot. The practice possibly originated among upper class court dancers during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in 10th century China, then became popular among the elite during the Song dynasty and eventually spread to all social classes by the Qing dynasty. Foot binding became popular as a means of displaying status (women from wealthy families, who did not need their feet to work, could afford to have them bound) and was correspondingly adopted as a symbol of beauty in Chinese culture. Foot binding limited the mobility of women, resulting in them walking in a swaying unsteady gait, although some women with bound feet working outdoor had also been reported. The prevalence and practice of foot binding varied in different parts of the country. Feet altered by binding were called lotus feet.

Recovery of the West

From 1000 to 1300 Revival of cities Technological change New harness and plow for the horse 3 field crop rotation Revival of trade Crusades (Muslim expansion in the 700s) with the recovery of the population, Europe begins to expand Peter the Hermit persuaded the Pope Urban II, 1095 to recapture Jerusalem. Crusaders who died were promised direct entrance into heaven. Ethnic cleansing (many Jews were killed) Miracle of the lance, Antioch, 1097 Children's crusade: children were sent to occupy Jerusalem: were captured, sold into slavery. Total debacle. Jan. 2, 1492 Iberia reconquest and expullsion of Muslim power.

Temüjin

Genghis Khan or Chinggis Khaan[note 3] (c. 1162 - August 18, 1227), born Temüjin, was the Great Khan and founder of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he launched the Mongol invasions that conquered most of Eurasia. Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, and Khwarazmian, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by large-scale massacres of the civilian populations - especially in the Khwarazmian and Western Xia controlled lands. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.

England as an example of Feudalism

Harold of Essex Harold of Hardrada William of Normandy Harold of Essex was in England and seized the throne. A battle insused and fought of Harold of Hardrada. At the Battle of Hastings, 1066. William of Normandy defeats the English and Harold of Essex is killed. Changed the social and political structure of England. French language and culture is introduced. William rewards his supporters with Feifs and wipes out the Anglo-Saxon nobility. William was the vassal of the king of France even though he was the king of England.

Charlemagne

He was a hero, military leader, 6'6" tall, tried to expand. Not a scholar, but is interested in learning and education. Imports clergymen and tried to raise the level of culture in his kingdom (many from Ireland). Wars with Saxon and Germans. Negotiates with the pope. Lambarts were trying to take territory and Charlemagne comes to rescue the pope. The pope is also looking to Charlemagne to protect him from the Byzantine empire. The pope looks upon him as someone who is a valuable tool to Catholic interests. 25 Dec 800 the coronation of Charlemagne--crowned as emperor. He wasn't particularly happy about it. If the pope can crown him, it means his power comes from the pope. Worries that the Byzantine Emporer will go against him.

Incas

Incas don't come into power into the 1400s. Prior to that, the earliest civilization was the Chavin. Moche: great metallurgists, exploited gold silver, copper, bronze, replaced by Chimu Tiahuanaco: Lake Titicaca. Incas: the realm of the four quarters, Tawaninsuyu Influenced by geography: Large Andes mountains up to 20,000. Coast, cold current, no rain--really dry. Extensive terraces, required social regimentation, organization Social mobility: not much social mobility...unlike Aztecs who could prove themselves in battle Puna: city on the mountain Andean Terms: Reciprocity: ruler of an ayllu Kuraka recieves tribute in the form of labor, but is expected to provide religious festivals, food, etc. Part of the land would be farmed for the benefit of the Kuraka, part of it for the temple, part of it for the peasants (Hatun Runa), and welfare. The Hatun Runa did all the farming. The Kuraka is expected to make sure that everyone has enough to eat. A Kuraka that fails to reciprocate can be removed. Vertical archipelagoes: vertical islands-- Ayllu: clans, organized ethnic groups, did not trade with other ethnic groups, divided into elevation Cuzco: the head Kuraka, the Sapa Inca Coya: the principal wife of Sapa Inca Mitimaes: colonists sent out M'ita: rotating public labor on civic projects Coca: plant native to the Andes. leaves are chewed and sucked. Makes it easier to function at high altitudes, hunger suppressant, enables the body to absorb more nutrition from grains, also the source of cocaine Soroche: high altitude sickness Foods: quinoa, potatoes (from Peru), Chuno (freeze dried potatoes No writing system: but they did use a Quipu, a bunch of cords with knots in them Andian road: built with m'ita labor Beast of burdon unlike Aztecs: Llamas Moche:

Johann Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press.

Dalai Lama

Is a title given to spiritual leaders of the Tibetan people. They are part of the Gelug or "Yellow Hat" school of Tibetan Buddhism, the newest of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The Dalai Lama title was created by Altan Khan, the Prince of Shunyi, granted by Ming Dynasty, in 1578. The Dalai Lama is considered to be the successor in a line of tulkus (living Buddhas, masters) who are believed to be incarnations of Avalokiteśvara, a Bodhisattva of Compassion. The name is a combination of the Mongolic word dalai meaning "ocean" or "big" (coming from Mongolian title Dalaiyin qan or Dalaiin khan, and the Tibetan word bla-ma meaning "master, guru".

John Hus

Jan Hus (/hʊs/;[1] Czech: [ˈjan ˈɦus] (About this sound listen); c. 1369 - 6 July 1415[2]), sometimes Anglicized as John Hus or John Huss, was a Czech theologian, Roman Catholic priest, philosopher, master, dean and rector[3] of the Charles University in Prague, church reformer, inspirator of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism and a seminal figure in the Bohemian Reformation. After John Wycliffe, the theorist of ecclesiastical Reformation, Hus is considered the first Church reformer, as he lived before Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli. His teachings had a strong influence on the states of Western Europe, most immediately in the approval of a reformed Bohemian religious denomination, and, more than a century later, on Martin Luther himself.[4] He was burned at the stake for heresy against the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, including those on ecclesiology, the Eucharist, and other theological topics. After Hus was executed in 1415, the followers of his religious teachings (known as Hussites) rebelled against their Roman Catholic rulers and defeated five consecutive papal crusades between 1420 and 1431 in what became known as the Hussite Wars.[5] Both the Bohemian and the Moravian populations remained majority Hussite up until the 1620s, when a Protestant defeat in the Battle of the White Mountain caused the Lands of the Bohemian Crown to return under Habsburg control and become a subject to a campaign of forced return to Roman Catholicism.

khalifa (caliph)

Khalifa or Khalifah is a name or title which means "successor", "deputy" or "steward". It most commonly refers to the leader of a Caliphate, but is also used as a title among various Islamic religious groups and orders. Khalifa is sometimes also pronounced as "kalifa". There were 4 khalifas after Mohammed died, beginning with Abu Bakr. This was a difficult decision for the people to make, for no one except Mohammed had ever thought with foresight about who would rule after he would die. The Khilaafat (or Caliphate) was then contested and gave rise to the eventual division of the Islamic Umma into two groups, the Sunni and the Shi'a who interpret the word, Khalifa in differently nuanced ways.

Khubilai Khan

Kublai (Mongolian: Хубилай, Hubilai) was the fifth Khagan (Great Khan) of the Mongol Empire (Ikh Mongol Uls), reigning from 1260 to 1294 (although due to the division of the empire this was a nominal position). He also founded the Yuan dynasty in China as a conquest dynasty in 1271, and ruled as the first Yuan emperor until his death in 1294.

Mandarin

Kublai Khan brought the Mandarin language

Uzmal

Late classical Mayan site.

Germanic people

Originally pastoral but become agricultural Government: really no state. Kind more like high priest than monarch. Day to day government left to family and clan. Religion: Woden (Wednesday) Thor (Thursday) Tiu (Tuesday)

Marco Polo

Marco Polo 1254 - January 8-9, 1324) was a Venetian merchant, explorer, and writer. His travels are recorded in Livres des merveilles du monde (Book of the Marvels of the World, also known as The Travels of Marco Polo, c. 1300), a book that described to Europeans the wealth and great size of China, its capital Peking, and other Asian cities and countries. He learned the mercantile trade from his father and his uncle, Niccolò and Maffeo, who travelled through Asia and met Kublai Khan. In 1269, they returned to Venice to meet Marco for the first time. The three of them embarked on an epic journey to Asia, returning after 24 years to find Venice at war with Genoa; Marco was imprisoned and dictated his stories to a cellmate. He was released in 1299, became a wealthy merchant, married, and had three children. He died in 1324 and was buried in the church of San Lorenzo in Venice. Marco Polo was not the first European to reach China (see Europeans in Medieval China), but he was the first to leave a detailed chronicle of his experience. This book inspired Christopher Columbus and many other travellers. There is a substantial literature based on Polo's writings; he also influenced European cartography, leading to the introduction of the Fra Mauro map.

Chichen-Itza

Maya and Itza Toltec? Aztec's think they are descended from them. Human sacrifices on a daily basic almost. Topiltzen Quetzalcoatl

Chac

Mayan rain god

Khanate of the Golden Horde

Mongols in Russia. Descents are Tartars. Included most of Eastern Europe

China

Most populous in Asia. Most advanced technology.

William of Ockham

Ockham's razor: the simplist explanation is usually the right answer.

Granada

On January 2, 1492, the last Muslim ruler in Iberia, Emir Muhammad XII, known as Boabdil to the Spanish, surrendered complete control of the Emirate of Granada to Fernando V and Isabella I, Los Reyes Católicos ("the Catholic Monarchs"), after the last battle of the Granada War. The 1492 surrender of the Islamic Emirate of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs is one of the most significant events in Granada's history as it marks the completion of the Reconquista of Al-Andalus. The terms of the surrender, expressed in the Alhambra Decree treaty, explicitly allowed the city's Muslim inhabitants to continue unmolested in the practice of their faith and customs, known as Mudéjar. By 1499, however, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros grew frustrated with the slow pace of the efforts of Granada's first Archbishop, Fernando de Talavera, to convert non-Christians to Christianity and undertook a program of forced Christian baptisms, creating the Converso (convert) class for Muslims and Jews. Cisneros's new tactics, which were a direct violation of the terms of the treaty, provoked an armed Muslim revolt centered in the rural Alpujarras region southwest of the city.

Boniface VIII

Pope Boniface VIII (1230 - 11 October 1303), born Benedetto Caetani, was Pope from 24 December 1294 to his death in 1303. He organized the first Roman Catholic "jubilee" year to take place in Rome and declared that both spiritual and temporal power were under the pope's jurisdiction, and that kings were subordinate to the power of the Roman pontiff. Today, he is probably best remembered for his feuds with King Philip IV of France and Dante Alighieri, who placed the pope in the Eighth Circle of Hell in his Divine Comedy, among the simoniacs.

Innocent III

Pope Innocent III (Latin: Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 - 16 July 1216) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216. His birth name was Lotario dei Conti di Segni, sometimes anglicised to Lothar of Segni. Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential popes. He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe, claiming supremacy over all of Europe's kings. Pope Innocent was central in supporting the Catholic Church's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council. This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law. Pope Innocent is notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions, although these measures were not uniformly successful. Innocent called for Christian crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land, as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France. One of Pope Innocent's critical decisions was organizing the Fourth Crusade. Originally intended to attack Jerusalem through Egypt, a series of unforeseen circumstances led the crusaders to Constantinople, where they ultimately sacked the city in 1204. Although the attack went against his explicit orders, and the Crusaders were subsequently excommunicated, Innocent reluctantly accepted this result, seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches. This particular conflict led to an increase of hostility between the two churches.

Imagine that you were able to interview Rameses II, Socrates, Octavian (Augustus), Mohammed, Thomas Aquinas, and Kublai Khan and ask each of them why their age was the greatest in human history. What would they respond?

Rameses II Ruled for 66 years, expansive building projects, "gift of the Nile" easy agriculture "Hymn of the Nile", easy transportation, control piracy, political stability and power, prosperous time of wealth, territorial expansion, military domination, commercial expeditions, horses enabled quick communication and commerce, access to many different types of metals (gold Nubia, silver from Anatolia, copper from Cyrus, tin from Afghanistan Socrates Not the greatest age--he spent his days trying to deflate the "wise." He was accused of corrupting the youth and not believing in the gods of the city and subsequently executed. Saw the decline of the Athenian hegemony, spoke out against the government. Trial of Socrates. He called himself the "gadfly" as he felt it his role to criticize the injustices and hypocrisy of his day. Octavian (Augustus) Held considerable power, expands empire into the Middle East and seizes Egypt with the death of Cleopatra. Became very wealthy because of trade. Ruled for 45 years. Roman culture (language, traditions, belief systems) dominated the Mediterrain (known world). Provided bread and entertainment for the people. Rome is a military dictatorship (the idea of a Republic was an illusion.) Pax Romana an era of internal peace for over 200 years. Mare nostrum (our sea). Freedom of religion, social mobility, freedom of thought, access to education, literate people. Mohammed Born an orphan, lived in poverty. He was at the beginning of a new age which brought hope. He was kicked out of Medina and continually fought wars his entire life. He was the prophet, eventually held considerable political and spiritual power. His age was an age of struggle and fight for control of the Arabian peninsula. By the end of his life, he was coming to dominate the Arabian peninsula. He received revelation to manage the social and political affairs of the state. Theocracy and militarism, Jihad "paradise is under the shadow of swords." Thomas Aquinas The greatest of the scholastics. Wrote Summa Contra Gentiles. Aristotle was seen as the ultimate authority "the Philosopher." Concludes that reason and faith are compatible. Crusades, Mongol empire was rising which which threatened Europe. Well educated in Italy and continued in Paris. Was a priest. Was among the elite scholars. Endemic warfare, famines. Looked to the classic era. Social immobility, impoverished middle class. Urban and educated. Kublai Khan Grandson of Genghis Khan, secure trade routes, exchange of experts between eastern and western Eurasia, transmission of ideas and skills, synthesis of Chinese and Mongol traditions to create a hybrid society. Conquered the last Chinese holdouts. Named his son a Chinese named and was educated in Confucianism. Cosmopolitan society. Built a powerful empire, created an academy, offices, trade ports, and canals, sponsored science and the arts, moved the capital to Beijing. Enjoyed considerable success and peace during his reign. Kublai reigned over the wealthiest Khanate of the Mongolian Empire. Inherited the Domain of the Great Khan.

Medieval Architecture

Romanesque Architecture: arches, functional, not very ornate the early years, not very many windows, doubled as fortification, sandstone bricks, Sun god, luna god. Basilicas were public Roman buildings, Constantine takes these Roman buildings and gives them to the church for religious purposes. Gothic architecture: First example, Basilica Cathedral of St. Denis. It was built in honor of St. Denis (who was beheaded and is often depicted carrying his head). Abbot Suger invented this type of architecture. More ornate, taller, several stories, windows, stained glass windows, buttresses to prevent the collapse of the buildings, Chartres Cathedral, statuaries that tells of the life of Christ, rose windows, Notre Dame. St. Chapelle, Paris: the best example of stained glass. Guilds were a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power.

Romanesque

Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century, this later date being the most commonly held. It developed in the 12th century into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches. Examples of Romanesque architecture can be found across the continent, making it the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman architecture. The Romanesque style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture. Combining features of ancient Roman and Byzantine buildings and other local traditions, Romanesque architecture is known by its massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy pillars, barrel vaults, large towers and decorative arcading. Each building has clearly defined forms, frequently of very regular, symmetrical plan; the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow. The style can be identified right across Europe, despite regional characteristics and different materials.

Chinese Social Classes

Scholars Peasants Artisans Merchants

Scholasticism

Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics ("scholastics," or "schoolmen") of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending dogma in an increasingly pluralistic context. It originated as an outgrowth of and a departure from Christian monastic schools at the earliest European universities.[1] The first institutions in the West to be considered universities were established in Italy, France, Spain, and England in the late 11th and 12th centuries for the study of arts, law, medicine, and theology,[2] such as Schola Medica Salernitana, the University of Bologna, and the University of Paris. It is difficult to define the date at which they became true universities, although the lists of studia generalia for higher education in Europe are a useful guide, held by the Catholic Church and its various religious orders. Scholasticism is not so much a philosophy or a theology as a method of learning, as it places a strong emphasis on dialectical reasoning to extend knowledge by inference and to resolve contradictions. The scholastic thought is also known for rigorous conceptual analysis and the careful drawing of distinctions. In the classroom and in writing, it often takes the form of explicit disputation; a topic drawn from the tradition is broached in the form of a question, opponents' responses are given, a counterproposal is argued and opponents' arguments rebutted. Because of its emphasis on rigorous dialectical method, scholasticism was eventually applied to many other fields of study.

Song Empire

Scientific and Technological Achievements Mastery of paddy-field rice growing Iron and steel, mostly for weapons Some mechanization of textile production Highly reliable star charts Mechanical clock Water-drive clock tower Knew regular periods of Halley's comet Described sunspots long before anyone else Measure solar year at 365.2445, four minutes off Doctors studied patterns of epidemics and persuaded politicians to promote public hygeine Pharmacology--widespread use of drugs Systematic study of human anatomy Paper money Canon Crossbow Porcelain

Shinto

Shinto is the traditional religion of Japan that focuses on ritual practices to be carried out diligently in order to establish a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient past. Shinto practices were first recorded and codified in the written historical records of the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki in the 8th century. Still, these earliest Japanese writings do not refer to a unified religion, but rather to a collection of native beliefs and mythology. Shinto today is the religion of public shrines devoted to the worship of a multitude of gods (kami), suited to various purposes such as war memorials and harvest festivals, and applies as well to various sectarian organizations. Practitioners express their diverse beliefs through a standard language and practice, adopting a similar style in dress and ritual, dating from around the time of the Nara and Heian periods (8th-12th century). The word Shinto ('way of the gods') was adopted, originally as Jindō or Shindō, from the written Chinese Shendao combining two kanji: shin (神), meaning 'spirit' or kami; and michi (道), 'path', meaning a philosophical path or study (from the Chinese word dào). The oldest recorded usage of the word Shindo is from the second half of the 6th century.

Mongols

Temujin: Genghis Khan b. 1162, d. 1227 Achievements of Genghis Khan: United/conquered much of central Asia and a substantial part of China Genocidal massacre of many popluations Decreed Uighur script as writing system for Mongol Empire Yasa Meritocracy (social mobility, power delegated) Religious tolerance Brought Silk Road under coherent political unity Succeeded by his son Ogedei Khan Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368: When China was ruled by the Mongols. Mongols learn from Chinese technology. Mandarin is an example of Mongol influence in China. Merchants rose in social status during this period. Upshoot in the spread of technological developments. Mongols became the vehicle for an explosion of ideas and social transformation. Trading expeditions were sent by sea. Streets were wide to allow for horse traffic. Introduced tax farming. Large population decline, particularly in the north (bubonic plague in 1300s. Imported scientific and technological knowledge from Persia. Mongols can't conquer Japan, they were destroyed by Kamikaze (divine wind) Nomads from Mongolia. Pushed out from Mongolia because of the scarcity of resources. Used their extreme mobility and bows and arrows to devastate surrounding peoples. Mongols could strike quickly and unexpectedly. Relentless and tremendous shots at the bow and arrow while riding full speed. Lived on horseback, carried their houses with them.

Teotihuacán

Teotihuacan /teɪˌoʊtiːwəˈkɑːn/,[1] also written Teotihuacán (Spanish pronunciation: [teotiwa'kan] (About this sound listen), About this sound modern Nahuatl pronunciation (help·info)), is an ancient Mesoamerican city located in a sub-valley of the Valley of Mexico, located in the State of Mexico 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of modern-day Mexico City, known today as the site of many of the most architecturally significant Mesoamerican pyramids built in the pre-Columbian Americas. At its zenith, perhaps in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, Teotihuacan was the largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas, with a population estimated at 125,000 or more, making it at least the sixth largest city in the world during its epoch.

Albigensian crusade

The Albigensian Crusade or the Cathar Crusade (1209-1229) was a 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, in southern France. The Crusade was prosecuted primarily by the French crown and promptly took on a political flavour, resulting in not only a significant reduction in the number of practising Cathars, but also a realignment of the County of Toulouse in Languedoc, bringing it into the sphere of the French crown and diminishing the distinct regional culture and high level of influence of the Counts of Barcelona.

Church and Heresy

The Albigensians believed in conquest of the body by the spirit. Fast to death. The Albigensian Crusade 1209-1259 John Wycliffe 1331-1384: opponent of papal temporal power, advocated individual interpretation of the Bible, Headed a group that translated the bible. Jan Huss: monument in Prague. preaches many of the same ideas as Wycliff The 100 years war: a reflection of the strange dynamics of the feudal system and the after-effects of the plague. War between France and England. Elanor of Aquitaine. Joan of Arc 1412-1431: French peasant girl has visions. She is captured, condemned as a witch and burned at the stake. Peasant revolt 1381-1382: led by Wat Tyler. questions whether the nobility can control the peasants. Lorenzo de Mediche: patron of the arts. Gutenburg printing press and movable type 1439 Expansion of Europe Prince Henry of Portugal. Sends out expeditions along the west coast of Africa. Looking for a Christian King in Africa to form an allowance in order to drive the Muslims out of North Africa. Fall of Constantinople: 1453, the Ottoman Turks (Muslims) conquers Constantinople. Christmas Day 800 Charlamagne Crown 1347-1351 Black death 1453 Fall of Constantinople 1492 Columbus sets sail reaches islands that he thinks are part of China (actually Haiti) By the 1400s the only part of Spain under Muslim control was the kingdom of Granada. 2 Jan 1492 Granada fell to Fernadan and Isabel. Isabel provides ships to Christopher Columbus to reach China.

ulama

The Arabic term ulama (/ˈuːləˌmɑː/; Arabic: علماء‎ ʿUlamāʾ, singular عالِم ʿĀlim, "scholar", literally "the learned ones",[1] also spelled ulema; feminine: alimah [singular] and uluma [plural]), according to the Encyclopedia of Islam (2000), in its original meaning "denotes scholars of almost all disciplines".[2] More specifically, in the context of Sunni Islam, ulama are regarded as "the guardians, transmitters and interpreters of religious knowledge, of Islamic doctrine and law".[2] By longstanding tradition, ulama are educated in religious institutions (madrasas). The Quran, sunnah (authentic hadith), qiyas (analogical reasoning, for Sunni Islam) or 'aql ("dialectical reasoning", for Shia Islam), ijma (juridical consensus) are the sources of traditional Islamic law. Over time, the intellectual discourse and teachings of the ulama have significantly contributed to the debates in the Muslim public sphere, and still do so to the present day. Increasingly, the traditional scholars of Islam are becoming prominent actors in contemporary Muslim societies and politics.[3]

battle of Hastings

The Battle of Hastings[a] was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England. It took place approximately 7 miles (11 kilometres) northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory. The background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne. Harold was crowned king shortly after Edward's death, but faced invasions by William, his own brother Tostig and the Norwegian King Harald Hardrada (Harold III of Norway). Hardrada and Tostig defeated a hastily gathered army of Englishmen at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September 1066, and were in turn defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge five days later. The deaths of Tostig and Hardrada at Stamford Bridge left William as Harold's only serious opponent. While Harold and his forces were recovering, William landed his invasion forces in the south of England at Pevensey on 28 September 1066 and established a beachhead for his conquest of the kingdom. Harold was forced to march south swiftly, gathering forces as he went. The exact numbers present at the battle are unknown; modern estimates are around 10,000 for William and about 7,000 for Harold. The composition of the forces is clearer; the English army was composed almost entirely of infantry and had few archers, whereas only about half of the invading force was infantry, the rest split equally between cavalry and archers. Harold appears to have tried to surprise William, but scouts found his army and reported its arrival to William, who marched from Hastings to the battlefield to confront Harold. The battle lasted from about 9 am to dusk. Early efforts of the invaders to break the English battle lines had little effect; therefore, the Normans adopted the tactic of pretending to flee in panic and then turning on their pursuers. Harold's death, probably near the end of the battle, led to the retreat and defeat of most of his army. After further marching and some skirmishes, William was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066. There continued to be rebellions and resistance to William's rule, but Hastings effectively marked the culmination of William's conquest of England. Casualty figures are hard to come by, but some historians estimate that 2,000 invaders died along with about twice that number of Englishmen. William founded a monastery at the site of the battle, the high altar of the abbey church supposedly placed at the spot where Harold died.

Hundred Years War

The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois, rulers of the Kingdom of France, over the succession to the French throne. Each side drew many allies into the war. It was one of the most notable conflicts of the Middle Ages, in which five generations of kings from two rival dynasties fought for the throne of the largest kingdom in Western Europe. The war marked both the height of chivalry and its subsequent decline, and the development of strong national identities in both countries.

Tawantinsuyu

The Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu, lit. "The Four Regions"[2]), also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America,[3] and possibly the largest empire in the world in the early 16th century.[4] Its political and administrative structure "was the most sophisticated found among native peoples" in the Americas.[5] The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century. Its last stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572.

Carolingian Renaissance

The Carolingian Renaissance was the first of three medieval renaissances, a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire. It occurred from the late eighth century to the ninth century, which took inspiration from the Christian Roman Empire of the fourth century. During this period, there was an increase of literature, writing, the arts, architecture, jurisprudence, liturgical reforms, and scriptural studies. The Carolingian Renaissance occurred mostly during the reigns of Carolingian rulers Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. It was supported by the scholars of the Carolingian court, notably Alcuin of York. Charlemagne's Admonitio generalis (789) and Epistola de litteris colendis served as manifestos. The effects of this cultural revival were mostly limited to a small group of court literati. According to John Contreni, "it had a spectacular effect on education and culture in Francia, a debatable effect on artistic endeavors, and an unmeasurable effect on what mattered most to the Carolingians, the moral regeneration of society". The secular and ecclesiastical leaders of the Carolingian Renaissance made efforts to write better Latin, to copy and preserve patristic and classical texts, and to develop a more legible, classicizing script. (This was the Carolingian minuscule that Renaissance humanists took to be Roman and employed as humanist minuscule, from which has developed early modern Italic script.) They also applied rational ideas to social issues for the first time in centuries, providing a common language and writing style that enabled communication throughout most of Europe.

Arianism

The Catholics saw the Germanic people heretics. God and Christ are seperate.

Forbidden City

The Forbidden City is a palace complex in central Beijing, China. The former seat of Imperial Chinese Dragon Throne from the Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty—the years 1420 to 1912, it now houses the Palace Museum. The Forbidden City served as the home of emperors and their households as well as the ceremonial and political center of Chinese government for almost 500 years. Constructed from 1406 to 1420, the complex consists of 980 buildings and covers over 180 acres. The palace exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture, and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere.

Gothic

The Goths were an East Germanic people, two of whose branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe. The Goths dominated a vast area, which at its peak under the Germanic king Ermanaric and his sub-king Athanaric possibly extended all the way from the Danube to the Don, and from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea. The Goths spoke the Gothic language, one of the extinct East Germanic languages. It was last spoken in Crimea in the 18th century by the Crimean Goths; the least-powerful, least-known, and almost paradoxically, the longest-lasting of the Gothic communities. Gothic art emerged in Île-de-France, France, in the early 12th century at the Abbey Church of St Denis built by Abbot Suger. The style rapidly spread beyond its origins in architecture to sculpture, both monumental and personal in size, textile art, and painting, which took a variety of forms, including fresco, stained glass, the illuminated manuscript, and panel painting.

Hanseatic League

The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hanse or Hansa; Middle Low German: Hanse, Deutsche Hanse, Hansa, Hansa Teutonica or Liga Hanseatica); Dutch: Hanze, was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns. Growing from a few North German towns in the late 1100s, the league came to dominate Baltic maritime trade for three centuries along the coast of Northern Europe. It stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and declined slowly after 1450. Hanse, later spelled as Hansa, was the Middle Low German word for a convoy, and this word was applied to bands of merchants traveling between the Hanseatic cities whether by land or by sea. The league was created to protect the guilds' economic interests and diplomatic privileges in their affiliated cities and countries, as well as along the trade routes the merchants visited. The Hanseatic cities had their own legal system and furnished their own armies for mutual protection and aid. Despite this, the organization was not a state, nor could it be called a confederation of city-states; only a very small number of the cities within the league enjoyed autonomy and liberties comparable to those of a free imperial city.

Investiture Controversy

The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was a conflict between church and state in medieval Europe. In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of popes challenged the authority of European monarchies. At issue was whether a pope or a monarch had the authority to appoint (invest) local church officials such as bishops of cities and abbots of monasteries. The investiture controversy began as a power struggle between Pope Gregory VII (1073-85) and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1056-1106). A brief but significant struggle over investiture also occurred between Henry I of England and Pope Paschal II in the years 1103 to 1107, and the issue played a minor role in the struggles between church and state in France, as well. By undercutting the imperial power established by the Salian emperors, the controversy led to nearly 50 years of civil war in Germany, and the triumph of the great dukes and abbots. Imperial power was finally re-established under the Hohenstaufen dynasty. Historian Norman Cantor: The age of the investiture controversy may rightly be regarded as the turning-point in medieval civilization. It was the fulfillment of the early Middle Ages because in it the acceptance of the Christian religion by the Germanic peoples reached its final and decisive stage ... The greater part of the religious and political system of the high Middle Ages emerged out of the events and ideas of the investiture controversy. The conflict ended in 1122, when Emperor Henry V and Pope Callixtus II agreed on the Concordat of Worms. It differentiated between the royal and spiritual powers and gave the emperors a limited role in selecting bishops. The outcome seemed mostly a victory for the Pope and his claim that he was God's chief representative in the world. However, the Emperor did retain considerable power over the Church.

Jacquerie

The Jacquerie was a popular revolt by peasants that took place in northern France in the early summer of 1358 during the Hundred Years' War. The revolt was centred in the valley of the Oise north of Paris and was suppressed after a few weeks of violence. This rebellion became known as "the Jacquerie" because the nobles derided peasants as "Jacques" or "Jacques Bonhomme" for their padded surplice, called a "jacque". The aristocratic chronicler Jean Froissart and his source, the chronicle of Jean le Bel, referred to the leader of the revolt as Jacque Bonhomme ("Jack Goodfellow"), though in fact the Jacquerie 'great captain' was named Guillaume Cale. The word jacquerie became a synonym of peasant uprisings in general in both English and French.

kamikaze

The Japanese word kamikaze is usually translated as "divine wind" (kami is the word for "god", "spirit", or "divinity", and kaze for "wind"). The word originated from Makurakotoba of waka poetry modifying "Ise"[8] and has been used since August 1281 to refer to the major typhoons which dispersed Mongolian invasion fleets under Kublai Khan in 1274.[9]

Ottoman Turks

The Ottoman Turks (or Osmanlı Turks, Turkish: Osmanlı Türkleri) were the Turkish-speaking population of the Ottoman Empire who formed the base of the state's military and ruling classes. Reliable information about the early history of Ottoman Turks is scarce, but they take their Turkish name, Osmanlı ("Osman" being corrupted in some European languages as "Ottoman"), from the house of Osman I (reigned ca. 1299-1326), the founder of the dynasty that ruled the Ottoman Empire for its entire 624 years. After the expansion from its home in Bithynia, the Ottoman principality began incorporating other Turkish-speaking Muslims and non-Turkish Christians, becoming the Ottoman Turks and ultimately the Turks of the present. The Ottoman Turks blocked all land routes to Europe by conquering the city of Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine-East Roman Empire, and Europeans had to find other ways to trade with Eastern countries.

Reconquista (Reconquest)

The Reconquista[a] (Spanish and Portuguese for the "reconquest") is the period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula in the about 780 years between the Islamic conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the last Islamic state in Iberia at Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492. The Reconquista was completed just before the Spanish discovery of the Americas—the "New World"—which ushered in the era of the Spanish and Portuguese colonial empires. Since the mid-19th century, the idea of a 'reconquest' took hold in Spain associated with its rising nationalism and colonialism.

Sui Empire

The Sui Dynasty was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China of pivotal significance. The Sui unified the Northern and Southern dynasties and reinstalled the rule of ethnic Han Chinese in the entirety of China proper, along with sinicization of former nomadic ethnic minorities (the Five Barbarians) within its territory. It was succeeded by the Tang dynasty, which largely inherited its foundation. Founded by Emperor Wen of Sui, the Sui dynasty capital was Chang'an (which was renamed Daxing, 581-605) and later Luoyang (605-618). Emperors Wen and Yang undertook various centralized reforms, most notably the equal-field system, intended to reduce economic inequality and improve agricultural productivity; the institution of the Three Departments and Six Ministries system; and the standardization and re-unification of the coinage. They also spread and encouraged Buddhism throughout the empire. By the middle of the dynasty, the newly unified empire entered a golden age of prosperity with vast agricultural surplus that supported rapid population growth.

Summa Theologica

The Summa Theologiae (written 1265-1274 and also known as the Summa Theologica or simply the Summa) is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225-1274). Although unfinished, the Summa is "one of the classics of the history of philosophy and one of the most influential works of Western literature". It was intended as an instructional guide for theology students, including seminarians and the literate laity. It was a compendium of all of the main theological teachings of the Catholic Church. It presents the reasoning for almost all points of Christian theology in the West. The Summa's topics follow a cycle: the existence of God; Creation, Man; Man's purpose; Christ; the Sacraments; and back to God. The Summa is Aquinas' "most perfect work, the fruit of his mature years, in which the thought of his whole life is condensed". Among non-scholars, the Summa is perhaps most famous for its five arguments for the existence of God, which are known as the "five ways" (Latin: quinque viae). The five ways, however, occupy under two pages of the Summa's approximately 3,500 pages.

Uigur Empire

The Uyghur Khaganate was a Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the mid 8th and 9th centuries. They were a tribal confederation under the Orkhon Uyghur nobility, referred to by the Chinese as the Jiu Xing ("Nine Clans").

ayllu

The ayllu is the traditional form of a community in the Andes, especially among Quechuas and Aymaras. They are an indigenous local government model across the Andes region of South America, particularly in Bolivia and Peru. Ayllus functioned prior to Inca conquest, during the Inca and Spanish colonial period, and continue to exist to the present day. How the ancient form and current organization correspond is unclear, since Spanish chronicles do not give a precise definition of the term. Ayllus had defined territories and were essentially extended family or kin groups, but they could include non-related members, giving individual families more variation and security of the land that they farmed. The male head of an ayllu is called a mallku which means, literally, condor, but is a title which can be roughly translated as "prince". They would often have their own wak'a, or minor god, usually embodied in a physical object such as a mountain or rock. "Ayullus were named for a particular person or place." Ayllu were self-sustaining units and would educate their own offspring and farm or trade for all the food they ate, except in cases of disaster such as El Niño years when they relied on the Inca storehouse system. Their primary function was to solve subsistence issues, and issues of how to get along in family, and larger, units. Each ayllu owned a parcel of land, and the members had reciprocal obligations to each other

Flying buttress

The flying buttress (arc-boutant, arch buttress) is a specific form of buttress composed of an arched structure that extends from the upper portion of a wall to a pier of great mass, in order to convey to the ground the lateral forces that push a wall outwards, which are forces that arise from vaulted ceilings of stone and from wind-loading on roofs. As a lateral-support system, the flying buttress was developed during late antiquity and later flourished during the Gothic period (12th-16th c.) of architecture. Ancient examples of the flying buttress can be found on the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna and on the Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki. The architectural-element precursors of the medieval flying buttress derive from Byzantine architecture and Romanesque architecture, in the design of churches, such as Durham Cathedral, where arches transmit the lateral thrust of the stone vault over the aisles; the arches were hidden under the gallery roof, and transmitted the lateral forces to the massive, outer walls. By the decade of 1160, architects in the Île-de-France region employed similar lateral-support systems that featured longer arches of finer design, which run from the outer surface of the clerestory wall, over the roof of the side aisles (hence are visible from the outside) to meet a heavy, vertical buttress rising above the top of the outer wall. The advantage of such lateral-support systems is that the outer walls do not have to be massive and heavy in order to resist the lateral-force thrusts of the vault. Instead, the wall surface could be reduced (allowing for larger windows, glazed with stained glass), because the vertical mass is concentrated onto external buttresses. The design of early flying buttresses tended to be heavier than required for the static loads to be borne, e.g. the Chartres Cathedral (ca. 1210), and around the apse of the Saint Remi Basilica, which is an extant, early example in its original form (ca. 1170). Later architects progressively refined the design of the flying buttress, and narrowed the flyers, some of which were constructed with one thickness of voussoir (wedge brick) with a capping stone atop, e.g. the Amiens Cathedral, the Le Mans Cathedral, and the Beauvais Cathedral.

St. Thomas Aquinas

The greatest of the scholastics. Wrote Summa Contra Gentiles. Aristotle was seen as the ultimate authority "the Philosopher." Concludes that reason and faith are compatible.

Choose one civilization from each list and describe its achievements and failures. A: B: Hellenic Greece Roman Empire 12th-century Europe Old Kingdom Egypt T'ang Dynasty China Islam under the Abassid Dynasty

Thesis Statement: Large civilizations like the Roman Empire and T'ang Dynasty experienced similar political and economic success and failures. Roman Empire Achievements: Architecture & Infastructure Legal System Military Conquest Great feats of architecture, roads, canals, baths were the center of social life, heated baths, art, culture, recreation spectacles brought citizens together, theatre, civic engagement, public buildings, amphitheaters, libraries, incorporated other religions, achievements, and technology. Freedom of religion, social mobility, education, literary texts, organization of cities (city planning), military genius, trade routes, advancements in law and government structure (the Republic), legal system, courts and judges Failures: Shifting loyalties Exploitation of Territories Peasant Land Ownership (Civil Unrest) Fall of the Republic. Patron/client loyalties took over loyalty to Rome, peasant farmers lost their land while they were away at war and subsumed into latifundia owned by investors who used slave labor to farm the land, as a result, the peasant farmers who lost their lands and couldn't compete with slave labor. Soon the armies were made of barbarians, not loyal to Rome. Peasant Roman citizens in outlying territories were depraved and would uprise, resulting in revolts and civil unrest. T'ang Dynasty in China Achievements: Expansion into the central Aisa to control the silk road and fight off the Uighur Empire. They combined Chinese weapons (crossbow and armored infantrymen) with inner Asian warfare technology (horsemanship and iron stirrups.) Chang'an became the largest metropolitan area in the world at that time. It was the premier study abroad destination for intellectuals to learn statecraft. The diverse population encouraged travel, language learning, and cultural exchange. Failures: Internal Strife from Lower Classes Foreign Invasion The backlash against foreigners as a result of the conflict with Tibetans and Turkic Uighurs resulted in civil unrest. Rejection and destruction of Buddhist temples to regain control over land and wealth that belonged to the monasteries. Breaking of the social contract by the wealthy taking more than their share and oppressing the poor. The poor farmers who could not protect themselves from local bosses and oppressive landlords joined forces with the rebellion lead by Huang Chao.

Timur the Lame

Timur was a 14th Century Turko-Mongol military leader who conquered most of the Muslim world, central Asia, and parts of India. His Timurid Empire rivaled the size and power of the Mongolian domain forged by Genghis Khan a century earlier. Known by his nickname, Tamerlane, it's unclear why many people in the Western world have never heard of this brutal and ingenious warlord. To rectify this neglect, the following is a list of interesting facts about Tamerlane. The list includes notable events in his life; analyzes his acerbic personality, and remarks on current impressions of this fascinating historical figure.

Tiahuanaco

Tiwanaku (Spanish: Tiahuanaco or Tiahuanacu) is a Pre-Columbian archaeological site in western Bolivia. The site was first recorded in written history by Spanish conquistador Pedro Cieza de León. He came upon the remains of Tiwanaku in 1549 while searching for the Inca capital in Qullasuyu. The name by which Tiwanaku was known to its inhabitants may have been lost as they had no written language. The ancient inhabitants of Tiwanaku are believed to have spoken the Puquina language.

Medieval Europe

Trade begins to flourish again, cities begin to grow. Hanseatic league, an association of trading city that tried to regulate tariffs and taxes and the trade. During the 1200s the church reigns supreme. The popes asserted their dominance. The kings were subject to the popes. Innocent the III was the apex of political power. If a king tried to defy the pope, he could excommunicate the king or issue an interdict (an announcement that since the king was excommunicated no religious rites could be performed under his rule, causing an uprise). The Babylonian captivity, In Avignon, the Papal Palace. Marco Polo goes to China. Black death arrives 1347-1351. A third of the population died. Disappears and reappears over the next couple of decades.

usury

Usury is, as defined today, the practice of making unethical or immoral monetary loans that unfairly enrich the lender. Originally, usury meant interest of any kind. A loan may be considered usurious because of excessive or abusive interest rates or other factors. Historically in Christian societies, and in many Islamic societies today, charging any interest at all would be considered usury.[3][4][5] Someone who practices usury can be called a usurer, but a more common term in contemporary English is loan shark.

Wat Tyler

Walter "Wat" Tyler (died 15 June 1381) was a leader of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt in England. He marched a group of rebels from Canterbury to the capital to oppose the institution of a poll tax and demand economic and social reforms. While the brief rebellion enjoyed early success, Tyler was killed by officers loyal to King Richard II during negotiations at Smithfield, London.

Corvee Labor

Work performed by serfs on allodial land. Serfs provide a share of harvest on his own land.

Divine Comedy

Written by Dante. A long poem divided into three parts. Inferno, purgatory, and paradise. Written in Italian, the vernacular making it mroe accessible to the common man.

Yasa

Yasa was a bhikkhu during the time of Gautama Buddha. He was the sixth bhikkhu in the Buddha's sangha and was the sixth to achieve arahanthood. Yasa lived in the 6th century BCE in what is now Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in northern India. Yasa was raised in Varanasi in a life of luxury. His father was a millionaire. The family home was full of servants, musicians and dancers who catered for the family's needs and entertainment. One day, when he had become a young man, Yasa awoke early and saw his female servants and entertainers asleep in a repulsive state. Disgusted by the spectacle, Yasa realised the vanity of worldly life, and left the family home muttering "Distressed am I, oppressed am I" and journeyed in the direction of Isipatana where the Buddha was temporarily residing after his first five bhikkhus had attained arahantship. This was five days after all of the first five bhikkhus had attained arahantship. The Buddha was pacing up and down in an open space near where Yasa was muttering "Distressed am I, oppressed am I", and called Yasa over to him, inviting him to sit down. Yasa took off his golden sandals, saluted and sat down. The Buddha gave a dharma discourse, and Yasa achieved the first stage of arahanthood, sotapanna. At first, the Buddha spoke about generosity (Dana), morality (sila), celestial states (sagga), the evils of sensual pleasure (kamadinava), blessing of renunciation (nekkhammanisamsa), before teaching the Four Noble Truths. Yasa's mother had noticed her son's absence, and notified her husband, who sent horsemen in four directions to search for Yasa. Yasa's father headed in the direction of Isipatana, following the trail left by the golden slippers. When the millionaire saw the Buddha and asked him if he had seen Yasa, the Buddha asked him to sit down, and then delivered a dharma talk. After this Yasa's father became the first to take refuge in the Triple Gems, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha. Yasa, who was in the vicinity and had heard the talk given to his father, became an arahant. After father and son were reunited, the father invited the Buddha and the Sangha to his home for alms on the following day. The Buddha then ordained Yasa. The Buddha and his six arahants visited the home of Yasa the following day. Yasa's mother and his former wife thus became the first two female lay disciples. Upon hearing of Yasa's ordination, four of his closest friends, Vimala, Subahu, Punnaji and Gavampati followed him into the sangha and they too became arahants. Within two months, a further fifty of Yasa's friends had joined the Sangha and attained arahantship, bringing the total number of arahants to sixty.