History Final Exam

a piece of literature written by Ida Tarbell about/exposing Rockefeller and his immoral and illegal practices while running an oil company.

"A History of Standard Oil"

a piece of literature written by Jacob Riis that exposed the living conditions in cities

"How the Other Half Lives"

a piece of literature written by Lincoln Steffens that exposed cities like NY (Boss Tweed)

"Shame of the Cities"

A piece of literature written by Upton Sinclair that exposes issues in a meatpacking plant and his experiences while there. Sinclair went undercover while in the meatpacking plan. Because of this book, the Theodore Roosevelt (the president at this time) passed the Meat Inspection Act.

"The Jungle"

How did the government help the transcontinental railroad

1600$ for bonds/mile. They also got land.

called for the direct election of senators. this made it so that political parties were no longer able to bribe state legislature for senate elextions

17th amendment

What were some efforts to assimilate the Plains Indians into the white culture and efforts to isolated them from white culture?

1889 Dawes Act: broke up reservations and gave them each 160 acres (homestead act), sent Indian children to Indian schools.

have women suffrage. this was important to the Progressives because they believed that women were more moral, nurturing, and ethical than men, meaning that they would be able to "clean" politics of corruption

19th amendment

What limits or requirements (2) did the Homestead Act place on recipients of free land.

1: work on the land for 5 years 2: build a household on the land

Chaney, Goodman, Schwerener

3 civil rights men were traveling and disapearred.They were later found in a ditch shot to death. No one was ever prosecuted for the crime.

William Jennings Bryan

A Nebraska congressman that delivered the cross of gold speech. Won democratic nomination.

I Have a Dream Speech

A popular speech given by MArtin Luther King Jr.

Ida B. Wells

A woman born into slavery and worked as a teacher in Memphis. She was also the editor of a local paper, where she often talked about racial justice. Wells saw her friends lynched without a trial and saw it for what it really was.

Thaddeus Stevens

Against slavery and discrimitoation towards African-Americans.

Voting Rights Act

Allowed Af-Am to vote and outlawed lit. tests and put fed. govt in charge of the voting registration.

Little Bighorn

Also known as Custer's last stand. 1876 in Montana involved the Sioux Indians. The 7th regiment was wiped out and the Native Americans won.

an organization that strived to reach agreements that allowed workers to have higher wages, less hours, and better working conditions. They used striking as a major tactic in achieving these goals. The AFL helped raise the average weekly wages and lower the average hours in a workweek from 1890-1915.

American Federation of Labor

a Scottish immigrant who became the private secretary to the Pennsylvania Railroad. He eventually was offered to buy stock in the company, causing him to become very rich. Because of this, he went on to create his own, very successful steel company. he controlled the majority of the steel business through practices like vertical/horizontal integration, selling stocks, encouraging competition, and using new technology to find cheaper and more efficient ways to make steel.

Andrew Carnegie

a process that made the production of steel quicker and cheaper. this process consisted of pushing air into hot iron, removing carbon and other unwanted materials. This process was used to produce over 90% of America's steel by 1880. the caused the production and usage of steel to expand (now steel railroads instead of iron allowing for faster and heavier trains, and taller buildings from steel beams [out instead of up, important to cities like NYC and Chicago])

Bessemer Process

a man whose real name was William M. Tweed and who was the head of Tammany Hall, New York City's Democratic political machine. He was arrested for over 120 counts of fraud.

Boss Tweed

What were some of the major economic enterprises of the Great Plains?

Cattle business and farming.

Chicago was nearly destroyed in this fire, 18,000 buildings were burned and 90,000 people were left homeless

Chicago fire of 1871

an act that prevented the Chinese from immigrating into the U.S for ten years. However, it didn't include students, merchants, government officials, tourists, and teachers. Congress extended the act for an additional ten years in 1892.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Brown v. Board

Elementary school student named Linda Brown argued against segregation in schools. This school was important because it was separate but equal, so they couldnt use the ruling from Plessy v. Ferguson. They won this case.

an island in New York Harbor where many immigrants were either admitted or denied access into the United States. It was the main area where this happened in the U.S. with around 17 million immigrants passing through here.

Ellis Island

a labor activist who was the first person to attempt to create an industrial union; he made the American Railway Union. This union had 150,000 members and won a strike that granted them higher wages.

Eugene V. Debs

an agreement issued under President Theodore Roosevelt where Japan's government agreed to help prevent and limit unskilled workers immigrating into the U.S. Japan agreed on this in exchange for San Francisco no longer having segregation.

Gentlemen's Agreement

How did the USA encourage westward migration through the Homestead and Pacific Railway Acts

H: got people excited to own their own land. PR: easier to travel and get to the West

Compromise of 1877

Hayes (rep.) vs. Tilden (dem.) corrupt election Democrats let Hayes be president if he agreed to end reconstruction. Southern states call this REDEMPTION.

In Chicago 1886, one Union began protesting and others joined. a rally was held at Haymarket Square where a bomb was thrown in the crowd, causing 7 policemen to die. because of this the city authorities went down on strikers, breaking up the strike/rally. the management won this.

Haymarket Square

Booker T. Washington

He is a prominent African American educator that believed racism would end when people would be able to see African-American's positive influence.

Eugene Bull Connor

He strongly opposed activities of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. He became an international symbol of institutional racism. Bull Connor directed the use of fire hoses and police attack dogs against civil rights activists; children protestors were also subject to these attacks.[2][3] National media broadcast these white supremacy tactics on national television, horrifying much of the nation.

Describe what happened to Emmett Till.

He was accused of whistling at a white woman. One night while he was sleeping he was dragged from his bed and beaten. He was shot and thrown into a river with a cotton gin tied to his neck.

WEB DuBois

He was the first African- American to receive a doctorate from Harvard. He also founded the Niagara Movement. He was strong believer that all men are created equal.

Rosa Parks

Helped with the CRM by nto giving up her seat on a bus to a white person. IT started a bus boycott.

it was a steel strike in Pennsylvania 1892, the management had a lockout and hired scabs. when the scabs arrived, the steel workers on strike attacked them and the national guard was called, management won.

Homestead Strike

a group formed by unionists and socialists in Chicago that welcomed African Americans. It was also known as the Wobblies and included miners, dock workers, lumberers, and people of other professions. There was never more than 100,000 members, and they had only one major strike victory.

Industrial Workers of the World

Morrill Act

It donated Public Lands to the several States and Territories which may provide Colleges for the Benefit of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts

Jim Crow

Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. Named after a popular black-face play.

a man who created the Standard Oil Company corporation. In 1870, this company controlled 2-3% of the country's crude oil. However, within 10 years, it controlled 90% of the crude oil. He did this by paying his employees very low wages and by selling oil cheaper than it cost to produce, driving out competition. Because these tactics were unethical, they became known as robber barons.

John D. Rockefeller

an act passed by Theodore Roosevelt in response to Upton Sinclair's book "The Jungle". it helped clean up meatpacking plants.

Meat Inspection Act

Medicine Lodge Treaties

Native Americans agreed to go on reservations.

Andrew Johnson

One of the presidents during reconstruction.

What event weakened support of REcon and why?

Panic of 1873 bc they thought $$ going toward Recon should be going to help the economy get back up

an act passed in 1883 that authorized a civil service commission to examine federal jobs to make sure they weren't using patronage. While this did help make the public administration more honest, it also caused politicians to have to find other places to receive donations since they could no longer pressure employees.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

What were some cultural differences between Americans and Plains Indians?

Plains Indians had nature worship, ancestor worship and they were semi-nomadic.

Phases of Reconstruction

Presidential and Congressional

William McKinley

Presidential candidate for Republican Party. Had a commitment to a gold standard.

a railroad strike in Chicago 1894, the strike started in Chicago but eventually went nationwide. managements hires scabs but railroad traffic still stopped because the scabs were unskilled. the president Grover Cleveland stepped in and ordered strikers to return to work because it was interfering with mail delivery. the strikers refused to go back to work so Cleveland called the US army (this caused many workers to go back to work) management won

Pullman Strike

What issues needed to be solved during Reconstruction

Rebuilding the USA physically and economically Reunifying the USA because we had a bad relationship with each other considering it was the bloodiest war in American history determining what rights the freedman had

gold bugs

Reffering to ppl who are extremely bullish on the commodity gold as an investment and or a standard for measuring wealth.

a Jewish immigrant who supported the idea of craft unions. He led the Cigar Makers' International Union into joining craft unions in 1886.

Samuel Gompers

San Francisco suffered a major earthquake that started many fires. these caused 3,000 to die and 300,000 to be homeless out of a population of 410,000

San Francisco fire/earthquake 1906

an act made in 1890 that made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with trade between countries or states. However, since there was no clear definition of a trust, it was very difficult to prosecute someone under this act. Along with this, before companies could be prosecuted under this act, they could quickly become single organizations, meaning they weren't violating the act.

Sherman Antitrust Act

March on Washington

Showed that the CRM was becoming more popular. There were demonstrations with meetings and speeches to promote the CRM.

a philosophy that grew from Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. The idea of Social Darwinism was that the marketplace shouldn't be regulated since a business's success or failure should be determined without any additional influence. Because of this, the theory supported the idea of individual responsibility and blame.

Social Darwinism

Sand Creek

The Cheyenne and Arapahoe attacked whites. Then American militia attacked the Indians at dawn killed 100's of women and children.

16th Baptist Church Bombing

The KKK put a bomb outside of the church and it went off at about 10:22 AM. IT killed a 12 yr old girl, 3 14 yr old girls and injured many others.

Little Rock 9

The Little Rock Nine was a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. This was after Brown v BOE was passed. When they went to school they were greeted by mobs and the Federal Govt stepped in to protect them.

What were some of the important battles in the Indian Wars during last half of the 19th century?

The Massacre at Sand Creek and Death on the Bozeman Trail, Red River War, The Battle at Wounded Knee.

Wounded Knee

The Sioux did a "ghost dance" to have their ancestors protect them. The Americans had them turn in their weapons and a shot was fired. The Americans then started an open fire and killed 350 ppl in a matter of minutes.

Mass Incarceration

The dramatic increase in the prison population in the US starting in 1980>>> particularly African American males.

What factors encouraged westward migration after the Civil War?

The gold rush, the homestead act

Dawes Act

The happened in 1889. It broke up reservations and gave each NA family 160 acres and sent children to Indian schools.

Great Plains

The large area of flat land, much of it is dry. It lies west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada.

Who were the Populists and what was their political platform?

They are a political party that wanted to help farmers. They wanted the government to own railroads and banks. They also wanted bimettalism .

How was lynching used as a tool of control by whites?

They used fear to keep their place in society.

What were some reasons that African Americans moved to the North from the South?

They were tired of the extreme racism and the hardships that those brought to their lives in the South. jobs and education was offered in the North.

The Railway Act

This act provided Federal government support for the building of the first transcontinental railroad.

Homestead Act

This encouraged Western migration by offering settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, they paid a small fee and were required to complete five years of residence before receiving ownership of the land.

a man who helped develop and invent light bulbs and the system for distributing and producing electricity. this completely changed business and manufacturing in America by making electricity an easily accessible source of energy.

Thomas Edison

Ther than the Great Migration what were two other causes of the CRM?

WWII: it helped them gain leadership skills and they saw how unsegregated other places were and wanted to live like that. Press: got the idea of the pain Af Am had and made people have sympathy

Freedman's Bureau

Was extended with the Radical Republicnas plan. Helped the freedman survive: provided food, clothes and shelter.

bimetallism

When currency is backed up by silver and gold. (farmers liked this bc it helped them with debt)

Fort Laramie Treaty

When the Sioux agreed to live on reservations along the Mississippi River.

What were some problems faced by farmers in the late 19th century?

You were unable to control the weather and wildlife. Also, costs were unexpected. Debt was also common and difficult to escape from. Railroads and banks. OVERPRODUCTION>>>>>DEFLATION

James Meredith

a Civil Rights Movement figure, writer, political adviser and Air Force veteran. In 1962, he became the first African-American student admitted to the segregated University of Mississippi

longhorn

a breed of sturdy long-horned cattle. They were brought by the Spanish to Mexico.

grange

a farmers' association organized in 1867. The Grange sponsors social activities, community service, and political lobbying.

sharecropping

a form of agriculture in which a white landowner allows someone to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land

Ku Klux Klan

a group of white people that believed they were better than African-Americans and would attack them as a form of recreation or to keep their place in society.

gold standard

a money system where the basic currency unit was defined in terms of gold.

poll tax

a tax put on voting. This prevented African Americans from voting.

literacy tests

a test that African-Am's had to take to be able to vote

Freedom Summer

a volunteer campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi. Blacks had been cut off from voting since the turn of the century due to barriers to voter registration and other laws. The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses, and community centers in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local black population.

NAACP

an association that advocated and made sure that AF-Am's were treated fairly.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism.

Farmers' Alliance

an organized economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in 1875. One of the goals of the organization was to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers in the period following the American Civil War.

Double V campaign

as it was called, stood for two victories for black Americans: a victory at home and a victory abroad.

What ideas did the populist party have to help farmers?

bimetallism and having the government own all railroads and banks.

the extreme good (boom) and bad (bust) dramatic economy flow that happened every 20 years or so.

boom and bust

another term for government administration.

civil service

helped supply factories w/ fuel

coal mining

a publicly owned company (public owns it through stock)

corporation

one of the two types of unions, based around skill (each type of skill had a different union). advantages: unions had similar issues and problems, unified based on these issues. disadvantages: not as many numbers as an industrial union

craft union

bonanza farm

created by Northern Pacific Railroad. They were very large farms.

made it so that the people elected the candidates running for elections. limited the power of political machines/the political parties because they could no longer nominate the candidates

direct primaries

apartment buildings that were the most common form of housing from the late 180s to the early 1900s. they were normally 8 stories high and each floor had 14 rooms and 4 apartments. a block of these could contain 4,000 people and new immigrants to American often worked in their tenements.

dumbbell tenements

the pricing strategy of selling a good for less than it costs to make, driving out competition

dumping

Civil Rights Act

ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

event in the Civil Rights Movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama

dumping, giving workers extremely low wages, monopolies

examples of business corruption

1. When there weren't enough voters to win an election, political machines sometimes used fake names in order to have enough votes. 2. Some political machines asked workers to bill the city more than was necessary and then give the excess money to the machine. 3. Political machines additionally accepted money in exchange for allowing illegal activities to grow. 4. These machines also gave favors to businesses in return for money.

examples of political corruption

What challenges were faced while building the trans-continental railroad?

finding hard workers to do the hard tasks and getting through thick and large mountains.

14th amendment

gave people born in the US basic human rights and citizenship.

when a business buys out its competition either through buying all of another companies stock or through trust agreements (two businesses would give all of their stock to trustees, people who ran different companies as a single corporation, and the trustees would then have control over all dividends and profits earned from the trust)

horizontal integration

eliminate corruption and crime, make US more religiously connected (this meant they were anti-immigrant because of their different religions [Jewish, Catholic])

how did Progressives want to improve the morality of the US?

they wanted to stop business corruption (to make businesses pay their employees more and treat then better), and ease/smooth out the boom and bust

how did Progressives want to reform the economy?

they would give a union an offer and if they refused, the management would lock out the workers and prevent them from working.

how did a management use a lockout?

the union and the management negotiate and try and come to a compromise. this was the ideal method for unions.

how did a union use collective bargaining?

hey would try to bring public support and awareness toward their issues and point of view through protests and other things

how did a union use publicity?

this was a last resort method where the union workers would refuse to work, forcing the management to compromise since a majority of their workforce is gone (less workers = less profits). there were risks of going on strike though, while the workers couldn't be fired, they weren't making money causing a game of financial chicken (who can outlast the other?). management was normally able to win the game of financial chicken because they could hire scabs.

how did a union use strikes?

alleys were used as dump sites for trash, human waste, and playgrounds for children

how did alleys contribute to disease?

they charged their workers very low wages, made them work long hours, and made them work in poor and dangerous working conditions

how did businesses abuse others?

when farmers failed, their only option was to move to the cities so they could find a job. also, if farmers had children, normally only one child (the first born son) would get all of the land, leaving all of the other kids w/o a job, making them need to move to the city to attain one. major incentives for them to move to urban areas were jobs and culture.

how did failed farmers cause a rise in urbanization?

many middlemen would meet us immigrants ale hen they arrived in America and offered them a job. a portion of the salary earned from this job by the immigrant would go back to the middle man and the political machine. the purpose of offering them jobs along with other benefits was to try and get money, votes, and support.

how did immigrants become part of a political machine?

millions and millions of people moved to northern cities in the north and many went to NYC (Ellis Island)

how did immigration cause a rise in urbanization?

this event caused thousands of African Americans to move to cities in the North. the pull factor was jobs and education and the push factor was extreme racism in the south.

how did the Great Migration cause a rise in urbanization?

they wanted to improve living and working conditions (eg. make factories safer, improve sanitation systems, clean the cities, etc.)

how did the Progressives want to protect local welfare?

they wanted to get rid of the corruption (get rid of political machines)

how did the Progressives want to reform politics?

it allowed for better lighting conditions for the workplace, improved internal air quality (lightbulbs instead of fire/gas), allowed for longer work hours and more efficient machines.

how did the invention of the lightbulb/electricity help influence America?

the immigrants weren't considered white at this time and there was also a religious and racial difference (most of the immigrants were Catholic, Jewish, Greek, Russian, etc. instead of Protestant, the normal religion at this time)

how did the second wave of immigrants lead to nativism in the US?

oil became an important lubricant for machines, allowing them to be bigger and more powerful

how was the oil industry an important invention for America?

vertical integration and horizontal integration

how were monopolies created?

they would take each immigrant to a voting booth, change their appearance (cut their hair, change their clothes, etc) then take them to vote again

how would political machines get as many votes as possible from each immigrant?

War on Drugs

in 1980 Reagan promised to be tough on crime. He declares war on drugs. Crack in introduced and become prominent in Af-Am communities. This causes the media to reinforce the stereotype that Af-Am do drugs.

1900-1920

in what time period did the Progressives work?

1914-1955

in what years did the Great Migration occur?

1880-1921

in what years did this second wave of immigration occur?

one of the two types of unions, included all types of workers. advantages: strength in numbers. disadvantages: conflicting problems since similar issues weren't shared

industrial union

allowed citizens to put a policy on a ballot if they got enough signatures, then the citizens were able to vote on the policy.

initiative

Plessy v. Ferguson

it legalized segregation as long as it was "separate but equal".

reservation

land set aside for the Native Americans to live.

15th amendment

let African-American males have the right to vote.

13th amendment

made slavery illegal.

silverites

members of a political movement in the United States in the late-19th century that advocated that silver should continue to be a monetary standard along with gold

when a business owns the majority of a market, allowing it to control that market

monoploy

Progressives that were journalists who exposed problems in American society. They were important toward this process because the first step toward solving a problem is recognizing that there is one.

muckrakers

anti-immigrant thoughts, feelings, and actions. a favoritism toward people originally born in America

nativism

MLK Jr.

one of the main leaders in the Civil Rights. He si known for his I Have a Dream speech

a business structure with 2+ owners

parntership

the process of granting government jobs only to people who helped get a candidate elected. This was also known as the spoils system.

patronage

a group with many different organized levels that controlled the activities of a political party. The different levels in the group were local workers and captains, ward boss, and city boss. They did this in the city and offered services in exchange of support politically or financially. Many of these gained control of the local government in major cities like New York and San Francisco after the Civil War.

political machine

a business structure with a single owner

proprietorship

worked in the railroads, not on building actual railroads

railroad workers

Reconstruction

rebuilding of nation after the Civil War both pollitically and physically.

a special election where the public would be able to vote a corrupt official out of office.

recall

made it so that voters would need to approve something that the state legislature had already done, to make sure they agreed with the policy

referendum

people who want to improve things (in this case it's American society)

reformers

workers hired to replace a worker that's on strike

scabs

made it so that no one knew who you were voting for. helped limit the power of political machines, helping stop corruption, because political machines no longer knew exactly who someone was voting for during elections

secret ballots

"Cross of Gold"

speech given by William Jennings Bryan.

an act where workers refuse to work in hopes of forcing a management to come to a compromise.

strike

the right to vote

suffrage

common, simple way to start an industrial development

textile factories

redemption

the action of regaining or gaining possession of something in exchange for payment, or clearing a debt. ALSO WHAT SOUTHERN STATES CALL THE COMPROMISE OF 1877

black codes

the major purpose was to preserve slavery. They were laws that controlled the African-Americans work and life.

segregation

the separation of humans into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life. It may apply to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain

What bad things did Southerners do during Recon.

they were reluctant to abolish slavery, race riots, black codes

an organization of workers who advocate for better conditions in the workplace. they wanted to implore safety, pay, fringe benefits (sick days, leave days, etc.), sanitation, hours (only 8 hour days instead of 12-15), and healthcare

union

when a business buys out all of the steps in production/sale so that they control all of the steps of sale/production (eg. to do this, one might need to buy a farm, bakery, meatpacking plant, etc.) this aloes a company to control most of the costs to create their product.

vertical intergration

lynching

violence against Af Am's that would involve murder. IT was vigilante justice to preserve white dominance.

exodusters

was a name given to African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late 19th century.

Freedom Riders

were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern United States, in 1961 and subsequent years, in order to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions Morgan v. Virginia (1946) and Boynton v. Virginia (1960),[3] which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional.[4] The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce them.

Bessemer Process, the lightbulb/electricity, the oil industry, the typewriter, the telephone, etc.

what are examples of inventions during this time period?

limited liability and much more access to capital (money)

what are the advantages of a corporation?

easy to make decisions

what are the advantages of a partnership/proprietorship?

hard to make decisions because the company is so large

what are the disadvantages of a corporation?

unlimited liability and limited access to capital (only as much money as the owner has)

what are the disadvantages of a partnership/proprietorship?

they served as a connection to the boss, provided jobs and other benefits to the immigrants and money and votes to the boss, and were given money and votes from the immigrants

what are the middle men in charge of in the political machine?

overcrowding and poor sanitation

what caused disease in cities during this time period?

at this time, landlords charged per person and not per space. because of this, they would try and cram in as many people per apartment (normally 2-4 families) along with this, the dumbbell tenements were built very close together in order to maximize space.

what caused overcrowding during this time period?

many buildings were built poorly because so many had to have been built for the population growth (quantity over quality), there were no professional firefighters, fires spread quickly because the buildings were so close together

what caused so many fires during this time period?

it caused these rates to be double of that of those of rural areas (a child was twice as likely to die before their first birthday in a city). things got so bad that in 1882 Chicago, only half of the children there lived to the age of 5. during this time period, 25% of kids in the US died before their first bday.

what did disease do to infant mortality rates?

the 17th and 19th amendment

what did the Progressives do for national reform?

they were on a local or state level, not national

what level were initiatives, referendum, and recall at?

collective bargaining + publicity (just like unions), scabs, lockouts

what methods did management use to fight against unions?

collective bargaining, publicity, strike

what methods did unions use when fighting against management?

disease, overcrowding, crime, sanitation, and fires

what problems were caused by rapid growth of population in urban areas?

education, women's rights, ending political corruption

what programs did Progressives have?

they made the machine possible, they provided money and votes to the middle men and were given jobs and benefits from the middlemen

what role did the immigrants play in the political machine?

the patronage system

what system allowed political machines to function?

direct primaries, initiatives, referendum, recall

what was did Progressives make it so that citizen had more input in politics?

in charge of running the machine, gave jobs and contracts to the middlemen and were given money and votes from the middlemen

what was the boss responsible for in a political machine?

proprietorships/partnerships to corporations, many businesses chose to become a corporation and business at end of the the 1800s

what was the change in business organization during this time period?

secret ballots and direct primaries

what ways did the Progressives approach election reform?

cholera (a bacterial infection from tainted water), tuberculosis (a contagious bacterial infection of the lungs), the flue, and pneumonia

what were common and frequent diseases during this time period?

violence and the government siding w/ management

what were commonalities of many of the strikes during this time period?

they distort the marketplace (they can charge whatever they want since there is no competition, this artificially inflates prices), monopolies can give whatever they want for wages (people were forced to keep their job even if they got unfair wages because they would be unable to find another job), they were illegal and unethical (they used dumping, a pricing strategy where a company sells things for cheaper than they cost to make, driving out competition)

what were criticisms of monopolies?

because people were awarded jobs not based on skill, many incidents like the triangle shirtwaist fire happen because the government officials aren't properly trained

what were problems with the patronage system?

to protect local welfare, political reform, improve the morality of the US, and economic reform

what were the goals of the Progressives?

failed farmers, the Great Migration, and immigration

what were the sources of the change from rural to urban?

immigrants, middlemen (ward bosses eg), and the boss

what were the three levels of a political machine?

election reform, citizen input, and national reforms

what were the three ways that Progressives did political reform?

men earned $12-$15 per week and kids earned $5-6 per week

what were the wages for coal mining?

men earned $8 per week, women earned $3.5 per week, and children earned $1.25 per week

what were the wages for meatpacking plant employees?

men earned $8-10 per week

what were the wages for railroad workers?

men earned $12-22 per week

what were the wages for steel mill workers?

men earned $11 per week, women earned $5.5 per week, children earned $2.5 per week

what were the wages for working in a textile factory?

poor: heavy lifting, dangerous machinery, exposure to the elements (weather)

what were the working conditions for railroad workers?

poor: unsanitary (caused bacterial infections) and dangerous machinery/tools

what were the working conditions like at meatpacking plants?

poor: dangerous machinery, fires (lint and cloth is very flammable), chemicals (caused workers to get cancer, an example is the chemicals to die fabric were toxic)

what were the working conditions like in textile factories?

dangerous: hot molten iron, explosions, dangerous machinery

what were working conditions like at steel mills?

very poor: coal dust was explosive and caused Black Lung, mine collapses, dark conditions, cold, dangerous tools, noxious/poisonous gases (a canary or other small bird was used to detect this, if the bird died the miners knew to get out)

what were working conditions like for coal miners?

1920

when did the US see a rise in urbanization so that the country was more urban than rural?

assimilation

when the Native Americans were forced to adopt the "American ways".

they came from Southern and Eastern Europe

where did most of the immigrants in the second wave come from?

carpetbagger

white northerners that moved south

scalawag

white southerners that supported Reconstruction

men and children

who did coal mining companies generally hire?

men, women, and children

who did meatpacking plants hire?

only men

who did railroad companies hire?

only men

who did steel mills hire?

men, women, and children

who did textile factories hire?

middle class urban reformers that were well educated and moralistic. many women were Progressives.

who were the Progressives?

they believed that giving power to the people made politics less corrupt

why did the Progressives want to give the people power?

other than general sexist stereotypes, this happened because men were supposed to be the "bread winners" for their family and make the majority of the money

why did women earn less than men during this time period?

they saw this as a key to improving the US. by 1920 86% of all children attended school (this was a dramatic improvement, previous to this, many children, unless wealthy, were working in factories or farms), by 1920 47% of college students were female (Progressives were the first generation with a significant amount of college grads [especially women])

why was education one of the Progressives programs?

he was able to do this because he was generally responsible for getting them elected

why was the boss of a political machine able to control the mayor and other political figures?

it became easier to have a corporation

why was there the change from partnership/proprietorships to corporations?

they believed that women were more moral and ethical than men, meaning that they should be able to vote. because of this, they supported suffrage. they also believed in giving women birth control so they would be able to control their own bodies.

why was women's rights one of the Progressives programs?

the cities were not ready for the massive population growth that occurred during the late 1800s

why were there so many problems with the rapid growth of urbanization?